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Schmitz M, Deutschmann B, Markert N, Backhaus T, Brack W, Brauns M, Brinkmann M, Seiler TB, Fink P, Tang S, Beitel S, Doering JA, Hecker M, Shao Y, Schulze T, Weitere M, Wild R, Velki M, Hollert H. Demonstration of an aggregated biomarker response approach to assess the impact of point and diffuse contaminant sources in feral fish in a small river case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150020. [PMID: 34508932 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of the exposure of aquatic wildlife to complex environmental mixtures of chemicals originating from both point and diffuse sources and evaluating the potential impact thereof constitutes a significant step towards mitigating toxic pressure and the improvement of ecological status. In the current proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate the potential of a novel Aggregated Biomarker Response (ABR) approach involving a comprehensive set of biomarkers to identify complex exposure and impacts on wild brown trout (Salmo trutta fario). Our scenario used a small lowland river in Germany (Holtemme river in the Elbe river catchment) impacted by two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and diffuse agricultural runoff as a case study. The trout were collected along a pollution gradient (characterised in a parallel study) in the river. Compared to fish from the reference site upstream of the first WWTP, the trout collected downstream of the WWTPs showed a significant increase in micronucleus formation, phase I and II enzyme activities, and oxidative stress parameters in agreement with increasing exposure to various chemicals. By integrating single biomarker responses into an aggregated biomarker response, the two WWTPs' contribution to the observed toxicity could be clearly differentiated. The ABR results were supported by chemical analyses and whole transcriptome data, which revealed alterations of steroid biosynthesis and associated pathways, including an anti-androgenic effect, as some of the key drivers of the observed toxicity. Overall, this combined approach of in situ biomarker responses complemented with molecular pathway analysis allowed for a comprehensive ecotoxicological assessment of fish along the river. This study provides evidence for specific hazard potentials caused by mixtures of agricultural and WWTP derived chemicals at sublethal concentrations. Using aggregated biomarker responses combined with chemical analyses enabled an evidence-based ranking of sites with different degrees of pollution according to toxic stress and observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schmitz
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Björn Deutschmann
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52070 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nele Markert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52070 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Werner Brack
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Brauns
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Department River Ecology, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52070 Aachen, Germany; Ruhr District Institute of Hygiene, Rotthauser Str. 21, 45879 Gelsenkirchen, Germany
| | - Patrick Fink
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Department River Ecology, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 D Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Song Tang
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Shawn Beitel
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Jon A Doering
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ying Shao
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52070 Aachen, Germany; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Road Shapingba, 400045 Chongqing, PR China
| | - Tobias Schulze
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Weitere
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Department River Ecology, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Romy Wild
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Department River Ecology, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mirna Velki
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52070 Aachen, Germany; Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Ul. Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Deutschmann B, Kolarevic S, Brack W, Kaisarevic S, Kostic J, Kracun-Kolarevic M, Liska I, Paunovic M, Seiler TB, Shao Y, Sipos S, Slobodnik J, Teodorovic I, Vukovic-Gacic B, Hollert H. Longitudinal profile of the genotoxic potential of the River Danube on erythrocytes of wild common bleak (Alburnus alburnus) assessed using the comet and micronucleus assay. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:1441-1449. [PMID: 27519325 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The Joint Danube Survey 3 (JDS3; the biggest river expedition in 2013) had offered the unique opportunity for a large-scale monitoring approach for biomarker response in feral fish collected along a Danube stretch from Kehlheim (DE) to Sulina (RO). The advantage of genotoxicity as a marker for pollution exposure in fish is the early detection of possible long-term effects such as cancer. Therefore, genotoxicity was in the focus of the biomarker investigations in fish during the expedition. Blood samples of common bleak (Alburnus alburnus) for the investigation of the micronucleus frequency and comet tail intensity of fragmented DNA material in erythrocytes were collected at 18 and 12 sampling sites, respectively. For 9 sampling sites same samples were used to compare the in-situ data for the comparable genotoxic endpoint in the micronucleus (MN) and comet assay (CM). The data of both in-situ assays showed a significant correlation, indicating the strength and comparability of the data sets. Significant variation in DNA damage in fish along the longitudinal profile of the Danube was demonstrated for both assays compared to reference sites. The results suggest that DNA damage in erythrocytes of fish was mainly affected by wastewater of highly populated regions. No linkage between the results and the general health/dietary status of the fish were revealed, whereas correlation with some genotoxicity drivers in the water phase, suspended particulate matter and sediments could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Deutschmann
- Institute for Environmental Research (Bio V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stoimir Kolarevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Center for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Werner Brack
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sonja Kaisarevic
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jovana Kostic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Margareta Kracun-Kolarevic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Liska
- International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Momir Paunovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Institute for Environmental Research (Bio V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ying Shao
- Institute for Environmental Research (Bio V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sandor Sipos
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Ivana Teodorovic
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Branka Vukovic-Gacic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Center for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research (Bio V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 1 Tiansheng Road Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China.
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Ali AM, Abdelaziz M, El-Alfy B. Musculoskeletal congenital malformations: do paternal occupational exposures play a role? J Child Orthop 2014; 8:313-8. [PMID: 24859222 PMCID: PMC4128949 DOI: 10.1007/s11832-014-0594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paternal occupational exposures to potential health hazards are likely to affect congenital malformations through the spermatogenesis cycle. PURPOSE The aim of this case-control study was to assess the relationship between the risk of musculoskeletal congenital malformations in offspring and paternal workplace exposure to potential health hazards during the preconception period. METHOD The study comprised 105 patients (cases) with a musculoskeletal congenital malformation(s) and 135 controls matched for age and demographic characteristics. Both parents of each case and control were interviewed in the hospital by a trained physician. They also completed a questionnaire focusing on the preconception period and on the 3-month period immediately before and after the pregnancy conception date, respectively, of the child under study. RESULTS The odds of having a child with a congenital malformation was higher (P < 0.05) if the father was occupationally exposed to pesticides, solvents, or welding fumes during the preconception period. CONCLUSION Control of workplace exposures and adherence to threshold limit values of these potential health hazards should be adopted to minimize the risk of fathers having offspring with a congenital malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Ali
- Mansoura University, Mansoura, Daqahlia, 35516, Egypt,
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Bi CM, Zhang YL, Liu FJ, Zhou TZ, Yang ZJ, Gao SY, Wang SD, Chen XL, Zhai XW, Ma XG, Jin LJ, Wang S. The effect of molybdenum on thein vitrodevelopment of mouse preimplantation embryos. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2012; 59:69-73. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2012.743198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Grenier L, Robaire B, Hales BF. Paternal cyclophosphamide exposure induces the formation of functional micronuclei during the first zygotic division. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27600. [PMID: 22110683 PMCID: PMC3217984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paternal exposures to cancer chemotherapeutics or environmental chemicals may have adverse effects on progeny outcome that are manifested in the preimplantation embryo. The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of paternal exposure to cyclophosphamide, an anticancer alkylating agent, on the formation, chromatin origin and function of micronuclei in cleavage stage rat embryos. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with saline or cyclophosphamide (6 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks and mated to naturally cycling females to collect pronuclear zygotes and 2 to 8 cell embryos. Micronuclear chromatin structure was characterized using confocal microscopy to detect immunoreactivities for H3K9me3, a marker for maternal chromatin, and lamin B, a nuclear membrane marker. DNA synthesis was monitored using EdU (5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine) incorporation. Fertilization by cyclophosphamide-exposed spermatozoa led to a dramatic elevation in micronuclei in cleavage stage embryos (control embryos: 1% to 5%; embryos sired by treated males: 70%). The formation of micronuclei occurred during the first zygotic division and was associated with a subsequent developmental delay. The absence of H3K9me3 indicated that these micronuclei were of paternal origin. The micronuclei had incomplete peri-nuclear and peri-nucleolar lamin B1 membrane formation but incorporated EdU into DNA to the same extent as the main nucleus. The formation of micronuclei in response to the presence of a damaged paternal genome may play a role in increasing the rate of embryo loss that is associated with the use of assisted reproductive technologies, parenthood among cancer survivors, and paternal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Grenier
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Barbara F. Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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Tian Y, Zhou S, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Shi R, Heiger-Bernays W, Ding Y, Wang P, Han S, Shen X. Effects of repeated maternal oral exposure to low levels of trichlorfon on development and cytogenetic toxicity in 3-day mouse embryos. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2655-9. [PMID: 21771630 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Trichlorfon is a widely used broad-spectrum agricultural insecticide. Few studies have evaluated the effects of trichlorfon on developing fetuses, especially at early stages of development after low-level maternal exposures. In this study, we evaluated the direct effects of trichlorfon on preimplantation mouse embryos after 30days of maternal exposure (2, 10 and 50mg/kg/day) via drinking water. On gestation day 3 (dg3), blastocysts were collected and evaluated for changes in gross morphology; cell number; the presence of interphase, metaphase, micronuclei (MN) cells and fragmented and pycnotic nuclei. Embryos in the 50mg/kg/day group had a significantly reduced mean cell number per embryo. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the frequency of pycnotic nuclei and an absence of metaphase cells in the 50mg/kg/day treated group. None of the developmental endpoints evaluated were observed in the 2 and 10mg/kg/day trichlorfon-treated groups. A simultaneous decrease in the cell number and an increase in the frequencies of absent metaphases and pycnotic nuclei indicate that embryonic developmental deficits observed in the 50mg/kg/day exposure group were associated with cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tian
- Shanghai Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, 200092 Shanghai, China.
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Rocha PS, Luvizotto GL, Kosmehl T, Böttcher M, Storch V, Braunbeck T, Hollert H. Sediment genotoxicity in the Tietê River (São Paulo, Brazil): in vitro comet assay versus in situ micronucleus assay studies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:1842-8. [PMID: 19477010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro comet assay with the permanent fish cell line RTL-W1 and the in situ micronucleus assay using erythrocytes from indigenous tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were used to detect genotoxicity in Tietê River sediments (São Paulo, Brazil). Either test was successful in identifying site-specific differences in genotoxicity, with a high correlation between in situ and in vitro results indicating the relevance of the latter even for environmental studies. Discharges from São Paulo city have major impact on genotoxic effects by sediment-bound contaminants; however, overall genotoxicity decreases downstream. The high genotoxic burden of the Tietê River warrants measures to reduce the input of toxic effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Suares Rocha
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Heidelberg Institute of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Marchetti F, Bishop J, Lowe X, Wyrobek AJ. Chromosomal mosaicism in mouse two-cell embryos after paternal exposure to acrylamide. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:194-205. [PMID: 18930949 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal mosaicism in human preimplantation embryos is a common cause of spontaneous abortions, however, our knowledge of its etiology is limited. We used multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization painting to investigate whether paternally transmitted chromosomal aberrations result in mosaicism in mouse two-cell embryos. Paternal exposure to acrylamide, an important industrial chemical also found in tobacco smoke and generated during the cooking process of starchy foods, produced significant increases in chromosomally defective two-cell embryos, however, the effects were transient primarily affecting the postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis. Comparisons with our previous study of zygotes demonstrated similar frequencies of chromosomally abnormal zygotes and two-cell embryos suggesting that there was no apparent selection against numerical or structural chromosomal aberrations. However, the majority of affected two-cell embryos were mosaics showing different chromosomal abnormalities in the two blastomeric metaphases. Analyses of chromosomal aberrations in zygotes and two-cell embryos showed a tendency for loss of acentric fragments during the first mitotic division of embryogenesis, whereas both dicentrics and translocations apparently underwent proper segregation. These results suggest that embryonic development can proceed up to the end of the second cell cycle of development in the presence of abnormal paternal chromosomes and that even dicentrics can persist through cell division. The high incidence of chromosomally mosaic two-cell embryos suggests that the first mitotic division of embryogenesis is prone to missegregation errors and that paternally transmitted chromosomal abnormalities increase the risk of missegregation leading to embryonic mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Marchetti
- Biosciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Szczerbina T, Banach Z, Tylko G, Pyza E. Toxic effects of acrylamide on survival, development and haemocytes of Musca domestica. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2316-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Del Valle LJ, Pella R, Mercedes A, Velasquez LA, Orihuela PA. Embryotoxicity of serum from women smoking cocaine base paste (CBP). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007; 139:28-31. [PMID: 18079037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using a mouse embryo bioassay, we examined the embryotoxic properties of serum obtained from eight women who had ingested cocaine base paste (CBP) for a period of 1-3 years. STUDY DESIGN Two-cell stage mouse embryos were cultured in the presence of serum extracted from eight CBP-smoking or control women. After 48h, embryos were evaluated to determine their developmental stage and then processed by Tarkoswki's technique to determine the proportion of embryos with micronuclei, in order to establish the number of micronuclei/embryo. RESULTS Serum from CBP patients diminished the percentage of embryos progressing to the compacted morula stage, while increasing the proportion of embryos with micronuclei and the corresponding micronuclei/embryo ratio. CONCLUSION These findings provide the first experimental evidence of embryotoxic compounds in the serum of CBP-smoking women. This study highlights the reproductive risk of chronically ingested CBP and demonstrates the need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Del Valle
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Adler ID, Carere A, Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Pacchierotti F. Gender differences in the induction of chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations in rodent germ cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 104:37-45. [PMID: 17052706 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Germ cell mutagenicity testing provides experimental data to quantify genetic risk for exposed human populations. The majority of tests are performed with exposure of males, and female data are relatively rare. The reason for this paucity lies in the differences between male and female germ cell biology. Male germ cells are produced throughout reproductive life and all developmental stages can be ascertained by appropriate breeding schemes. In contrast, the female germ cell pool is limited, meiosis begins during embryogenesis and oocytes are arrested over long periods of time until maturation processes start for small numbers of oocytes during the oestrus cycle in mature females. The literature data are reviewed to point out possible gender differences of germ cells to exogenous agents such as chemicals or ionizing radiation. From the limited information, it can be concluded that male germ cells are more sensitive than female germ cells to the induction of chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations. However, exceptions are described which shed doubt on the extrapolation of experimental data from male rodents to the genetic risk of the human population. Furthermore, the female genome may be more sensitive to mutation induction during peri-conceptional stages compared to the male genome of the zygote. With few exceptions, germ cell experiments have been carried out under high acute exposure to optimize the effects and to compensate for the limited sample size in animal experiments. Human exposure to environmental agents, on the other hand, is usually chronic and involves low doses. Under these conditions, gender differences may become apparent that have not been studied so far. Additionally, data are reviewed that suggest a false impression of safety when responses are negative under high acute exposure of male rodents while a mutational response is induced by low chronic exposure. The classical (morphological) germ cell mutation tests are not performed anymore because they are animal and time consuming. Nevertheless, information is needed to place genetic risk extrapolations on more solid grounds and thereby to prevent an increased genetic burden to future generations. It is pointed out that modern molecular methodologies are available now to experimentally address the open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse-Dore Adler
- GSF-Institute of Experimental Genetics, Neuherberg D-85758, Germany
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Tian Y, Shen L, Gao Y, Yamauchi T, Shen XM, Ma N. Comparison of 4', 6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole and Giemsa stainings in preimplantation mouse embryos micronucleus assay including a triple dose study. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2007; 45:343-7. [PMID: 17485881 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.45.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of micronuclei (MN) in preimplantation embryos is a good method for the evaluation of cytogenetic damage induced by occupational and environmental mutagen during early pregnancy. To examine whether conventional Giemsa staining produced the same accuracy of micronuclei as the DNA-specific 4', 6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining in preimplantation embryo induced by maternal exposure to chlorpyrifos, we conducted assays on 469 mouse (3 groups) preimplantation embryos micronucleus. Slides were stained with DAPI. After DAPI staining, the slides were de-stained and restained with Giemsa. Giemsa staining showed similar frequencies in MN to DNA-specific DAPI staining in all three groups. Both staining techniques revealed significant increases in frequency of MN in the treated group in comparison to the control group. Both methods showed a statistically significant correlation between MN frequency and the dose of chlorpyrifos. Compared with DAPI staining, the sensitivity of Giemsa staining was 85.0%, 86.0% and 90.9% for control, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg chlorpyrifos treated group, respectively. The specificity was 97.9%, 91.4% and 96.5% for control, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg chlorpyrifos treated group, respectively. Thus, we recommend that Giemsa staining technique be a standard staining method in detecting MN of preimplantation embryos induced by occupational or environmental hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tian
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Hayashi M, MacGregor JT, Gatehouse DG, Blakey DH, Dertinger SD, Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Krishna G, Morita T, Russo A, Asano N, Suzuki H, Ohyama W, Gibson D. In vivo erythrocyte micronucleus assay III. Validation and regulatory acceptance of automated scoring and the use of rat peripheral blood reticulocytes, with discussion of non-hematopoietic target cells and a single dose-level limit test. Mutat Res 2006; 627:10-30. [PMID: 17157053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo micronucleus assay working group of the International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) discussed new aspects in the in vivo micronucleus (MN) test, including the regulatory acceptance of data derived from automated scoring, especially with regard to the use of flow cytometry, the suitability of rat peripheral blood reticulocytes to serve as the principal cell population for analysis, the establishment of in vivo MN assays in tissues other than bone marrow and blood (for example liver, skin, colon, germ cells), and the biological relevance of the single-dose-level test. Our group members agreed that flow cytometric systems to detect induction of micronucleated immature erythrocytes have advantages based on the presented data, e.g., they give good reproducibility compared to manual scoring, are rapid, and require only small quantities of peripheral blood. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood reticulocytes has the potential to allow monitoring of chromosome damage in rodents and also other species as part of routine toxicology studies. It appears that it will be applicable to humans as well, although in this case the possible confounding effects of splenic activity will need to be considered closely. Also, the consensus of the group was that any system that meets the validation criteria recommended by the IWGT (2000) should be acceptable. A number of different flow cytometric-based micronucleus assays have been developed, but at the present time the validation data are most extensive for the flow cytometric method using anti-CD71 fluorescent staining especially in terms of inter-laboratory collaborative data. Whichever method is chosen, it is desirable that each laboratory should determine the minimum sample size required to ensure that scoring error is maintained below the level of animal-to-animal variation. In the second IWGT, the potential to use rat peripheral blood reticulocytes as target cells for the micronucleus assay was discussed, but a consensus regarding acceptability for regulatory purposes could not be reached at that time. Subsequent validation efforts, combined with accumulated published data, demonstrate that blood-derived reticulocytes from rats as well as mice are acceptable when young reticulocytes are analyzed under proper assay protocol and sample size. The working group reviewed the results of micronucleus assays using target cells/tissues other than hematopoietic cells. We also discussed the relevance of the liver micronucleus assay using young rats, and the importance of understanding the maturation of enzyme systems involved in the processes of metabolic activation in the liver of young rats. Although the consensus of the group was that the more information with regard to the metabolic capabilities of young rats would be useful, the published literature shows that young rats have sufficient metabolic capacity for the purposes of this assay. The use of young rats as a model for detecting MN induction in the liver offers a good alternative methodology to the use of partial hepatectomy or mitogenic stimulation. Additional data obtained from colon and skin MN models have been integrated into the data bases, enhancing confidence in the utility of these models. A fourth topic discussed by the working group was the regulatory acceptance of the single-dose-level assay. There was no consensus regarding the acceptability of a single dose level protocol when dose-limiting toxicity occurs. The use of a single dose level can lead to problems in data interpretation or to the loss of animals due to unexpected toxicity, making it necessary to repeat the study with additional doses. A limit test at a single dose level is currently accepted when toxicity is not dose-limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hayashi
- Division of Genetics & Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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14
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Orihuela PA, Ishiyama V. Postcoital ingestion of the aqueous extract of Erythrina falcata Benth prevents pregnancy in the mouse. Contraception 2006; 73:307-10. [PMID: 16472575 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2005.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM We examined whether the aqueous extract of Erythrina falcata, reputed to be a contraceptive in Peruvian folklore, could prevent pregnancy in the mouse. METHODS Female mice on Day 1 of pregnancy were given aqueous extract of E. falcata or tap water (control) orally for 4 days. On Day 4 of pregnancy, animals were killed and the embryos were flushed from oviducts and uterus to examine their developmental stage, cell number, mitotic index and micronuclei frequency. Other mice were killed on Day 12 of pregnancy to determine the number of implantation sites. RESULTS Ingestion of E. falcata diminished the percentage of embryos that progressed to blastocyst stage, reduced the cell number and mitotic index, and increased the micronuclei frequency of early embryos. The number of implantation sites was also reduced in females treated with E. falcata. CONCLUSION The aqueous extract of E. falcata, ingested during early pregnancy, disturbs preimplantation embryo development and implantation in the mouse. These results provide the first experimental evidence of the contraceptive properties of the aqueous extract of E. falcata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Orihuela
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú.
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Manson J, Brabec MJ, Buelke-Sam J, Carlson GP, Chapin RE, Favor JB, Fischer LJ, Hattis D, Lees PSJ, Perreault-Darney S, Rutledge J, Smith TJ, Tice RR, Working P. NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of acrylamide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 74:17-113. [PMID: 15729727 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Manson
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Perreault SD. Distinguishing between fertilization failure and early pregnancy loss when identifying male-mediated adverse pregnancy outcomes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 518:189-98. [PMID: 12817687 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9190-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally D Perreault
- Reproductive Toxicology Division, U.S. EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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17
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Ishikawa H, Tian Y, Yamauchi T. Influence of Gender, Age and Lifestyle Factors on Micronuclei Frequency in Healthy Japanese Populations. J Occup Health 2003; 45:179-81. [PMID: 14646294 DOI: 10.1539/joh.45.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ishikawa
- Department of Public Health, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan
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18
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Tian Y, Yamauchi T. Micronucleus formation in 3-day mouse embryos associated with maternal exposure to chlorpyrifos during the early preimplantation period. Reprod Toxicol 2003; 17:401-5. [PMID: 12849850 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(03)00039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide, was evaluated for its ability to induce cytogenetic damage in preimplantation embryos after maternal exposure. Pregnant female mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered a single dose of chlorpyrifos (40 or 80 mg/kg) at 10:00 h on Day 0 of pregnancy. On Day 3 of gestation, blastocysts were collected and evaluated for gross morphology, micronucleus (MN) frequency, and cell number. A significant increase in MN frequency indicating cytogenetic damage was observed in the treatment groups in comparison to control. The MN frequency revealed a clear dose-dependent increase. There was also a significant decrease in the embryo cell number in the 80 mg/kg treated group. A simultaneous decrease in the cell number and increase in MN frequency may reflect an embryonic developmental disadvantage resulting from maternal treatment with chlorpyrifos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tian
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Second Medical University, No. 280 ChongQing Nan Road, 200025 Shanghai, China.
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19
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Chia SE, Shi LM. Review of recent epidemiological studies on paternal occupations and birth defects. Occup Environ Med 2002; 59:149-55. [PMID: 11886946 PMCID: PMC1763633 DOI: 10.1136/oem.59.3.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The main findings reported by recent epidemiological studies on paternal occupations and birth defects are reviewed, and the main limitations associated with these studies discussed. Epidemiological studies on paternal occupations and birth defects were reviewed for the period 1989 to 1999 inclusive. Systematic searches were made with search engines with related keywords. There were several common paternal occupations that were repeatedly reported to be associated with birth defects. These paternal occupations were janitors, painters, printers, and occupations exposed to solvents; fire fighters or firemen; and occupations related to agriculture. The common weaknesses in most of these studies include inaccurate assessment of exposures, different classification systems, different inclusion criteria of birth defects, and low statistical power. It is concluded that epidemiological studies, reported in the past decade, suggest that several common paternal occupations are associated with birth defects. Future studies could be focused on these specific, rather than general, occupational groups so that causative agents may be confirmed and thus enable appropriate preventive measures to be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-E Chia
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, MD3, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore.
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Ishikawa H, Tian Y, Yamauchi T. Induction of micronuclei formation in preimplantation mouse embryos after maternal treatment with 2-bromopropane. Reprod Toxicol 2001; 15:81-5. [PMID: 11137382 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(00)00112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined effects of 2-bromopropane (2-BP), a chlorofluorocarbon replacement, on mouse embryonic mutagenicity. 2-BP was administered to pregnant mice intraperitoneally (i.p.) (300, 600, 900, and 1800 mg/kg) during the early preimplantation period. On day 3 of gestation, micronuclei (MN) frequency and embryo cell number were determined. 2-BP induced a dose-related significant increase in MN frequency and a treatment-related decrease in embryo cell number. Furthermore, the cell numbers were significantly smaller in the MN-positive embryos by two-way ANOVA taking it into account an interactive effect between 2-BP dose and the presence or absence of MN. A simultaneous decrease in cell number and increase in MN frequency may reflect an embryonic developmental disadvantage resulting from maternal treatment with 2-BP. Further study is needed to establish how 2-BP contributes to postimplantation embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ishikawa
- Department of Public Health, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, 514-8507, Tsu, Japan.
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21
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Tian Y, Ishikawa H, Yamauchi T. Analysis of cytogenetic and developmental effects on pre-implantation, mid-gestation and near-term mouse embryos after treatment with trichlorfon during zygote stage. Mutat Res 2000; 471:37-44. [PMID: 11080659 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Trichlorfon has been widely used in agriculture as a broad spectrum insecticide. We examined cytogenetic and developmental effects on early mouse zygotes exposed to trichlorfon in vivo. Pregnant female mice were intraperitoneally administered a single dose of trichlorfon (100 or 200mg/kg) at 6h post presumed conception and either sacrificed on day of gestation (dg) 3, 9 or 17 to assess the developmental toxicity and mutagenic effects on embryos. Mean cell number (dg 3) and somite number (dg 9) of embryos in the two trichlorfon-treated groups were significantly fewer than in the control group and the mean micronucleus (MN) number (dg 3) and the frequency of mosaic aneuploidies including monosomic or trisomic cell lines (dg 9) was significantly increased in both trichlorfon-treated groups compared with the control group. However, there was no difference in fetal body weight (dg 17) between the control and trichlorfon-treated groups and no increased incidence of external malformations was observed in the trichlorfon-treated groups. These findings suggest that acute exposure of trichlorfon around fertilization induces a high frequency of MN, mosaic aneuploidies and developmental retardation in pre-implantation and mid-gestation embryos, and thereafter these embryos with MN or chromosome damage appear to develop past mid-gestation and catch up with normal embryos by near-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tian
- Department of Public Health, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
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Holland N, Ahlborn T, Turteltaub K, Markee C, Moore D, Wyrobek AJ, Smith MT. Acrylamide causes preimplantation abnormalities in embryos and induces chromatin-adducts in male germ cells of mice. Reprod Toxicol 1999; 13:167-78. [PMID: 10378466 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(99)00011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide, a known male postmeiotic germ cell mutagen, caused a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of morphologic abnormalities in preimplantation embryos. Single-cell eggs, growth retardation, and blastomere lysis were detected after paternal treatment with acrylamide (10 to 50 mg/kg, 5 d). The major effects were seen at weeks 1 to 3 after male treatment, with the highest level of abnormalities at the first week (> 90% vs. 5% in control). The frequency of abnormal four-day embryos was similar to preimplantation loss assessed at 15 to 16 d p.c. A > 100-fold elevation of chromatin adducts in sperm was observed during 1st and 2nd week after treatment, after which adduct levels decreased to baseline level. However, morphologic defects in embryos are not fully explained by the spermatid adduct curve. These findings demonstrate the effects of paternal exposure to acrylamide on preimplantation development and indicate a potential risk to the offspring of men exposed to acrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Holland
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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