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Bailey N, Ruiz C, Tosi A, Stevison L. Genomic analysis of the rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta) and the cynomolgus macaque ( Macaca fascicularis) uncover polygenic signatures of reinforcement speciation. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10571. [PMID: 37849934 PMCID: PMC10577069 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Speciation can involve phases of divergent adaptation in allopatry and ecological/reproductive character displacement in sympatry or parapatry. Reproductive character displacement can result as a means of preventing hybridization, a process known as reinforcement speciation. In this study, we use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of two closely related primate species that have experienced introgression in their history, the rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (M. fascicularis) macaques, to identify genes exhibiting reproductive character displacement and other patterns consistent with reinforcement speciation. Using windowed scans of various population genetic statistics to identify signatures of reinforcement, we find 184 candidate genes associated with a variety of functions, including an overrepresentation of multiple neurological functions and several genes involved in sexual development and gametogenesis. These results are consistent with a variety of genes acting in a reinforcement process between these species. We also find signatures of introgression of the Y-chromosome that confirm previous studies suggesting male-driven introgression of M. mulatta into M. fascicularis populations. This study uses WGS to find evidence of the process of reinforcement in primates that have medical and conservation relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Bailey
- Department of Biological SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Cody Ruiz
- Department of AnthropologyKent State UniversityKentOhioUSA
| | - Anthony Tosi
- Department of AnthropologyKent State UniversityKentOhioUSA
| | - Laurie Stevison
- Department of Biological SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
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2
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Martin ML, Bitzer AA, Schrader A, Bergmann-Leitner ES, Soto K, Zou X, Beck Z, Matyas GR, Dutta S. Comparison of immunogenicity and safety outcomes of a malaria vaccine FMP013/ALFQ in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) of Indian and Chinese origin. Malar J 2019; 18:377. [PMID: 31775762 PMCID: PMC6880475 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indian-origin rhesus (InR) are preferred for research, but strict export restrictions continue to limit their use. Chinese-origin rhesus (ChR), although easier to procure, are genetically distinct from InR and differ in their immune response to infectious agents, such as the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. The most advanced malaria vaccine, RTS,S (GlaxoSmithKline), is based on the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum. The efficacy of RTS,S vaccine in the field remains low and short-lived; efforts are underway to improve CSP-based vaccines. Rhesus models can accelerate preclinical down-selection of the next generation of malaria vaccines. This study was used to determine if the safety and immunogenicity outcomes following vaccination with a CSP vaccine would differ in the InR and ChR models, given the genetic differences between the two sub-populations of rhesus. Methods The FMP013 vaccine, was composed of nearly full-length soluble P. falciparum CSP produced in Escherichia coli and was adjuvanted with the Army liposomal formulation (ALFQ). Three doses of the vaccine were administered in InR and ChR (n = 6) at 1-month intervals and the antibody and T cell responses were assessed. Results Local and systemic toxicity profile of FMP013 vaccine in InR and ChR were similar and they revealed that the FMP013 vaccine was safe and caused only mild and transient inflammatory adverse reactions. Following the first 2 vaccines, there was a slower acquisition of antibodies to the CSP repeat region in ChR. However after the 3rd vaccination the titers in the two models were comparable. The ChR group repeat-specific antibodies had higher avidity and ChR group showed higher inhibition of liver stage development activity compared to InR. There was no difference in T-cell responses to the FMP013 vaccine between the two models. Conclusions A difference in the quality of serological responses was detected between the two sub-populations of rhesus. However, both models confirmed that FMP013/ALFQ vaccine was safe, highly immunogenic, elicited functional antibodies and T-cell responses. Overall, the data suggests that rhesus of Indian and Chinese origins can be interchangeably used to compare the safety and immunogenicity of next-generation of malaria vaccines and adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Martin
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Alexis A Bitzer
- Structural Biologics Laboratory, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Andrew Schrader
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Elke S Bergmann-Leitner
- Immunology Core, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Kim Soto
- Structural Biologics Laboratory, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zou
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Structural Biologics Laboratory, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.
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3
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Mulholland MM, Williams LE, Abee CR. Neonatal activity and state control differences among three squirrel monkey subspecies (Saimiri sciureus sciureus, S. boliviensis boliviensis, and S. boliviensis peruviensis). Am J Primatol 2019; 82:e23048. [PMID: 31502301 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Squirrel monkeys are a long-standing biomedical model, with multiple species and subspecies housed in research facilities. Few studies have examined the developmental differences between these subspecies, which may affect research outcomes. The primate neonatal neurobehavioral assessment was completed at 2 weeks of age with 279 dam-reared squirrel monkeys (188 Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis, 45 S. b. peruviensis, and 46 Saimiri. sciureus sciureus). Activity, orientation to stimuli, state control, and motor maturity scores, as well as startle responses and number of vocalizations were compared across subspecies and sex using factorial analysis of covariance (ANCOVAs) controlling for birthweight. There were no differences in orientation or motor maturity scores (p > .05) among the three subspecies or between sexes; however, there were significant subspecies differences in motor activity and state control scores. Of the three subspecies, S. s. sciureus has the lowest state control and activity scores (p < .05). They also had the most exaggerated startle response/aversion to a sudden loud noise, vocalized significantly less, and were less likely to resist restraint during the assessment (p < .05). The three subspecies of squirrel monkeys did not differ in motor development and attention to external stimuli but were significantly different in state control and activity levels. Overall S. s. sciureus were less active, agitated, irritable, and easier to console compared to S. b. boliviensis and S. b. peruviensis. This supports field research on socioecology which documented different social structure and behavior in wild populations of S. s. sciureus compared to S. b. boliviensis and S. b. peruviensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Mulholland
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lawrence E Williams
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas
| | - Christian R Abee
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas
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4
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Liu Z, Tan X, Orozco-terWengel P, Zhou X, Zhang L, Tian S, Yan Z, Xu H, Ren B, Zhang P, Xiang Z, Sun B, Roos C, Bruford MW, Li M. Population genomics of wild Chinese rhesus macaques reveals a dynamic demographic history and local adaptation, with implications for biomedical research. Gigascience 2018; 7:5079661. [PMID: 30165519 PMCID: PMC6143732 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rhesus macaque (RM, Macaca mulatta) is the most important nonhuman primate model in biomedical research. We present the first genomic survey of wild RMs, sequencing 81 geo-referenced individuals of five subspecies from 17 locations in China, a large fraction of the species’ natural distribution. Results Populations were structured into five genetic lineages on the mainland and Hainan Island, recapitulating current subspecies designations. These subspecies are estimated to have diverged 125.8 to 51.3 thousand years ago, but feature recent gene flow. Consistent with the expectation of a larger body size in colder climates and smaller body size in warmer climates (Bergman's rule), the northernmost RM lineage (M. m. tcheliensis), possessing the largest body size of all Chinese RMs, and the southernmost lineage (M. m. brevicaudus), with the smallest body size of all Chinese RMs, feature positively selected genes responsible for skeletal development. Further, two candidate selected genes (Fbp1, Fbp2) found in M. m. tcheliensis are involved in gluconeogenesis, potentially maintaining stable blood glucose levels during starvation when food resources are scarce in winter. The tropical subspecies M. m. brevicaudus showed positively selected genes related to cardiovascular function and response to temperature stimuli, potentially involved in tropical adaptation. We found 118 single-nucleotide polymorphisms matching human disease-causing variants with 82 being subspecies specific. Conclusions These data provide a resource for selection of RMs in biomedical experiments. The demographic history of Chinese RMs and their history of local adaption offer new insights into their evolution and provide valuable baseline information for biomedical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinxin Tan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pablo Orozco-terWengel
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Xuming Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liye Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shilin Tian
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Jiuxianqiao North Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhongze Yan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Baoping Ren
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingang Xi Road, Guang Zhou, 510275, China
| | - Zuofu Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Binghua Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Michael W Bruford
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
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5
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Rogers J. The behavioral genetics of nonhuman primates: Status and prospects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165 Suppl 65:23-36. [PMID: 29380886 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The complexity and diversity of primate behavior have long attracted the attention of ethologists, psychologists, behavioral ecologists, and neuroscientists. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the nature of genetic influences on differences in behavior among individuals within species. A number of analyses have focused on the genetic analysis of behavioral reactions to specific experimental tests, providing estimates of the degree of genetic control over reactivity, and beginning to identify the genes involved. Substantial progress is also being made in identifying genetic factors that influence the structure and function of the primate brain. Most of the published studies on these topics have examined either cercopithecines or chimpanzees, though a few studies have addressed these questions in other primate species. One potentially important line of research is beginning to identify the epigenetic processes that influence primate behavior, thus revealing specific cellular and molecular mechanisms by which environmental experiences can influence gene expression or gene function relevant to behavior. This review summarizes many of these studies of non-human primate behavioral genetics. The primary focus is on analyses that address the nature of the genes and genetic processes that affect differences in behavior among individuals within non-human primate species. Analyses of between species differences and potential avenues for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Rogers
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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6
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Guo M, Xian QY, Rao Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Huang ZX, Wang X, Bao R, Zhou L, Liu JB, Tang ZJ, Guo DY, Qin C, Li JL, Ho WZ. SIV Infection Facilitates Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection of Rhesus Macaques. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2174. [PMID: 28133458 PMCID: PMC5233680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a common opportunistic infection and the leading cause of death for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Thus, it is necessary to understand the pathogenetic interactions between M.tb and HIV infection. In this study, we examined M.tb and/or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of Chinese rhesus macaques. While there was little evidence that M.tb enhanced SIV infection of macaques, SIV could facilitate M.tb infection as demonstrated by X-rays, pathological and microbiological findings. Chest X-rays showed that co-infected animals had disseminated lesions in both left and right lungs, while M.tb mono-infected animals displayed the lesions only in right lungs. Necropsy of co-infected animals revealed a disseminated M.tb infection not only in the lungs but also in the extrapulmonary organs including spleen, pancreas, liver, kidney, and heart. The bacterial counts in the lungs, the bronchial lymph nodes, and the extrapulmonary organs of co-infected animals were significantly higher than those of M.tb mono-infected animals. The mechanistic studies demonstrated that two of three co-infected animals had lower levels of M.tb specific IFN-γ and IL-22 in PBMCs than M.tb mono-infected animals. These findings suggest that Chinese rhesus macaque is a suitable and alternative non-human primate model for SIV/M.tb coinfection studies. The impairment of the specific anti-TB immunity is likely to be a contributor of SIV-mediated enhancement M.tb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiao-Yang Xian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Rao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Bao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jin-Biao Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi-Jiao Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - De-Yin Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Liang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
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7
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Genetics of Interactive Behavior in Silver Foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Behav Genet 2016; 47:88-101. [PMID: 27757730 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals involved in a social interaction exhibit different behavioral traits that, in combination, form the individual's behavioral responses. Selectively bred strains of silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) demonstrate markedly different behaviors in their response to humans. To identify the genetic basis of these behavioral differences we constructed a large F2 population including 537 individuals by cross-breeding tame and aggressive fox strains. 98 fox behavioral traits were recorded during social interaction with a human experimenter in a standard four-step test. Patterns of fox behaviors during the test were evaluated using principal component (PC) analysis. Genetic mapping identified eight unique significant and suggestive QTL. Mapping results for the PC phenotypes from different test steps showed little overlap suggesting that different QTL are involved in regulation of behaviors exhibited in different behavioral contexts. Many individual behavioral traits mapped to the same genomic regions as PC phenotypes. This provides additional information about specific behaviors regulated by these loci. Further, three pairs of epistatic loci were also identified for PC phenotypes suggesting more complex genetic architecture of the behavioral differences between the two strains than what has previously been observed.
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8
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Liu H, Xiao QH, Liu JB, Li JL, Zhou L, Xian QY, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang X, Ho WZ, Zhuang K. SIV Infection Impairs the Central Nervous System in Chinese Rhesus Macaques. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:592-600. [PMID: 27154032 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) impairment is a consequence seen in SIV infection of rhesus macaques of Indian-origin, which is more common in infected macaques with rapid disease progression than in those with conventional disease progression. Here, we investigated the CNS damages in SIVmac239-infected Chinese rhesus macaques. We demonstrated that SIV infection of Chinese macaques could cause neuropathological impairments, which was evidenced by appearance of SIV-RNA positive cells, the infiltration of activated macrophages and abundant multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) in the different regions of the brains. The animals with high viremia and short survival time (average of 16 weeks, rapid progression, RP) had severer neuropathological changes than those with conventional progression (CP). As compared with the RP animals, CP macaques had lower viremia and much longer survival time (average of 154 weeks). These findings indicate that SIVmac239 infection of Chinese rhesus macaque can be used as a suitable animal model and alternative resource for nueroAIDS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Hao Xiao
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Biao Liu
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Liang Li
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Yang Xian
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ke Zhuang
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Meneghini V, Lattanzi A, Tiradani L, Bravo G, Morena F, Sanvito F, Calabria A, Bringas J, Fisher-Perkins JM, Dufour JP, Baker KC, Doglioni C, Montini E, Bunnell BA, Bankiewicz K, Martino S, Naldini L, Gritti A. Pervasive supply of therapeutic lysosomal enzymes in the CNS of normal and Krabbe-affected non-human primates by intracerebral lentiviral gene therapy. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:489-510. [PMID: 27025653 PMCID: PMC5128736 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) and globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD or Krabbe disease) are severe neurodegenerative lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) caused by arylsulfatase A (ARSA) and galactosylceramidase (GALC) deficiency, respectively. Our previous studies established lentiviral gene therapy (GT) as a rapid and effective intervention to provide pervasive supply of therapeutic lysosomal enzymes in CNS tissues of MLD and GLD mice. Here, we investigated whether this strategy is similarly effective in juvenile non-human primates (NHP). To provide proof of principle for tolerability and biological efficacy of the strategy, we established a comprehensive study in normal NHP delivering a clinically relevant lentiviral vector encoding for the human ARSA transgene. Then, we injected a lentiviral vector coding for the human GALC transgene in Krabbe-affected rhesus macaques, evaluating for the first time the therapeutic potential of lentiviral GT in this unique LSD model. We showed favorable safety profile and consistent pattern of LV transduction and enzyme biodistribution in the two models, supporting the robustness of the proposed GT platform. We documented moderate inflammation at the injection sites, mild immune response to vector particles in few treated animals, no indication of immune response against transgenic products, and no molecular evidence of insertional genotoxicity. Efficient gene transfer in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes close to the injection sites resulted in robust production and extensive spreading of transgenic enzymes in the whole CNS and in CSF, leading to supraphysiological ARSA activity in normal NHP and close to physiological GALC activity in the Krabbe NHP, in which biological efficacy was associated with preliminary indication of therapeutic benefit. These results support the rationale for the clinical translation of intracerebral lentiviral GT to address CNS pathology in MLD, GLD, and other neurodegenerative LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Meneghini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lattanzi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Tiradani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bravo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanvito
- Anatomy and Histopathology Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Calabria
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - John Bringas
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne M Fisher-Perkins
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Jason P Dufour
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Kate C Baker
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Claudio Doglioni
- Anatomy and Histopathology Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | | | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Gritti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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10
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Gottlieb DH, Maier A, Coleman K. Evaluation of environmental and intrinsic factors that contribute to stereotypic behavior in captive rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015; 171:184-191. [PMID: 27034527 PMCID: PMC4809023 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Full body repetitive behaviors, known as motor stereotypic behaviors (MSBs), are one of the most commonly seen abnormal behaviors in captive non-human primates, and are frequently used as a behavioral measure of well-being. The main goal of this paper was to examine the role of environmental factors (i.e., foraging enrichment and socialization) and intrinsic factors (i.e., temperament and origin) in the development of MSB in rhesus macaques living in cages. MSB was assessed during short annual observations in which a trained observer recorded a monkey's behavior for 5 min, followed by a 3-min novel object test. Data were collected over 11 years, totaling 9805 observations. We compared MSB for animals with and without foraging enrichment, and across three socialization conditions: full contact pairing, protected contact socialization (partners physically separated by widely spaced bars), and single housing. In addition, we evaluated whether individual differences in response to a novel object and ancestral origin (i.e., China vs. India), predicted MSB expression during the annual observations. Data were analyzed using generalized mixed effects modeling, with the best fitting models chosen using Akaike Information Criterion. Subjects were at lowest risk for MSB when a foraging device was present (p < 0.05), and when in full contact social housing (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in MSB between subjects that were single housed and subjects housed in protected contact pairs. In addition, subjects that never touched the novel object were significantly less likely to exhibit MSB than those that touched the object immediately (p < 0.001) or within 3 min (p < 0.001). Finally, monkeys with some degree of Chinese ancestry were significantly more likely to display MSB than Indian-origin monkeys (p < 0.05). These results add to the growing body of literature on factors that can contribute to the development of MSB.
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11
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Shorey-Kendrick LE, Ford MM, Allen DC, Kuryatov A, Lindstrom J, Wilhelm L, Grant KA, Spindel ER. Nicotinic receptors in non-human primates: Analysis of genetic and functional conservation with humans. Neuropharmacology 2015; 96:263-73. [PMID: 25661700 PMCID: PMC4486519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are highly conserved between humans and non-human primates. Conservation exists at the level of genomic structure, protein structure and epigenetics. Overall homology of nAChRs at the protein level is 98% in macaques versus 89% in mice, which is highly relevant for evaluating subtype-specific ligands that have different affinities in humans versus rodents. In addition to conservation at the protein level, there is high conservation of genomic structure in terms of intron and exon size and placement of CpG sites that play a key role in epigenetic regulation. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) shows that while the majority of SNPs are not conserved between humans and macaques, some functional polymorphisms are. Most significantly, cynomolgus monkeys express a similar α5 nAChR Asp398Asn polymorphism to the human α5 Asp398Asn polymorphism that has been linked to greater nicotine addiction and smoking related disease. Monkeys can be trained to readily self-administer nicotine, and in an initial study we have demonstrated that cynomolgus monkeys bearing the α5 D398N polymorphism show a reduced behavioral sensitivity to oral nicotine and tend to consume it in a different pattern when compared to wild-type monkeys. Thus the combination of highly homologous nAChR, higher cortical functions and capacity for complex training makes non-human primates a unique model to study in vivo functions of nicotinic receptors. In particular, primate studies on nicotine addiction and evaluation of therapies to prevent or overcome nicotine addiction are likely to be highly predictive of treatment outcomes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey E Shorey-Kendrick
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &, Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Matthew M Ford
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &, Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Daicia C Allen
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &, Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Alexander Kuryatov
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jon Lindstrom
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Larry Wilhelm
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &, Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &, Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Eliot R Spindel
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &, Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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12
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Ogawa LM, Vallender EJ. Genetic substructure in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) on the island of Mauritius. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:748. [PMID: 25174998 PMCID: PMC4167525 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonhuman primates are commonly used in biomedical research as animal models of human disease and behavior. Compared to common rodent models, nonhuman primates are genetically, physiologically, behaviorally and neurologically more similar to humans owing to more recent shared ancestry and therefore provide the advantage of greater translational validity in preclinical studies. The cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is one of the most commonly used nonhuman primates in academic and industry settings, yet population genetic research has revealed significant substructure throughout the species distribution that may confound studies. Cynomolgus monkeys introduced to Mauritius specifically have previously been thought to maintain the least genetic heterogeneity of all cynomolgus monkeys, although recent work, including work from our lab, suggests macaques from Mauritius too may harbor cryptic substructure. RESULTS To evaluate putative substructure in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques, we designed a panel of 96 single nucleotide polymorphisms based on preliminary findings from previous work to screen 246 of cynomolgus monkeys from two primary suppliers. Results from this study support substructure in Mauritian macaques and suggest a minimum of two populations and maybe three on Mauritius, with moderate admixture. CONCLUSION These findings inform the natural history of these monkeys suggesting either a previously unrecognized physical or ecological barrier to gene flow on Mauritius and/or the breakdown of historic substructure resulting from the history of macaque introduction to the island. These findings are relevant to ongoing research using these models in part because of increased appreciation of segregating common variation with functional effects and may be used to better inform animal selection in preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Ogawa
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772 USA
| | - Eric J Vallender
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772 USA
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13
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Kanthaswamy S, Johnson Z, Trask JS, Smith DG, Ramakrishnan R, Bahk J, Ng J, Wiseman R, Kubisch HM, Vallender EJ, Rogers J, Ferguson B. Development and validation of a SNP-based assay for inferring the genetic ancestry of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatol 2014; 76:1105-13. [PMID: 24953496 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are an important primate model species in several areas of biomedical research. The wide geographic distribution of this species has led to significant genetic differentiation among local and regional populations. These regional differences can be important factors in the selection of the most appropriate subjects for particular research studies, as animals from different populations can respond differently to the same experimental treatment. Consequently, it is valuable to confirm the ancestry of individual rhesus monkeys from geographically distinct populations. Using DNA samples obtained from rhesus macaques from six National Primate Research Centers, we tested a set of 384 potential ancestry informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and identified a final panel of 91 SNPs that can reliably distinguish Indian-origin from Chinese-origin rhesus monkeys. This genetic test can be used to determine the ancestral origin of animals and to detect individuals that are hybrids between these two regional populations. To demonstrate use of the SNP panel, we investigated the ancestry of 480 animals from the Yerkes NPRC (YNPRC) for which the colony records were insufficient to clearly establish ancestry. Three of the YNPRC animals tested were determined to be hybrids. This SNP ancestry tool will be useful to researchers, colony managers, and others who wish to evaluate the ancestral origin of individual rhesus macaques, and therefore will facilitate more effective and efficient use of these animals in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Kanthaswamy
- University of California and California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
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Chaudhury S, Nag TC, Jain S, Wadhwa S. Role of sound stimulation in reprogramming brain connectivity. J Biosci 2014; 38:605-14. [PMID: 23938392 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-013-9341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensory stimulation has a critical role to play in the development of an individual. Environmental factors tend to modify the inputs received by the sensory pathway. The developing brain is most vulnerable to these alterations and interacts with the environment to modify its neural circuitry. In addition to other sensory stimuli, auditory stimulation can also act as external stimuli to provide enrichment during the perinatal period. There is evidence that suggests that enriched environment in the form of auditory stimulation can play a substantial role in modulating plasticity during the prenatal period. This review focuses on the emerging role of prenatal auditory stimulation in the development of higher brain functions such as learning and memory in birds and mammals. The molecular mechanisms of various changes in the hippocampus following sound stimulation to effect neurogenesis, learning and memory are described. Sound stimulation can also modify neural connectivity in the early postnatal life to enhance higher cognitive function or even repair the secondary damages in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Thus, it becomes imperative to examine in detail the possible ameliorating effects of prenatal sound stimulation in existing animal models of various psychiatric disorders, such as autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sraboni Chaudhury
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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16
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Baroncelli S, Negri DRM, Michelini Z, Cara A. Macaca mulatta,fascicularisandnemestrinain AIDS vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1419-34. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.9.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Shattuck MR, Satkoski-Trask J, Deinard A, Tito RY, Smith DG, Malhi RS. The evolutionary history of SLC6A4 and the role of plasticity in Macaca. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:605-16. [PMID: 24375078 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin has been repeatedly indicated as a biological marker of behavior. In particular, the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4, has been the focus of a large body of research. Interestingly, both rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and humans have independently evolved a number of shared polymorphisms for this gene, which is indicative of parallel evolution between the two species. However, little is known about the evolution of this gene, particularly within macaques. Although there are several hypotheses as to the adaptive values of various polymorphisms, few authors have gone beyond theoretical discussion. Here, we examined the genetic variation in SLC6A4 within and between several species of macaques and investigate whether selection has played a significant role in its evolutionary history. In addition, we assayed the promoter region polymorphism, 5-HTTLPR, which is known to play a significant role in regulating both serotonin turnover and behavior. In examining the distribution of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, we identified significant differences between Indian and Chinese populations of Macaca mulatta; furthermore, we discovered its presence in Macaca cyclopis, which has not been described before. In regard to the evolutionary history of SLC6A4, we found little evidence for selection and conclude that SLC6A4 largely evolved through neutral processes, possibly due to its potential role in regulating behavioral plasticity. However, we also found very low levels of linkage between the coding regions and 5-HTTLPR. Because we limited evolutionary analyses to the coding regions, it is possible that the promoter region shows a distinct evolutionary history from SLC6A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena R Shattuck
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801
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Bliss-Moreau E, Theil JH, Moadab G. Efficient cooperative restraint training with rhesus macaques. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2013; 16:98-117. [PMID: 23544752 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2013.768897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It is sometimes necessary for nonhuman primates to be restrained during biomedical and psychosocial research. Such restraint is often accomplished using a "primate chair." This article details a method for training adult rhesus macaques to cooperate with a chair restraint procedure using positive and negative reinforcement. Successful training was accomplished rapidly in approximately 14 training days. The success of this training technique suggests that this method represents a refinement to traditional techniques. Further, this method worked effectively for animals previously deemed unfit for traditional pole-and-collar training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Goswami DB, Ogawa LM, Ward JM, Miller GM, Vallender EJ. Large-scale polymorphism discovery in macaque G-protein coupled receptors. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:703. [PMID: 24119066 PMCID: PMC3907043 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play an inordinately large role in human health. Variation in the genes that encode these receptors is associated with numerous disorders across the entire spectrum of disease. GPCRs also represent the single largest class of drug targets and associated pharmacogenetic effects are modulated, in part, by polymorphisms. Recently, non-human primate models have been developed focusing on naturally-occurring, functionally-parallel polymorphisms in candidate genes. This work aims to extend those studies broadly across the roughly 377 non-olfactory GPCRs. Initial efforts include resequencing 44 Indian-origin rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), 20 Chinese-origin rhesus macaques, and 32 cynomolgus macaques (M. fascicularis). RESULTS Using the Agilent target enrichment system, capture baits were designed for GPCRs off the human and rhesus exonic sequence. Using next generation sequencing technologies, nearly 25,000 SNPs were identified in coding sequences including over 14,000 non-synonymous and more than 9,500 synonymous protein-coding SNPs. As expected, regions showing the least evolutionary constraint show greater rates of polymorphism and greater numbers of higher frequency polymorphisms. While the vast majority of these SNPs are singletons, roughly 1,750 non-synonymous and 2,900 synonymous SNPs were found in multiple individuals. CONCLUSIONS In all three populations, polymorphism and divergence is highly concentrated in N-terminal and C-terminal domains and the third intracellular loop region of GPCRs, regions critical to ligand-binding and signaling. SNP frequencies in macaques follow a similar pattern of divergence from humans and new polymorphisms in primates have been identified that may parallel those seen in humans, helping to establish better non-human primate models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra B Goswami
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA.
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20
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Zhou Y, Bao R, Haigwood NL, Persidsky Y, Ho WZ. SIV infection of rhesus macaques of Chinese origin: a suitable model for HIV infection in humans. Retrovirology 2013; 10:89. [PMID: 23947613 PMCID: PMC3765527 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of Indian-origin rhesus macaques (RM) has been widely used as a well-established nonhuman primate (NHP) model for HIV/AIDS research. However, there have been a growing number of studies using Chinese RM to evaluate immunopathogenesis of SIV infection. In this paper, we have for the first time reviewed and discussed the major publications related to SIV or SHIV infection of Chinese RM in the past decades. We have compared the differences in the pathogenesis of SIV infection between Chinese RM and Indian RM with regard to viral infection, immunological response, and host genetic background. Given AIDS is a disease that affects humans of diverse origins, it is of importance to study animals with different geographical background. Therefore, to examine and compare results obtained from RM models of Indian and Chinese origins should lead to further validation and improvement of these animal models for HIV/AIDS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- The Center for Animal Experiment/ ABSL-III Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P,R, China
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Jiang J, Kanthaswamy S, Capitanio JP. Degree of Chinese ancestry affects behavioral characteristics of infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 2013; 42:20-7. [PMID: 23189960 PMCID: PMC3632404 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of Chinese-origin macaques in biomedical research is problematic for some scientists because of the reported behavioral and physiological differences from those of Indian origin. However, few studies have examined the effects of varying degrees of Chinese ancestry (DCA) on behavior, and they were typically based on small sample sizes and unusual rearing conditions. METHODS Using data from a colony-wide program, we examined whether DCA was related to behavior and temperament ratings reflecting emotionality (fearfulness, aggression, and anxiety) and activity. The 249 subjects, born and reared in an outdoor social environment, were separated from their groups for a 25-h period of indoor testing. Their DCA (range: 0.6-99.4%) was determined by analyzing the frequency of short tandem repeat alleles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The major effect of DCA was on fearfulness, with the more hybridized animals scoring lowest and the more pure Indian- and Chinese-origin macaques resembling each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jiang
- Department of Psychology and the California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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22
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Kramer RSS, Ward R. Cues to Personality and Health in the Facial Appearance of Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes). EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/147470491201000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans ( Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) can extract socially-relevant information from the static, non-expressive faces of conspecifics. In humans, the face is a valid signal of both personality and health. Recent evidence shows that, like humans, chimpanzee faces also contain personality information, and that humans can accurately judge aspects of chimpanzee personality relating to extraversion from the face alone (Kramer, King, and Ward, 2011). These findings suggest the hypothesis that humans and chimpanzees share a system of personality and facial morphology for signaling socially-relevant traits from the face. We sought to test this hypothesis using a new group of chimpanzees. In two studies, we found that chimpanzee faces contained health information, as well as information of characteristics relating to extraversion, emotional stability, and agreeableness, using average judgments from pairs of individual photographs. In a third study, information relating to extraversion and health was also present in composite images of individual chimpanzees. We therefore replicate and extend previous findings using a new group of chimpanzees and demonstrate two methods for minimizing the variability associated with individual photographs. Our findings support the hypothesis that chimpanzees and humans share a personality signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Ward
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales
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Kubisch HM, Falkenstein KP, Deroche CB, Franke DE. Reproductive efficiency of captive Chinese- and Indian-origin rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) females. Am J Primatol 2012; 74:174-84. [PMID: 22512021 PMCID: PMC3335760 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.21019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive and survival records (n=2,913) from 313 Chinese-origin and 365 Indian-derived rhesus macaques at the Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC) spanning three generations were studied. Least-squares analysis of variance procedures were used to compare reproductive and infant survival traits while proportional hazards regression procedures were used to study female age at death, number of infants born per female, and time from last birth to death. Chinese females were older at first parturition than Indian females because they were older when placed with males, but the two subspecies had similar first postpartum birth interval (1st PPBI) and lifetime postpartum birth interval (LPPBI). Females that gave birth to stillborn infants had shorter first postpartum birth intervals (1st PPBI) than females giving birth to live infants. Postpartum birth intervals decreased in females from age 3 to 12 but then increased again with advancing age. Chinese infants had a greater survival rate than Indian infants at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year of age. Five hundred and forty-three females (80.01%) had uncensored, or true records for age at death, number of infants born per female, and time from the birth until death whereas 135 females (19.91%) had censored records for these traits. Low- and high-uncensored observations for age at death were 3 and 26 years for Chinese, and 3 and 23 years for Indian females. Uncensored number of infants born per female ranged from 1 to 15 for Chinese females and 1 to 18 for Indian females. Each of these traits was significantly influenced by the origin×generation interaction in the proportional hazards regression analyses, indicating that probabilities associated with age at death, number of infants born per female, and time from last birth to death for Chinese and Indian females did not rank the same across generations.
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Variability of bio-clinical parameters in Chinese-origin Rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus: a nonhuman primate AIDS model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23177. [PMID: 21850259 PMCID: PMC3151272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Chinese-origin Rhesus macaques (Ch RhMs) infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have been used for many years to evaluate the efficacy of AIDS vaccines and therapeutics, the bio-clinical variability of such a nonhuman primate AIDS model was so far not established. Methodology/Principal Findings By randomizing 150 (78 male and 72 female) Ch RhMs with diverse MHC class I alleles into 3 groups (50 animals per group) challenged with intrarectal (ir) SIVmac239, intravenous (iv) SIVmac239, or iv SIVmac251, we evaluated variability in bio-clinical endpoints for 118 weeks. All SIV-challenged Ch RhMs became seropositive for SIV during 1–2 weeks. Plasma viral load (VL) peaked at weeks 1–2 and then declined to set-point levels as from week 5. The set-point VL was 30 fold higher in SIVmac239 (ir or iv)-infected than in SIVmac251 (iv)-infected animals. This difference in plasma VL increased overtime (>100 fold as from week 68). The rates of progression to AIDS or death were more rapid in SIVmac239 (ir or iv)-infected than in SIVmac251 (iv)-infected animals. No significant difference in bio-clinical endpoints was observed in animals challenged with ir or iv SIVmac239. The variability (standard deviation) in peak/set-point VL was nearly one-half lower in animals infected with SIVmac239 (ir or iv) than in those infected with SIVmac251 (iv), allowing that the same treatment-related difference can be detected with one-half fewer animals using SIVmac239 than using SIVmac251. Conclusion/Significance These results provide solid estimates of variability in bio-clinical endpoints needed when designing studies using the Ch RhM SIV model and contribute to the improving quality and standardization of preclinical studies.
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Trask JS, Garnica WT, Malhi RS, Kanthaswamy S, Smith DG. High-throughput single-nucleotide polymorphism discovery and the search for candidate genes for long-term SIVmac nonprogression in Chinese rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 2011; 40:224-32. [PMID: 21781130 PMCID: PMC3144501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic differences between Indian and Chinese rhesus macaques contribute to the phenotypic variance of clinical trials, including infection with SIVmac. The completion of the rhesus genome has facilitated the discovery of several thousand markers. METHODS We developed a genome-wide SNP map for rhesus macaques containing 3869 validated markers with an average distance of 0.88 Mb and used the program VarLD to identify genomic areas with significant differences in linkage disequilibrium (LD) between Indian-derived and Chinese rhesus macaques. RESULTS Forty-one statistically significant differences in LD between Chinese and Indian-origin rhesus were detected on chromosomes 1, 4, 5 and 11. The region of greatest LD difference was located on the proximal end of chromosome one, which also contained the genes ELAVL4, MAST2 and HIVEP3. CONCLUSION These genomic areas provide entry to more detailed studies of gene function. This method is also applicable to the study of differences in biomarkers between regional populations of other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Satkoski Trask
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
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Kanthaswamy S, Clarke PMR, Kou A, Malladi V, Trask JS, Smith DG. Association between hybrid status and reproductive success of captive male and female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at the California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC). Am J Primatol 2011; 73:671-8. [PMID: 21433046 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC) houses more than 1,000 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) of mixed Chinese-Indian ancestry. Most of these animals are kept in outdoor field cages, the colony's long term breeding resource. Since 2001, hybrids comprised between 4 and 49% of the field cage populations, but in most cases have represented a maximum of 10% of those populations. The increasing prevalence of hybrids is partly due to management efforts to distribute genetic diversity effectively and minimize genetic subdivisions. However, other factors may also contribute to the spread of hybrids within the colony, most notably variance in socio-sexual behaviors and physical attributes. It is known that hybrids of some species exhibit heterosis, such as early maturation, that can enhance reproductive success, and anecdotal observations of mixed groups of hybrid, Indian and Chinese animals at the CNPRC suggest that hybrids are more sexually active. To determine whether hybrids experienced a reproductive advantage, a study was conducted using birth records of 5,611 offspring born in the CNPRC colony between 2003 and 2009. We found that while the degree of Chinese ancestry (DCA) appeared to influence the maturational schedule of both males and females (maturation was inversely related to proportion of Chinese ancestry), DCA had no independent effect on either male or female RS or rank. Therefore, we have found no evidence that a hybrid phenotype confers an absolute reproductive advantage in our colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Kanthaswamy
- Department of Anthropology, California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA.
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Freeman HD, Gosling SD. Personality in nonhuman primates: a review and evaluation of past research. Am J Primatol 2010; 72:653-71. [PMID: 20568079 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Scientific reports of personality in nonhuman primates are now appearing with increasing frequency across a wide range of disciplines, including psychology, anthropology, endocrinology, and zoo management. To identify general patterns of research and summarize the major findings to date, we present a comprehensive review of the literature, allowing us to pinpoint the major gaps in knowledge and determine what research challenges lay ahead. An exhaustive search of five scientific databases identified 210 relevant research reports. These articles began to appear in the 1930s, but it was not until the 1980s that research on primate personality began to gather pace, with more than 100 articles published in the last decade. Our analyses of the literature indicate that some domains (e.g., sex, age, rearing conditions) are more evenly represented in the literature than are others (e.g., species, research location). Studies examining personality structure (e.g., with factor analysis) have identified personality dimensions that can be divided into 14 broad categories, with Sociability, Confidence/Aggression, and Fearfulness receiving the most research attention. Analyses of the findings pertaining to inter-rater agreement, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, generally support not only the reliability of primate personality ratings scales but also point to the need for more psychometric studies and greater consistency in how the analyses are reported. When measured at the level of broad dimensions, Extraversion and Dominance generally demonstrated the highest levels of inter-rater reliability, with weaker findings for the dimensions of Agreeableness, Emotionality, and Conscientiousness. Few studies provided data with regard to convergent and discriminant validity; Excitability and Dominance demonstrated the strongest validity coefficients when validated against relevant behavioral criterion measures. Overall, the validity data present a somewhat mixed picture, suggesting that high levels of validity are attainable, but by no means guaranteed. Discussion focuses on delineating major theoretical and empirical questions facing research and practice in primate personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani D Freeman
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA
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Kanthaswamy S, Gill L, Satkoski J, Goyal V, Malladi V, Kou A, Basuta K, Sarkisyan L, George D, Smith DG. Development of a Chinese-Indian hybrid (Chindian) rhesus macaque colony at the California National Primate Research Center by introgression. J Med Primatol 2009; 38:86-96. [PMID: 18715266 PMCID: PMC2664393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fullbred Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques represent genetically distinct populations. The California National Primate Research Center introduced Chinese founders into its Indian-derived rhesus colony in response to the 1978 Indian embargo on exportation of animals for research and the concern that loss of genetic variation in the closed colony would hamper research efforts. The resulting hybrid rhesus now number well over a thousand animals and represent a growing proportion of the animals in the colony. METHODS We characterized the population genetic structure of the hybrid colony and compared it with that of their pure Indian and Chinese progenitors. RESULTS The hybrid population contains higher genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium than their full Indian progenitors and represents a resource with unique research applications. CONCLUSIONS The genetic diversity of the hybrids indicates that the strategy to introduce novel genes into the colony by hybridizing Chinese founders and their hybrid offspring with Indian-derived animals was successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kanthaswamy
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Nichols SM, Gierbolini L, Gonzalez-Martinez JA, Bavister BD. Effects of in vitro maturation and age on oocyte quality in the rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta. Fertil Steril 2009; 93:1591-600. [PMID: 19249021 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate oocyte quality in a primate model. DESIGN Analysis of oocyte karyotype by chromosome spreading and oocyte spindles by confocal microscopy. SETTING Research laboratory, Caribbean Primate Research Center. ANIMAL(S) Rhesus macaques aged 6-22 years. INTERVENTION(S) Fourteen females underwent both Regimen A (FSH + hCG) and Regimen B (FSH only) stimulation cycles to facilitate collection of mature and immature oocytes. Immature oocytes from Regimens A and B underwent in vitro maturation (IVM) to produce metaphase II oocytes. All metaphase II oocytes underwent gradual fixation to spread chromosomes or were fixed and stained with probes specific to alpha-tubulin, actin, and DNA for visualization of the meiotic spindle using confocal microscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Karyotype and meiotic spindle architecture differences among in vivo matured (IVO) and IVM oocytes from young and old rhesus macaques. RESULT(S) In all, 4.7% of IVO oocytes (Regimen A) from young females were hyperhaploid versus 25.0% of IVM oocytes (Regimen B) from old females; 4.5% of IVO oocytes (Regimen A) from young females versus 51.5% of IVM oocytes (Regimen B) from old females displayed abnormal chromosome alignment on the metaphase spindle. CONCLUSION(S) IVM can induce meiotic anomalies in macaque oocytes, especially those obtained from older females. Results from this study provide possible explanations for the reported reduction in developmental competence of IVM primate oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Nichols
- Reproductive Biology Program, Caribbean Primate Research Center, Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 1053, Sabana Seca 00979, Puerto Rico.
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Ouyang D, Xu L, Dai Z, Shi H, Zhang G, Zheng Y, He X. Identification of major histocompatibility complex class I alleles in Chinese rhesus macaques. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2008; 40:919-27. [PMID: 18989572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I information is vital for understanding variance of immune responses in HIV vaccination and biomedical models. In this study, 9 Mamu-A and 13 Mamu-B alleles were identified from the cDNA products of 10 Chinese-origin rhesus macaques. Except for two alleles that had been reported by others, eight were novel and twelve extended the partial sequences that are available in GenBank. The additional information of MHC class I antigens might be beneficial to the availability of Chinese macaques in human disease studies. Furthermore, the polymorphism of leading peptides and the natural killer receptor recognition motifs in alpha1 domain both implies that Mamu-A and Mamu-B molecules might play key roles in innate immune responses of natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Ouyang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Cirulli F, Francia N, Berry A, Aloe L, Alleva E, Suomi SJ. Early life stress as a risk factor for mental health: role of neurotrophins from rodents to non-human primates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 33:573-85. [PMID: 18817811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Early adverse events can enhance stress responsiveness and lead to greater susceptibility for psychopathology at adulthood. The epigenetic factors involved in transducing specific features of the rearing environment into stable changes in brain and behavioural plasticity have only begun to be elucidated. Neurotrophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are affected by stress and play a major role in brain development and in the trophism of specific neuronal networks involved in cognitive function and in mood disorders. In addition to the central nervous system, these effectors are produced by peripheral tissues, thus being in a position to integrate the response to external challenges. In this paper we will review data, obtained from animal models, indicating that early maternal deprivation stress can affect neurotrophin levels. Maladaptive or repeated activation of NGF and BDNF, early during postnatal life, may influence stress sensitivity at adulthood and increase vulnerability for stress-related psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cirulli
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
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Qiu CL, Zhao H, Yang GB, Liu Q, Shao Y. Flow cytometric characterization of T lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of Chinese rhesus macaques: normal range, age- and sex-related differences. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 124:313-21. [PMID: 18499268 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Available data on the normal levels of white blood cell populations in healthy rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) originated and living in China is scanty. To obtain such data, blood samples from 150 Chinese rhesus macaques were collected and the normal range of white blood cells and their subsets were analyzed according to age and sex by flow cytometry. CBC data showed that the count of total white blood cells and lymphocytes decreased with age. Phenotypic analysis of CD4 and CD8 expression on CD3+ T lymphocytes showed that the percentage of CD4+ T cells (51.4+/-9.6%), CD4-CD8- T cells (8.5+/-4.1%) and the ratio of CD4+ T to CD8+ T cells (1.26+/-0.55) decreased with age; and the percentage of CD8+ T cells (42.0+/-9.7%), CD4+CD8+ T cells (1.3+/-0.9%) and CD3+ lymphocytes (55.3+/-13.3%) increased with age. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the male and female groups in most parameters in these monkeys except for the percentage of CD4+CD8+ T cells. This study provided basic information about blood cell count and T lymphocyte subsets in Chinese rhesus macaques. It may be useful for comparative studies using Indian and Chinese rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Li Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, 27 Nanwei Road, Xuanwu District, Beijing 100050, PR China
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Karl JA, Wiseman RW, Campbell KJ, Blasky AJ, Hughes AL, Ferguson B, Read DS, O'Connor DH. Identification of MHC class I sequences in Chinese-origin rhesus macaques. Immunogenetics 2007; 60:37-46. [PMID: 18097659 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-007-0267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is an excellent model for human disease and vaccine research. Two populations exhibiting distinctive morphological and physiological characteristics, Indian- and Chinese-origin rhesus macaques, are commonly used in research. Genetic analysis has focused on the Indian macaque population, but the accessibility of these animals for research is limited. Due to their greater availability, Chinese rhesus macaques are now being used more frequently, particularly in vaccine and biodefense studies, although relatively little is known about their immunogenetics. In this study, we discovered major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I cDNAs in 12 Chinese rhesus macaques and detected 41 distinct Mamu-A and Mamu-B sequences. Twenty-seven of these class I cDNAs were novel, while six and eight of these sequences were previously reported in Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques, respectively. We then performed microsatellite analysis on DNA from these 12 animals, as well as an additional 18 animals, and developed sequence specific primer PCR (PCR-SSP) assays for eight cDNAs found in multiple animals. We also examined our cohort for potential admixture of Chinese and Indian origin animals using a recently developed panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The discovery of 27 novel MHC class I sequences in this analysis underscores the genetic diversity of Chinese rhesus macaques and contributes reagents that will be valuable for studying cellular immunology in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Karl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Qiao-Grider Y, Hung LF, Kee CS, Ramamirtham R, Smith EL. A comparison of refractive development between two subspecies of infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Vision Res 2007; 47:1668-81. [PMID: 17442365 PMCID: PMC1950249 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Different subspecies of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) that are derived from different geographical locations, primarily Indian and China, are commonly employed in vision research. Substantial morphological and behavioral differences have been reported between Chinese- and Indian-derived subspecies. The purpose of this study was to compare refractive development in Chinese- and Indian-derived rhesus monkeys. METHODS The subjects were 216 Indian-derived and 78 Chinese-derived normal infant rhesus monkeys. Cross-sectional data were obtained at 3 weeks of age for all subjects. In addition, longitudinal data were obtained from 10 Indian-derived (male=5, female=5) and 5 Chinese-derived monkeys (male=3, female=2) that were reared with unrestricted vision. Ocular and refractive development was assessed by retinoscopy, keratometry, video-based ophthalmophakometry, and A-scan ultrasonography. RESULTS Although the course of emmetropization was very similar in these two groups of rhesus monkeys, there were consistent and significant inter-group differences in ocular dimensions and refractive error. Throughout the observation period, the Chinese-derived monkeys were on average about 0.4D less hyperopic than the Indian-derived monkeys and the Chinese-derived monkeys had longer overall axial lengths, deeper anterior and vitreous chamber depths, thicker crystalline lenses, flatter corneas and lower powered crystalline lenses. CONCLUSIONS The ocular differences observed in this study presumably reflect genetic differences between subspecies but could reflect the differences in the genetic pool between isolated colonies rather than true subspecies differences. Nonetheless, the substantial ocular differences that we observed emphasize that caution must be exercised when comparing and/or pooling data from rhesus monkeys obtained from different colonies. These inter-subspecies differences might be analogous to the ethnic differences in ocular parameters that have been observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qiao-Grider
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-2020
- The Vision CRC, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Li-Fang Hung
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-2020
- The Vision CRC, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chea-su Kee
- Department of Optometry & Radiography, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ramkumar Ramamirtham
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-2020
- The Vision CRC, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Earl L. Smith
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-2020
- The Vision CRC, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Ferguson B, Street SL, Wright H, Pearson C, Jia Y, Thompson SL, Allibone P, Dubay CJ, Spindel E, Norgren RB. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distinguish Indian-origin and Chinese-origin rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). BMC Genomics 2007; 8:43. [PMID: 17286860 PMCID: PMC1803782 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhesus macaques serve a critical role in the study of human biomedical research. While both Indian and Chinese rhesus macaques are commonly used, genetic differences between these two subspecies affect aspects of their behavior and physiology, including response to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can play an important role in both establishing ancestry and in identifying genes involved in complex diseases. We sequenced the 3' end of rhesus macaque genes in an effort to identify gene-based SNPs that could distinguish between Indian and Chinese rhesus macaques and aid in association analysis. Results We surveyed the 3' end of 94 genes in 20 rhesus macaque animals. The study included 10 animals each of Indian and Chinese ancestry. We identified a total of 661 SNPs, 457 of which appeared exclusively in one or the other population. Seventy-nine additional animals were genotyped at 44 of the population-exclusive SNPs. Of those, 38 SNPs were confirmed as being population-specific. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the 3' end of genes is rich in sequence polymorphisms and is suitable for the efficient discovery of gene-linked SNPs. In addition, the results show that the genomic sequences of Indian and Chinese rhesus macaque are remarkably divergent, and include numerous population-specific SNPs. These ancestral SNPs could be used for the rapid scanning of rhesus macaques, both to establish animal ancestry and to identify gene alleles that may contribute to the phenotypic differences observed in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Ferguson
- Genetics Research and Informatics Program, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Summer L Street
- Genetics Research and Informatics Program, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hollis Wright
- Genetics Research and Informatics Program, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Carlo Pearson
- Genetics Research and Informatics Program, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Yibing Jia
- Genetics Research and Informatics Program, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Shaun L Thompson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Patrick Allibone
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Christopher J Dubay
- Genetics Research and Informatics Program, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Eliot Spindel
- Genetics Research and Informatics Program, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Robert B Norgren
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Capitanio JP, Kyes RC, Fairbanks LA. Considerations in the selection and conditioning of Old World monkeys for laboratory research: animals from domestic sources. ILAR J 2006; 47:294-306. [PMID: 16963810 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.47.4.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates from domestic sources constitute an important resource for the research community. The life history of the Old World monkey species that comprise the bulk of this resource is described, and issues that colony managers and researchers alike should consider regarding animal selection (e.g., species, age, sex, rearing history, temperament, genotype, viral status, geographic origin) are discussed. Preparation of domestically bred animals for research usually involves some combination of social separation, relocation, resocialization, alterations in physical space, photoperiod, and diet, as well as exposure to novel environments. The research literature that has focused on these issues is reviewed, and authors suggest that once animals have been assigned to their project housing situation, a period ranging up to 3 mo (depending on the magnitude of the change in housing) might be warranted before an experimental protocol should begin. Attention to issues of animal selection and conditioning by both researchers and colony managers can lead to the shared goal of high-quality research that utilizes the minimal number of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Capitanio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Glenn Smith D, George D, Kanthaswamy S, McDonough J. Identification of Country of Origin and Admixture Between Indian and Chinese Rhesus Macaques. INT J PRIMATOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-006-9026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lorenz JG, Jackson WE, Beck JC, Hanner R. The problems and promise of DNA barcodes for species diagnosis of primate biomaterials. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005; 360:1869-77. [PMID: 16214744 PMCID: PMC1609219 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Integrated Primate Biomaterials and Information Resource (www.IPBIR.org) provides essential research reagents to the scientific community by establishing, verifying, maintaining, and distributing DNA and RNA derived from primate cell cultures. The IPBIR uses mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences to verify the identity of samples for quality control purposes in the accession, cell culture, DNA extraction processes and prior to shipping to end users. As a result, IPBIR is accumulating a database of 'DNA barcodes' for many species of primates. However, this quality control process is complicated by taxon specific patterns of 'universal primer' failure, as well as the amplification or co-amplification of nuclear pseudogenes of mitochondrial origins. To overcome these difficulties, taxon specific primers have been developed, and reverse transcriptase PCR is utilized to exclude these extraneous sequences from amplification. DNA barcoding of primates has applications to conservation and law enforcement. Depositing barcode sequences in a public database, along with primer sequences, trace files and associated quality scores, makes this species identification technique widely accessible. Reference DNA barcode sequences should be derived from, and linked to, specimens of known provenance in web-accessible collections in order to validate this system of molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Lorenz
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
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Smith DG, McDonough J. Mitochondrial DNA variation in Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatol 2005; 65:1-25. [PMID: 15645455 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
DNA was extracted from the buffy coats or serum of 212 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) sampled throughout the species' geographic range. An 835 base pair (bp) fragment of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was amplified from each sample, sequenced, aligned, and used to estimate genetic distances from which phylogenetic trees were constructed. A tree that included sequences from rhesus macaques whose exact origins in China are known was used to determine the regional origin of clusters of haplotypes, or haplogroups, defined by the trees. Indian rhesus sequences formed one large homogeneous haplogroup with very low levels of nucleotide diversity and no geographic structure, and a second much smaller haplogroup apparently derived from Burma. The sequences from Burma and eastern and western China were quite divergent from those in the major haplogroup of India. Each of these sequences formed separate clusters of haplotypes that exhibited far greater nucleotide diversity and/or population structure. Correspondingly, sequences from Indian rhesus macaques that are considered to represent different subspecies (based on morphological differences) were intermingled in the tree, while those from China reflected some, but not all, aspects of subspecific taxonomy. Regional variation contributed 72% toward the paired differences between sequences in an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), and the average differences between the populations of eastern and western China were also statistically significant. These results suggest that Indian and Chinese rhesus macaques were reproductively isolated during most, if not all, of the Pleistocene, during which time Indian rhesus macaques experienced a severe genetic bottleneck, and that some gene flow westward into India was subsequently reestablished. Samples from breeding centers in three different provinces of China included sequences from rhesus macaques that originated in both eastern (or southern) and western China, confirming anecdotal reports that regional breeding centers in China exchange breeding stock. Genetic differences among rhesus macaques (even those acquired from the same regional breeding center) that originate in different geographic regions and are employed as subjects in biomedical experiments can contribute to phenotypic differences in the traits under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Glenn Smith
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.
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Suomi SJ. Mother-Infant Attachment, Peer Relationships, and the Development of Social Networks in Rhesus Monkeys. Hum Dev 2005. [DOI: 10.1159/000083216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Differential relation of two distinct, film-induced positive emotional states to affiliative and agentic extraversion. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bardi M, Huffman MA. Effects of maternal style on infant behavior in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Dev Psychobiol 2002; 41:364-72. [PMID: 12430160 DOI: 10.1002/dev.10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the association of maternal style and infant behavior of group-living Japanese macaques during the first year of infant development. We tested the hypothesis that different mothering styles were correlated with the behavioral repertoire of infants at three different developmental stages. We expected that infants of rejecting mothers would show a higher level of enterprise and that infants of protective mothers would be less interested in the external environment. We found evidence that maternal style affects infant behavior during the early developmental phase, but this influence becomes smaller as the infant grows older and approaches complete independence. Maternal protectiveness appears to have long-lasting effects on infant exploration as infants of protective mothers tended to be less attracted by the external environment. On the other hand, mater- nal rejection appears to have long-lasting effects on infant interaction with other group members as more rejected infants tended to initiate a significantly higher number of contacts with other juveniles and adults. These results suggest that both maternal rejection and maternal protectiveness play an important role in the independence of the offspring, in opposite directions. That is, rejection promotes independence whereas protectiveness delays it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bardi
- Department of Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Pisa, via S. Maria 55, S6126 Pisa (PI), Italy
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Abstract
Chinese-origin and Indian-derived rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), ranging in age from 6 months to 15 years, were weighed and measured during the 1995 inventory of the SAIDS breeding colony at the Tulane Regional Primate Research Center. Data were analyzed separately for males (n=279) and females (n=554), and an analysis of variance was done for five measurements and two indices, with age and country of origin as independent variables. All measurements increased significantly with age, but Chinese-origin males were heavier, longer, and taller than Indian-derived males. Chinese-origin juvenile females were heavier and longer than Indian-derived juvenile females, but this pattern was reversed for adults. Chinese-origin rhesus monkeys exhibited more adult sexual dimorphism than did Indian-derived rhesus monkeys. An analysis of Chinese-origin adults that were Louisiana-born vs. China-born indicated that Louisiana-born adults were lighter, longer, and taller than their China-born parental generation. These differences were statistically significant for adult females and descriptively suggestive for adult males, and both suggest body and appendage adaptation to a warmer, wetter climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Clarke
- Tulane Regional Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA.
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Morrone JV, Depue RA, Scherer AJ, White TL. Film-induced incentive motivation and positive activation in relation to agentic and affiliative components of extraversion. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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