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Klaey-Tassone M, Soussignan R, Durand K, Roy SL, Damon F, Villière A, Fillonneau C, Prost C, Patris B, Sagot P, Schaal B. Testing detectability, attractivity, hedonic specificity, extractability, and robustness of colostrum odor-Toward an olfactory bioassay for human neonates. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22474. [PMID: 38419350 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Human milk odor is attractive and appetitive for human newborns. Here, we studied behavioral and heart-rate (HR) responses of 2-day-old neonates to the odor of human colostrum. To evaluate detection in two conditions of stimulus delivery, we first presented the odor of total colostrum against water. Second, the hedonic specificity of total colostrum odor was tested against vanilla odor. Third, we delivered only the fresh effluvium of colostrum separated from the colostrum matrix; the stability of this colostrum effluvium was then tested after deep congelation; finally, after sorptive extraction of fresh colostrum headspace, we assessed the activity of colostrum volatiles eluting from the gas chromatograph (GC). Regardless of the stimulus-delivery method, neonates displayed attraction reactions (HR decrease) as well as appetitive oral responses to the odor of total colostrum but not to vanilla odor. The effluvium separated from the fresh colostrum matrix remained appetitive but appeared labile under deep freezing. Finally, volatiles from fresh colostrum effluvium remained behaviorally active after GC elution, although at lower magnitude. In sum, fresh colostrum effluvium and its eluate elicited a consistent increase in newborns' oral activity (relative to water or vanilla), and they induced shallow HR decrease. Newborns' appetitive oral behavior was the most reproducible response criterion to the effluvium of colostrum. In conclusion, a set of unidentified volatile compounds from human colostrum is robust enough after extraction from the original matrix and chromatographic processing to continue eliciting appetitive responses in neonates, thus opening new directions to isolate and assay specific volatile molecules of colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Klaey-Tassone
- Development of Olfactory Communication and Cognition Laboratory; Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inrae-Institut Agro, Dijon, France
| | - Robert Soussignan
- Development of Olfactory Communication and Cognition Laboratory; Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inrae-Institut Agro, Dijon, France
| | - Karine Durand
- Development of Olfactory Communication and Cognition Laboratory; Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inrae-Institut Agro, Dijon, France
| | - Sarah Le Roy
- Flavour Research Group, MAPS2, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés-Environnement-Agroalimentaire (GEPEA), CNRS (UMR 6144), ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Fabrice Damon
- Development of Olfactory Communication and Cognition Laboratory; Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inrae-Institut Agro, Dijon, France
| | - Angélique Villière
- Flavour Research Group, MAPS2, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés-Environnement-Agroalimentaire (GEPEA), CNRS (UMR 6144), ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Fillonneau
- Flavour Research Group, MAPS2, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés-Environnement-Agroalimentaire (GEPEA), CNRS (UMR 6144), ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Carole Prost
- Flavour Research Group, MAPS2, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés-Environnement-Agroalimentaire (GEPEA), CNRS (UMR 6144), ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Patris
- Development of Olfactory Communication and Cognition Laboratory; Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inrae-Institut Agro, Dijon, France
| | - Paul Sagot
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Biology, University Hospital Dijon and Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Development of Olfactory Communication and Cognition Laboratory; Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inrae-Institut Agro, Dijon, France
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Streri A, de Hevia MD. How do human newborns come to understand the multimodal environment? Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:1171-1186. [PMID: 36862372 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, newborns were considered as human beings devoid of perceptual abilities who had to learn with effort everything about their physical and social environment. Extensive empirical evidence gathered in the last decades has systematically invalidated this notion. Despite the relatively immature state of their sensory modalities, newborns have perceptions that are acquired, and are triggered by, their contact with the environment. More recently, the study of the fetal origins of the sensory modes has revealed that in utero all the senses prepare to operate, except for the vision mode, which is only functional starting from the first minutes after birth. This discrepancy between the maturation of the different senses leads to the question of how human newborns come to understand our multimodal and complex environment. More precisely, how the visual mode interacts with the tactile and auditory modes from birth. After having defined the tools that newborns use to interact with other sensory modalities, we review studies across different fields of research such as the intermodal transfer between touch and vision, auditory-visual speech perception, and the existence of links between the dimensions of space, time, and number. Overall, evidence from these studies supports the idea that human newborns are spontaneously driven, and cognitively equipped, to link information collected by the different sensory modes in order to create a representation of a stable world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlette Streri
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Maria Dolores de Hevia
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, F-75006, Paris, France.
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Tristão RM, Lauand L, Costa KSF, Brant LA, Fernandes GM, Costa KN, Spilski J, Lachmann T. Olfactory sensory and perceptual evaluation in newborn infants: A systematic review. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22201. [PMID: 34674234 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fetuses are able to process olfactory stimuli present in the womb and continue to show a preference for these odors for months after birth. Despite the accumulated knowledge about their early ability to perceive odors, there is a lack of validated scales for odor response in newborns. The evaluation of reactions of the olfactory system to environmental stimuli in infants has been defined by methodological theoretical approaches of experimental and clinical assessment tools. These approaches are mainly based on psychophysical approaches and predominantly use behavioral and physiological measures. Examples can be found in studies describing early abilities of newborn babies for behaviors or heart rate variability showing memory of maternal food preferences or mother's breast milk. This systematic review aimed to determine whether validated odor assessment tools can be feasibly used in studies. Particularly in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic and evidence of associated olfactory impairment resulting from SARS-COV-2 infection, the study is also motivated by the need for tools to assess olfactory function in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Maria Tristão
- Faculty of Medicine, Area of Medicine of Child and Adolescent, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Lucas Lauand
- Faculty of Medicine, Area of Medicine of Child and Adolescent, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Alberto Brant
- Faculty of Medicine, Area of Medicine of Child and Adolescent, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Magela Fernandes
- Faculty of Medicine, Area of Medicine of Child and Adolescent, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Karina Nascimento Costa
- Faculty of Medicine, Area of Medicine of Child and Adolescent, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jan Spilski
- Center for Cognitive Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thomas Lachmann
- Center for Cognitive Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Centro de Ciencia Cognitiva, Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
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Clark EA, Kessinger J, Duncan SE, Bell MA, Lahne J, Gallagher DL, O'Keefe SF. The Facial Action Coding System for Characterization of Human Affective Response to Consumer Product-Based Stimuli: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2020; 11:920. [PMID: 32528361 PMCID: PMC7264164 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize human emotions, researchers have increasingly utilized Automatic Facial Expression Analysis (AFEA), which automates the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and translates the facial muscular positioning into the basic universal emotions. There is broad interest in the application of FACS for assessing consumer expressions as an indication of emotions to consumer product-stimuli. However, the translation of FACS to characterization of emotions is elusive in the literature. The aim of this systematic review is to give an overview of how FACS has been used to investigate human emotional behavior to consumer product-based stimuli. The search was limited to studies published in English after 1978, conducted on humans, using FACS or its action units to investigate affect, where emotional response is elicited by consumer product-based stimuli evoking at least one of the five senses. The search resulted in an initial total of 1,935 records, of which 55 studies were extracted and categorized based on the outcomes of interest including (i) method of FACS implementation; (ii) purpose of study; (iii) consumer product-based stimuli used; and (iv) measures of affect validation. Most studies implemented FACS manually (73%) to develop products and/or software (20%) and used consumer product-based stimuli that had known and/or defined capacity to evoke a particular affective response, such as films and/or movie clips (20%); minimal attention was paid to consumer products with low levels of emotional competence or with unknown affective impact. The vast majority of studies (53%) did not validate FACS-determined affect and, of the validation measures that were used, most tended to be discontinuous in nature and only captured affect as it holistically related to an experience. This review illuminated some inconsistencies in how FACS is carried out as well as how emotional response is inferred from facial muscle activation. This may prompt researchers to consider measuring the total consumer experience by employing a variety of methodologies in addition to FACS and its emotion-based interpretation guide. Such strategies may better conceptualize consumers' experience with products of low, unknown, and/or undefined capacity to evoke an affective response such as product prototypes, line extensions, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Clark
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Chemosensory Event-Related Potentials and Power Spectrum could be A Possible Biomarker in 3M Syndrome Infants? Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10040201. [PMID: 32235515 PMCID: PMC7226335 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
3M syndrome is a rare disorder that involves the gene cullin-7 (CUL7). CUL7 modulates odour detection, conditions the olfactory response (OR) and plays a role in the development of the olfactory system. Despite this involvement, there are no direct studies on olfactory functional effects in 3M syndrome. The purpose of the present work was to analyse the cortical OR through chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs) and power spectra calculated by electroencephalogram (EEG) signals recorded in 3M infants: two twins (3M-N) and an additional subject (3M-O). The results suggest that olfactory processing is diversified. Comparison of N1 and Late Positive Component (LPC) indicated substantial differences in 3M syndrome that may be a consequence of a modified olfactory processing pattern. Moreover, the presence of delta rhythms in 3M-O and 3M-N clearly indicates their involvement with OR, since the delta rhythm is closely connected to chemosensory perception, in particular to olfactory perception.
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Kashibayashi T, Takahashi R, Fujita J, Kamimura N, Okutani F, Kazui H. Correlation between regional brain volume and olfactory function in very mild amnestic patients. J Neurol Sci 2020; 411:116686. [PMID: 31972350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We aimed to determine neural correlates of olfactory detection and identification and analyze associations between cognitive function and olfactory identification or detection in very mild amnestic patients. METHODS We recruited 70 patients with chief complaints of memory impairment diagnosed as amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a clinical dementia rating of 0.5. Olfactory detection and identification were assessed using T&T olfactometry. A voxel-wise correlation analysis of gray matter volume and olfactometry scores was performed. We also analyzed correlations between neuropsychological results and olfactometry scores. RESULTS A significant negative correlation was observed between detection scores and nucleus accumbens and left parahippocampal gyrus volumes and between identification scores and orbitofrontal, right frontal, and right anterior temporal cortex volumes (p < .001). No significant correlation existed between detection and cognitive assessment scores. Identification score was significantly correlated with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Part word recall score (r = 0.305, p = .01). CONCLUSIONS Olfactory detection and identification dysfunction were attributable to impairments in different regions in MCI and very early AD; the former was attributed to the olfactory circuit, while the latter to neocortices. The dysfunction of identification of olfactory information was associated with episodic memory in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kashibayashi
- Kochi Medical School, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kohasu Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Takahashi
- Hyogo Prefectural Rehabilitation Hospital at Nishi-Harima, Nishi-Harima Dementia-Related Disease Medical Center, 1-7-1, Kouto, Shingu-cho, Tatsuno, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jun Fujita
- Hyogo Prefectural Rehabilitation Hospital at Nishi-Harima, Nishi-Harima Dementia-Related Disease Medical Center, 1-7-1, Kouto, Shingu-cho, Tatsuno, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoto Kamimura
- Kochi Medical School, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kohasu Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Fumino Okutani
- Kochi Medical School, Department of Occupational Health, Kohasu Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kazui
- Kochi Medical School, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kohasu Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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Adam-Darque A, Grouiller F, Vasung L, Ha-Vinh Leuchter R, Pollien P, Lazeyras F, Hüppi PS. fMRI-based Neuronal Response to New Odorants in the Newborn Brain. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2901-2907. [PMID: 29106509 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell is one of the oldest and the most primitive senses mammals possess, it helps to evaluate the surrounding environment. From birth, smell is an important sensory modality, highly relevant for neonatal behavioral adaptation. Even though human newborns seem to be able to perceive and react to olfactory stimuli, there is still a lack of knowledge about the ontogeny of smell and the underlying central processing involved in odor perception in newborns. Brain networks involved in chemosensory perception of odorants are well described in adults, however in newborns there is no evidence that central olfaction is functional given the largely unmyelinated neonatal central nervous system. To examine this question, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the newborn to characterize cortical response to olfactory and trigeminal odorants. Here we show that brain response to odors can be measured and localized using functional MRI in newborns. Furthermore, we found that the developing brain, only few days after birth, processes new artificial odorants in similar cortical areas than adults, including piriform cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and insula. Our work provides evidence that human olfaction at birth relies on brain functions that involve all levels of the cortical olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Adam-Darque
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Grouiller
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lana Vasung
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Russia Ha-Vinh Leuchter
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Pollien
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Lazeyras
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Petra S Hüppi
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Davidson J, Ruthazer R, Maron JL. Optimal Timing to Utilize Olfactory Stimulation with Maternal Breast Milk to Improve Oral Feeding Skills in the Premature Newborn. Breastfeed Med 2019; 14:230-235. [PMID: 30882237 PMCID: PMC10027347 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2018.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Olfactory maturation is essential for successful oral feeding. Previous studies have suggested that olfactory stimulation with maternal breast milk may expedite oral feeding skills in the premature infant; however, the optimal developmental window to utilize this intervention and sex-specific responses to stimuli are largely unknown. Objectives: To determine individual responses to olfactory stimulation with mother's own milk (MOM) on feeding outcomes in premature newborns. Materials and Methods: Infants born between 28 0/7 and 33 6/7 weeks' gestation (n = 36) were randomized to receive either MOM or water (sham) stimulus during the learning process of oral feeding. Clinical and feeding outcomes were recorded. Statistical analyses examined the effect of stimulation with MOM on feeding outcomes stratified for age and sex. Results: Overall, there was no significant difference between sham infants compared with MOM infants in mean postmenstrual age of full oral feeds (sham: 35 5/7 versus MOM 36 0/7; p = 0.37). However, when stratified by gestational age (GA), infants born <31 weeks' gestation who received MOM stimulation learned to feed sooner than controls (p = 0.06), whereas infants born ≥31 weeks' gestation learned to feed later than controls (p = 0.20) with a significant interaction (p = 0.02) between the stimulus (MOM versus sham) and dichotomized GA (<31 versus ≥31 weeks). There were no sex differences in response to olfactory stimulus. Conclusions: Infants born <31 weeks' GA who received MOM stimulation learned to feed sooner than control infants and the impact of MOM is significantly different between infants born before or after 31 weeks GA. These data suggest there may be an optimal time in development to utilize maternal breast milk to expedite oral feeding maturation in the premature newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Davidson
- 1 Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Robin Ruthazer
- 2 Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Research Design Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- 3 Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jill L Maron
- 1 Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- 4 Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Lee EJ. [The Effects of Breast Milk Olfactory Stimulation on Physiological Responses, Oral Feeding Progression and Body Weight in Preterm Infants]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2019; 49:126-136. [PMID: 31064966 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2019.49.2.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of breast milk olfactory stimulation on physiological responses, oral feeding progression, and body weight in preterm infants. METHODS A repeated measures design with nonequivalent control group was used. The participants were healthy, preterm infants born at a gestational age of 28~32 weeks; 12 in the experimental group and 16 in the control group. Data were collected prospectively in the experimental group, and retrospectively in the control group, by the same methods. Breast milk olfactory stimulation was provided 12 times over 15 days. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed rank test and linear mixed models using SPSS 19. RESULTS The gastric residual volume (GRV) of the experimental group was significantly less than that of the control group. The heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiration rate, transition time to oral feeding, and body weight were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that breast milk olfactory stimulation reduces GRV and improves digestive function in preterm infants without inducing distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jee Lee
- Department of Nursing, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.
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Gutiérrez-García AG, Contreras CM, Díaz-Marte C. Myristic acid in amniotic fluid produces appetitive responses in human newborns. Early Hum Dev 2017; 115:32-37. [PMID: 28886572 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mixture of eight fatty acids (lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, and linoleic acid) that are contained in human amniotic fluid, colostrum, and milk produces appetitive responses in newborns, suggesting the existence of a transition of sensorial cues that guide newborns to the maternal breast. OBJECTIVE To explore the ability of each of these eight fatty acids individually to produce appetitive responses in newborns. METHODS The study included 12 healthy human newborns<24h after birth. Using a longitudinal design, cotton swabs that were impregnated with each of the eight fatty acids and control substances (i.e., vehicle, saline, and vanilla) were placed approximately 1cm from the newborns' nostrils for 30s. Positive responses that were suggestive of acceptance included appetitive movements (i.e., suckling) and sniffing that were directed toward the cotton swab. Lateral movements of the head away from the swab were considered negative responses. Remaining stationary with no changes in facial expressions was considered indifference. RESULTS Compared with controls (i.e., vehicle, saline, and vanilla) and the other fatty acids tested, myristic acid produced the longest duration of positive facial responses (suckling and sniffing). No significant differences in negative facial responses were observed in response to the odoriferous stimuli. No reactions that were suggestive of disgust were observed. CONCLUSION A complex combination of stimuli, including the odor of myristic acid, may integrate sensory cues that guide newborns to the maternal breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Gutiérrez-García
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91097, Veracruz, Mexico; Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Carlos M Contreras
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico; Unidad Periférica Xalapa, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico
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Henkel C, Jenni O, Holtz S, Bindt C. Essverhalten im frühen Kindesalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-015-0032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Loos HM, Doucet S, Soussignan R, Hartmann C, Durand K, Dittrich R, Sagot P, Buettner A, Schaal B. Responsiveness of human neonates to the odor of 5α-androst-16-en-3-one: a behavioral paradox? Chem Senses 2015; 39:693-703. [PMID: 25217699 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bju041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The odorous steroid 5α-androst-16-en-3-one (AND) occurs in numerous biological fluids in mammals, including man, where it is believed to play a chemocommunicative role. As AND was recently detected in milk and amniotic fluid, sensitivity and hedonic responses to this substance were assessed in human neonates. To this aim, respiration and facial expressions were recorded in 3-day-old newborns in response to aqueous solutions of AND, ranging from 500ng/mL to 0.5 fg/mL. Although analyses of respiratory rate did not lead to clear-cut results, the newborns changed their facial expressions at concentrations not detected by adults in a triangle test. Newborns displayed negative facial actions of longer duration to AND relative to an odorless control. Thus, AND may be considered to be offensive to newborns, which is a counterintuitive outcome as they are exposed to this compound in the womb (and it should therefore be familiar), in milk, and on the mother's skin surface (and it should therefore be conditioned as positive). Multiple reasons for this perceptual-behavioral paradox are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene M Loos
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 9, 91052 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354 Freising, Germany,
| | - Sébastien Doucet
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 9, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Soussignan
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Constanze Hartmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 9, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karine Durand
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Ralf Dittrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstraße 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany and
| | - Paul Sagot
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Biology, University Hospital Dijon, 1 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 9, 91052 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France
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Godard O, Baudouin JY, Schaal B, Durand K. Affective matching of odors and facial expressions in infants: shifting patterns between 3 and 7 months. Dev Sci 2015; 19:155-63. [PMID: 25782470 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of emotional facial expressions is a crucial skill for adaptive behavior. Past research suggests that at 5 to 7 months of age, infants look longer to an unfamiliar dynamic angry/happy face which emotionally matches a vocal expression. This suggests that they can match stimulations of distinct modalities on their emotional content. In the present study, olfaction-vision matching abilities were assessed across different age groups (3, 5 and 7 months) using dynamic expressive faces (happy vs. disgusted) and distinct hedonic odor contexts (pleasant, unpleasant and control) in a visual-preference paradigm. At all ages the infants were biased toward the disgust faces. This visual bias reversed into a bias for smiling faces in the context of the pleasant odor context in the 3-month-old infants. In infants aged 5 and 7 months, no effect of the odor context appeared in the present conditions. This study highlights the role of the olfactory context in the modulation of visual behavior toward expressive faces in infants. The influence of olfaction took the form of a contingency effect in 3-month-old infants, but later evolved to vanish or to take another form that could not be evidenced in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Godard
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre for Smell, Taste and Food Science (UMR 6265 CNRS - UMR 1324 INRA), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Laboratoire Vision, Action, Cognition (EA 7326), Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Jean-Yves Baudouin
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre for Smell, Taste and Food Science (UMR 6265 CNRS - UMR 1324 INRA), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre for Smell, Taste and Food Science (UMR 6265 CNRS - UMR 1324 INRA), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Karine Durand
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre for Smell, Taste and Food Science (UMR 6265 CNRS - UMR 1324 INRA), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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14
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Jiang T, Soussignan R, Schaal B, Royet JP. Reward for food odors: an fMRI study of liking and wanting as a function of metabolic state and BMI. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:561-8. [PMID: 24948157 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain reward systems mediate liking and wanting for food reward. Here, we explore the differential involvement of the following structures for these two components: the ventral and dorsal striatopallidal area, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior insula and anterior cingulate. Twelve healthy female participants were asked to rate pleasantness (liking of food and non-food odors) and the desire to eat (wanting of odor-evoked food) during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The subjective ratings and fMRI were performed in hunger and satiety states. Activations of regions of interest were compared as a function of task (liking vs wanting), odor category (food vs non-food) and metabolic state (hunger vs satiety). We found that the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum were differentially involved in liking or wanting during the hunger state, which suggests a reciprocal inhibitory influence between these structures. Neural activation of OFC subregions was correlated with either liking or wanting ratings, suggesting an OFC role in reward processing magnitude. Finally, during the hunger state, participants with a high body mass index exhibited less activation in neural structures underlying food reward processing. Our results suggest that food liking and wanting are two separable psychological constructs and may be functionally segregated within the cortico-striatopallidal circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Olfaction: From coding to memory team. INSERM, U1028, UMR 5292 CNRS, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University of Lyon, 69366 Lyon, France, Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inra, Dijon, France and CERMEP, Neurological Hospital, 69003 Lyon, France Olfaction: From coding to memory team. INSERM, U1028, UMR 5292 CNRS, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University of Lyon, 69366 Lyon, France, Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inra, Dijon, France and CERMEP, Neurological Hospital, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Robert Soussignan
- Olfaction: From coding to memory team. INSERM, U1028, UMR 5292 CNRS, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University of Lyon, 69366 Lyon, France, Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inra, Dijon, France and CERMEP, Neurological Hospital, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Olfaction: From coding to memory team. INSERM, U1028, UMR 5292 CNRS, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University of Lyon, 69366 Lyon, France, Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inra, Dijon, France and CERMEP, Neurological Hospital, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Royet
- Olfaction: From coding to memory team. INSERM, U1028, UMR 5292 CNRS, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University of Lyon, 69366 Lyon, France, Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inra, Dijon, France and CERMEP, Neurological Hospital, 69003 Lyon, France Olfaction: From coding to memory team. INSERM, U1028, UMR 5292 CNRS, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University of Lyon, 69366 Lyon, France, Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inra, Dijon, France and CERMEP, Neurological Hospital, 69003 Lyon, France
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15
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Wagner S, Issanchou S, Chabanet C, Marlier L, Schaal B, Monnery-Patris S. Infants’ hedonic responsiveness to food odours: a longitudinal study during and after weaning (8, 12 and 22 months). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/2044-7248-2-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Olfaction is a highly salient sensory modality in early human life. Neonates show keen olfactory sensitivity and hedonic responsiveness. However, little is known about hedonic olfactory responsiveness between the neonatal period and 2 years of age. In an attempt to fill this gap, this longitudinal follow-up study aimed at investigating hedonic responses to food odours in infants during the first 2 years of life. The second objective was to evaluate whether gender has an influence on hedonic responses during this early period. Four control stimuli and eight odours (four rated by adults as a priori pleasant and four a priori unpleasant) were presented in bottles to 235 infants at 8, 12 and 22 months of age. The infant’s exploratory behaviour towards odorized and control bottles was measured in terms of mouthing defined as direct contact with perioral and/or perinasal areas. For each odorized bottle, duration proportions of mouthing were calculated relative to the control bottles.
Results
For the three ages, shorter duration of mouthing was found for unpleasantly scented bottles compared to pleasantly scented bottles. This contrast between pleasant and unpleasant odours was similar for girls and boys. Correlations of responses between ages were modest in number and level, and concerned mostly unpleasant odours.
Conclusion
During the first two years of life, infants discriminate the hedonic valence of odours. They avoid most of the food odours considered as unpleasant by adults, but their attraction towards food-odours judged pleasant by adults does not appear to be fully shaped at this early age. Taken as a whole, the present results highlight both the plasticity of hedonic responses to food odours, and relatively stable avoidance behaviours towards some unpleasant odours.
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16
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Jiang T, Schaal B, Boulanger V, Kontar F, Soussignan R. Children's reward responses to picture- and odor-cued food stimuli: a developmental analysis between 6 and 11years. Appetite 2013; 67:88-98. [PMID: 23583313 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The reward system is largely involved in the control of food intake. Whether components of this system (i.e., wanting and liking) change during development remains understudied, as well as how proximate factors (sensory cues, motivational state) modulate reward reactivity across development. We examined the developmental pattern of wanting and liking for sensorily-cued food stimuli in 6-11year old children as a function of the child's motivational state (hunger/satiety), gender, and the nature of foods. School children were exposed before or after their lunch on alternative days to visual and odor stimuli representing different categories of familiar foods. Their task was to rate wanting and liking of pictures and odorants of pizza, meat, vegetables, fruits, and chocolate. The following results were found: (1) While liking appeared to be stable from age 6 to 11, more particularly for visually-cued foods, wanting decreased, as well as did subjective hunger perception; (2) there were smaller or absent state-effects in 7-to-9-year-olds; (3) reward ratings were higher in boys than in girls; (4) reward ratings of vegetables were the lowest at all ages. These results suggest that wanting, but not liking, is developmentally variable over childhood, and that this variation depends on age, gender, motivational state (hunger/satiety), the nature of the food and the modality of the sensory cue representing it. Such developmental changes are discussed in relation to biological (adiposity rebound) and cognitive (dietary restraint) factors influencing the motivation to eat during middle (6-7years) and late (9-11years) childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, UMR 5292 CNRS-INSERM, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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17
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Mickley GA, Hoxha Z, DiSorbo A, Wilson GN, Remus JL, Biesan O, Ketchesin KD, Ramos L, Luchsinger JR, Prodan S, Rogers M, Wiles NR, Hoxha N. Latent inhibition of a conditioned taste aversion in fetal rats. Dev Psychobiol 2013; 56:435-47. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Andrew Mickley
- The Neuroscience Program; Baldwin Wallace University; 275 Eastland Rd. Berea OH 44017
| | - Zana Hoxha
- The Neuroscience Program; Baldwin Wallace University; 275 Eastland Rd. Berea OH 44017
| | - Anthony DiSorbo
- The Neuroscience Program; Baldwin Wallace University; 275 Eastland Rd. Berea OH 44017
| | - Gina N. Wilson
- The Neuroscience Program; Baldwin Wallace University; 275 Eastland Rd. Berea OH 44017
| | - Jennifer L. Remus
- The Neuroscience Program; Baldwin Wallace University; 275 Eastland Rd. Berea OH 44017
| | - Orion Biesan
- The Neuroscience Program; Baldwin Wallace University; 275 Eastland Rd. Berea OH 44017
| | - Kyle D. Ketchesin
- The Neuroscience Program; Baldwin Wallace University; 275 Eastland Rd. Berea OH 44017
| | - Linnet Ramos
- The Neuroscience Program; Baldwin Wallace University; 275 Eastland Rd. Berea OH 44017
| | - Joseph R. Luchsinger
- The Neuroscience Program; Baldwin Wallace University; 275 Eastland Rd. Berea OH 44017
| | - Suzanna Prodan
- The Neuroscience Program; Baldwin Wallace University; 275 Eastland Rd. Berea OH 44017
| | - Morgan Rogers
- The Neuroscience Program; Baldwin Wallace University; 275 Eastland Rd. Berea OH 44017
| | - Nathanael R. Wiles
- The Neuroscience Program; Baldwin Wallace University; 275 Eastland Rd. Berea OH 44017
| | - Nita Hoxha
- The Neuroscience Program; Baldwin Wallace University; 275 Eastland Rd. Berea OH 44017
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18
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Hung HY, Hsu YY, Chang YJ. Comparison of physiological and behavioral responses to fresh and thawed breastmilk in premature infants--a preliminary study. Breastfeed Med 2013; 8:92-8. [PMID: 22823253 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2012.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastmilk is usually frozen for premature infants when they are unable to feed orally. However, thawed breastmilk may have altered odor and taste from its original form. Few studies have investigated whether premature infants respond differently to fresh and thawed breastmilk. The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological and behavior responses of premature infants alternately fed fresh and thawed breastmilk. SUBJECTS AND METHODS An experimental, crossover study using random assignment was conducted. A convenience sample of 18 premature infants less than 37 weeks gestational age at birth with the capability of oral feeding was studied. The premature infants were fed with fresh and thawed breastmilk during two consecutive meals in a random order. Infants' heart rate and oxygen saturation levels were measured baseline and during feeding, as well as observed feeding cues during the feeding period. RESULTS Premature infants showed significant differences in heart rate when fed thawed, as opposed to fresh, breastmilk. Premature infants demonstrated more stress cues when fed thawed compared with fresh breastmilk (p=0.007). For infants with postmenstrual ages greater than 36 weeks gestation, feeding with thawed breastmilk showed more stress cues and greater effect on heart rate activity compared with fresh breastmilk (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Older premature infants demonstrate more stress when fed with thawed breastmilk. Preterm infants should be directly breastfed or fed with nonfrozen breastmilk, when they show stress behaviors in being fed with thawed breastmilk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ying Hung
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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19
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Soussignan R, Courtial A, Canet P, Danon-Apter G, Nadel J. Human newborns match tongue protrusion of disembodied human and robotic mouths. Dev Sci 2012; 14:385-94. [PMID: 22213907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
No evidence had been provided so far of newborns’ capacity to give a matching response to 2D stimuli. We report evidence from 18 newborns who were presented with three types of stimuli on a 2D screen. The stimuli were video-recorded displays of tongue protrusion shown by: (a) a human face, (b) a human tongue from a disembodied mouth, and (c) an artificial tongue from a robotic mouth. Compared to a baseline condition, neonates increased significantly their tongue protrusion when seeing disembodied human and artificial tongue movements, but not when seeing a 2D full-face protruding tongue. This result was interpreted as revealing the exploration of top-heavy patterns of the 2D face that distracted infants’ attention from the tongue. Results also showed progressively more accurate matching (full tongue protrusion) throughout repeated exposure to each kind of stimulus. Such findings are not in line with the predictions of the innate releasing mechanism (IRM) model or of the oral exploration hypothesis. They support the active intermodal mapping (AIM) hypothesis that emphasizes not only the importance of repeated experience, as would the associative sequence learning (ASL) hypothesis, but also predicts a differential learning and progressive correction of the response adapted to each stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Soussignan
- Centre de Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS UMR 6265, Dijon, France.
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20
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Abstract
Eating is necessary for survival, gives great pleasure, and can be perturbed leading to undernutrition, overnutrition, and eating disorders. The development of feeding in humans relies on complex interplay between homeostatic mechanisms; neural reward systems; and child motor, sensory, and socioemotional capability. Furthermore, parenting, social influences, and the food environment influence the development of eating behavior. The rapid expansion of new knowledge in this field, from basic science to clinical and community-based research, is expected to lead to urgently needed research in support of effective, evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies for undernutrition, overnutrition, and eating disorders in early childhood. Using a biopsychosocial approach, this review covers current knowledge of the development of eating behavior from the brain to the individual child, taking into account important contextual influences.
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21
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Contreras CM, Gutiérrez-García AG, Mendoza-López R, Rodríguez-Landa JF, Bernal-Morales B, Díaz-Marte C. Amniotic fluid elicits appetitive responses in human newborns: Fatty acids and appetitive responses. Dev Psychobiol 2012; 55:221-31. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Marom R, Shedlisker-Kening T, Mimouni FB, Lubetzky R, Dollberg S, Berger I, Mandel D. The effect of olfactory stimulation on energy expenditure in growing preterm infants. Acta Paediatr 2012; 101:e11-4. [PMID: 21732976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that olfactory stimulation in growing healthy preterm infants leads to an increase in resting energy expenditure (REE). DESIGN A prospective, randomized clinical trial with crossover was conducted in 20 healthy, appropriate weights for gestational age, gavage-fed preterm infants. Infants were studied while asleep and cared for in a skin servo-controlled convective incubator. Using a pipette, 15 drops of saturated solution of vanillin (Aldrich, Fallavier, France) were dripped to a cloth diaper that was placed on the opposite side of the incubator. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry (DeltaTrac II, Helsinki, Finland) exactly 1 h after feeding. Each infant was studied twice by randomization: after a period of 20 min of vanillin odour or after 20 min without vanillin odour. RESULTS We found no statistically significant difference in REE of preterm infants when exposed to vanillin odour (74.5 ± 10.1 kcal/kg/day) in comparison with their REE when not exposed to vanillin odour (79.0 ± 11.3 kcal/kg/day). CONCLUSIONS Vanillin odour does not significantly influence REE in metabolically and thermally stable preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronella Marom
- Department of Neonatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
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23
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Soussignan R, Schaal B, Rigaud D, Royet JP, Jiang T. Hedonic reactivity to visual and olfactory cues: rapid facial electromyographic reactions are altered in anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychol 2010; 86:265-72. [PMID: 21185351 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Though it has been suggested that hedonic processing is altered in anorexia nervosa (AN), few studies have used objective measures to assess affective processes in this eating disorder. Accordingly, we investigated facial electromyographic, autonomic and subjective reactivity to the smell and sight of food and non-food stimuli, and assessed more particularly rapid facial reactions reflecting automatic processing of pleasantness. AN and healthy control (HC) women were exposed, before and after a standardized lunch, to pictures and odorants of foods differing in energy density, as well as to non-food sensory cues. Whereas the temporal profile of zygomatic activity in AN patients was typified by a fast drop to sensory cues within the 1000 ms following stimulus onset, HC showed a larger EMG reactivity to pictures in a 800-1000 ms time window. In contrast, pleasantness ratings discriminated the two groups only for high energy density food cues suggesting a partial dissociation between objective and subjective measures of hedonic processes in AN patients. The findings suggest that the automatic processing of pleasantness might be altered in AN, with the sensitivity to reward being modulated by controlled processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Soussignan
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS UMR 6265, Dijon, France.
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24
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Pleasure for visual and olfactory stimuli evoking energy-dense foods is decreased in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 2010; 180:42-7. [PMID: 20488559 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although patients with anorexia nervosa have been suggested to be anhedonic, few experiments have directly measured their sensory pleasure for a range of food and non-food stimuli. This study aimed to examine whether restrictive anorexia nervosa (AN-R) patients displayed: i) a generalized decline in sensory pleasure or only in food-related sensory pleasure; ii) a modification of hedonic responses to food cues (liking) and of the desire to eat foods (wanting) as a function of their motivational state (hunger vs. satiety) and energy density of foods (high vs. low). Forty-six female participants (AN-R n=17; healthy controls (HC) n=29) reported before/after lunch their pleasure for pictures/odorants representing foods of different energy density and non-food objects. They also reported their desire to eat the foods evoked by the sensory stimuli, and completed the Physical Anhedonia Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. AN-R and HC participants did not differ on liking ratings when exposed to low energy-density food or to non-food stimuli. The two groups also had similar physical anhedonia scores. However, compared to HC, AN-R reported lower liking ratings for high energy food pictures regardless of their motivational state. Olfactory pleasure was reduced only during the pre-prandial state in the AN-R group. The wanting ratings showed a distinct pattern since AN-R participants reported less desire to eat the foods representing both low and high energy densities, but the effect was restricted to the pre-prandial state. Taken together these results reflect more the influence of core symptoms in anorexia nervosa (fear of gaining weight) than an overall inability to experience pleasure.
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Soussignan R, Jiang T, Rigaud D, Royet JP, Schaal B. Subliminal fear priming potentiates negative facial reactions to food pictures in women with anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 2010; 40:503-514. [PMID: 19619383 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291709990377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate hedonic reactivity and the influence of unconscious emotional processes on the low sensitivity to positive reinforcement of food in anorexia nervosa (AN). METHOD AN and healthy women were exposed to palatable food pictures just after a subliminal exposure to facial expressions (happy, disgust, fear and neutral faces), either while fasting or after a standardized meal (hunger versus satiety). Both implicit [facial electromyographic (EMG) activity from zygomatic and corrugator muscles, skin conductance, heart rate, and videotaped facial behavior] and explicit (self-reported pleasure and desire) measures of affective processes were recorded. RESULTS In contrast to healthy women, the AN patients did not display objective and subjective indices of pleasure to food pictures when they were in the hunger states. Pleasure to food cues (liking) was more affected than the desire to eat (wanting) in AN patients. Subliminal 'fear faces' increased corrugator muscle reactivity to food stimuli in fasting AN patients, as compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that unconscious fear cues increase the negative appraisal of alimentary stimuli in AN patients and thus contribute to decreased energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Soussignan
- Centre Européen des Sciences du GoUt, CNRS (UMR 5170), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
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Yeshurun Y, Sobel N. An odor is not worth a thousand words: from multidimensional odors to unidimensional odor objects. Annu Rev Psychol 2010; 61:219-41, C1-5. [PMID: 19958179 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction is often referred to as a multidimensional sense. It is multidimensional in that approximately 1000 different receptor types, each tuned to particular odor aspects, together contribute to the olfactory percept. In humans, however, this percept is nearly unidimensional. Humans can detect and discriminate countless odorants, but can identify few by name. The one thing humans can and do invariably say about an odor is whether it is pleasant or not. We argue that this hedonic determination is the key function of olfaction. Thus, the boundaries of an odor object are determined by its pleasantness, which--unlike something material and more like an emotion--remains poorly delineated with words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaara Yeshurun
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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27
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Delaunay-El Allam M, Soussignan R, Patris B, Marlier L, Schaal B. Long-lasting memory for an odor acquired at the mother's breast. Dev Sci 2010; 13:849-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Doucet S, Soussignan R, Sagot P, Schaal B. The secretion of areolar (Montgomery's) glands from lactating women elicits selective, unconditional responses in neonates. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7579. [PMID: 19851461 PMCID: PMC2761488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The communicative meaning of human areolae for newborn infants was examined here in directly exposing 3-day old neonates to the secretion from the areolar glands of Montgomery donated by non related, non familiar lactating women. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The effect of the areolar stimulus on the infants' behavior and autonomic nervous system was compared to that of seven reference stimuli originating either from human or non human mammalian sources, or from an arbitrarily-chosen artificial odorant. The odor of the native areolar secretion intensified more than all other stimuli the infants' inspiratory activity and appetitive oral responses. These responses appeared to develop independently from direct experience with the breast or milk. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Areolar secretions from lactating women are especially salient to human newborns. Volatile compounds carried in these substrates are thus in a position to play a key role in establishing behavioral and physiological processes pertaining to milk transfer and production, and, hence, to survival and to the early engagement of attachment and bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Doucet
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre Européen des Sciences du Goût (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5170), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Dijon-Dresden European Laboratory for Taste and Smell (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, European Associated Laboratories 549), Dijon, France and Dresden, Germany
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 62, Dijon, France
| | - Robert Soussignan
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre Européen des Sciences du Goût (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5170), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Dijon-Dresden European Laboratory for Taste and Smell (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, European Associated Laboratories 549), Dijon, France and Dresden, Germany
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 62, Dijon, France
| | - Paul Sagot
- Pôle de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Médecine Fœtale et Stérilité Conjugale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Bocage and Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Group, Centre Européen des Sciences du Goût (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5170), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Dijon-Dresden European Laboratory for Taste and Smell (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, European Associated Laboratories 549), Dijon, France and Dresden, Germany
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 62, Dijon, France
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Alliesthesia to food cues: Heterogeneity across stimuli and sensory modalities. Physiol Behav 2008; 95:464-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lumeng JC, Patil N, Blass EM. Social influences on formula intake via suckling in 7 to 14-week-old-infants. Dev Psychobiol 2007; 49:351-61. [PMID: 17455226 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate social influences on human suckling behavior, 25 healthy, full term, 7 to 14-week-old infants were each bottle-fed their own formula twice by their mother and once in each of four experimental conditions: (a) held, provided social interaction; (b) held, without interaction; (c) not held, provided interaction; (d) not held, without interaction. Volume intake (VI), Total Sucks, infant gaze direction, and time elapsed since the last feeding were determined. There were three major findings: (1) social interaction increased VI; (2) VI was linearly related to the time since the last feeding in held infants; (3) Total Sucks and VI were both highly correlated with privation length when infants did not look at the feeder and when fed by the mother. Thus, social influences exert strong immediate impacts on suckling. Accordingly, suckling functions to obtain both nutrition from and social information about the feeder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0406, USA.
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Doucet S, Soussignan R, Sagot P, Schaal B. The “smellscape” of mother's breast: Effects of odor masking and selective unmasking on neonatal arousal, oral, and visual responses. Dev Psychobiol 2007; 49:129-38. [PMID: 17299785 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lactating women emit odor cues that release activity in newborns. Such cues may be carried in various substrates, including milk or areolar secretions. The present study aimed to examine the responses of infants facing their mother's breast and to sort out the source(s) of active volatile compounds emitted by the lactating breast. Infants (aged 3-4 days) were presented their mother's breast in two consecutive trials of 90 s each: a scentless condition (breast entirely covered with a transparent film) paired with one of four odorous conditions (fully exposed breast: n = 15; nipple only exposed: 15; areola only exposed: 13; and milk exposed: 12). The infants were more orally activated when facing any of the odorous breast conditions than when facing the scentless breast. They cried earlier and longer, and opened their eyes less, when facing the scentless breast. Nipple, Areola, and Milk odors appeared to be equivalent to the whole breast odor in stimulating oral activity and in delaying crying onset. This study shows that volatile compounds originating in areolar secretions or milk release mouthing, stimulate eye opening, and delay and reduce crying in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Doucet
- Equipe d'Ethologie et de Psychobiologie Sensorielle Centre des Sciences du Goût UMR 5170 CNRS, Dijon, France.
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Contextual cues during olfactory learning improve memory for smells in children. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Montigny D, Coureaud G, Schaal B. Rabbit pup response to the mammary pheromone: from automatism to prandial control. Physiol Behav 2006; 89:742-9. [PMID: 17049954 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit pups display nipple-search behavior in response to maternal odor cues such as the Mammary Pheromone (MP). Here, we assessed in 3 steps whether the activity of the MP is influenced by prandial and/or rhythmic factors during early development. To address this point, the activity of the MP was tested in 690 pups varying in age (day 0, 2, 5 or 10), prandial state (sucked or un-nursed) and period of their 24-h cycle (-6 to +12 h after the daily sucking). In Experiment 1, the responsiveness of d0 pups was high and stable during the whole day, whether they are nursed or deprived of sucking. The MP activity was thus unaffected by colostrum ingestion. Experiment 2 revealed that some differences appear the next days: whereas the responsiveness of d2 pups was also very high during the 24-h cycle (>94%), it decreased in d5-d10 pups immediately after sucking (<48%), with a rapid recuperation in d5 pups. Experiment 3 showed that this postprandial drop in response to the MP disappeared in d5-d10 pups that missed the daily nursing, suggesting that it resulted from post-ingestive/post-absorptive events rather than from rhythm activity-related factors. Taken together, the results show a progressive change in the circadian dynamics of the MP-induced orocephalic response as a function of age modulated by prandial state. This indicates a transition from an automatic response to the MP to a response regulated by physiological factors associated with satiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Montigny
- Centre Européen des Sciences du Goût, Equipe d'Ethologie et de Psychobiologie Sensorielle, UMR 5170 CNRS/UB/Inra, Dijon 21000 France
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methylxanthines and doxapram are currently used to treat apnea of prematurity but are not fully effective and often present undesirable side effects. The present study examines whether exposure to an odor known to modulate the infant's respiratory rate could reduce the frequency of apneic spells. METHOD Fourteen preterm newborns born at 24 to 28 gestational weeks presenting recurrent apnea despite caffeine and doxapram therapy were exposed to a pleasant odor diffused during 24 hours in the incubator. Efficiency of the olfactory treatment was judged by comparing frequency and severity of apneas occurring during the day of odorization with that observed the day before (baseline) and the day after (posttreatment control). Apnea was defined as any complete cessation of breathing movements for >20 seconds, or less if associated with hypoxia or bradycardia. RESULTS Concerning all types of apneas, a diminution of 36% was observed and seen in 12 of 14 infants. Apneas without bradycardia were reduced (44%) during the day with odorization, and this diminution affected all the infants. The frequency of apnea with moderate bradycardia (heart rate between 70 and 90 beats per minute) was maintained while the frequency of apnea associated with severe bradycardia (heart rate <70 beats per minute) decreased strongly (45%) and affected all the infants. No side effects were observed. CONCLUSION The introduction of a pleasant odor in the incubator is of therapeutic value in the treatment of apneas unresponsive to caffeine and doxapram.
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Abstract
Facial expressions are one example of emotional behavior that illustrate the importance of emotions to both basic survival and social interaction. Basic facial responses to stimuli such as sweet and bitter taste are important for species fitness and governed by simple rules. Even at this basic level, facial responses have communicative value to other species members. During evolution simple facial responses were extended for use in more complex nonverbal communications; the responses are labile. The perception and production of facial expressions are cognitive processes and numerous subcortical and cortical areas contribute to these operations. We suggest that no specific emotion center exists over and above cognitive systems in the brain, and that emotion should not be divorced from cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Erickson
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institutes of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Pomares CG, Schirrer J, Abadie V. Analysis of the olfactory capacity of healthy children before language acquisition. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2002; 23:203-7. [PMID: 12177565 DOI: 10.1097/00004703-200208000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The absence of a method for evaluating the olfaction of infants and children without structured language led us to perform a longitudinal study of the behavioral responses of very young children. The aim was to establish a tool for verifying a child's olfactory ability during a pediatric examination. A total of 107 subjects were observed and filmed during a regular olfactory activity. Three years of filmed observations were analyzed and showed three types of stable behavioral responses that we consider to be specific to olfactory stimulus: modification of respiratory rhythm, fixed stare, and decrease of mobility. These responses were observed for 98% of the subjects in 100% of the first presentations of the odorized tissue. Response time was not influenced by age, socioeconomic situation, or position in the family, but it was influenced by ethnic background. These responses constitute items allowing the first step of an objective assessment of a prelanguage child's olfaction without the subject's verbal participation.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavors from the mother's diet during pregnancy are transmitted to amniotic fluid and swallowed by the fetus. Consequently, the types of food eaten by women during pregnancy and, hence, the flavor principles of their culture may be experienced by the infants before their first exposure to solid foods. Some of these same flavors will later be experienced by infants in breast milk, a liquid that, like amniotic fluid, comprises flavors that directly reflect the foods, spices, and beverages eaten by the mother. The present study tested the hypothesis that experience with a flavor in amniotic fluid or breast milk modifies the infants' acceptance and enjoyment of similarly flavored foods at weaning. METHODS Pregnant women who planned on breastfeeding their infants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups. The women consumed either 300 mL of carrot juice or water for 4 days per week for 3 consecutive weeks during the last trimester of pregnancy and then again during the first 2 months of lactation. The mothers in 1 group drank carrot juice during pregnancy and water during lactation; mothers in a second group drank water during pregnancy and carrot juice during lactation, whereas those in the control group drank water during both pregnancy and lactation. Approximately 4 weeks after the mothers began complementing their infants' diet with cereal and before the infants had ever been fed foods or juices containing the flavor of carrots, the infants were videotaped as they fed, in counterbalanced order, cereal prepared with water during 1 test session and cereal prepared with carrot juice during another. Immediately after each session, the mothers rated their infants' enjoyment of the food on a 9-point scale. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the infants who had exposure to the flavor of carrots in either amniotic fluid or breast milk behaved differently in response to that flavor in a food base than did nonexposed control infants. Specifically, previously exposed infants exhibited fewer negative facial expressions while feeding the carrot-flavored cereal compared with the plain cereal, whereas control infants whose mothers drank water during pregnancy and lactation exhibited no such difference. Moreover, those infants who were exposed to carrots prenatally were perceived by their mothers as enjoying the carrot-flavored cereal more compared with the plain cereal. Although these same tendencies were observed for the amount of cereal consumed and the length of the feeds, these findings were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal and early postnatal exposure to a flavor enhanced the infants' enjoyment of that flavor in solid foods during weaning. These very early flavor experiences may provide the foundation for cultural and ethnic differences in cuisine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mennella
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Soussignan R, Schaal B. Les systèmes émotionnels chez le nouveau-né humain : invariance et malléabilité des réponses aux odeurs. ENFANCE 2001. [DOI: 10.3917/enf.533.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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