1
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Kubyshkin V, Rubini M. Proline Analogues. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8130-8232. [PMID: 38941181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side-chain. Chemical structures that mimic proline but introduce changes into its specific molecular features are defined as proline analogues. This review article summarizes the existing chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical knowledge about this peculiar family of structures. We group proline analogues from the following compounds: substituted prolines, unsaturated and fused structures, ring size homologues, heterocyclic, e.g., pseudoproline, and bridged proline-resembling structures. We overview (1) the occurrence of proline analogues in nature and their chemical synthesis, (2) physicochemical properties including ring conformation and cis/trans amide isomerization, (3) use in commercial drugs such as nirmatrelvir recently approved against COVID-19, (4) peptide and protein synthesis involving proline analogues, (5) specific opportunities created in peptide engineering, and (6) cases of protein engineering with the analogues. The review aims to provide a summary to anyone interested in using proline analogues in systems ranging from specific biochemical setups to complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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2
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Wu H, Sun Z, Li X. N,O-Benzylidene Acetal Dipeptides (NBDs) Enable the Synthesis of Difficult Peptides via a Kinked Backbone Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310624. [PMID: 37694822 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteins with highly hydrophobic regions or aggregation-prone sequences are typically difficult targets for chemical synthesis at the current stage, as obtaining such type of peptides via solid-phase peptide synthesis requires sophisticated operations. Herein, we report N,O-benzylidene acetal dipeptides (NBDs) as robust and effective building blocks to allow the direct synthesis of difficult peptides and proteins via a kinked backbone strategy. The effectiveness and easy accessibility of NBDs have been well demonstrated in our chemical syntheses of various challenging peptides and proteins, including chemokine, therapeutic hormones, histone, and glycosylated erythropoietin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Zhenquan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
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3
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Apostol CR, Bernard K, Tanguturi P, Molnar G, Bartlett MJ, Szabò L, Liu C, Ortiz JB, Saber M, Giordano KR, Green TRF, Melvin J, Morrison HW, Madhavan L, Rowe RK, Streicher JM, Heien ML, Falk T, Polt R. Design and Synthesis of Brain Penetrant Glycopeptide Analogues of PACAP With Neuroprotective Potential for Traumatic Brain Injury and Parkinsonism. FRONTIERS IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 1. [PMID: 35237767 PMCID: PMC8887546 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2021.818003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an unmet clinical need for curative therapies to treat neurodegenerative disorders. Most mainstay treatments currently on the market only alleviate specific symptoms and do not reverse disease progression. The Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), an endogenous neuropeptide hormone, has been extensively studied as a potential regenerative therapeutic. PACAP is widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and exerts its neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects via the related Class B GPCRs PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2, at which the hormone shows roughly equal activity. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) also activates these receptors, and this close analogue of PACAP has also shown to promote neuronal survival in various animal models of acute and progressive neurodegenerative diseases. However, PACAP's poor pharmacokinetic profile (non-linear PK/PD), and more importantly its limited blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability has hampered development of this peptide as a therapeutic. We have demonstrated that glycosylation of PACAP and related peptides promotes penetration of the BBB and improves PK properties while retaining efficacy and potency in the low nanomolar range at its target receptors. Furthermore, judicious structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed key motifs that can be modulated to afford compounds with diverse selectivity profiles. Most importantly, we have demonstrated that select PACAP glycopeptide analogues (2LS80Mel and 2LS98Lac) exert potent neuroprotective effects and anti-inflammatory activity in animal models of traumatic brain injury and in a mild-toxin lesion model of Parkinson's disease, highlighting glycosylation as a viable strategy for converting endogenous peptides into robust and efficacious drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Apostol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kelsey Bernard
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - Gabriella Molnar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Mitchell J Bartlett
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Lajos Szabò
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - J Bryce Ortiz
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Maha Saber
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Katherine R Giordano
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Tabitha R F Green
- Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - James Melvin
- Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Helena W Morrison
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Lalitha Madhavan
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Rachel K Rowe
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - John M Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael L Heien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Torsten Falk
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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4
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Fankhauser D, Alissandratos A, Liutkus M, Easton CJ. Easy Production of "Difficult Peptides" Using Cell-Free Protein Synthesis and a New Methionine Analogue as a Latent Peptide Cleavage Site. Chemistry 2021; 27:17487-17494. [PMID: 34651362 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aliphatic γ-chloro-α-amino acids incorporated in place of their canonical analogues through cell-free protein synthesis act as heat-labile linkers, offering a useful strategy for the straightforward production of target peptides as fusion proteins, from which the targets are readily released. Until now, the natural abundance of aliphatic amino acids in peptides has limited the scope of the method, as it leads to undesired cleavage sites in synthesized products, but here the authors report the development of a new cleavable chloro amino acid that incorporates in place of the relatively rare amino acid methionine, thus greatly expanding the scope of producible targets. This new strategy is employed for simplified peptide synthesis with a methionine-free fusion partner, allowing single-site incorporation of the cleavable linker for clean release and easy purification of the target peptide. Its utility is demonstrated through the straightforward preparation of two peptides reported to be challenging targets and not accessible through standard solid-phase chemical methodologies, as well as analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fankhauser
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, 137 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Apostolos Alissandratos
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, 137 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mantas Liutkus
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, 137 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher J Easton
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, 137 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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5
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Apostol CR, Tanguturi P, Szabò LZ, Varela D, Gilmartin T, Streicher JM, Polt R. Synthesis and In Vitro Characterization of Glycopeptide Drug Candidates Related to PACAP 1-23. Molecules 2021; 26:4932. [PMID: 34443519 PMCID: PMC8401035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for efficacious treatment of neurodegenerative and progressive neuroinflammatory diseases continues, as current therapies are unable to halt or reverse disease progression. PACAP represents one potential therapeutic that provides neuroprotection effects on neurons, and also modulates inflammatory responses and circulation within the brain. However, PACAP is a relatively long peptide hormone that is not trivial to synthesize. Based on previous observations that the shortened isoform PACAP1-23 is capable of inducing neuroprotection in vitro, we were inspired to synthesize shortened glycopeptide analogues of PACAP1-23. Herein, we report the synthesis and in vitro characterization of glycosylated PACAP1-23 analogues that interact strongly with the PAC1 and VPAC1 receptors, while showing reduced activity at the VPAC2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Apostol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (C.R.A.); (L.Z.S.)
| | - Parthasaradhireddy Tanguturi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (P.T.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Lajos Z. Szabò
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (C.R.A.); (L.Z.S.)
| | - Daniel Varela
- Facultat de Quìmica Tarragona, Universitat Rovera I Virgili, 43007 Barcelona, Spain; (D.V.); (T.G.)
| | - Thiago Gilmartin
- Facultat de Quìmica Tarragona, Universitat Rovera I Virgili, 43007 Barcelona, Spain; (D.V.); (T.G.)
| | - John M. Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (P.T.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (C.R.A.); (L.Z.S.)
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6
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Scope and limitations of pseudoprolines as individual amino acids in peptide synthesis. Amino Acids 2021; 53:665-671. [PMID: 33813636 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Protected 4-carboxyoxazolidines and thiazolidines (pseudoprolines) are derivatives of serine, threonine or cysteine amino acids. Such compounds are used in peptide synthesis among the other protected amino acids. They are usually practiced when a peptide sequence is readily aggregating during synthesis due to their ability to disrupt secondary structure formation. Such compounds are usually applied as dipeptides. In present work Fmoc-protected pseudoprolines were synthesized and applied in peptide synthesis not as dipeptides but as individual amino acids. Different acylation protocols and amino acids were tested to acylate pseudoprolines. Several "difficult" peptides were synthesized to confirm the efficacy of such constructions. It was shown that pseudoprolines could be easily synthesized and used in automated or manual synthesis not as dipeptides but as ordinary amino acids.
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7
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Sletten ET, Nuño M, Guthrie D, Seeberger PH. Real-time monitoring of solid-phase peptide synthesis using a variable bed flow reactor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14598-14601. [PMID: 31742308 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08421e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
On-resin aggregation and incomplete amide bond formation are major challenges for solid-phase peptide synthesis that are difficult to be monitored in real-time. Incorporation of a pressure-based variable bed flow reactor into an automated solid-phase peptide synthesizer permitted real-time monitoring of resin swelling to determine amino acid coupling efficiency and on-resin aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Sletten
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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8
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Li H, Rahimi F, Bitan G. Modulation of Amyloid β-Protein (Aβ) Assembly by Homologous C-Terminal Fragments as a Strategy for Inhibiting Aβ Toxicity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:845-56. [PMID: 27322435 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) into neurotoxic oligomers and fibrillar aggregates is a key process thought to be the proximal event leading to development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, numerous attempts have been made to develop reagents that disrupt this process and prevent the formation of the toxic oligomers and aggregates. An attractive strategy for developing such reagents is to use peptides derived from Aβ based on the assumption that such peptides would bind to full-length Aβ, interfere with binding of additional full-length molecules, and thereby prevent formation of the toxic species. Guided by this rationale, most of the studies in the last two decades have focused on preventing formation of the core cross-β structure of Aβ amyloid fibrils using β-sheet-breaker peptides derived from the central hydrophobic cluster of Aβ. Though this approach is effective in inhibiting fibril formation, it is generally inefficient in preventing Aβ oligomerization. An alternative approach is to use peptides derived from the C-terminus of Aβ, which mediates both oligomerization and fibrillogenesis. This approach has been explored by several groups, including our own, and led to the discovery of several lead peptides with moderate to high inhibitory activity. Interestingly, the mechanisms of these inhibitory effects have been found to be diverse, and only in a small percentage of cases involved interference with β-sheet formation. Here, we review the strategy of using C-terminal fragments of Aβ as modulators of Aβ assembly and discuss the relevant challenges, therapeutic potential, and mechanisms of action of such fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Li
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Farid Rahimi
- Biomedical
Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department
of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute,
and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Neuroscience Research Building 1, Room 451 635 Charles E. Young Drive
South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7334, United States
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9
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Abdel-Aal ABM, Papageorgiou G, Quibell M, Offer J. Automated synthesis of backbone protected peptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:8316-9. [PMID: 24938489 PMCID: PMC4161149 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The automated introduction of removable substitution along a peptide backbone prevents chain-association and synthesis failure.
The synthesis of peptides rich in aggregation prone sequences can be improved with backbone protection. We report the automated introduction of backbone protection to a peptide. This new method was applied in a fully-automated synthesis, giving improved handling, quality and yield of several challenging target sequences.
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10
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Investigation of the automated solid-phase synthesis of a 38mer peptide with difficult sequence pattern under different synthesis strategies. Amino Acids 2015; 47:787-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Peigneur S, Paolini-Bertrand M, Gaertner H, Biass D, Violette A, Stöcklin R, Favreau P, Tytgat J, Hartley O. δ-Conotoxins synthesized using an acid-cleavable solubility tag approach reveal key structural determinants for NaV subtype selectivity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35341-50. [PMID: 25352593 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.610436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conotoxins are venom peptides from cone snails with multiple disulfide bridges that provide a rigid structural scaffold. Typically acting on ion channels implicated in neurotransmission, conotoxins are of interest both as tools for pharmacological studies and as potential new medicines. δ-Conotoxins act by inhibiting inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav). Their pharmacology has not been extensively studied because their highly hydrophobic character makes them difficult targets for chemical synthesis. Here we adopted an acid-cleavable solubility tag strategy that facilitated synthesis, purification, and directed disulfide bridge formation. Using this approach we readily produced three native δ-conotoxins from Conus consors plus two rationally designed hybrid peptides. We observed striking differences in Nav subtype selectivity across this group of compounds, which differ in primary structure at only three positions: 12, 23, and 25. Our results provide new insights into the structure-activity relationships underlying the Nav subtype selectivity of δ-conotoxins. Use of the acid-cleavable solubility tag strategy should facilitate synthesis of other hydrophobic peptides with complex disulfide bridge patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Peigneur
- From the Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Catholic University, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marianne Paolini-Bertrand
- the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Gaertner
- the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Biass
- Atheris Laboratories, 1233 Bernex, Switzerland, and
| | | | | | - Philippe Favreau
- Atheris Laboratories, 1233 Bernex, Switzerland, and the Department of Environment, Transport and Agriculture, Service de Toxicologie de l'Environnement, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jan Tytgat
- From the Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Catholic University, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,
| | - Oliver Hartley
- the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland,
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12
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Sayyadi N, Taleski D, Leesch S, Jolliffe KA. Investigating the scope of pseudoproline assisted peptide cyclization. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Voronin K, Allentoff AJ, Bonacorsi SJ, Mapelli C, Gong SX, Lee V, Riexinger D, Sanghvi N, Jiang H, Zeng J. Synthesis of a stable isotopically labeled universal surrogate peptide for use as an internal standard in LC-MS/MS bioanalysis of human IgG and Fc-fusion protein drug candidates. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:579-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Voronin
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms Radiochemistry; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Alban J. Allentoff
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms Radiochemistry; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Samuel J. Bonacorsi
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms Radiochemistry; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Claudio Mapelli
- Peptide Synthesis group; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Sharon X. Gong
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms Radiochemistry; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Ving Lee
- Peptide Synthesis group; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Douglas Riexinger
- Peptide Synthesis group; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Nishith Sanghvi
- Peptide Synthesis group; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Hao Jiang
- Bioanalytical Sciences; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Jianing Zeng
- Bioanalytical Sciences; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
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14
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Chaume G, Simon J, Caupène C, Lensen N, Miclet E, Brigaud T. Incorporation of CF3–Pseudoprolines into Peptides: A Methodological Study. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10144-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401494q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Chaume
- Laboratoire SOSCO, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, EA 4505, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Julien Simon
- Laboratoire SOSCO, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, EA 4505, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Caroline Caupène
- Laboratoire SOSCO, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, EA 4505, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Nathalie Lensen
- Laboratoire SOSCO, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, EA 4505, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Emeric Miclet
- Laboratoire des
BioMolécules, UMR 7203, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UPMC Paris 06, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Brigaud
- Laboratoire SOSCO, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, EA 4505, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France
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15
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Góngora-Benítez M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. Handles for Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of protected peptides. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2013; 15:217-28. [PMID: 23573835 DOI: 10.1021/co300153c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protected peptide fragments are valuable building blocks for the assembly of large peptide sequences through fragment condensation approaches, whereas protected peptides are typically synthesized for the preparation of amide-bridge cyclic peptides in solution. Efficient synthesis of both protected peptides and protected peptide fragments by solid-phase peptide synthesis methodology requires handles that attach the growing peptides to the polymeric support and can be cleaved under appropriate conditions, while maintaining intact the side-chain protecting groups. Here, we provide an overview of attachment methods described in the literature for the preparation of protected peptides using Fmoc/tBu chemistry, including the most commonly used acid-labile linkers along with the most recent and sophisticated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Góngora-Benítez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science Park, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Tulla-Puche
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science Park, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science Park, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu Natal, 4001-Durban, South Africa
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16
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Zeitler B, Bernhard A, Meyer H, Sattler M, Koop HU, Lindermayr C. Production of a de-novo designed antimicrobial peptide in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:259-72. [PMID: 23242916 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are important defense compounds of higher organisms that can be used as therapeutic agents against bacterial and/or viral infections. We designed several antimicrobial peptides containing hydrophobic and positively charged clusters that are active against plant and human pathogens. Especially peptide SP1-1 is highly active with a MIC value of 0.1 μg/ml against Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas corrugata and Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae. However, for commercial applications high amounts of peptide are necessary. The synthetic production of peptides is still quite expensive and, depending on the physico-chemical features, difficult. Therefore we developed a plant/tobacco mosaic virus-based production system following the 'full virus vector strategy' with the viral coat protein as fusion partner for the designed antimicrobial peptide. Infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants with such recombinant virus resulted in production of huge amounts of virus particles presenting the peptides all over their surface. After extraction of recombinant virions, peptides were released from the coat protein by chemical cleavage. A protocol for purification of the antimicrobial peptides using high resolution chromatographic methods has been established. Finally, we yielded up to 0.025 mg of peptide per g of infected leaf biomass. Mass spectrometric and NMR analysis revealed that the in planta produced peptide differs from the synthetic version only in missing of N-terminal amidation. But its antimicrobial activity was in the range of the synthetic one. Taken together, we developed a protocol for plant-based production and purification of biologically active, hydrophobic and positively charged antimicrobial peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zeitler
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
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Michels T, Dölling R, Haberkorn U, Mier W. Acid-Mediated Prevention of Aspartimide Formation in Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. Org Lett 2012; 14:5218-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol3007925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tillmann Michels
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and BIOSYNTAN GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudolf Dölling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and BIOSYNTAN GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and BIOSYNTAN GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and BIOSYNTAN GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Valette NM, Radford SE, Harris SA, Warriner SL. Phosphorylation as a tool to modulate aggregation propensity and to predict fibril architecture. Chembiochem 2012; 13:271-81. [PMID: 22174034 PMCID: PMC3531611 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of post-translational modifications in controlling the solubility and conformational properties of proteins and peptides, precisely how the aggregation propensity of different peptide sequences is modulated by chemical modification remains unclear. Here we have investigated the effect of phosphorylation on the aggregation propensity of a 13-residue synthetic peptide incorporating one or more phosphate groups at seven different sites at various pH values. Fibril formation was shown to be inhibited when a single phosphate group was introduced at all seven locations in the peptide sequence at pH 7.5, when the phosphate group is fully charged. By contrast, when the same peptides were analysed at pH 1.1, when the phosphate is fully protonated, fibrils from all seven peptide sequences form rapidly. At intermediate pH values (pH 3.6) when the phosphate group is mono-anionic, the aggregation propensity of the peptides was found to be highly dependent on the position of the phosphate group in the peptide sequence. Using this information, combined with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the peptide sequence, we provide evidence consistent with the peptide forming amyloid fibrils with a class 7 architecture. The results highlight the potential utility of phosphorylation as a method of reversibly controlling the aggregation kinetics of peptide sequences both during and after synthesis. Moreover, by exploiting the ability of the phosphate group to adopt different charge states as a function of pH, and combining experimental insights with atomistic information calculated from MD simulations as pH is varied, we show how the resulting information can be used to predict fibril structures consistent with both datasets, and use these to rationalise their sensitivity of fibrillation kinetics both to the location of the phosphate group and its charge state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Valette
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS21 3DS (UK)
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, LS21 3DS (UK)
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, LS21 3DS (UK)
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, LS21 3DS (UK)
| | - Sarah A Harris
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, LS21 3DS (UK)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of LeedsLeeds, LS21 3DS (UK)
| | - Stuart L Warriner
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS21 3DS (UK)
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, LS21 3DS (UK)
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Subirós-Funosas R, El-Faham A, Albericio F. Aspartimide formation in peptide chemistry: occurrence, prevention strategies and the role of N-hydroxylamines. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Sosnik A, Gotelli G, Abraham GA. Microwave-assisted polymer synthesis (MAPS) as a tool in biomaterials science: How new and how powerful. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Catalano A, Luo W, Wang Y, O'Day DH. Synthesis and biological activity of peptides equivalent to the IP22 repeat motif found in proteins from Dictyostelium and Mimivirus. Peptides 2010; 31:1799-805. [PMID: 20624437 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel IP22 repeat motif of unknown function was discovered previously that comprises almost the entire structure of cmbB, a calmodulin-binding protein from Dictyostelium discoideum. An analysis of over 2000 IP22 repeats across 130 different proteins from different species allowed us to define a prototypical IP22 repeat: I/LPxxhxxhxhxxxhxxxhxxxx (where L=leucine, I=isoleucine, h=any hydrophobic amino acid, x=any amino acid). Here we describe the synthesis of three peptide variants of the IP22 motif: IP22-1 (IPNSVTSLKFGDGFNQPLTPGT; 22aa); IP22-2 (LPSTLKTISLSNSTDKKIFKNS; 22aa); and, IP22-3 (IPKSLRSLFLGKGYNQPLEF; 20aa) plus a control peptide from the N-term of cmbB (HNMNPFSPQLDEKKNSHIVEY; 21aa). The structure and purity of synthesized peptides were verified by HPLC and mass spectrometry. The peptides all dose-dependently enhanced random cell motility and cAMP-mediated chemotaxis in Dictyostelium but IP22-3 was most effective peaking in activity around 50 μM. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated IP22 peptides did not penetrate cells suggesting these peptides affect cell motility via cell surface interactions. Treatment of cells with FITC-IP22 peptides also led to enhanced cell motility equivalent to the non-conjugated peptides. Treatment of IP22-3-stimulated cells with 50 μM LY294002, 20 μM quinacrine or both suggests that IP22-3 requires both phosphoinositol 3-kinase and phospholipase A2 signaling to elicit its effects, a mechanism unique from EGFL motility enhancing peptides. The mechanism of action and potential uses of IP22 repeat peptides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Catalano
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord st., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G5
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22
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Bushnell RV, Tobin JK, Long J, Schultz-Cherry S, Chaudhuri AR, Nara PL, Tobin GJ. Serological characterization of guinea pigs infected with H3N2 human influenza or immunized with hemagglutinin protein. Virol J 2010; 7:200. [PMID: 20735849 PMCID: PMC2939558 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent and previous studies have shown that guinea pigs can be infected with, and transmit, human influenza viruses. Therefore guinea pig may be a useful animal model for better understanding influenza infection and assessing vaccine strategies. To more fully characterize the model, antibody responses following either infection/re-infection with human influenza A/Wyoming/03/2003 H3N2 or immunization with its homologous recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) protein were studied. Results Serological samples were collected and tested for anti-HA immunoglobulin by ELISA, antiviral antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and recognition of linear epitopes by peptide scanning (PepScan). Animals inoculated with infectious virus demonstrated pronounced viral replication and subsequent serological conversion. Animals either immunized with the homologous HA antigen or infected, showed a relatively rapid rise in antibody titers to the HA glycoprotein in ELISA assays. Antiviral antibodies, measured by HI assay, were detectable after the second inoculation. PepScan data identified both previously recognized and newly defined linear epitopes. Conclusions Infection and/or recombinant HA immunization of guinea pigs with H3N2 Wyoming influenza virus resulted in a relatively rapid production of viral-specific antibody thus demonstrating the strong immunogenicity of the major viral structural proteins in this animal model for influenza infection. The sensitivity of the immune response supports the utility of the guinea pig as a useful animal model of influenza infection and immunization.
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Forbes JG, Flaherty DB, Ma K, Qadota H, Benian GM, Wang K. Extensive and modular intrinsically disordered segments in C. elegans TTN-1 and implications in filament binding, elasticity and oblique striation. J Mol Biol 2010; 398:672-89. [PMID: 20346955 PMCID: PMC2908218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
TTN-1, a titin like protein in Caenorhabditis elegans, is encoded by a single gene and consists of multiple Ig and fibronectin 3 domains, a protein kinase domain and several regions containing tandem short repeat sequences. We have characterized TTN-1's sarcomere distribution, protein interaction with key myofibrillar proteins as well as the conformation malleability of representative motifs of five classes of short repeats. We report that two antibodies developed to portions of TTN-1 detect an approximately 2-MDa polypeptide on Western blots. In addition, by immunofluorescence staining, both of these antibodies localize to the I-band and may extend into the outer edge of the A-band in the obliquely striated muscle of the nematode. Six different 300-residue segments of TTN-1 were shown to variously interact with actin and/or myosin in vitro. Conformations of synthetic peptides of representative copies of each of the five classes of repeats--39-mer PEVT, 51-mer CEEEI, 42-mer AAPLE, 32-mer BLUE and 30-mer DispRep--were investigated by circular dichroism at different temperatures, ionic strengths and solvent polarities. The PEVT, CEEEI, DispRep and AAPLE peptides display a combination of a polyproline II helix and an unordered structure in aqueous solution and convert in trifluoroethanol to alpha-helix (PEVT, CEEEI, DispRep) and beta-turn (AAPLE) structures, respectively. The octads in BLUE motifs form unstable alpha-helix-like structures coils in aqueous solution and negligible heptad-based, alpha-helical coiled-coils. The alpha-helical structure, as modeled by threading and molecular dynamics simulations, tends to form helical bundles and crosses based on its 8-4-2-2 hydrophobic helical patterns and charge arrays on its surface. Our finding indicates that APPLE, PEVT, CEEEI and DispRep regions are all intrinsically disordered and highly reminiscent of the conformational malleability and elasticity of vertebrate titin PEVK segments. The proposed presence of long, modular and unstable alpha-helical oligomerization domains in the BLUE region of TTN-1 could bundle TTN-1 and stabilize oblique striation of the sarcomere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G. Forbes
- Muscle Proteomics and Nanotechnology Section, Laboratory of Muscle Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Denise B. Flaherty
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Collegium of the Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, FL 33711
| | - Kan Ma
- Muscle Proteomics and Nanotechnology Section, Laboratory of Muscle Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Hiroshi Qadota
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Guy M. Benian
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Kuan Wang
- Muscle Proteomics and Nanotechnology Section, Laboratory of Muscle Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Röder R, Henklein P, Weisshoff H, Mügge C, Pätzel M, Schubert U, Carpino LA, Henklein P. On the use of N-dicyclopropylmethyl aspartyl-glycine synthone for backbone amide protection. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:65-70. [PMID: 19924731 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To prevent aspartimide formation and related side products in Asp-Xaa, particularly Asp-Gly-containing peptides, usually the 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl (Hmb) backbone amide protection is applied for peptide synthesis according to the Fmoc-protocols. In the present study, the usefulness of the recently proposed acid-labile dicyclopropylmethyl (Dcpm) protectant was analyzed. Despite the significant steric hindrance of this bulky group, N-terminal H-(Dcpm)Gly-peptides are quantitatively acylated by potent acylating agents, and alternatively the dipeptide Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-(Dcpm)Gly-OH derivative can be used as a building block. In contrast to the Hmb group, Dcpm is inert toward acylations, but is readily removed in the acid deprotection and resin-cleavage step.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Röder
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Grygiel TLR, Teplyakov A, Obmolova G, Stowell N, Holland R, Nemeth JF, Pomerantz SC, Kruszynski M, Gilliland GL. Synthesis by native chemical ligation and crystal structure of human CCL2. Biopolymers 2010; 94:350-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Coïc YM, Lan CL, Neumann JM, Jamin N, Baleux F. Slightly modifying pseudoproline dipeptides incorporation strategy enables solid phase synthesis of a 54 AA fragment of caveolin-1 encompassing the intramembrane domain. J Pept Sci 2009; 16:98-104. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Kantharaju, Raghothama S, Raghavender US, Aravinda S, Shamala N, Balaram P. Conformations of heterochiral and homochiral proline-pseudoproline segments in peptides: Context dependentcis-transpeptide bond isomerization. Biopolymers 2009; 92:405-16. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Akhter Hossain M, Bathgate RAD, Kong CK, Shabanpoor F, Zhang S, Haugaard-Jönsson LM, Rosengren KJ, Tregear GW, Wade JD. Synthesis, conformation, and activity of human insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5). Chembiochem 2008; 9:1816-22. [PMID: 18576448 PMCID: PMC2699039 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5) was first identified through searches of the expressed sequence tags (EST) databases. Primary sequence analysis showed it to be a prepropeptide that was predicted to be processed in vivo to yield a two-chain sequence (A and B) that contained the insulin-like disulfide cross-links. The high affinity interaction between INSL5 and the receptor RXFP4 (GPCR142) coupled with their apparent coevolution and partially overlapping tissue expression patterns strongly suggest that INSL5 is an endogenous ligand for RXFP4. Given that the primary function of the INSL5–RXFP4 pair remains unknown, an effective means of producing sufficient quantities of this peptide and its analogues is needed to systematically investigate its structural and biological properties. A combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis methods together with regioselective disulfide bond formation were used to obtain INSL5. Both chains were unusually resistant to standard synthesis protocols and required highly optimized conditions for their acquisition. In particular, the use of a strong tertiary amidine, DBU, as Nα-deprotection base was required for the successful assembly of the B chain; this highlights the need to consider incomplete deprotection rather than acylation as a cause of failed synthesis. Following sequential disulfide bond formation and chain combination, the resulting synthetic INSL5, which was obtained in good overall yield, was shown to possess a similar secondary structure to human relaxin-3 (H3 relaxin). The peptide was able to inhibit cAMP activity in SK-N-MC cells that expressed the human RXFP4 receptor with a similar activity to H3 relaxin. In contrast, it had no activity on the human RXFP3 receptor. Synthetic INSL5 demonstrates equivalent activity to the recombinant-derived peptide, and will be an important tool for the determination of its biological function.
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29
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Application of Dmb-Dipeptides in the Fmoc SPPS of Difficult and Aspartimide-Prone Sequences. Int J Pept Res Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-008-9154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Bacsa B, Horváti K, Bõsze S, Andreae F, Kappe CO. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Difficult Peptide Sequences at Elevated Temperatures: A Critical Comparison of Microwave and Conventional Heating Technologies. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7532-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8013897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Bacsa
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary, and piCHEM Forschungs und EntwicklungsgmbH, Kahngasse 20, A-8045 Graz, Austria
| | - Kata Horváti
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary, and piCHEM Forschungs und EntwicklungsgmbH, Kahngasse 20, A-8045 Graz, Austria
| | - Szilvia Bõsze
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary, and piCHEM Forschungs und EntwicklungsgmbH, Kahngasse 20, A-8045 Graz, Austria
| | - Fritz Andreae
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary, and piCHEM Forschungs und EntwicklungsgmbH, Kahngasse 20, A-8045 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary, and piCHEM Forschungs und EntwicklungsgmbH, Kahngasse 20, A-8045 Graz, Austria
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Isidro-Llobet A, Just-Baringo X, Alvarez M, Albericio F. EDOTn and MIM, new peptide backbone protecting groups. Biopolymers 2008; 90:444-9. [PMID: 17685396 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, backbone protection has allowed the synthesis of complex peptidic sequences of high interest by preventing chain aggregation and aspartimides formation. Nevertheless, the backbone protectors currently used have some drawbacks: they are difficult to remove and show high steric hindrance. The new backbone protectors presented in this study (EDOTn and MIM) represent an improvement in both aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Isidro-Llobet
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Condron MM, Monien BH, Bitan G. Synthesis and Purification of Highly Hydrophobic Peptides Derived from the C-Terminus of Amyloid β-Protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2:87-93. [PMID: 19898686 DOI: 10.2174/1874070700802010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Some biotechnological inventions involve expensive, sophisticated machines. Others are relatively simple innovations that nevertheless address, and solve difficult problems. Synthesis and purification of highly hydrophobic peptides can be a difficult and challenging task, particularly when these peptides have low solubility in both aqueous and organic solvents. Here we describe the synthesis and purification of a series of peptides derived from the hydrophobic C-terminus of the 42-residue form of amyloid β-protein (Aβ42), a peptide believed to be the primary cause for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The series of C-terminal fragments (CTFs) had the general formula Aβ(x-42), x=28-39, which potentially can be used as inhibitors of Aβ42 assembly and neurotoxicity. Synthesis and purification of peptides containing 8-residues or less were straightforward. However, HPLC purification of longer peptides was problematic and provided <1% yield in particularly difficult cases due to very poor solubility in the solvent systems used both in reverse- and in normal phase chromatography. Modification of the purification protocol using water precipitation followed by removal of scavengers by washing with diethyl ether circumvented the need for HPLC purification and provided these peptides with purity as high as HPLC-purified peptides and substantially increased yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Condron
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, USA
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33
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Page K, Hood CA, Patel H, Fuentes G, Menakuru M, Park JH. Fast Fmoc synthesis of hAmylin1-37 with pseudoproline assisted on-resin disulfide formation. J Pept Sci 2008; 13:833-8. [PMID: 17726722 DOI: 10.1002/psc.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human amylin (1-37) and the (1-13) fragment were synthesized with and without pseudoproline dipeptides. Thallium (III) trifluoroacetate, a mild oxidant, was used to cyclize the peptides by forming a disulfide bridge from C(2) to C(7). On the basis of our model studies, incorporation of a pseudoproline dipeptide decreases the amount of time necessary for the crude linear amylin (1-13) to cyclize on the resin. Without pseudoproline dipeptides, the 1-37 crude linear amylin was not pure enough to undergo the cyclization reaction. Following the cyclization studies, the synthesis time of the linear human amylin (1-37) was systematically reduced from 58 h to 8.5 h by shortening the reaction times. Cyclization and cleavage times were also reduced to 1.5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Page
- Department of Chemistry, Protein Technologies Inc., Tucson, Arizona, 4675 South Coach Drive, Tucson, Arizona 85714, USA
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34
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Derksen DJ, Stymiest JL, Vederas JC. Antimicrobial leucocin analogues with a disulfide bridge replaced by a carbocycle or by noncovalent interactions of allyl glycine residues. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:14252-3. [PMID: 17076487 DOI: 10.1021/ja066203q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The type IIa bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides isolated from lactic acid bacteria that act as food preservation agents and have nanomolar activity against pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes. Previous reports with mutant bacteriocins indicate that the conserved disulfide bridge between cysteine residues 9 and 14 in bacteriocins such as leucocin A (1) is critical for antibiotic properties, which are mediated by target membrane receptor proteins belonging to the mannose phosphotransferase (mpt) system. To examine whether the disulfide can be replaced by an olefin moiety, [9,14]-dicarba leucocin A (4) was made by on-resin ring closing metathesis of allyl glycine residues using a new protocol suitable for larger hydrophobic peptides. Carbocyclic analogue 4 still displays nanomolar activity but is about 10-fold less potent than 1. Surprisingly, the acyclic [9,14]-diallyl leucocin A (5) displays even higher antibiotic activity than 4 and is as effective as the parent, leucocin A (1). We attribute this activity to hydrophobic intermolecular interactions of the diallyl side chains of the acyclic bacteriocin 5 that assist realization of the correct conformation at the receptor active site. Such substitutions in other systems may allow linear acyclic peptides to mimic the biological activity of natural disulfide ring-containing parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Derksen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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35
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Zarándi M, Soós K, Fülöp L, Bozsó Z, Datki Z, Tóth GK, Penke B. Synthesis of Abeta[1-42] and its derivatives with improved efficiency. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:94-9. [PMID: 17103463 DOI: 10.1002/psc.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has been proved that the principal component of senile plaques is aggregates of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) in cases of one of the most common forms of age-related neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the synthetic methods for the synthesis of Abeta peptides have been developed since their first syntheses, Abeta[1-42] is still problematic to prepare. The highly hydrophobic composition of Abeta[1-42] results in aggregation between resin-bound peptide chains or intrachain aggregation which leads to a decrease in the rates of deprotection and repetitive incomplete coupling reactions during 9-flurenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) synthesis. In order to avoid aggregation and/or disrupt internal aggregation during stepwise Fmoc solid phase synthesis and to improve the quality of crude products, several attempts have been made. Since highly pure Abeta peptides in large quantities are used in biological experiments, we wanted to develop a method for a rational synthesis of human Abeta[1-42] with high purity and adequate yield. This paper reports a convenient methodology with a novel solvent system for the synthesis of Abeta[1-42], its N-terminally truncated derivatives Abeta[4-42] and Abeta[5-42], and Abeta[1-42] labeled with 7-amino-4-methyl-3-coumarinylacetic acid (AMCA) at the N-terminus using Fmoc strategy. The use of 10% anisole in Dimethylformamide/Dichloromethane (DMF/DCM) can substantially improve the purity and yield of crude Abeta[1-42] and has been shown to be an optimal coupling condition for the synthesis of Abeta[1-42]. Anisole is a cheap and simple aid in the synthesis of 'difficult sequences' where other solvents are less successful in the prevention of aggregation during the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta Zarándi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 8, Hungary.
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36
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McDunn JE, Muenzer JT, Rachdi L, Chang KC, Davis CG, Dunne WM, Piwnica-Worms D, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Hotchkiss RS. Peptide-mediated activation of Akt and extracellular regulated kinase signaling prevents lymphocyte apoptosis. FASEB J 2007; 22:561-8. [PMID: 17855622 PMCID: PMC2854662 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8283com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte apoptosis is a hallmark of sepsis and contributes to disease mortality. In other acute injuries, such as myocardial and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, apoptosis plays a significant role in disease-associated morbidity and mortality. We previously showed that constitutive activation of the potent antiapoptotic Akt/protein kinase B signaling pathway in lymphocytes both reduces sepsis-induced lymphocyte apoptosis and confers a significant survival advantage compared to wild-type littermates. Here, we demonstrate a therapeutic approach to acutely augment Akt activity in a wild-type animal. A cell-permeable peptide conjugated to the Akt-binding domain of the endogenous Akt coactivator, Tcl-1, prolongs Akt activity, activates extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling and protects lymphocytes from numerous apoptotic stimuli both in vitro and in vivo. Molecular approaches to activate the antiapoptotic Akt and ERK signaling pathways may provide a novel tool to study these signaling pathways, as well as a new antiapoptotic strategy for the treatment of sepsis and other acute injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E McDunn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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37
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Suaifan GARY, Arafat T, Threadgill MD. Synthetic approaches to peptides containing the l-Gln-l-Val-D(S)-Dmt motif. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:3474-88. [PMID: 17376694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The pseudoprolines S-Dmo (5,5-dimethyl-4-oxaproline) and R-Dmt (5,5-dimethyl-4-thiaproline) have been used to study the effects of forcing a fully cis conformation in peptides. Synthesis of peptides containing these (which have the same configuration as L-Pro) is straightforward. However, synthesis of peptides containing S-Dmt is difficult, owing to the rapid cyclisation of L-Aaa-S-Dmt amides and esters to form the corresponding diketopiperazines (DKP); thus the intermediacy of L-Aaa-S-Dmt amides and esters must be avoided in the synthetic sequence. Peptides containing the L-Gln-L-Val-D(S)-Dmt motif are particularly difficult, owing to the insolubility of coupling partners containing Gln. Introduction of Gln as N-Boc-pyroglutamate overcame the latter difficulty and the dipeptide active ester BocPygValOC(6)F(5) coupled in good yield with S-DmtOH. BocPygVal-S- DmtNH(CH(2))(2)C(6)H(4)NO(2) was converted quantitatively to BocGlnVal-S-DmtNH(CH(2))(2)C(6)H(4)NO(2) with ammonia, demonstrating the utility of this approach. Two peptide derivatives (CbzSerLysLeuGlnVal-S-DmtNH(CH(2))(2)C(6)H(4)NO(2) and CbzSerSerLysLeuGlnVal-S- DmtNH(CH(2))(2)C(6)H(4)NO(2)) were assembled, using these new methods of coupling a dipeptide acid active ester with S-DmtOH and introduction of Gln as Pyg, followed by conventional peptide couplings. The presence of the Val caused these peptides to be cleaved very slowly by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at Leu Gln, rather than the expected Gln Val.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer A R Y Suaifan
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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38
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Shabanpoor F, Bathgate RAD, Hossain MA, Giannakis E, Wade JD, Hughes RA. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of cyclic mimetics of the insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) B-chain. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:113-20. [PMID: 17120268 DOI: 10.1002/psc.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a peptide hormone belonging to the relaxin-insulin superfamily of peptides that plays important roles in testes descent, oocyte maturation and the control of male germ cell apoptosis. These actions are mediated via a specific G-protein coupled receptor, LGR8. Previous structure-activity studies have shown that the key binding site of INSL3 is situated within its B-chain. Recent studies in our laboratory have led to the identification of a cyclic peptide mimetic 2 of the INSL3 B-chain, which we have shown to compete with the binding of [33P]-relaxin to LGR8 expressed in HEK293T cells, and to inhibit cAMP-mediated signaling in these cells, i.e. it is an antagonist of INSL3. In order to further define the structure-activity relationships of cyclic analogues of the INSL3 B-chain, we used a structure-based approach to design a series of cyclic, disulfide-constrained INSL3 B-chain mimetics. To do this, we first created a model of the 3D structure of INSL3 using the crystal structure of human relaxin as a template. This model of INSL3 was then used as a template to design a series of disulfide-constrained mimetics of the INSL3 B-chain. The peptides were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis using pseudoproline dipeptides to improve the synthesis outcome. Of the seven prepared INSL3 B-chain mimetics, three compounds were found to have partial displacement activity, while four were able to completely displace [33P]-relaxin from LGR8, including compounds that were markedly shorter than compound 2. The best of these, mimetic 6, showed significantly greater affinity for LGR8 than compound 2, but still displayed around 1000-fold less affinity for LGR8 than native INSL3. Analysis of selected mimetics for their alpha-helical content using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed that, generally, the mimetics showed less than expected helicity. The inability of the compounds to display true native INSL3 structure is likely contributing to their reduced receptor binding affinity. We are currently examining alternative INSL3 B-chain mimetics that might better present key receptor binding residues in the native INSL3-like conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Shabanpoor
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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39
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Pudelko M, Kihlberg J, Elofsson M. Application of gel-phase19F NMR spectroscopy for optimization of solid-phase synthesis of a hydrophobic peptide from the signal sequence of the mucin MUC1. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:354-61. [PMID: 17436345 DOI: 10.1002/psc.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the manual Fmoc/t-Bu solid-phase synthesis of a difficult nine-residue hydrophobic peptide LLLLTVLTV from one of the signal sequences that flank the tandem repeat of the mucin MUC1. Gel-phase 19F NMR spectroscopy was used as a straightforward method for optimization of the solid-phase synthesis. Different approaches were applied for comparative studies. The strategy based on modified solid-phase conditions using DIC/HOAt for coupling, DBU for Fmoc deprotection, and the incorporation of the pseudo proline dipeptide Fmoc-Leu-Thr(psiMe, Me pro)-OH as a backbone-protecting group was found to be superior according to gel-phase 19F NMR spectroscopy. Implementation of the optimized Fmoc protocol enabled an effective synthesis of signal peptide LLLLTVLTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Pudelko
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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40
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Abedini A, Raleigh DP. Incorporation of pseudoproline derivatives allows the facile synthesis of human IAPP, a highly amyloidogenic and aggregation-prone polypeptide. Org Lett 2006; 7:693-6. [PMID: 15704927 DOI: 10.1021/ol047480+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficient Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis of the 37-residue human Amylin and its amyloidogenic 8-37 fragment was achieved using pseudoproline (oxazolidine) dipeptide derivatives. Syntheses of hAmylin(8-37) using Fmoc amino acids produced only traces of the desired peptide. Incorporation of pseudoproline dipeptides produced the desired product with high yield and allowed for the synthesis of the full length peptide. The crude material was pure enough to allow formation of the Cys-2 to Cys-7 disulfide by air oxidation. [Structure: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Andisheh Abedini
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
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41
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Zahariev S, Guarnaccia C, Pongor CI, Quaroni L, Čemažar M, Pongor S. Synthesis of ‘difficult’ peptides free of aspartimide and related products, using peptoid methodology. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Cremer GA, Tariq H, Delmas AF. Combining a polar resin and a pseudo-proline to optimize the solid-phase synthesis of a ‘difficult sequence’. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:437-42. [PMID: 16432808 DOI: 10.1002/psc.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the optimization of a synthesis of a difficult sequence related to a 12-mer sequence of a Pan DR epitope (PADRE). Elongation was followed by on-line monitoring of the N(alpha)-Fmoc removal adapted for the batch methodology. Studying the intrinsic factors related to the peptide-resin, such as substitution level, resin nature and backbone protecting group, has led to an increase in the elongation yield and purity of the crude peptide. Optimal elongation was obtained by combining a polar resin such as PEGA and a pseudo-proline as the backbone protecting group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle-Anne Cremer
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301 CNRS, affiliated to the University of Orléans and INSERM, rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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43
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Tremmel S, Beyermann M, Oschkinat H, Bienert M, Naumann D, Fabian H. 13C-Labeled Tyrosine Residues as Local IR Probes for Monitoring Conformational Changes in Peptides and Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:4631-5. [PMID: 15977271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tremmel
- Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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44
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Tremmel S, Beyermann M, Oschkinat H, Bienert M, Naumann D, Fabian H. 13C-markierte Tyrosinreste als lokale IR-Sonden zur Analyse konformativer Änderungen in Peptiden und Proteinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Zahariev S, Guarnaccia C, Zanuttin F, Pintar A, Esposito G, Maravić G, Krust B, Hovanessian AG, Pongor S. Efficient synthesis and comparative studies of the arginine and Nomega,Nomega-dimethylarginine forms of the human nucleolin glycine/arginine rich domain. J Pept Sci 2005; 11:17-28. [PMID: 15635723 DOI: 10.1002/psc.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Gly- and Arg-rich C-terminal region of human nucleolin is a 61-residue long domain involved in a number of protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions. This domain contains 10 aDma residues in the form of aDma-GG repeats interspersed with Phe residues. The exact role of Arg dimethylation is not known, partly because of the lack of efficient synthetic methods. This work describes an effective synthetic strategy, generally applicable to long RGG peptides, based on side-chain protected aDma and backbone protected dipeptide Fmoc-Gly-(Dmob)Gly-OH. This strategy allowed us to synthesize both the unmodified (N61Arg) and the dimethylated (N61aDma) peptides with high yield ( approximately 26%) and purity. As detected by NMR spectroscopy, N61Arg does not possess any stable secondary or tertiary structure in solution and N(omega),N(omega)-dimethylation of the guanidino group does not alter the overall conformational propensity of this peptide. While both peptides bind single-stranded nucleic acids with similar affinities (K(d) = 1.5 x 10(-7) M), they exhibit a different behaviour in ssDNA affinity chromatography consistent with the difference in pK(a) values. It has been previously shown that N61Arg inhibits HIV infection at the stage of HIV attachment to cells. This study demonstrates that Arg-dimethylated C-terminal domain lacks any inhibition activity, raising the question of whether nucleolin expressed on the cell-surface is indeed dimethylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotir Zahariev
- Protein Structure and Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy.
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46
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Nashed YE, Mitra AK. Synthesis and characterization of novel dipeptide ester prodrugs of acyclovir. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2003; 59:2033-2039. [PMID: 12788456 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(03)00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Four dipeptide (Gly-Gly, Gly-Val, Val-Val, Val-Gly) ester prodrugs of 9-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]guanine (acyclovir, ACV) were synthesized. LC/MS was used to characterize the new prodrugs. Both 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra of the four prodrugs of ACV were measured and assigned based on spectral comparison with compounds of similar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser E Nashed
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5005 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110-2499, USA
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47
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von Eggelkraut-Gottanka R, Machova Z, Grouzmann E, Beck-Sickinger AG. Semisynthesis and characterization of the first analogues of pro-neuropeptide y. Chembiochem 2003; 4:425-33. [PMID: 12740814 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200200546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic cleavage of prohormone neuropeptide Y (proNPY) leads to mature neuropeptide Y (NPY), a widely distributed neuropeptide with multiple functions both peripherally and centrally. A single dibasic pair of amino acids, Lys38-Arg39, represents the recognition motif for a class of hormone-processing enzymes known as prohormone convertases (PCs). Two members of this PC family, PC1/3 and PC2, are involved in proNPY cleavage. The aim of this work was to establish an effective method for the generation of full-length 69-amino acid proNPY analogues for further studies of prohormone convertase interaction. We have chosen two ligation sites in order to perform the semisynthesis of proNPY analogues by expressed protein ligation (EPL). By using the intein-mediated purification system (IMPACT) with improved conditions for intein splicing, we were able to isolate proNPY 1-40 and proNPY 1-54 fragments as Cterminal thioesters. Peptides bearing Nterminal cysteine instead of the naturally occurring Ser41 and Thr55 residues, respectively, were generated by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Moreover, labels (carboxyfluorescein and biotin) were inserted into the peptide sequences. The synthesis of the [C41]proNPY 41-69 fragment, which proved to be a difficult peptide sequence, could be achieved by the incorporation of two pseudo-proline derivatives. Western blot analysis revealed that all five proNPY analogues are recognized by monoclonal antibodies directed against NPY as well as against the Cflanking peptide of NPY (CPON).
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Abstract
The Multipin peptide synthesis approach originated as an immunological tool for epitope mapping. However, continuing evolution of the basic technology has permitted the synthesis of peptides at scales up to 25 micromol per modular grafted surface. At this loading, the methodology can no longer be considered just a screening tool and is now used for the synthesis of micromoles of peptide and other small drug-like molecules for high throughput compound screening. Recent developments such as the introduction of novel grafted polymeric surfaces, new linkers, as well as novel cleavage formats has extended the scope of applications for modular grafted surfaces. This review summarizes the important achievements over the last 15 years of applications of the Multipin synthesis approach and also introduces a new modular grafted surface for peptide and small molecule synthesis called the SynPhase Lantern.
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Mathieu MN, Wade JD, Catimel B, Bond CP, Nice EC, Summers RJ, Otvos L, Tregear GW. Synthesis, conformational studies and biological activity of Να-mono-biotinylated rat relaxin*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002; 57:374-82. [PMID: 11350597 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Biotin-avidin immobilization can be a useful tool in structure-function studies of hormone receptors. A crucial step is the preparation of a specifically biotinylated hormone that is able to bind to its receptor while leaving the biotin group free for interaction with avidin. The receptor for relaxin, an ovarian peptidic hormone produced during pregnancy, has not yet been isolated. We therefore undertook to prepare a specifically monobiotinylated rat relaxin for use in ligand-searching strategies. Rat relaxin is a convenient analogue because reliable bioassays exist, thus allowing assessment of the effect of N-biotinylation on bioactivity. To help improve the yield of the two-chain, three-disulfide bond rat relaxin, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl (Hmb) backbone protection was used during the solid-phase assembly of the B-chain to help prevent any possible chain aggregation. As a final step, while the protected peptide was still on the resin, the biotin label was introduced at the N-terminus of the B-chain using standard coupling protocols. The chain combination with the A-chain was accomplished in reasonable yield. Secondary structural measurements demonstrated that the biotin caused the starting B-chain to adopt a more ordered conformation. The labelled synthetic relaxin exhibited similar circular dichroism spectra to native and synthetic single B-chain peptides. In addition, the biotinylated relaxin showed no significant difference in its chronotropic activity in the rat isolated heart assay compared with the native peptide. Biosensor studies showed that antibody recognition was retained upon attachment of the synthetic relaxin to the streptavidin-derivatized surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Mathieu
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia.
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50
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Tickler AK, Barrow CJ, Wade JD. Improved preparation of amyloid-beta peptides using DBU as Nalpha-Fmoc deprotection reagent. J Pept Sci 2001; 7:488-94. [PMID: 11587187 DOI: 10.1002/psc.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the amyloid peptides, Abeta 1-40/42, to be exceptionally difficult to assemble by Fmoc-solid phase peptide synthesis due to the high hydrophobicity of the C-terminal segment and resulting on-resin aggregation. We found that the use of the stronger and more efficient base, DBU, at a concentration of 2% in DMF for Nalpha-Fmoc deprotection allowed substantially improved continuous flow solid phase assembly of the model peptide Abeta 29-40/42 fragments. This suggested that, at least for these sequences, incomplete deprotection was a greater problem than incomplete amino acid acylation. This base was then used during the synthesis of both Abeta 1-40 and Abeta 1-42, up to and including Ser8, from which point 20% piperidine in DMF was utilized so as to avoid potential aspartimide formation at Asp7. By this means, the deprotection efficiency through the difficult C-terminal portion of the sequence was much improved and resulted in increased availability of terminal amino groups for acylation. This simple strategy that obviates the need for special conditions significantly improved crude peptide quality and allowed considerable facilitation of subsequent purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Tickler
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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