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Yu VY, Nguyen D, O'Connor D, Ruan D, Kaprealian T, Chin R, Sheng K. Treating Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) with super hyperfractionated radiation therapy: Implication of temporal dose fractionation optimization including cancer stem cell dynamics. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245676. [PMID: 33524046 PMCID: PMC7850476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A previously developed ordinary differential equation (ODE) that models the dynamic interaction and distinct radiosensitivity between cancer stem cells (CSC) and differentiated cancer cells (DCC) was used to explain the definitive treatment failure in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) for conventionally and hypo-fractionated treatments. In this study, optimization of temporal dose modulation based on the ODE equation is performed to explore the feasibility of improving GBM treatment outcome. METHODS A non-convex optimization problem with the objective of minimizing the total cancer cell number while maintaining the normal tissue biological effective dose (BEDnormal) at 100 Gy, equivalent to the conventional 2 Gy × 30 dosing scheme was formulated. With specified total number of dose fractions and treatment duration, the optimization was performed using a paired simulated annealing algorithm with fractional doses delivered to the CSC and DCC compartments and time intervals between fractions as variables. The recurrence time, defined as the time point at which the total tumor cell number regrows to 2.8×109 cells, was used to evaluate optimization outcome. Optimization was performed for conventional treatment time frames equivalent to currently and historically utilized fractionation schemes, in which limited improvement in recurrence time delay was observed. The efficacy of a super hyperfractionated approach with a prolonged treatment duration of one year was therefore tested, with both fixed regular and optimized variable time intervals between dose fractions corresponding to total number of fractions equivalent to weekly, bi-weekly, and monthly deliveries (n = 53, 27, 13). Optimization corresponding to BEDnormal of 150 Gy was also obtained to evaluate the possibility in further recurrence delay with dose escalation. RESULTS For the super hyperfractionated schedules with dose fraction number equivalent to weekly, bi-weekly, and monthly deliveries, the recurrence time points were found to be 430.5, 423.9, and 413.3 days, respectively, significantly delayed compared with the recurrence time of 250.3 days from conventional fractionation. Results show that optimal outcome was achieved by first delivering infrequent fractions followed by dense once per day fractions in the middle and end of the treatment course, with sparse and low dose treatments in the between. The dose to the CSC compartment was held relatively constant throughout while larger dose fractions to the DCC compartment were observed in the beginning and final fractions that preceded large time intervals. Dose escalation to BEDnormal of 150 Gy was shown capable of further delaying recurrence time to 452 days. CONCLUSION The development and utilization of a temporal dose fractionation optimization framework in the context of CSC dynamics have demonstrated that substantial delay in GBM local tumor recurrence could be achieved with a super hyperfractionated treatment approach. Preclinical and clinical studies are needed to validate the efficacy of this novel treatment delivery method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Y Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dan Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel O'Connor
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dan Ruan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tania Kaprealian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Chin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ke Sheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Moolmuang B, Singhirunnusorn P, Ruchirawat M. Effects of 5-Aza-2'-Deoxycytidine, Bromodeoxyuridine, Interferons and Hydrogen Peroxide on Cellular Senescence in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:957-63. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.3.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Park SJ, Ahn YJ, Lee HE, Hong E, Ryu JH. Standardized Prunella vulgaris
var. lilacina
Extract Enhances Cognitive Performance in Normal Naive Mice. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1814-21. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Je Ahn
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Eun Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Hong
- Natraceutical & Functional Foods Center; CJ Foods R&D; Seoul 152-051 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee East-west Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
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Yu VY, Nguyen D, Pajonk F, Kupelian P, Kaprealian T, Selch M, Low DA, Sheng K. Incorporating cancer stem cells in radiation therapy treatment response modeling and the implication in glioblastoma multiforme treatment resistance. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 91:866-75. [PMID: 25752402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform a preliminary exploration with a simplistic mathematical cancer stem cell (CSC) interaction model to determine whether the tumor-intrinsic heterogeneity and dynamic equilibrium between CSCs and differentiated cancer cells (DCCs) can better explain radiation therapy treatment response with a dual-compartment linear-quadratic (DLQ) model. METHODS AND MATERIALS The radiosensitivity parameters of CSCs and DCCs for cancer cell lines including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, osteosarcoma, and prostate, cervical, and breast cancer were determined by performing robust least-square fitting using the DLQ model on published clonogenic survival data. Fitting performance was compared with the single-compartment LQ (SLQ) and universal survival curve models. The fitting results were then used in an ordinary differential equation describing the kinetics of DCCs and CSCs in response to 2- to 14.3-Gy fractionated treatments. The total dose to achieve tumor control and the fraction size that achieved the least normal biological equivalent dose were calculated. RESULTS Smaller cell survival fitting errors were observed using DLQ, with the exception of melanoma, which had a low α/β = 0.16 in SLQ. Ordinary differential equation simulation indicated lower normal tissue biological equivalent dose to achieve the same tumor control with a hypofractionated approach for 4 cell lines for the DLQ model, in contrast to SLQ, which favored 2 Gy per fraction for all cells except melanoma. The DLQ model indicated greater tumor radioresistance than SLQ, but the radioresistance was overcome by hypofractionation, other than the GBM cells, which responded poorly to all fractionations. CONCLUSION The distinct radiosensitivity and dynamics between CSCs and DCCs in radiation therapy response could perhaps be one possible explanation for the heterogeneous intertumor response to hypofractionation and in some cases superior outcome from stereotactic ablative radiation therapy. The DLQ model also predicted the remarkable GBM radioresistance, a result that is highly consistent with clinical observations. The radioresistance putatively stemmed from accelerated DCC regrowth that rapidly restored compartmental equilibrium between CSCs and DCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Y Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dan Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Frank Pajonk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Patrick Kupelian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tania Kaprealian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael Selch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel A Low
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ke Sheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Betancourt J, Katzman S, Chen B. Nuclear factor one B regulates neural stem cell differentiation and axonal projection of corticofugal neurons. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:6-35. [PMID: 23749646 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During development of the cerebral cortex, neural stem cells divide to expand the progenitor pool and generate basal progenitors, outer radial glia, and cortical neurons. As these newly born neurons differentiate, they must properly migrate toward their final destination in the cortical plate, project axons to appropriate targets, and develop dendrites. However, a complete understanding of the precise genetic mechanisms regulating these steps is lacking. Here we show that a member of the nuclear factor one (NFI) family of transcription factors, NFIB, is essential for many of these processes in mice. We performed a detailed analysis of NFIB expression during cortical development, and investigated defects in cortical neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and differentiation in NfiB(-/-) brains. We found that NFIB is strongly expressed in radial glia and corticofugal neurons throughout cortical development. However, in NfiB(-/-) cortices, radial glia failed to generate outer radial glia, subsequently resulting in a loss of late basal progenitors. In addition, corticofugal neurons showed a severe loss of axonal projections, whereas late-born cortical neurons displayed defects in migration and ectopically expressed the early-born neuronal marker CTIP2. Furthermore, gene expression analysis, by RNA sequencing, revealed a misexpression of genes that regulate the cell cycle, neuronal differentiation and migration in NfiB(-/-) brains. Together these results demonstrate the critical functions of NFIB in regulating cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Betancourt
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064
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Alexiou GA, Vartholomatos E, Goussia A, Dova L, Karamoutsios A, Fotakopoulos G, Kyritsis AP, Voulgaris S. DNA content is associated with malignancy of intracranial neoplasms. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013; 115:1784-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bachman JWN, Hillen T. Mathematical optimization of the combination of radiation and differentiation therapies for cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:52. [PMID: 23508300 PMCID: PMC3600539 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) are considered to be a major driver of cancer progression and successful therapies must control CSCs. However, CSC are often less sensitive to treatment and they might survive radiation and/or chemotherapies. In this paper we combine radiation treatment with differentiation therapy. During differentiation therapy, a differentiation promoting agent is supplied (e.g., TGF-beta) such that CSCs differentiate and become more radiosensitive. Then radiation can be used to control them. We consider three types of cancer: head and neck cancer, brain cancers (primary tumors and metastatic brain cancers), and breast cancer; and we use mathematical modeling to show that combination therapy of the above type can have a large beneficial effect for the patient; increasing treatment success and reducing side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff W N Bachman
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Centre for Mathematical Biology, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Fruits rich in phytochemicals have been shown to improve memory by protecting or enhancing neuronal functions mediated by neurotrophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), in the hippocampus. Mori Fructus (Morus alba L., Moraceae), also called mulberry, is used as a food, dietary supplement and an anti-ageing agent in traditional Oriental medicine. It is also known to contain abundant flavonoid compounds and to exhibit various pharmacological effects. The present study was performed to evaluate the memory-enhancing effect of Mori Fructus extract (ME) in mice, with a focus on NGF regulation. ME (20, 100 and 500 mg/kg per d for 7 d, per os) dose-dependently promoted NGF release in the mouse hippocampus, leading to phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein. ME significantly increased pre- and post-synapse formation, acetylcholine synthesisation, neuronal cell differentiation, neurite outgrowth and neuronal cell proliferation in the mouse hippocampus. Furthermore, ME significantly increased latency time in the passive avoidance task (P< 0·001) and recognition time of novel objects in the object recognition test (P< 0·05), indicating improvements in learning and memory. Taken together, these data suggest that ME exhibits a memory-enhancing effect via up-regulation of NGF.
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Lee CH, Kim JM, Kim DH, Park SJ, Liu X, Cai M, Hong JG, Park JH, Ryu JH. Effects of Sun Ginseng on Memory Enhancement and Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1293-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul; 151-742; Republic of Korea
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Kim JM, Kim DH, Park SJ, Park DH, Jung SY, Kim HJ, Lee YS, Jin C, Ryu JH. The n-butanolic extract of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten enhances long-term memory in the passive avoidance task in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:1011-7. [PMID: 20493231 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten Makino (Cactaceae) is used to treat burns, edema, dyspepsia, and asthma in traditional medicine. The present study investigated the beneficial effects of the n-butanolic extract of O. ficus-indica var. saboten (BOF) on memory performance in mice and attempts to uncover the mechanisms underlying its action. Memory performance was assessed with the passive avoidance task, and western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to measure changes in protein expression and cell survival. After the oral administration of BOF for 7 days, the latency time in the passive avoidance task was significantly increased relative to vehicle-treated controls (P<0.05). Western blotting revealed that the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylated cAMP response element binding-protein (pCREB), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) 1/2 were significantly increased in hippocampal tissue after 7 days of BOF administration (P<0.05). Doublecortin and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine immunostaining also revealed that BOF significantly enhanced the survival of immature neurons, but did not affect neuronal cell proliferation in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. These results suggest that the subchronic administration of BOF enhances long-term memory, and that this effect is partially mediated by ERK-CREB-BDNF signaling and the survival of immature neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Kim
- Department of Life Nanopharmaceuticals Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoeki-dong, Dongdeamoon-ku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Park SJ, Park DH, Kim DH, Lee S, Yoon BH, Jung WY, Lee KT, Cheong JH, Ryu JH. The memory-enhancing effects of Euphoria longan fruit extract in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 128:160-5. [PMID: 20064595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The fruit of Euphoria longan (Lour.) Steud. (Sapindaceae) is sweet and edible. Dried Euphoria longan fruit is prescribed as a tonic and for the treatment of forgetfulness, insomnia, or palpitations caused by fright in traditional Chinese medicine. The effects of aqueous extract of Euphoria longan fruit (ELE) on learning and memory and their underlying mechanisms were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of Euphoria longan fruit (ELE) was administered to ICR mice for 14 days. Piracetam was used as a positive control for its known memory-enhancing effects. Memory performances were assessed using the passive avoidance task. The expressions of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) 1/2, phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), doublecortin (DCX) and the incorporation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA1 regions were investigated using immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS The step-through latency in the ELE-treated group was significantly increased compared with that in the vehicle-treated controls (P<0.05) in the passive avoidance task. Piracetam-treated group also showed enhanced cognitive performaces in the passive avoidance task. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the number of cells immunopositive for BDNF, pCREB, or pERK 1/2 was significantly increased in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA1 regions after ELE treatment for 14 days (P<0.05). DCX and BrdU immunostaining also revealed that ELE significantly enhanced immature neuronal survival, but not neuronal cell proliferation in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that subchronic administration of aqueous extract of Euphoria longan fruit enhances learning and memory, and that its beneficial effects are mediated, in part, by BDNF expression and immature neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemoon-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Ross HH, Levkoff LH, Marshall GP, Caldeira M, Steindler DA, Reynolds BA, Laywell ED. Bromodeoxyuridine induces senescence in neural stem and progenitor cells. Stem Cells 2008; 26:3218-27. [PMID: 18802036 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is a halogenated pyrimidine that incorporates into newly synthesized DNA during the S phase. BrdU is used ubiquitously in cell birthdating studies and as a means of measuring the proliferative index of various cell populations. In the absence of secondary stressors, BrdU is thought to incorporate relatively benignly into replicating DNA chains. However, we report here that a single, low-dose pulse of BrdU exerts a profound and sustained antiproliferative effect in cultured murine stem and progenitor cells. This is accompanied by altered terminal differentiation, cell morphology, and protein expression consistent with the induction of senescence. There is no evidence of a significant increase in spontaneous cell death; however, cells are rendered resistant to chemically induced apoptosis. Finally, we show that a brief in vivo BrdU regimen reduces the proliferative potential of subsequently isolated subependymal zone neurosphere-forming cells. We conclude, therefore, that BrdU treatment induces a senescence pathway that causes a progressive decline in the replication of rapidly dividing stem/progenitor cells, suggesting a novel and uncharacterized effect of BrdU. This finding is significant in that BrdU-incorporating neural stem/progenitor cells and their progeny should not be expected to behave normally with respect to proliferative potential and downstream functional parameters. This effect highlights the need for caution when results based on long-term BrdU tracking over multiple rounds of replication are interpreted. Conversely, the reliable induction of senescence in stem/progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo may yield a novel platform for molecular studies designed to address multiple aspects of aging and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather H Ross
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Barani IJ, Cuttino LW, Benedict SH, Todor D, Bump EA, Wu Y, Chung TD, Broaddus WC, Lin PS. Neural stem cell-preserving external-beam radiotherapy of central nervous system malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68:978-85. [PMID: 17467925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent discoveries have implicated neural stem cells (NSC) as the source of plasticity and repair in the mature mammalian brain. Treatment-induced NSC dysfunction may lead to observed toxicity. This study evaluates the feasibility of NSC-preserving external beam radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS A single computed tomography (CT) dataset depicting a right periventricular lesion was used in this study as this location reflects the most problematic geometric arrangement with respect to NSC preservation. Conventional and NSC preserving radiotherapy (RT) plans were generated for the same lesion using two clinical scenarios: cerebral metastatic disease and primary high-grade glioma. Disease-specific target volumes were used. Metastatic disease was conventionally treated with whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) to 3,750 cGy (15 fractions) followed by a single stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) boost of 1,800 cGy to gross disease only. High-grade glioma was treated with conventional opposed lateral and anterior superior oblique beams to 4,600 cGy (23 fractions) followed by a 1,400 cGy (7 fractions) boost. NSC preservation was achieved in both scenarios with inverse-planned intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). RESULTS Cumulative dose reductions of 65% (metastatic disease) and 25% (high-grade glioma) to the total volume of the intracranial NSC compartments were achieved with NSC-preserving IMRT plans. The reduction of entry and exit dose to NSC niches located contralateral to the target contributed most to NSC preservation. CONCLUSIONS Neural stem cells preservation with current external beam radiotherapy techniques is achievable in context of both metastatic brain disease and high-grade glioma, even when the target is located adjacent to a stem cell compartment. Further investigation with clinical trials is warranted to evaluate whether NSC preservation will result in reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor J Barani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Taupin P. BrdU immunohistochemistry for studying adult neurogenesis: Paradigms, pitfalls, limitations, and validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 53:198-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Reavey-Cantwell JF, Haroun RI, Zahurak M, Clatterbuck RE, Parker RJ, Mehta R, Fruehauf JP, Brem H. The prognostic value of tumor markers in patients with glioblastoma multiforme: analysis of 32 patients and review of the literature. J Neurooncol 2001; 55:195-204. [PMID: 11859975 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013845004294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although several studies have examined brain tumor markers for prognostic value, few investigations have stratified analysis based on specific histologic grade. The objective of this study was to evaluate a single histologic grade of glioma, the grade IV glioma or glioblastoma (World Health Organization Classification), with a comprehensive panel of tumor markers in an attempt to identify those with prognostic significance. Tumor samples from a cohort of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (n = 32) were examined for tumor markers, DNA analysis, and clinical variables in an attempt to determine a 'profile' for this tumor. We used univariate and multivariate statistical analysis to determine the prognostic value of tumor cell ploidy, percent S-phase, DNA index, p53, and Ki-67 labeling index, as well as the variables of gender, race, age, location of tumor, history of chemotherapy, and primary versus recurrent tumor. Two additional tumor markers, multidrug resistance gene 1 and glutathione-S-transferase subtype pi, were included in the sample testing, but were not analyzed statistically. Univariate analysis indicated that increasing age had a strong association with decreased survival. Female gender, increasing Ki-67, no chemotherapy before sample collection, and primary glioblastoma showed some association with decreased survival in the univariate model. The univariate results indicated that race, side of tumor, ploidy, S-phase, DNA index, and p53 had no prognostic value. Multivariate modeling demonstrated that age, gender, and Ki-67 were the strongest factors associated with survival. The relevant literature is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Reavey-Cantwell
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Rew DA. Laser cytometry of human tissues and tumors: proliferation and therapeutic applications. Methods Cell Biol 2001; 64:445-86. [PMID: 11070851 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(01)64025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Rew
- Royal South Hants Cancer Centre, Southampton University Hospitals, England
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Rew DA, Wilson GD. Cell production rates in human tissues and tumours and their significance. Part II: clinical data. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2000; 26:405-17. [PMID: 10873364 DOI: 10.1053/ejso.1999.0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the available data for cell production rates of human tissues and tumours, measured in vivo using halogenated pyrimidine labelling and laser cytometry. The technique has now been widely evaluated, and we draw general inferences from the proliferative data over a broad range of tumour and tissue types. Estimates of the S-phase duration, the time taken for DNA synthesis in cycling cells, are consistent over a narrow range with a median value of around 10 hours, notwithstanding the constraints of the experimental and statistical technique, in normal tissues and tumours. This suggests that Ts values may be a species-specific constant. The more easily measured labelled S-phase fraction, or labelling index, shows much greater intra and intertumour variation within any one tumour class. It may thus be a surrogate for time dependent measurements to a first order approximation. The cell production rate, described by the potential doubling time (Tpot), is remarkably rapid in most tumours, a median value of the order of 5 days, and much faster than clinical volume doubling times for most lesions. The rapid cell production rates in normal tissues and tumours highlight the importance of cell loss in the growth and modelling of biological structures. Cell production rate measurements do not adequately describe the biological aggressiveness of tumours. They may be used to refine adjuvant strategies for radiotherapy and chemotherapy in experimental research. Dynamic halogenated pyrimidine labelling has provided unique and valuable insights into the living biology of human tissues and tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Rew
- Southampton University Hospitals, Brinton's Terrace, Southampton, UK
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