1
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Rosenzweig Z, Martin A, Hackett C, Garcia J, Thompson GL. Threshold Microsecond Pulsed Electric Field Exposures for Change in Spinach Quality. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19833-19842. [PMID: 37305301 PMCID: PMC10249097 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed electric fields (PEFs) are often used to pretreat foods to enhance subsequent processes, such as drying, where maintaining food product quality is important for consumer satisfaction. This study aims to establish a threshold PEF exposure to determine the doses at which electroporation is viable for use on spinach leaves, wherein integrity is maintained postexposure. Three numbers of consecutive pulses (1, 5, 50) and two pulse durations (10 and 100 μs) have been examined herein at a constant pulse repetition of 10 Hz and 1.4 kV/cm field strength. The data indicate that pore formation in itself is not a cause for loss of spinach leaf food quality, i.e., significant changes in color and water content. Rather, cell death, or the rupture of the cell membrane from a high-intensity treatment, is necessary to significantly alter the exterior integrity of the plant tissue. PEF exposures thus can be used on leafy greens up until the point of inactivation before consumers would see any alterations, making reversible electroporation a viable treatment for consumer-intended products. These results open up future opportunities to use emerging technologies based on PEF exposures and provide useful information in setting parameters to avoid food quality diminishment.
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2
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Sowa PW, Kiełbik AS, Pakhomov AG, Gudvangen E, Mangalanathan U, Adams V, Pakhomova ON. How to alleviate cardiac injury from electric shocks at the cellular level. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1004024. [PMID: 36620647 PMCID: PMC9812960 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1004024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electric shocks, the only effective therapy for ventricular fibrillation, also electroporate cardiac cells and contribute to the high-mortality post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Copolymers such as Poloxamer 188 (P188) are known to preserve the membrane integrity and viability of electroporated cells, but their utility against cardiac injury from cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) remains to be established. We studied the time course of cell killing, mechanisms of cell death, and protection with P188 in AC16 human cardiomyocytes exposed to micro- or nanosecond pulsed electric field (μsPEF and nsPEF) shocks. A 3D printer was customized with an electrode holder to precisely position electrodes orthogonal to a cell monolayer in a nanofiber multiwell plate. Trains of nsPEF shocks (200, 300-ns pulses at 1.74 kV) or μsPEF shocks (20, 100-μs pulses at 300 V) produced a non-uniform electric field enabling efficient measurements of the lethal effect in a wide range of the electric field strength. Cell viability and caspase 3/7 expression were measured by fluorescent microscopy 2-24 h after the treatment. nsPEF shocks caused little or no caspase 3/7 activation; most of the lethally injured cells were permeable to propidium dye already at 2 h after the exposure. In contrast, μsPEF shocks caused strong activation of caspase 3/7 at 2 h and the number of dead cells grew up to 24 h, indicating the prevalence of the apoptotic death pathway. P188 at 0.2-1% reduced cell death, suggesting its potential utility in vivo to alleviate electric injury from defibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela W. Sowa
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States,Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,*Correspondence: Pamela W. Sowa,
| | - Aleksander S. Kiełbik
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrei G. Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Emily Gudvangen
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Uma Mangalanathan
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Volker Adams
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olga N. Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
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3
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Pisani S, Bertino G, Prina-Mello A, Locati LD, Mauramati S, Genta I, Dorati R, Conti B, Benazzo M. Electroporation in Head-and-Neck Cancer: An Innovative Approach with Immunotherapy and Nanotechnology Combination. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5363. [PMID: 36358782 PMCID: PMC9658293 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy that arises in the head-and-neck district. Traditional treatment could be insufficient in case of recurrent and/or metastatic cancers; for this reason, more selective and enhanced treatments are in evaluation in preclinical and clinical trials to increase in situ concentration of chemotherapy drugs promoting a selectively antineoplastic activity. Among all cancer treatment types (i.e., surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy), electroporation (EP) has emerged as a safe, less invasive, and effective approach for cancer treatment. Reversible EP, using an intensive electric stimulus (i.e., 1000 V/cm) applied for a short time (i.e., 100 μs), determines a localized electric field that temporarily permealizes the tumor cell membranes while maintaining high cell viability, promoting cytoplasm cell uptake of antineoplastic agents such as bleomycin and cisplatin (electrochemotherapy), calcium (Ca2+ electroporation), siRNA and plasmid DNA (gene electroporation). The higher intracellular concentration of antineoplastic agents enhances the antineoplastic activity and promotes controlled tumor cell death (apoptosis). As secondary effects, localized EP (i) reduces the capillary blood flow in tumor tissue ("vascular lock"), lowering drug washout, and (ii) stimulates the immune system acting against cancer cells. After years of preclinical development, electrochemotherapy (ECT), in combination with bleomycin or cisplatin, is currently one of the most effective treatments used for cutaneous metastases and primary skin and mucosal cancers that are not amenable to surgery. To reach this clinical evidence, in vitro and in vivo models were preclinically developed for evaluating the efficacy and safety of ECT on different tumor cell lines and animal models to optimize dose and administration routes of drugs, duration, and intensity of the electric field. Improvements in reversible EP efficacy are under evaluation for HNSCC treatment, where the focus is on the development of a combination treatment between EP-enhanced nanotechnology and immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pisani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Bertino
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- LBCAM, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, DO2 W085 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Deborah Locati
- Translational Oncology, IRCCS ICS Maugeri, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Mauramati
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ida Genta
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Dorati
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Bice Conti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Benazzo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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4
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Hughes DC, Hardee JP, Waddell DS, Goodman CA. CORP: Gene delivery into murine skeletal muscle using in vivo electroporation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:41-59. [PMID: 35511722 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00088.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The strategy of gene delivery into skeletal muscles has provided exciting avenues in identifying new potential therapeutics towards muscular disorders and addressing basic research questions in muscle physiology through overexpression and knockdown studies. In vivo electroporation methodology offers a simple, rapidly effective technique for the delivery of plasmid DNA into post-mitotic skeletal muscle fibers and the ability to easily explore the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle plasticity. The purpose of this review is to describe how to robustly electroporate plasmid DNA into different hindlimb muscles of rodent models. Further, key parameters (e.g., voltage, hyaluronidase, plasmid concentration) which contribute to the successful introduction of plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle fibers will be discussed. In addition, details on processing tissue for immunohistochemistry and fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) analysis will be outlined. The overall goal of this review is to provide the basic and necessary information needed for successful implementation of in vivo electroporation of plasmid DNA and thus open new avenues of discovery research in skeletal muscle physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Hughes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Justin P Hardee
- Centre for Muscle Research (CMR), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David S Waddell
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Craig A Goodman
- Centre for Muscle Research (CMR), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Electroporation, electrochemotherapy and electro-assisted drug delivery in cancer. A state-of-the-art review. Biophys Chem 2022; 286:106819. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Kim V, Gudvangen E, Kondratiev O, Redondo L, Xiao S, Pakhomov AG. Peculiarities of Neurostimulation by Intense Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields: How to Avoid Firing in Peripheral Nerve Fibers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137051. [PMID: 34208945 PMCID: PMC8269031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense pulsed electric fields (PEF) are a novel modality for the efficient and targeted ablation of tumors by electroporation. The major adverse side effects of PEF therapies are strong involuntary muscle contractions and pain. Nanosecond-range PEF (nsPEF) are less efficient at neurostimulation and can be employed to minimize such side effects. We quantified the impact of the electrode configuration, PEF strength (up to 20 kV/cm), repetition rate (up to 3 MHz), bi- and triphasic pulse shapes, and pulse duration (down to 10 ns) on eliciting compound action potentials (CAPs) in nerve fibers. The excitation thresholds for single unipolar but not bipolar stimuli followed the classic strength–duration dependence. The addition of the opposite polarity phase for nsPEF increased the excitation threshold, with symmetrical bipolar nsPEF being the least efficient. Stimulation by nsPEF bursts decreased the excitation threshold as a power function above a critical duty cycle of 0.1%. The threshold reduction was much weaker for symmetrical bipolar nsPEF. Supramaximal stimulation by high-rate nsPEF bursts elicited only a single CAP as long as the burst duration did not exceed the nerve refractory period. Such brief bursts of bipolar nsPEF could be the best choice to minimize neuromuscular stimulation in ablation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Kim
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA; (V.K.); (E.G.); (S.X.)
| | - Emily Gudvangen
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA; (V.K.); (E.G.); (S.X.)
| | | | - Luis Redondo
- Lisbon Engineering Superior Institute, GIAAPP/ISEL, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Shu Xiao
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA; (V.K.); (E.G.); (S.X.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Andrei G. Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA; (V.K.); (E.G.); (S.X.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Pakhomov AG, Pakhomova ON. The interplay of excitation and electroporation in nanosecond pulse stimulation. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 136:107598. [PMID: 32711366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conventional electric stimuli of micro- and millisecond duration excite or activate cells at voltages 10-100 times below the electroporation threshold. This ratio is remarkably different for nanosecond electric pulses (nsEP), which caused excitation and activation only at or above the electroporation threshold in diverse cell lines, primary cardiomyocytes, neurons, and chromaffin cells. Depolarization to the excitation threshold often results from (or is assisted by) the loss of the resting membrane potential due to ion leaks across the membrane permeabilized by nsEP. Slow membrane resealing and the build-up of electroporation damages prevent repetitive excitation by nsEP. However, peripheral nerves and muscles are exempt from this rule and withstand multiple cycles of excitation by nsEP without the loss of function or signs of electroporation. We show that the damage-free excitation by nsEP may be enabled by the membrane charging time constant sufficiently large to (1) cap the peak transmembrane voltage during nsEP below the electroporation threshold, and (2) extend the post-nsEP depolarization long enough to activate voltage-gated ion channels. The low excitatory efficacy of nsEP compared to longer pulses makes them advantageous for medical applications where the neuromuscular excitation is an unwanted side effect, such as electroporation-based cancer and tissue ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA.
| | - Olga N Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
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8
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Graybill PM, Davalos RV. Cytoskeletal Disruption after Electroporation and Its Significance to Pulsed Electric Field Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1132. [PMID: 32366043 PMCID: PMC7281591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electric fields (PEFs) have become clinically important through the success of Irreversible Electroporation (IRE), Electrochemotherapy (ECT), and nanosecond PEFs (nsPEFs) for the treatment of tumors. PEFs increase the permeability of cell membranes, a phenomenon known as electroporation. In addition to well-known membrane effects, PEFs can cause profound cytoskeletal disruption. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of cytoskeletal disruption after PEFs. Compiling available studies, we describe PEF-induced cytoskeletal disruption and possible mechanisms of disruption. Additionally, we consider how cytoskeletal alterations contribute to cell-cell and cell-substrate disruption. We conclude with a discussion of cytoskeletal disruption-induced anti-vascular effects of PEFs and consider how a better understanding of cytoskeletal disruption after PEFs may lead to more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Graybill
- BEMS Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- BEMS Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Virginia Tech–Wake Forest University, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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9
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Hoejholt KL, Mužić T, Jensen SD, Dalgaard LT, Bilgin M, Nylandsted J, Heimburg T, Frandsen SK, Gehl J. Calcium electroporation and electrochemotherapy for cancer treatment: Importance of cell membrane composition investigated by lipidomics, calorimetry and in vitro efficacy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4758. [PMID: 30894594 PMCID: PMC6427041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium electroporation is a novel anti-cancer treatment investigated in clinical trials. We explored cell sensitivity to calcium electroporation and electroporation with bleomycin, using viability assays at different time and temperature points, as well as heat calorimetry, lipidomics, and flow cytometry. Three cell lines: HT29 (colon cancer), MDA-MB231 (breast cancer), and HDF-n (normal fibroblasts) were investigated for; (a) cell survival dependent on time of addition of drug relative to electroporation (1.2 kV/cm, 8 pulses, 99 µs, 1 Hz), at different temperatures (37 °C, 27 °C, 17 °C); (b) heat capacity profiles obtained by differential scanning calorimetry without added calcium; (c) lipid composition by mass spectrometry; (d) phosphatidylserine in the plasma membrane outer leaflet using flow cytometry. Temperature as well as time of drug administration affected treatment efficacy in HT29 and HDF-n cells, but not MDA-MB231 cells. Interestingly the HT29 cell line displayed a higher phase transition temperature (approximately 20 °C) versus 14 °C (HDF-n) and 15 °C (MDA-MB231). Furthermore the HT29 cell membranes had a higher ratio of ethers to esters, and a higher expression of phosphatidylserine in the outer leaflet. In conclusion, lipid composition and heat capacity of the membrane might influence permeabilisation of cells and thereby the effect of calcium electroporation and electrochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Hoejholt
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - T Mužić
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S D Jensen
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - L T Dalgaard
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - M Bilgin
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Nylandsted
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Heimburg
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S K Frandsen
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark.
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer, Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Care, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - J Gehl
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark.
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer, Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Care, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Azan A, Untereiner V, Descamps L, Merla C, Gobinet C, Breton M, Piot O, Mir LM. Comprehensive Characterization of the Interaction between Pulsed Electric Fields and Live Cells by Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10790-10797. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Azan
- Vectorology
and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Gustave Roussy, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Valérie Untereiner
- MeDIAN,
Biophotonics and Technologies for Health, MEDyC, UMR 7369, CNRS, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France
- Cellular
and Tissular Imaging Platform (PICT), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Lucie Descamps
- Vectorology
and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Gustave Roussy, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Caterina Merla
- Vectorology
and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Gustave Roussy, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Cyril Gobinet
- MeDIAN,
Biophotonics and Technologies for Health, MEDyC, UMR 7369, CNRS, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Marie Breton
- Vectorology
and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Gustave Roussy, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Piot
- MeDIAN,
Biophotonics and Technologies for Health, MEDyC, UMR 7369, CNRS, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France
- Cellular
and Tissular Imaging Platform (PICT), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Lluis M. Mir
- Vectorology
and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Gustave Roussy, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
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11
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Wasson EM, Ivey JW, Verbridge SS, Davalos RV. The Feasibility of Enhancing Susceptibility of Glioblastoma Cells to IRE Using a Calcium Adjuvant. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45:2535-2547. [PMID: 28849278 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-017-1905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a cellular ablation method used to treat a variety of cancers. IRE works by exposing tissues to pulsed electric fields which cause cell membrane disruption. Cells exposed to lower energies become temporarily permeable while greater energy exposure results in cell death. For IRE to be used safely in the brain, methods are needed to extend the area of ablation without increasing applied voltage, and thus, thermal damage. We present evidence that IRE used with adjuvant calcium (5 mM CaCl2) results in a nearly twofold increase in ablation area in vitro compared to IRE alone. Adjuvant 5 mM CaCl2 induces death in cells reversibly electroporated by IRE, thereby lowering the electric field thresholds required for cell death to nearly half that of IRE alone. The calcium-induced death response of reversibly electroporated cells is confirmed by electrochemotherapy pulses which also induced cell death with calcium but not without. These findings, combined with our numerical modeling, suggest the ability to ablate up to 3.2× larger volumes of tissue in vivo when combining IRE and calcium. The ability to ablate a larger volume with lowered energies would improve the efficacy and safety of IRE therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Wasson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road - MC 0238, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA. .,Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, 325 Stanger St., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Jill W Ivey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger St., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger St., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road - MC 0238, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger St., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, 325 Stanger St., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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12
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Poellmann MJ, Lee RC. Repair and Regeneration of the Wounded Cell Membrane. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-017-0031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Muratori C, Pakhomov AG, Pakhomova ON. Effect of Cooling On Cell Volume and Viability After Nanoelectroporation. J Membr Biol 2017; 250:217-224. [PMID: 28243693 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Electric pulses of nanosecond duration (nsEP) are emerging as a new modality for tissue ablation. Plasma membrane permeabilization by nsEP may cause osmotic imbalance, water uptake, cell swelling, and eventual membrane rupture. The present study was aimed to increase the cytotoxicity of nsEP by fostering water uptake and cell swelling. This aim was accomplished by lowering temperature after nsEP application, which delayed the membrane resealing and/or suppressed the cell volume mechanisms. The cell diameter in U-937 monocytes exposed to a train of 50, 300-ns pulses (100 Hz, 7 kV/cm) at room temperature and then incubated on ice for 30 min increased by 5.6 +/- 0.7 μm (40-50%), which contrasted little or no changes (1 +/- 0.3 μm, <10%) if the incubation was at 37 °C. Neither this nsEP dose nor the 30-min cooling caused cell death when applied separately; however, their combination reduced cell survival to about 60% in 1.5-3 h. Isosmotic addition of a pore-impermeable solute (sucrose) to the extracellular medium blocked cell swelling and rescued the cells, thereby pointing to swelling as a primary cause of membrane rupture and cell death. Cooling after nsEP exposure can potentially be employed in medical practice to assist tissue and tumor ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Muratori
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 318, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA.
| | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 318, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA
| | - Olga N Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 318, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA
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14
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Blumrosen G, Abazari A, Golberg A, Yarmush ML, Toner M. Single-step electrical field strength screening to determine electroporation induced transmembrane transport parameters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2041-2049. [PMID: 27263825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The design of effective electroporation protocols for molecular delivery applications requires the determination of transport parameters including diffusion coefficient, membrane resealing, and critical electric field strength for electroporation. The use of existing technologies to determine these parameters is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and often results in large inconsistencies in parameter estimation due to variations in the protocols and setups. In this work, we suggest using a set of concentric electrodes to screen a full range of electric field strengths in a single test to determine the electroporation-induced transmembrane transport parameters. Using Calcein as a fluorescent probe, we developed analytical methodology to determine the transport parameters based on the electroporation-induced pattern of fluorescence loss from cells. A monolayer of normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells were pre-loaded with Calcein and electroporated with an applied voltage of 750V with 10 and 50 square pulses with 50μs duration. Using our analytical model, the critical electric field strength for electroporation was found for the 10 and 50 pulses experiments. An inverse correlation between the field strength and the molecular transport time decay constant, and a direct correlation between field strength and the membrane permeability were observed. The results of this work can simplify the development of electroporation-assisted technologies for research and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Blumrosen
- Department of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Alireza Abazari
- The Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Alexander Golberg
- The Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Porter School of Environmental Studies, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- The Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854., United States.
| | - Mehmet Toner
- The Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
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15
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García-Sánchez T, Azan A, Leray I, Rosell-Ferrer J, Bragós R, Mir LLM. Interpulse multifrequency electrical impedance measurements during electroporation of adherent differentiated myotubes. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 105:123-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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16
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Physical non-viral gene delivery methods for tissue engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 41:446-68. [PMID: 23099792 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The integration of gene therapy into tissue engineering to control differentiation and direct tissue formation is not a new concept; however, successful delivery of nucleic acids into primary cells, progenitor cells, and stem cells has proven exceptionally challenging. Viral vectors are generally highly effective at delivering nucleic acids to a variety of cell populations, both dividing and non-dividing, yet these viral vectors are marred by significant safety concerns. Non-viral vectors are preferred for gene therapy, despite lower transfection efficiencies, and possess many customizable attributes that are desirable for tissue engineering applications. However, there is no single non-viral gene delivery strategy that "fits-all" cell types and tissues. Thus, there is a compelling opportunity to examine different non-viral vectors, especially physical vectors, and compare their relative degrees of success. This review examines the advantages and disadvantages of physical non-viral methods (i.e., microinjection, ballistic gene delivery, electroporation, sonoporation, laser irradiation, magnetofection, and electric field-induced molecular vibration), with particular attention given to electroporation because of its versatility, with further special emphasis on Nucleofection™. In addition, attributes of cellular character that can be used to improve differentiation strategies are examined for tissue engineering applications. Ultimately, electroporation exhibits a high transfection efficiency in many cell types, which is highly desirable for tissue engineering applications, but electroporation and other physical non-viral gene delivery methods are still limited by poor cell viability. Overcoming the challenge of poor cell viability in highly efficient physical non-viral techniques is the key to using gene delivery to enhance tissue engineering applications.
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17
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VanDersarl JJ, Xu AM, Melosh NA. Nanostraws for direct fluidic intracellular access. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:3881-6. [PMID: 22166016 DOI: 10.1021/nl204051v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are promising candidates to improve the delivery efficiency and control of active agents such as DNA or drugs directly into cells. Here we demonstrate cell-culture platforms of nanotemplated "nanostraws" that pierce the cell membrane, providing a permanent fluidic pipeline into the cell for direct cytosolic access. Conventional polymeric track-etch cell culture membranes are alumina coated and etched to produce fields of nanostraws with controllable diameter, thickness, and height. Small molecules and ions were successfully transported into the cytosol with 40 and 70% efficiency, respectively, while GFP plasmids were successfully delivered and expressed. These platforms open the way for active, reproducible delivery of a wide variety of species into cells without endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules J VanDersarl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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18
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Wang YT, Efimov IR, Cheng Y. Electroporation induced by internal defibrillation shock with and without recovery in intact rabbit hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H439-49. [PMID: 22730387 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01121.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Defibrillation shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators can be lifesaving but can also damage cardiac tissues via electroporation. This study characterizes the spatial distribution and extent of defibrillation shock-induced electroporation with and without a 45-min postshock period for cell membranes to recover. Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts (n = 31) with and without a chronic left ventricular (LV) myocardial infarction (MI) were studied. Mean defibrillation threshold (DFT) was determined to be 161.4 ± 17.1 V and 1.65 ± 0.44 J in MI hearts for internally delivered 8-ms monophasic truncated exponential (MTE) shocks during sustained ventricular fibrillation (>20 s, SVF). A single 300-V MTE shock (twice determined DFT voltage) was used to terminate SVF. Shock-induced electroporation was assessed by propidium iodide (PI) uptake. Ventricular PI staining was quantified by fluorescent imaging. Histological analysis was performed using Masson's Trichrome staining. Results showed PI staining concentrated near the shock electrode in all hearts. Without recovery, PI staining was similar between normal and MI groups around the shock electrode and over the whole ventricles. However, MI hearts had greater total PI uptake in anterior (P < 0.01) and posterior (P < 0.01) LV epicardial regions. Postrecovery, PI staining was reduced substantially, but residual staining remained significant with similar spacial distributions. PI staining under SVF was similar to previously studied paced hearts. In conclusion, electroporation was spatially correlated with the active region of the shock electrode. Additional electroporation occurred in the LV epicardium of MI hearts, in the infarct border zone. Recovery of membrane integrity postelectroporation is likely a prolonged process. Short periods of SVF did not affect electroporation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves T Wang
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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19
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Nucleofection-based gene targeting in human pre-B cells. Gene 2012; 492:305-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Wu M, Yuan F. Membrane binding of plasmid DNA and endocytic pathways are involved in electrotransfection of mammalian cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20923. [PMID: 21695134 PMCID: PMC3113837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Electric field mediated gene delivery or electrotransfection is a widely used method in various studies ranging from basic cell biology research to clinical gene therapy. Yet, mechanisms of electrotransfection are still controversial. To this end, we investigated the dependence of electrotransfection efficiency (eTE) on binding of plasmid DNA (pDNA) to plasma membrane and how treatment of cells with three endocytic inhibitors (chlorpromazine, genistein, dynasore) or silencing of dynamin expression with specific, small interfering RNA (siRNA) would affect the eTE. Our data demonstrated that the presence of divalent cations (Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) in electrotransfection buffer enhanced pDNA adsorption to cell membrane and consequently, this enhanced adsorption led to an increase in eTE, up to a certain threshold concentration for each cation. Trypsin treatment of cells at 10 min post electrotransfection stripped off membrane-bound pDNA and resulted in a significant reduction in eTE, indicating that the time period for complete cellular uptake of pDNA (between 10 and 40 min) far exceeded the lifetime of electric field-induced transient pores (∼10 msec) in the cell membrane. Furthermore, treatment of cells with the siRNA and all three pharmacological inhibitors yielded substantial and statistically significant reductions in the eTE. These findings suggest that electrotransfection depends on two mechanisms: (i) binding of pDNA to cell membrane and (ii) endocytosis of membrane-bound pDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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21
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Hojman P, Spanggaard I, Olsen CH, Gehl J, Gissel H. Calcium electrotransfer for termination of transgene expression in muscle. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:753-60. [PMID: 21470044 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene electrotransfer is expanding in clinical use, thus we have searched for an emergency procedure to stop transgene expression in case of serious adverse events. Calcium is cytotoxic at high intracellular levels, so we tested effects of calcium electrotransfer on transgene expression in muscle. A clinical grade calcium solution (20 μl, 168 mM) was injected into transfected mouse or rat tibialis cranialis muscle. Ca(2+) uptake was quantified using calcium 45 ((45)Ca), and voltage and time between injection and pulsation were varied. Extinction of transgene expression was investigated by using both in vivo imaging of infrared fluorescent "Katushka" and erythropoietin evaluated by ELISA and hemoglobin. Histology was performed. Electrotransfer of Katushka and erythropoietin yielded significant expression. Maximal calcium uptake occurred after injection of Ca(2+) before electropulsing using eight high voltage pulses of 1000 V/cm. Using these parameters, in vivo imaging showed that transgene expression significantly decreased 4 hr after Ca(2+) electrotransfer and was eliminated within 24 hr. Similarly, serum erythropoietin was reduced by 46% at 4 hr and to control levels at 2 days. Histological analyses showed muscle damage and subsequent regeneration. Electrotransfer of isotonic CaCl(2) terminates transgenic protein expression in muscles and may be used for contingency elimination of transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Hojman
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DK-2730 Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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23
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Ivorra A, Rubinsky B. Historical Review of Irreversible Electroporation in Medicine. IRREVERSIBLE ELECTROPORATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-05420-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Ben-Or A, Rubinsky B. Experimental Studies on Irreversible Electroporation of Cells. IRREVERSIBLE ELECTROPORATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-05420-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Escoffre JM, Mauroy C, Portet T, Wasungu L, Rosazza C, Gilbart Y, Mallet L, Bellard E, Golzio M, Rols MP, Teissié J. Gene electrotransfer: from biophysical mechanisms to in vivo applications : Part 1- Biophysical mechanisms. Biophys Rev 2009; 1:177. [PMID: 28510029 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-009-0022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Electropulsation is one of the nonviral methods successfully used to deliver genes into living cells in vitro and in vivo. This approach shows promise in the field of gene and cellular therapies. The present review focuses on the processes supporting gene electrotransfer in vitro. In the first part, we will report the events occurring before, during, and after pulse application in the specific field of plasmid DNA electrotransfer at the cell level. A critical discussion of the present theoretical considerations about membrane electropermeabilization and the transient structures involved in the plasmid uptake follows in a second part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Escoffre
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse UPS, IPBS, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Chloé Mauroy
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse UPS, IPBS, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Portet
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse UPS, IPBS, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Luc Wasungu
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse UPS, IPBS, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Chrystelle Rosazza
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse UPS, IPBS, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Yoann Gilbart
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse UPS, IPBS, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Laetitia Mallet
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse UPS, IPBS, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Bellard
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse UPS, IPBS, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Golzio
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse UPS, IPBS, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Rols
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France. .,Université de Toulouse UPS, IPBS, 31077, Toulouse, France.
| | - Justin Teissié
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France. .,Université de Toulouse UPS, IPBS, 31077, Toulouse, France.
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26
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Zaharoff DA, Henshaw JW, Mossop B, Yuan F. Mechanistic analysis of electroporation-induced cellular uptake of macromolecules. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:94-105. [PMID: 18156311 DOI: 10.3181/0704-rm-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electric field has been widely used as a nonviral gene delivery platform. The delivery efficiency can be improved through quantitative analysis of pore dynamics and intracellular transport of plasmid DNA. To this end, we investigated mechanisms of cellular uptake of macromolecules during electroporation. In the study, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FD) with molecular weight of 4,000 (FD-4) or 2,000,000 (FD-2000) was added into suspensions of a murine mammary carcinoma cell (4T1) either before or at different time points (ie, 1, 2, or 10 sec) after the application of different pulsed electric fields (in high-voltage mode: 1.2-2.0 kV in amplitude, 99 microsec in duration, and 1-5 pulses; in low-voltage mode: 100-300 V in amplitude, 5-20 msec in duration, and 1-5 pulses). The intracellular concentrations of FD were quantified using a confocal microscopy technique. To understand transport mechanisms, a mathematical model was developed for numerical simulation of cellular uptake. We observed that the maximum intracellular concentration of FD-2000 was less than 3% of that in the pulsing medium. The intracellular concentrations increased linearly with pulse number and amplitude. In addition, the intracellular concentration of FD-2000 was approximately 40% lower than that of FD-4 under identical pulsing conditions. The numerical simulations predicted that the pores larger than FD-4 lasted <10 msec after the application of pulsed fields if the simulated concentrations were on the same order of magnitude as the experimental data. In addition, the simulation results indicated that diffusion was negligible for cellular uptake of FD molecules. Taken together, the data suggested that large pores induced in the membrane by pulsed electric fields disappeared rapidly after pulse application and convection was likely to be the dominant mode of transport for cellular uptake of uncharged macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Zaharoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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27
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Collins JM, Despa F, Lee RC. Structural and functional recovery of electropermeabilized skeletal muscle in-vivo after treatment with surfactant poloxamer 188. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2007; 1768:1238-46. [PMID: 17382288 PMCID: PMC1919408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A critical requirement for cell survival after trauma is sealing of breaks in the cell membrane [M. Bier, S.M. Hammer, D.J. Canaday, R.C Lee, Kinetics of sealing for transient electropores in isolated mammalian skeletal muscle cells, Bioelectromagnetics 20 (1999) 194-201; R.C. Lee, D.C. Gaylor, D. Bhatt, D.A. Israel, Role of cell membrane rupture in the pathogenesis of electrical trauma, J. Surg. Res. 44 (1988) 709-719; R.C. Lee, J.F. Burke, E.G. Cravalho (Eds.), Electrical Trauma: The Pathophysiology, Manifestations, and Clinical Management, Cambridge University Press, 1992; B.I. Tropea, R.C. Lee, Thermal injury kinetics in electrical trauma, J. Biomech. Engr. 114 (1992) 241-250; F. Despa, D.P. Orgill, J. Newalder, R.C Lee, The relative thermal stability of tissue macromolecules and cellular structure in burn injury, Burns 31 (2005) 568-577; T.A. Block, J.N. Aarsvold, K.L. Matthews II, R.A. Mintzer, L.P. River, M. Capelli-Schellpfeffer, R.L. Wollman, S. Tripathi, C.T. Chen, R.C. Lee, The 1995 Lindberg Award. Nonthermally mediated muscle injury and necrosis in electrical trauma, J. Burn Care and Rehabil. 16 (1995) 581-588; K. Miyake, P.L. McNeil, Mechanical injury and repair of cells, Crit. Care Med. 31 (2003) S496-S501; R.C. Lee, L.P. River, F.S. Pan, R.L. Wollmann, Surfactant-induced sealing of electropermeabilized skeletal muscle membranes in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89 (1992) 4524-4528; J.D. Marks, C.Y. Pan, T. Bushell, W. Cromie, R.C. Lee, Amphiphilic, tri-block copolymers provide potent membrane-targeted neuroprotection, FASEB J. 15 (2001) 1107-1109; B. Greenebaum, K. Blossfield, J. Hannig, C.S. Carrillo, M.A. Beckett, R.R. Weichselbaum, R.C. Lee, Poloxamer 188 prevents acute necrosis of adult skeletal muscle cells following high-dose irradiation, Burns 30 (2004) 539-547; G. Serbest, J. Horwitz, K. Barbee, The effect of poloxamer-188 on neuronal cell recovery from mechanical injury, J. Neurotrauma 22 (2005) 119-132]. The triblock copolymer surfactant Poloxamer 188 (P188) is known to increase the cell survival after membrane electroporation [R.C. Lee, L.P. River, F.S. Pan, R.L. Wollmann, Surfactant-induced sealing of electropermeabilized skeletal muscle membranes in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89 (1992) 4524-4528; Z. Ababneh, H. Beloeil, C.B. Berde, G. Gambarota, S.E. Maier, R.V. Mulkern, Biexponential parametrization of T2 and diffusion decay curves in a rat muscle edema model: Decay curve components and water compartments, Magn. Reson. Med. 54 (2005) 524-531]. Here, we use a rat hind-limb model of electroporation injury to determine if the intravenous administration of P188 improves the recovery of the muscle function. Rat hind-limbs received a sequence of either 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 electrical current pulses (2 A, 4 ms duration, 10 s duty cycle). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis, muscle water content and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes were compared. Electroporation injury manifested edema formation and depression of the CMAP amplitudes. P188 (one bolus of 1 mg/ml of blood) was administrated 30 or 60 min after injury. Animals receiving P188 exhibited reduced tissue edema (p<0.05) and increased CMAP amplitudes (p<0.03). By comparison, treatment with 10 kDa neutral dextran, which produces similar serum osmotic effects as P188, had no effect on post-electroporation recovery. Noteworthy, the present results suggest that a single intravenous dose of P188 is effective to restore the structural integrity of damaged tissues with intact circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Collins
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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28
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Pakhomov AG, Kolb JF, White JA, Joshi RP, Xiao S, Schoenbach KH. Long-lasting plasma membrane permeabilization in mammalian cells by nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF). Bioelectromagnetics 2007; 28:655-63. [PMID: 17654532 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The barrier function of plasma membrane in nsPEF-exposed mammalian cells was examined using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. A specialized setup for nsPEF exposure of individual cells in culture was developed and characterized for artifact-free compatibility with the patch-clamp method. For the first time, our study provides experimental evidence that even a single 60-ns pulse at 12 kV/cm can cause a profound and long-lasting (minutes) reduction of the cell membrane resistance (R(m)), accompanied by the loss of the membrane potential. R(m) measured in GH3, PC-12, and Jurkat cells (but not in HeLa cells) in 80-120 s after nsPEF exposure was decreased about threefold, and its gradual recovery could take 15 min. Multiple pulses enhanced permeabilization, for example, R(m) in GH3 cells fell about 10-fold after a train of five pulses. Within studied limits, permeabilization did not depend on the presence of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), K(+), Cs(+), Cd(2+), EGTA, tetraethylammonium, or 4-aminopyridine in the pipette or bath solutions. Our results supported theoretical model predictions of plasma membrane poration by nsPEF. However, the extended decrease in R(m), assumed to be related to the life span of the pores, and different nsPEF sensitivity of individual cell lines have yet to be explained. The phenomenon of long-lived membrane permeabilization provides new insights on the nature of nsPEF-opened conductance pores and on molecular mechanisms that underlie nsPEF bioeffects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Electroporation uses electric pulses to promote delivery of DNA and drugs into cells. This study presents a model of electroporation in a spherical cell exposed to an electric field. The model determines transmembrane potential, number of pores, and distribution of pore radii as functions of time and position on the cell surface. For a 1-ms, 40 kV/m pulse, electroporation consists of three stages: charging of the cell membrane (0-0.51 micros), creation of pores (0.51-1.43 micros), and evolution of pore radii (1.43 micros to 1 ms). This pulse creates approximately 341,000 pores, of which 97.8% are small ( approximately 1 nm radius) and 2.2% are large. The average radius of large pores is 22.8 +/- 18.7 nm, although some pores grow to 419 nm. The highest pore density occurs on the depolarized and hyperpolarized poles but the largest pores are on the border of the electroporated regions of the cell. Despite their much smaller number, large pores comprise 95.3% of the total pore area and contribute 66% to the increased cell conductance. For stronger pulses, pore area and cell conductance increase, but these increases are due to the creation of small pores; the number and size of large pores do not increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Krassowska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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30
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Atkinson DL, Stevenson TJ, Park EJ, Riedy MD, Milash B, Odelberg SJ. Cellular electroporation induces dedifferentiation in intact newt limbs. Dev Biol 2006; 299:257-71. [PMID: 16949563 PMCID: PMC1781256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Newts have the remarkable ability to regenerate lost appendages including their forelimbs, hindlimbs, and tails. Following amputation of an appendage, the wound is rapidly closed by the migration of epithelial cells from the proximal epidermis. Internal cells just proximal to the amputation plane begin to dedifferentiate to form a pool of proliferating progenitor cells known as the regeneration blastema. We show that dedifferentiation of internal appendage cells can be initiated in the absence of amputation by applying an electric field sufficient to induce cellular electroporation, but not necrosis or apoptosis. The time course for dedifferentiation following electroporation is similar to that observed following amputation with evidence of dedifferentiation beginning at about 5 days postelectroporation and continuing for 2 to 3 weeks. Microarray analyses, real-time RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization show that changes in early gene expression are similar following amputation or electroporation. We conclude that the application of an electric field sufficient to induce transient electroporation of cell membranes induces a dedifferentiation response that is virtually indistinguishable from the response that occurs following amputation of newt appendages. This discovery allows dedifferentiation to be studied in the absence of wound healing and may aid in identifying genes required for cellular plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brett Milash
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Shannon J. Odelberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience
- *Corresponding author: Shannon J. Odelberg, University of Utah Health Sciences, Center, Wintrobe Building, Room 667, 26 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, Telephone: (801) 581-7150, FAX: (801) 581-8552, E-mail:
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31
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Abstract
The molecular architecture of biological systems is heavily influenced by the highly polar interactions of water. Thus, macromolecules such as proteins that are highly water soluble must be electrically polar. Energy generation methods needed to support cell metabolic processes depend on compartmentalizing mobile ions and thus require electrical ion transport barriers such as membranes. One consequence of these biological design constraints is vulnerability to injury by electrical forces. Supraphysiological electric forces cause damage to cells and tissues by disrupting cell membranes and altering the conformation of biomolecules. In addition, prolonged passage of electrical current leads to damage by thermal mechanisms. This review will focus on the non-thermal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael C Lee
- Electrical Trauma Research Program, Department of Surgery, MC 6035, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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32
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Wu G, Majewski J, Ege C, Kjaer K, Weygand MJ, Lee KYC. Interaction between lipid monolayers and poloxamer 188: an X-ray reflectivity and diffraction study. Biophys J 2005; 89:3159-73. [PMID: 16100276 PMCID: PMC1366812 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.052290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which poloxamer 188 (P188) seals a damaged cell membrane is examined using the lipid monolayer as a model system. X-ray reflectivity and grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction results show that at low nominal lipid density, P188, by physically occupying the available area and phase separating from the lipids, forces the lipid molecules to pack tightly and restore the barrier function of the membrane. Upon compression to bilayer equivalent pressure, P188 is squeezed out from the lipid monolayer, allowing a graceful exit of P188 when the membrane integrity is restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, the Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and the James Franck Institute, the University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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33
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Valic B, Pavlin M, Miklavcic D. The effect of resting transmembrane voltage on cell electropermeabilization: a numerical analysis. Bioelectrochemistry 2004; 63:311-5. [PMID: 15110294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Revised: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane voltage induced due to applied electric field superimposes to the resting transmembrane voltage of the cell. On the part of the cell membrane, where the transmembrane voltage exceeds the threshold transmembrane voltage, changes in the membrane occur, leading to increase in membrane permeability known as electropermeabilization. This part of the cell membrane represents the permeabilized area through which the transport of molecules occurs. In this paper we calculated numerically the permeabilized area for different electric field strength, resting transmembrane voltage, cell shape and cell orientation with respect to the applied electric field. Results show that when the transmembrane voltage is near the threshold transmembrane voltage, the permeabilized area of the cell is increased on the anodic side and decreased on the cathodic side due to the resting transmembrane voltage. In some cases, only anodic side of the cell is permeabilized. Therefore, by using bipolar pulses, the permeabilized area can be significantly increased and consequentially also the efficiency of electropermeabilization. However, when the induced transmembrane voltage is far above the threshold, the effect of the resting transmembrane voltage is negligible. These observations are valid for different cell shapes and orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaz Valic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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34
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van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Babiuk SL, Babiuk LA. Strategies for improved formulation and delivery of DNA vaccines to veterinary target species. Immunol Rev 2004; 199:113-25. [PMID: 15233730 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Interest in DNA immunization of animals continues, despite the fact that immune responses induced by DNA vaccines are generally lower than those elicited by conventional vaccines. In attempts to enhance the immune response to DNA vaccines, individuals have tried a variety of immune modulators, cytokines, and costimulatory molecules, but these only boost immune responses marginally. These results clearly demonstrate that the major challenge to improving DNA-based vaccines is to improve the transfection efficiency. Gene gun and electroporation can increase transfection and improve immune responses significantly, but these technologies have not yet advanced to the stage of routine use in livestock. Hopefully, transfection efficiency can be increased further in a user-friendly manner to ensure that the benefits of using DNA vaccines become a reality.
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35
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Smith KC, Neu JC, Krassowska W. Model of creation and evolution of stable electropores for DNA delivery. Biophys J 2004; 86:2813-26. [PMID: 15111399 PMCID: PMC1304151 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(04)74334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation, in which electric pulses create transient pores in the cell membrane, is becoming an important technique for gene therapy. To enable entry of supercoiled DNA into cells, the pores should have sufficiently large radii (>10 nm), remain open long enough for the DNA chain to enter the cell (milliseconds), and should not cause membrane rupture. This study presents a model that can predict such macropores. The distinctive features of this model are the coupling of individual pores through membrane tension and the electrical force on the pores, which is applicable to pores of any size. The model is used to explore the process of pore creation and evolution and to determine the number and size of pores as a function of the pulse magnitude and duration. Next, our electroporation model is combined with a heuristic model of DNA uptake and used to predict the dependence of DNA uptake on pulsing parameters. Finally, the model is used to examine the mechanism of a two-pulse protocol, which was proposed specifically for gene delivery. The comparison between experimental results and the model suggests that this model is well-suited for the investigation of electroporation-mediated DNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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36
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Murthy SN, Sen A, Zhao YL, Hui SW. Temperature Influences the Postelectroporation Permeability State of the Skin. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:908-15. [PMID: 14999728 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The influence of temperature on the electrical conductance and transport of macromolecules across porcine epidermis during and after electroporation were studied. The passive diffusion of fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled dextran (molecular weight 10 kDa, FD10K), across the epidermis did not differ much at temperatures below 37 degrees C, but became significantly higher above 40 degrees C. The resistance drop during pulse application was less sensitive to temperature within the temperature range (10-50 degrees C) of this study. The kinetics of decrease in postpulse conductance of the electroporated epidermis was fit to a monoexponential function. The rate of decrease in postpulse conductance was significantly less and FD10K transport was markedly high at temperature over 40 degrees C relative to those observed at temperatures less than 37 degrees C. This jump in transport cannot be explained by electrophoresis induced by the pulse, or by the increased diffusion kinesis of the molecules. The enhanced transport is most likely due to the prolonged postpulse permeable state of the skin. Electroporation at mild hyperthermia temperatures resulted in delivering much higher quantities of macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Narasimha Murthy
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Department, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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37
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Geddes DM, Cargill RS, LaPlaca MC. Mechanical stretch to neurons results in a strain rate and magnitude-dependent increase in plasma membrane permeability. J Neurotrauma 2004; 20:1039-49. [PMID: 14588120 DOI: 10.1089/089771503770195885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which mechanical impact to brain tissue is transduced to neuronal impairment remains poorly understood. Using an in vitro model of neuronal stretch, we found that mechanical stretch of neurons resulted in a transient plasma membrane permeability increase. Primary cortical neurons, seeded on silicone substrates, were subjected to a defined rate and magnitude strain pulse by stretching the substrates over a fixed cylindrical form. To identify plasma membrane defects, various sized fluorescent molecules were added to the bathing media either immediately before injury or 1, 2, 5, or 10 min after injury and removed one minute later. The percent of cells that took up dye depended on the applied strain rate, strain magnitude and molecular size. Severe stretch (10 sec(-1), 0.30) resulted in significant uptake of all tested molecules (ranging between 0.5 and 8.9 nm radii) with up to 60% of cells positively stained. Furthermore, the neurons remained permeable to the smallest molecule (carboxyfluorescein, 380 Da) up to 5 min after severe stretch but were only permeable to larger molecules (>/=10 kDa) immediately after stretch. These transiently formed membrane defects may be the initiating mechanism that translates mechanical stretch to cellular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Geddes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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38
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Valic B, Golzio M, Pavlin M, Schatz A, Faurie C, Gabriel B, Teissié J, Rols MP, Miklavcic D. Effect of electric field induced transmembrane potential on spheroidal cells: theory and experiment. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2003; 32:519-28. [PMID: 12712266 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-003-0296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2002] [Revised: 12/20/2002] [Accepted: 02/14/2003] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane potential on a cell exposed to an electric field is a critical parameter for successful cell permeabilization. In this study, the effect of cell shape and orientation on the induced transmembrane potential was analyzed. The transmembrane potential was calculated on prolate and oblate spheroidal cells for various orientations with respect to the electric field direction, both numerically and analytically. Changing the orientation of the cells decreases the induced transmembrane potential from its maximum value when the longest axis of the cell is parallel to the electric field, to its minimum value when the longest axis of the cell is perpendicular to the electric field. The dependency on orientation is more pronounced for elongated cells while it is negligible for spherical cells. The part of the cell membrane where a threshold transmembrane potential is exceeded represents the area of electropermeabilization, i.e. the membrane area through which the transport of molecules is established. Therefore the surface exposed to the transmembrane potential above the threshold value was calculated. The biological relevance of these theoretical results was confirmed with experimental results of the electropermeabilization of plated Chinese hamster ovary cells, which are elongated. Theoretical and experimental results show that permeabilization is not only a function of electric field intensity and cell size but also of cell shape and orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaz Valic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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39
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Puc M, Kotnik T, Mir LM, Miklavcic D. Quantitative model of small molecules uptake after in vitro cell electropermeabilization. Bioelectrochemistry 2003; 60:1-10. [PMID: 12893304 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5394(03)00021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electropermeabilization of the cell membrane is a phenomenon caused by exposure of the cell to electric pulses. Permeabilization depends on pulse duration, pulse amplitude, the number of pulses delivered, and also on other experimental conditions. With these parameters properly chosen, the process of permeabilization is reversible and cells return to their normal physiological state. This article describes the development of a model of diffusion-driven transmembrane transport of small molecules caused by electropermeabilization. The process of permeabilization is divided into a short permeabilizing phase that takes place during the pulse, and a longer resealing phase that begins after the end of the pulse. Because both phases of permeabilization are important for uptake of molecules into cells, most of the effort is focused on the optimization of parameters that influence the flow between intracellular and extracellular space. The model describes well the transmembrane transport caused by electropermeabilization, allowing to study the uptake of molecules as a function of elapsed time, voltage and pulse duration. In addition, our results show that the shapes of the curves of cell permeabilization and survival as functions of pulse amplitude can to a large extent be explained by cell size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Puc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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40
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Gissel H, Clausen T. Ca2+ uptake and cellular integrity in rat EDL muscle exposed to electrostimulation, electroporation, or A23187. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285:R132-42. [PMID: 12623773 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00196.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that increased Ca2+ uptake in rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle elicits cell membrane damage as assessed from release of the intracellular enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). This was done by using 1) electrostimulation, 2) electroporation, and 3) the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. Stimulation at 1 Hz for 120-240 min caused an increase in 45Ca uptake that was closely correlated to LDH release. This LDH release increased markedly with temperature. After 120 min of stimulation at 1 Hz, resting 45Ca uptake was increased 5.6-fold compared with unstimulated muscles. This was associated with an eightfold increase in LDH release, and this effect was halved by lowering extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o). The poststimulatory increase in resting 45Ca uptake persisted for at least 120 min. An acute increase in sarcolemma leakiness induced by electroporation markedly increased 45Ca uptake and LDH leakage. Both effects depended on [Ca2+]o. A23187 increased 45Ca uptake. Concomitantly, LDH leakage increased 18-fold within 30 min, and this effect was abolished by omitting Ca2+ from the buffer. We conclude that increased Ca2+ influx may be an important cause of cell membrane damage that arises during and after exercise or electrical shocks. Because membrane damage allows further influx of Ca2+, this results in positive feedback that may further increase membrane degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Gissel
- Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Aarhus, DK-8000 Arhus C., Denmark.
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41
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Lin TYD, McAuliffe DJ, Michaud N, Zhang H, Lee S, Doukas AG, Flotte TJ. Nuclear transport by laser-induced pressure transients. Pharm Res 2003; 20:879-83. [PMID: 12817891 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023835219041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Control of the transport of molecules into the nucleus represents a key regulatory mechanism for differentiation, transformation, and signal transduction. Permeabilization of the nuclear envelope by physical methods can have applications in gene therapy. Laser-induced pressure transients can produce temporary aqueous pores analogous to those produced by electroporation and that the cells can survive this procedure. In this study, we examine the role of the pressure transients in creating similar pores in the nuclear envelope. METHODS The target human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a 62 microM 72 kDa fluoresceinated dextran solution were exposed to the pressure transients generated by laser ablation. An in vitro fluorescence confocal microscope was used to visualize and quantify the fluoresceinated dextran in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. RESULTS In contrast to electroporation, the pressure transients could deliver 72 kDa fluoresceinated dextrans, which are normally excluded by the nucleus, across the nuclear envelope into the nucleus. In addition to creating pores in the plasma membrane, temporary pores were also created in the nuclear envelope following exposure to pressure transients. CONCLUSION The production of temporary nuclear pores could provide a unique resource for drug-delivery and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Yuan David Lin
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Department of Photopathology and Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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42
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Gehl J. Electroporation: theory and methods, perspectives for drug delivery, gene therapy and research. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2003; 177:437-47. [PMID: 12648161 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2003.01093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation designates the use of short high-voltage pulses to overcome the barrier of the cell membrane. By applying an external electric field, which just surpasses the capacitance of the cell membrane, transient and reversible breakdown of the membrane can be induced. This transient, permeabilized state can be used to load cells with a variety of different molecules, either through simple diffusion in the case of small molecules, or through electrophoretically driven processes allowing passage through the destabilized membrane--as is the case for DNA transfer. Initially developed for gene transfer, electroporation is now in use for delivery of a large variety of molecules: From ions to drugs, dyes, tracers, antibodies, and oligonucleotides to RNA and DNA. Electroporation has proven useful both in vitro, in vivo and in patients, where drug delivery to malignant tumours has been performed. Whereas initial electroporation procedures caused considerable cell damage, developments over the past decades have led to sophistication of equipment and optimization of protocols. The electroporation procedures used in many laboratories could be optimized with limited effort. This review (i) outlines the theory of electroporation, (ii) discusses factors of importance for optimization of electroporation protocols for mammalian cells, (iii) addresses particular concerns when using electroporation in vivo, e.g. effects on blood flow and considerations regarding choice of electrodes, (iv) describes DNA electrotransfer with emphasis on use in the in vivo setting, and (v) sums up data on safety and efficacy of electroporation used to enhance delivery of chemotherapy to tumours in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gehl
- Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital in University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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43
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The lipid bilayer concept: Experimental realization and current applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-5193(03)80025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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44
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Bier M, Chen W, Gowrishankar TR, Astumian RD, Lee RC. Resealing dynamics of a cell membrane after electroporation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:062905. [PMID: 12513333 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.062905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2000] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The membrane of a living cell consists of a bilayer of amphipolar lipid molecules as well as much larger proteins. Transmembrane potentials of up to 120 mV are physiologic and well tolerated, but when the potential is more than 300 mV, this lipid bilayer is unstable. Pores are then formed through which measurable flow of ions can occur. We follow currents through frog muscle cell membranes under 4-ms pulses of up to 440 mV. We present a theory that allows us to describe the relaxation of the current back to zero after the pulse in terms of membrane parameters. We obtain a line tension of 3.6 x 10(-6) N, which is similar to that found in artificial lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bier
- Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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45
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Durieux AC, Bonnefoy R, Manissolle C, Freyssenet D. High-efficiency gene electrotransfer into skeletal muscle: description and physiological applicability of a new pulse generator. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296:443-50. [PMID: 12163039 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00901-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Efficiency and reproducibility of gene electrotransfer depend on the electrical specifications provided by the pulse generator, such as pulse duration, pulse number, pulse frequency, pulse combination, and current intensity. Here, we describe the performances of GET42, a pulse generator specifically designed for gene electrotransfer into skeletal muscle. Expression of beta-galactosidase in the Tibialis anterior muscle of Sprague-Dawley male rats was increased 250-fold by GET42 compared to DNA injection alone. Combination of high and low current intensity pulses further increased transfection efficiency (400-fold compared to DNA injection without electrotransfer). Varying degrees of muscle necrosis were observed after gene electrotransfer. Nevertheless, muscle necrosis was dramatically reduced after optimization of cumulated pulse duration without significant reduction in transfection efficiency. Physiological applicability was illustrated by the analysis of cytochrome c promoter transactivation. In conclusion, GET42 has proven to be a reliable and efficient pulse generator for gene electrotransfer experiments, and provides a powerful mean to study in vivo the regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cécile Durieux
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Groupe Physiologie et Physiopathologie de l'Exercice et du Handicap, Groupement d'Intérêt Public-Exercice Sport Santé, Faculté de Médecine J. Lisfranc, 15 rue Ambroise Paré, Saint-Etienne Cedex, France
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46
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Konig S, Burkman J, Fitzgerald J, Mitchell M, Su L, Stedman H. Modular organization of phylogenetically conserved domains controlling developmental regulation of the human skeletal myosin heavy chain gene family. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:27593-605. [PMID: 11971910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203162200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian skeletal myosin heavy chain locus is composed of a six-membered family of tandemly linked genes whose complex regulation plays a central role in striated muscle development and diversification. We have used publicly available genomic DNA sequences to provide a theoretical foundation for an experimental analysis of transcriptional regulation among the six promoters at this locus. After reconstruction of annotated drafts of the human and murine loci from fragmented DNA sequences, phylogenetic footprint analysis of each of the six promoters using standard and Bayesian alignment algorithms revealed unexpected patterns of DNA sequence conservation among orthologous and paralogous gene pairs. The conserved domains within 2.0 kilobases of each transcriptional start site are rich in putative muscle-specific transcription factor binding sites. Experiments based on plasmid transfection in vitro and electroporation in vivo validated several predictions of the bioinformatic analysis, yielding a picture of synergistic interaction between proximal and distal promoter elements in controlling developmental stage-specific gene activation. Of particular interest for future studies of heterologous gene expression is a 650-base pair construct containing modules from the proximal and distal human embryonic myosin heavy chain promoter that drives extraordinarily powerful transcription during muscle differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Konig
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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47
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Gehl J, Skovsgaard T, Mir LM. Vascular reactions to in vivo electroporation: characterization and consequences for drug and gene delivery. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1569:51-8. [PMID: 11853957 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In vivo electroporation (EP) is gaining momentum for drug and gene delivery. In particular, DNA transfer by EP to muscle tissue can lead to highly efficient long-term gene expression. We characterized a vascular effect of in vivo EP and its consequences for drug and gene delivery. Pulses of 10-20,000 micros and 0.1-1.6 kV/cm were applied over hind- and forelimb of mice and perfusion was examined by dye injection. The role of a sympathetically mediated vasoconstrictory reflex was investigated by pretreatment with reserpine. Expression of a transferred gene (luciferase), permeabilization (determined using (51)Cr-EDTA), membrane resealing and effects on perfusion were compared to assess the significance of the vascular effects. Above the permeabilization threshold, a sympathetically mediated Raynaud-like phenomenon with perfusion delays of 1-2 min was observed. Resolution of this phase followed kinetics of membrane resealing. Above a second threshold, irreversible permeabilization led to long perfusion delays. These vascular reactions (1) affect kinetics of drug delivery, (2) predict efficient DNA transfer, which is optimal during short perfusion delays, and (3) might explain electrocardiographic ST segment depressions after defibrillation as being caused by vascular effects of EP of cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gehl
- Department of Oncology, University of Copenhagen in Herlev Hospital, Denmark.
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48
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Abstract
Electrical shock trauma tends to produce a very complex pattern of injury, mainly because of the multiple modes of frequency-dependent tissue-field interactions. Historically, Joule heating was thought to be the only cause of electrical injuries to tissue by commercial-frequency electrical shocks. In the last 15 years, biomedical engineering research has improved the understanding of the underlying biophysical injury mechanisms. Besides thermal burns secondary to Joule heating, permeabilization of cell membranes and direct electroconformational denaturation of macromolecules such as proteins have also been identified as tissue-damage mechanisms. This review summarizes the physics of tissue injury caused by contact with commercial-frequency power lines, as well as exposure to lightning and radio frequency (RF), microwave, and ionizing radiation. In addition, we describe the anatomic patterns of the resultant tissue injury from these modes of electromagnetic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Lee
- Department of Surgery and Organismal Biology (Biomechanics), Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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49
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Hartikka J, Sukhu L, Buchner C, Hazard D, Bozoukova V, Margalith M, Nishioka WK, Wheeler CJ, Manthorp M, Sawdey M. Electroporation-facilitated delivery of plasmid DNA in skeletal muscle: plasmid dependence of muscle damage and effect of poloxamer 188. Mol Ther 2001; 4:407-15. [PMID: 11708877 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation has been reported to facilitate naked DNA gene transfer in skeletal muscle, but has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of electrical injuries. To assess the effects of electroporation on gene transfer, mouse quadriceps muscles were injected with the luciferase reporter plasmid VR1255 and electroporated with caliper electrodes. Intramuscular luciferase expression was increased 10- to 70-fold by electroporation, depending on the DNA dose and injection volume used. In the absence of plasmid DNA injection, electroporation of quadriceps muscles resulted in rapid elevations in serum creatine phosphokinase activity, but did not elicit visible muscle damage. However, in muscles injected with plasmid DNA and electroporated, visible lesions consistently developed in the areas proximal to electrode placement when field strengths optimal for gene transfer (300 volts/cm) were applied. The development of muscle lesions was independent of plasmid transgene expression and required the presence of plasmid in the muscle during electroporation. Co-injection of poloxamer 188 (pluronic F68) with VR1255 substantially reduced elevations in serum creatine phosphokinase activity following electroporation, but did not inhibit the development of muscle lesions. In non-electroporated muscles, co-injection of poloxamer 188 increased luciferase expression threefold. Poloxamer 188 may thus constitute a useful excipient for intramuscular delivery of naked DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hartikka
- Vical Inc., 9373 Towne Centre Dr., Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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50
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Marks JD, Pan CY, Bushell T, Cromie W, Lee RC. Amphiphilic, tri‐block copolymers provide potent, membrane‐targeted neuroprotection. FASEB J 2001. [DOI: 10.1096/fsb2fj000547fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Marks
- Departments of Pediatrics University of Chicago 5841 S. Maryland Avenue Chicago, Ill
| | - Chien-yuan Pan
- Departments of Physiological & Pharmacological Sciences University of Chicago 5841 S. Maryland Avenue Chicago Ill
| | - Trevor Bushell
- Departments of Physiological & Pharmacological Sciences University of Chicago 5841 S. Maryland Avenue Chicago Ill
| | - William Cromie
- Departments of Surgery University of Chicago 5841 S. Maryland Avenue Chicago Ill
| | - Raphael C. Lee
- Departments of Surgery University of Chicago 5841 S. Maryland Avenue Chicago Ill
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