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Yang SM, Wang CY, Lin CK, Karanam P, Reddy GM, Tsai YL, Lin W. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Furo[3,2-c
]coumarins and Benzofuranyl Chromenones through Chemoselective Acylation/Wittig Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Yang
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chein-Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Kai Lin
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Praneeth Karanam
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ganapuram Madhusudhan Reddy
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ling Tsai
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, R.O.C
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2
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Yang SM, Wang CY, Lin CK, Karanam P, Reddy GM, Tsai YL, Lin W. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Furo[3,2-c
]coumarins and Benzofuranyl Chromenones through Chemoselective Acylation/Wittig Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1668-1672. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Yang
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chein-Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Kai Lin
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Praneeth Karanam
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ganapuram Madhusudhan Reddy
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ling Tsai
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, R.O.C
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3
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Chawner SJ, Cases‐Thomas MJ, Bull JA. Divergent Synthesis of Cyclopropane-Containing Lead-Like Compounds, Fragments and Building Blocks through a Cobalt Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Phenyl Vinyl Sulfide. European J Org Chem 2017; 2017:5015-5024. [PMID: 28983191 PMCID: PMC5601191 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropanes provide important design elements in medicinal chemistry and are widely present in drug compounds. Here we describe a strategy and extensive synthetic studies for the preparation of a diverse collection of cyclopropane-containing lead-like compounds, fragments and building blocks exploiting a single precursor. The bifunctional cyclopropane (E/Z)-ethyl 2-(phenylsulfanyl)-cyclopropane-1-carboxylate was designed to allow derivatization through the ester and sulfide functionalities to topologically varied compounds designed to fit in desirable chemical space for drug discovery. A cobalt-catalyzed cyclopropanation of phenyl vinyl sulfide affords these scaffolds on multigram scale. Divergent, orthogonal derivatization is achieved through hydrolysis, reduction, amidation and oxidation reactions as well as sulfoxide-magnesium exchange/functionalization. The cyclopropyl Grignard reagent formed from sulfoxide exchange is stable at 0 °C for > 2 h, which enables trapping with various electrophiles and Pd-catalyzed Negishi cross-coupling reactions. The library prepared, as well as a further virtual elaboration, is analyzed against parameters of lipophilicity (ALog P), MW and molecular shape by using the LLAMA (Lead-Likeness and Molecular Analysis) software, to illustrate the success in generating lead-like compounds and fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Chawner
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonSouth KensingtonSW7 2AZLondonUK
| | - Manuel J. Cases‐Thomas
- Lilly Research CentreEli Lilly and CompanyErl Wood Manor, Sunninghill RoadGU20 6PHWindleshamUK
| | - James A. Bull
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonSouth KensingtonSW7 2AZLondonUK
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4
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Srinivasulu V, Reddy A, Mazitschek R, Lukens AK, Wirth DF, Li L, Naumov P, O'Connor MJ, Al-Tel TH. Intramolecular Diaza-Diels-Alder Protocol: A New Diastereoselective and Modular One-Step Synthesis of Constrained Polycyclic Frameworks. Chemistry 2017; 23:4137-4148. [PMID: 27997727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenotype-based screening of diverse compound collections generated by privileged substructure-based diversity-oriented synthesis (pDOS) is considered one of the prominent approaches in the discovery of novel drug leads. However, one key challenge that remains is the development of efficient and modular synthetic routes toward the facile access of privileged small-molecule libraries with skeletal and stereochemical complexity and drug-like properties. In this regard, a novel and diverse one-pot procedure for the diastereoselective synthesis of privileged polycyclic benzopyrans and benzoxepines is described herein. These unexplored chemotypes were accessed by utilizing an acid-mediated diaza-Diels-Alder reaction of 2-allyloxy- and/or homoallyloxy benzaldehyde with 2-aminoazine building blocks. Profiling of representative analogues against blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites identified three lead candidates with low micromolar antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vunnam Srinivasulu
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Amarnath Reddy
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Ralph Mazitschek
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Amanda K Lukens
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Dyann F Wirth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Core Technologies Platform, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Panče Naumov
- Department of Chemistry, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Matthew John O'Connor
- Core Technologies Platform, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE.,College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
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5
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Kavanagh ME, Gray JL, Gilbert SH, Coyne AG, McLean KJ, Davis HJ, Munro AW, Abell C. Substrate Fragmentation for the Design of M. tuberculosis CYP121 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1924-35. [PMID: 27432475 PMCID: PMC5026067 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The cyclo-dipeptide substrates of the essential M. tuberculosis (Mtb) enzyme CYP121 were deconstructed into their component fragments and screened against the enzyme. A number of hits were identified, one of which exhibited an unexpected inhibitor-like binding mode. The inhibitory pharmacophore was elucidated, and fragment binding affinity was rapidly improved by synthetic elaboration guided by the structures of CYP121 substrates. The resulting inhibitors have low micromolar affinity, good predicted physicochemical properties and selectivity for CYP121 over other Mtb P450s. Spectroscopic characterisation of the inhibitors' binding mode provides insight into the effect of weak nitrogen-donor ligands on the P450 heme, an improved understanding of factors governing CYP121-ligand recognition and speculation into the biological role of the enzyme for Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Kavanagh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Janine L Gray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sophie H Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Anthony G Coyne
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kirsty J McLean
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of LifeSciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Holly J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Andrew W Munro
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of LifeSciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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Foster RW, Benhamou L, Porter MJ, Bučar DK, Hailes HC, Tame CJ, Sheppard TD. Irreversible endo-selective diels-alder reactions of substituted alkoxyfurans: a general synthesis of endo-cantharimides. Chemistry 2015; 21:6107-14. [PMID: 25756502 PMCID: PMC4406157 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The [4+2] cycloaddition of 3-alkoxyfurans with N-substituted maleimides provides the first general route for preparing endo-cantharimides. Unlike the corresponding reaction with 3H furans, the reaction can tolerate a broad range of 2-substitued furans including alkyl, aromatic, and heteroaromatic groups. The cycloaddition products were converted into a range of cantharimide products with promising lead-like properties for medicinal chemistry programs. Furthermore, the electron-rich furans are shown to react with a variety of alternative dienophiles to generate 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane derivatives under mild conditions. DFT calculations have been performed to rationalize the activation effect of the 3-alkoxy group on a furan Diels-Alder reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Foster
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ (UK)
| | - Laure Benhamou
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ (UK)
| | - Michael J Porter
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ (UK)
| | - Dejan-Krešimir Bučar
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ (UK)
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ (UK)
| | - Christopher J Tame
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY (UK)
| | - Tom D Sheppard
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ (UK)
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7
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Oblak EZ, Bolstad ESD, Ononye SN, Priestley ND, Hadden MK, Wright DL. The furan route to tropolones: probing the antiproliferative effects of β-thujaplicin analogs. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 10:8597-604. [PMID: 23032214 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26553b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A direct route to analogs of the naturally occurring tropolone β-thujaplicin has been developed in just four steps from furan. Using this method, a series of derivatives were synthesized and evaluated. Several of these compounds demonstrated very high levels of potency against bacterial and fungal pathogens with good selectivity over mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zachary Oblak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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8
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Nadin A, Hattotuwagama C, Churcher I. Lead-oriented synthesis: a new opportunity for synthetic chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:1114-22. [PMID: 22271624 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry remains solely reliant on synthetic chemistry methodology to prepare compounds for small-molecule drug discovery programmes. The importance of the physicochemical properties of these molecules in determining their success in drug development is now well understood but we present here data suggesting that much synthetic methodology is unintentionally predisposed to producing molecules with poorer drug-like properties. This bias may have ramifications to the early hit- and lead-finding phases of the drug discovery process when larger numbers of compounds from array techniques are prepared. To address this issue we describe for the first time the concept of lead-oriented synthesis and the opportunity for its adoption to increase the range and quality of molecules used to develop new medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Nadin
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
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9
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Nadin A, Hattotuwagama C, Churcher I. Leitstruktur-orientierte Synthese: eine Alternative für die Synthesechemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Stocks M, Wilden G, Pairaudeau G, Perry M, Steele J, Stonehouse J. A Practical Method for Targeted Library Design Balancing Lead-like Properties with Diversity. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:800-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Brenk R, Schipani A, James D, Krasowski A, Gilbert IH, Frearson J, Wyatt PG. Lessons learnt from assembling screening libraries for drug discovery for neglected diseases. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:435-44. [PMID: 18064617 PMCID: PMC2628535 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To enable the establishment of a drug discovery operation for neglected diseases, out of 2.3 million commercially available compounds 222 552 compounds were selected for an in silico library, 57 438 for a diverse general screening library, and 1 697 compounds for a focused kinase set. Compiling these libraries required a robust strategy for compound selection. Rules for unwanted groups were defined and selection criteria to enrich for lead-like compounds which facilitate straightforward structure-activity relationship exploration were established. Further, a literature and patent review was undertaken to extract key recognition elements of kinase inhibitors ("core fragments") to assemble a focused library for hit discovery for kinases. Computational and experimental characterisation of the general screening library revealed that the selected compounds 1) span a broad range of lead-like space, 2) show a high degree of structural integrity and purity, and 3) demonstrate appropriate solubility for the purposes of biochemical screening. The implications of this study for compound selection, especially in an academic environment with limited resources, are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Brenk
- University of Dundee, College of Life Sciences, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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12
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Oprea TI, Allu TK, Fara DC, Rad RF, Ostopovici L, Bologa CG. Lead-like, drug-like or "Pub-like": how different are they? J Comput Aided Mol Des 2007; 21:113-9. [PMID: 17333482 PMCID: PMC2807375 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-007-9105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Academic and industrial research continues to be focused on discovering new classes of compounds based on HTS. Post-HTS analyses need to prioritize compounds that are progressed to chemical probe or lead status. We report trends in probe, lead and drug discovery by examining the following categories of compounds: 385 leads and the 541 drugs that emerged from them; "active" (152) and "inactive" (1488) compounds from the Molecular Libraries Initiative Small Molecule Repository (MLSMR) tested by HTS; "active" (46) and "inactive" (72) compounds from Nature Chemical Biology (NCB) tested by HTS; compounds in the drug development phase (I, II, III and launched), as indexed in MDDR; and medicinal chemistry compounds from WOMBAT, separated into high-activity (5,784 compounds with nanomolar activity or better) and low-activity (30,690 with micromolar activity or less). We examined Molecular weight (MW), molecular complexity, flexibility, the number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, LogP-the octanol/water partition coefficient estimated by ClogP and ALOGPS), LogSw (intrinsic water solubility, estimated by ALOGPS) and the number of Rule of five (Ro5) criteria violations. Based on the 50% and 90% distribution moments of the above properties, there were no significant difference between leads of known drugs and "actives" from MLSMR or NCB (chemical probes). "Inactives" from NCB and MLSMR were also found to exhibit similar properties. From these combined sets, we conclude that "Actives" (569 compounds) are less complex, less flexible, and more soluble than drugs (1,651 drugs), and significantly smaller, less complex, less hydrophobic and more soluble than the 5,784 high-activity WOMBAT compounds. These trends indicate that chemical probes are similar to leads with respect to some properties, e.g., complexity, solubility, and hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor I Oprea
- Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC11 6145, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Larsen T, Link A. Bioverfügbarkeit oral applizierter Wirkstoffe: zeitabhängig revidiert. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Larsen T, Link A. A Timely Reassessment of Early Prediction in the Bioavailability of Orally Administered Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:4432-4. [PMID: 15984039 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Larsen
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische/, Medizinische Chemie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 17, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Abstract
Following G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), protein kinases have become the second most important class of targets for drug discovery over the last 20 years. While only four kinase inhibitors have reached the market to date (Fasudil for rho-dependent kinase, Rapamycin for TOR, Gleevec for BCR-Abl, and Iressa for EGFR), many more are already in clinical development. A historical overview of kinase inhibitors was recently published by Cohen. [1] After the previous successes, protein kinases are now regarded as attractive, well-drugable targets, and the analysis of the human genome has yielded 518 protein kinases. [2] We can thus expect screening for protein kinase inhibitors to become even more important in the future. In this review we will focus on the early steps of drug discovery programs producing new lead compounds. We will guide the reader through efficient state-of-the-art assay development and high-throughput screening of large chemical libraries for protein kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver von Ahsen
- Assay Development & High Throughput Screening, Corporate Research, Schering AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany
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Gill A, Cleasby A, Jhoti H. The Discovery of Novel Protein Kinase Inhibitors by Using Fragment-Based High-Throughput X-ray Crystallography. Chembiochem 2005; 6:506-12. [PMID: 15696598 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the application of a high-throughput X-ray crystallographic fragment-based screening methodology to identify low-molecular-weight leads for structure-based optimisation into protein kinase inhibitors. The identification of two novel p38alpha MAP kinase inhibitors (with IC50=65 and 150 nM) starting from low-molecular-weight fragments is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gill
- Astex Technology, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, UK.
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19
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Wenlock MC, Austin RP, Barton P, Davis AM, Leeson PD. A comparison of physiochemical property profiles of development and marketed oral drugs. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1250-6. [PMID: 12646035 DOI: 10.1021/jm021053p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The process of drug discovery applies rigorous selection pressures. Marketed oral drugs will generally possess favorable physiochemical properties with respect to absorption, metabolism, distribution, and clearance. This paper describes a study in which the distributions of physiochemical properties of oral drugs in different phases of clinical development are compared to those already marketed. The aim is to identify the trends in physiochemical properties that favor a drug's successful passage through clinical development and on to the market. Two libraries were created, one of current development oral drugs and one of marketed oral drugs. Statistical analysis of the two showed that the mean molecular weight of orally administered drugs in development decreases on passing through each of the different clinical phases and gradually converges toward the mean molecular weight of marketed oral drugs. It is also clear that the most lipophilic compounds are being discontinued from development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Wenlock
- Department of Physical & Metabolic Science, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, United Kingdom.
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