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Zhu W, Lönnblom E, Förster M, Johannesson M, Tao P, Meng L, Lu S, Holmdahl R. Natural polymorphism of Ym1 regulates pneumonitis through alternative activation of macrophages. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/43/eaba9337. [PMID: 33087360 PMCID: PMC7577715 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba9337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have positionally cloned the Ym1 gene, with a duplication and a promoter polymorphism, as a major regulator of inflammation. Mice with the RIIIS/J haplotype, with the absence of Ym1 expression, showed reduced susceptibility to mannan-enhanced collagen antibody-induced arthritis and to chronic arthritis induced by intranasal exposure of mannan. Depletion of lung macrophages alleviated arthritis, whereas intranasal supplement of Ym1 protein to Ym1-deficient mice reversed the disease, suggesting a key role of Ym1 for inflammatory activity by lung macrophages. Ym1-deficient mice with pneumonitis had less eosinophil infiltration, reduced production of type II cytokines and IgG1, and skewing of macrophages toward alternative activation due to enhanced STAT6 activation. Proteomics analysis connected Ym1 polymorphism with changed lipid metabolism. Induced PPAR-γ and lipid metabolism in Ym1-deficient macrophages contributed to cellular polarization. In conclusion, the natural polymorphism of Ym1 regulates alternative activation of macrophages associated with pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 710061 Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 710061 Xi'an, China
- The National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710004 Xi'an, China
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Erik Lönnblom
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Michael Förster
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Martina Johannesson
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Pei Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 710061 Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 710061 Xi'an, China
| | - Liesu Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 710061 Xi'an, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 710061 Xi'an, China
- The National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710004 Xi'an, China
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 710061 Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 710061 Xi'an, China
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- The National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710004 Xi'an, China.
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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Sardar S, Kerr A, Vaartjes D, Moltved ER, Karosiene E, Gupta R, Andersson Å. The oncoprotein TBX3 is controlling severity in experimental arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:16. [PMID: 30630509 PMCID: PMC6329118 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of autoimmune diseases is the result of a complex interplay between hereditary and environmental factors, with multiple genes contributing to the pathogenesis in human disease and in experimental models for disease. The T-box protein 3 is a transcriptional repressor essential during early embryonic development, in the formation of bone and additional organ systems, and in tumorigenesis. METHODS With the aim to find novel genes important for autoimmune inflammation, we have performed genetic studies of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a mouse experimental model for rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS We showed that a small genetic fragment on mouse chromosome 5, including Tbx3 and three additional protein-coding genes, is linked to severe arthritis and high titers of anti-collagen antibodies. Gene expression studies have revealed differential expression of Tbx3 in B cells, where low expression was accompanied by a higher B cell response upon B cell receptor stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, we showed that serum TBX3 levels rise concomitantly with increasing severity of CIA. CONCLUSIONS From these results, we suggest that TBX3 is a novel factor important for the regulation of gene transcription in the immune system and that genetic polymorphisms, resulting in lower expression of Tbx3, are contributing to a more severe form of CIA and high titers of autoantibodies. We also propose TBX3 as a putative diagnostic biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Sardar
- Section for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Present address: Nordic Bioscience A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alish Kerr
- Section for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Present address: Nuritas, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniëlle Vaartjes
- Section for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Present address: Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilie Riis Moltved
- Section for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Present address: IQVIA, Copenhagen, Denmark Denmark
| | - Edita Karosiene
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Kemitorvet 208, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Present address: Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ramneek Gupta
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Kemitorvet 208, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Åsa Andersson
- Section for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, ETN, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
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Specificity Evaluation and Disease Monitoring in Arthritis Imaging with Complement Receptor of the Ig superfamily targeting Nanobodies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35966. [PMID: 27779240 PMCID: PMC5078791 DOI: 10.1038/srep35966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-photon emission computed tomography combined with micro-CT (SPECT/μCT) imaging using Nanobodies against complement receptor of the Ig superfamily (CRIg), found on tissue macrophages such as synovial macrophages, has promising potential to visualize joint inflammation in experimental arthritis. Here, we further addressed the specificity and assessed the potential for arthritis monitoring. Signals obtained with 99mTc-labelled NbV4m119 Nanobody were compared in joints of wild type (WT) versus CRIg−/− mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) or K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis (STIA). In addition, SPECT/μCT imaging was used to investigate arthritis development in STIA and in CIA under dexamethasone treatment. 99mTc-NbV4m119 accumulated in inflamed joints of WT, but not CRIg−/− mice with CIA and STIA. Development and spontaneous recovery of symptoms in STIA was reflected in initially increased and subsequently reduced joint accumulation of 99mTc-NbV4m119. Dexamethasone treatment of CIA mice reduced 99mTc-NbV4m119 accumulation as compared to saline control in most joints except knees. SPECT/μCT imaging with 99mTc-NbV4m119 allows specific assessment of inflammation in different arthritis models and provides complementary information to clinical scoring for quantitatively and non-invasively monitoring the pathological process and the efficacy of arthritis treatment.
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Holmdahl R, Sareila O, Olsson LM, Bäckdahl L, Wing K. Ncf1 polymorphism reveals oxidative regulation of autoimmune chronic inflammation. Immunol Rev 2015; 269:228-47. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Holmdahl
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Medical Immunopharmacologic Research; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Outi Sareila
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Lina M. Olsson
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Liselotte Bäckdahl
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Kajsa Wing
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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Laragione T, Cheng KF, Tanner MR, He M, Beeton C, Al-Abed Y, Gulko PS. The cation channel Trpv2 is a new suppressor of arthritis severity, joint damage, and synovial fibroblast invasion. Clin Immunol 2015; 158:183-92. [PMID: 25869297 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the regulation of arthritis severity and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) have a central role in joint damage and express increased levels of the cation channel Trpv2. We aimed at determining the role of Trpv2 in arthritis. Treatment with Trpv2-specific agonists decreased the in vitro invasiveness of FLS from RA patients and arthritic rats and mice. Trpv2 stimulation suppressed IL-1β-induced expression of MMP-2 and MMP-3. Trpv2 agonists, including the new and more potent LER13, significantly reduced disease severity in KRN serum- and collagen-induced arthritis, and reduced histologic joint damage, synovial inflammation, and synovial blood vessel numbers suggesting anti-angiogenic activity. In this first in vivo use of Trpv2 agonists we discovered a new central role for Trpv2 in arthritis. These new compounds have the potential to become new therapies for RA and other diseases associated with inflammation, invasion, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresina Laragione
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Kai F Cheng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Mark R Tanner
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mingzhu He
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Christine Beeton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Pércio S Gulko
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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Wakeland EK. Hunting Autoimmune Disease Genes in NOD: Early Steps on a Long Road to Somewhere Important (Hopefully). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3-6. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liu Z, Bethunaickan R, Sahu R, Brenner M, Laragione T, Gulko PS, Davidson A. The Multiple Chemokine-Binding Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Glycoprotein G (BHV1gG) Inhibits Polymorphonuclear Cell but Not Monocyte Migration into Inflammatory Sites. Mol Med 2013. [DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Non-MHC risk alleles in rheumatoid arthritis and in the syntenic chromosome regions of corresponding animal models. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:284751. [PMID: 23251214 PMCID: PMC3521484 DOI: 10.1155/2012/284751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a polygenic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the synovial joints. Numerous animal models show similarities to RA in humans; some of them not only mimic the clinical phenotypes but also demonstrate the involvement of homologous genomic regions in RA. This paper compares corresponding non-MHC genomic regions identified in rodent and human genome-wide association studies (GWAS). To date, over 30 non-MHC RA-associated loci have been identified in humans, and over 100 arthritis-associated loci have been identified in rodent models of RA. The genomic regions associated with the disease are designated by the name(s) of the gene having the most frequent and consistent RA-associated SNPs or a function suggesting their involvement in inflammatory or autoimmune processes. Animal studies on rats and mice preferentially have used single sequence length polymorphism (SSLP) markers to identify disease-associated qualitative and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in the genome of F2 hybrids of arthritis-susceptible and arthritis-resistant rodent strains. Mouse GWAS appear to be far ahead of rat studies, and significantly more mouse QTLs correspond to human RA risk alleles.
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Lindquist S, Andersson EL, Lundberg L, Hernell O. Bile salt-stimulated lipase plays an unexpected role in arthritis development in rodents. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47006. [PMID: 23071697 PMCID: PMC3469624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the hypothesis that bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL), in addition to being a key enzyme in dietary fat digestion during early infancy, plays an important role in inflammation, notably arthritis. METHODS Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) in rodents are commonly used experimental models that reproduce many of the pathogenic mechanisms of human rheumatoid arthritis, i.e. increased cellular infiltration, synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation, and erosion of cartilage and bone in the distal joints. We used the CIA model to compare the response in BSSL wild type (BSSL-WT) mice with BSSL-deficient 'knock-out' (BSSL-KO) and BSSL-heterozygous (BSSL-HET) littermates. We also investigated if intraperitoneal injection of BSSL-neutralizing antibodies affected the development or severity of CIA and PIA in mice and rats, respectively. RESULTS In two consecutive studies, we found that BSSL-KO male mice, in contrast to BSSL-WT littermates, were significantly protected from developing arthritis. We also found that BSSL-HET mice were less prone to develop disease compared to BSSL-WT mice, but not as resistant as BSSL-KO mice, suggesting a gene-dose effect. Moreover, we found that BSSL-neutralizing antibody injection reduced both the incidence and severity of CIA and PIA in rodents. CONCLUSION Our data strongly support BSSL as a key player in the inflammatory process, at least in rodents. It also suggests the possibility that BSSL-neutralizing agents could serve as a therapeutic model to reduce the inflammatory response in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Lindquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Ahlqvist E, Ekman D, Lindvall T, Popovic M, Förster M, Hultqvist M, Klaczkowska D, Teneva I, Johannesson M, Flint J, Valdar W, Nandakumar KS, Holmdahl R. High-resolution mapping of a complex disease, a model for rheumatoid arthritis, using heterogeneous stock mice. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:3031-41. [PMID: 21565963 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolving the genetic basis of complex diseases like rheumatoid arthritis will require knowledge of the corresponding diseases in experimental animals to enable translational functional studies. Mapping of quantitative trait loci in mouse models of arthritis, such as collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), using F(2) crosses has been successful, but can resolve loci only to large chromosomal regions. Using an inbred-outbred cross design, we identified and fine-mapped CIA loci on a genome-wide scale. Heterogeneous stock mice were first intercrossed with an inbred strain, B10.Q, to introduce an arthritis permitting MHCII haplotype. Homozygous H2(q) mice were then selected to set up an F(3) generation with fixed major histocompatibility complex that was used for arthritis experiments. We identified 26 loci, 18 of which are novel, controlling arthritis traits such as incidence of disease, severity and time of onset and fine-mapped a number of previously mapped loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ahlqvist
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Biophysics Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Mizuki S, Oishi H, Zhang MC, Kamogawa J, Miyazaki T, Ono M, Takahashi S, Yamamoto H, Nose M. Genetic heterogeneity in rheumatoid arthritis mouse models induced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Pathol Int 2010; 60:430-7. [PMID: 20518897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A cumulative effect of the susceptibility genes with polymorphic alleles may be responsible for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The objective of this study was to clarify whether susceptibility to RA is under the control of common allelic loci between two different RA models induced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice and arthritis in MRL/Mp (MRL) mice associated with the Fas deficient mutant gene, Fas(lpr), respectively. CIA was examined in mice of parental DBA/1 and MRL, (MRL x DBA/1) F1 and (MRL x DBA/1) F2 progenies. In genome-wide screening of the severity in the F2 using microsatellite markers, significant linkage was observed on chromosomes 5 and 17 at map position of D5Mit259 and H-2, respectively, associated with DBA/1 alleles, while there was no loci associated with arthritis of MRL-Fas(lpr) mice previously identified. In a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, the locus on chromosome 5 showed the highest peak at map position 35 cM (LOD score 6.0). This study may indicate that the arthritis induced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors is under the control of a different combination of susceptibility genes with common and different alleles, possibly simulating the genetic heterogeneity of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Mizuki
- Department of Pathogenomics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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Lindvall T, Karlsson J, Holmdahl R, Andersson A. Dissection of a locus on mouse chromosome 5 reveals arthritis promoting and inhibitory genes. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 11:R10. [PMID: 20527086 PMCID: PMC2688241 DOI: 10.1186/ar2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In a cross between two mouse strains, the susceptible B10.RIII (H-2r) and resistant RIIIS/J (H-2r) strains, a locus on mouse chromosome 5 (Eae39) was previously shown to control experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Recently, quantitative trait loci (QTL), linked to disease in different experimental arthritis models, were mapped to this region. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether genes within Eae39, in addition to EAE, control development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods CIA, induced by immunisation with bovine type II collagen, was studied in Eae39 congenic and sub-interval congenic mice. Antibody titres were investigated with ELISA. Gene-typing was performed by micro-satellite mapping and statistics was calculated by standard methods. Results Experiments of CIA in Eae39 congenic- and sub-interval congenic mice, carrying RIIIS/J genes on the B10.RIII genetic background, revealed three loci within Eae39 that control disease and anti-collagen antibody titres. Two of the loci promoted disease and the third locus was protected against CIA development. By further breeding of mice with small congenic fragments, we identified a 3.2 mega base pair (Mbp) interval that regulates disease. Conclusions Disease-promoting and disease-protecting genes within the Eae39 locus on mouse chromosome 5 control susceptibility to CIA. A disease-protecting locus in the telomeric part of Eae39 results in lower anti-collagen antibody responses. The study shows the importance of breeding sub-congenic mouse strains to reveal genetic effects on complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Lindvall
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit for Medical Inflammation Research, BMC l11, Lund Unviersity, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Cytokines and cytokine profiles in human autoimmune diseases and animal models of autoimmunity. Mediators Inflamm 2009; 2009:979258. [PMID: 19884985 PMCID: PMC2768824 DOI: 10.1155/2009/979258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise pathomechanisms of human autoimmune diseases are still poorly understood. However, a deepened understanding of these is urgently needed to improve disease prevention and early detection and guide more specific treatment approaches. In recent years, many new genes and signalling pathways involved in autoimmunity with often overlapping patterns between different disease entities have been detected. Major contributions were made by experiments using DNA microarray technology, which has been used for the analysis of gene expression patterns in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, among which were rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, systemic sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and type-1 diabetes. In systemic lupus erythematosus, a so-called interferon signature has been identified. In psoriasis, researchers found a particular immune signalling cluster. Moreover the identification of a new subset of inflammatory T cells, so-called Th17 T cells, secreting interleukin (IL)-17 as one of their major cytokines and the identification of the IL-23/IL-17 axis of inflammation regulation, have significantly improved our understanding of autoimmune diseases. Since a plethora of new treatment approaches using antibodies or small molecule inhibitors specifically targeting cytokines, cellular receptors, or signalling mechanisms has emerged in recent years, more individualized treatment for affected patients may be within reach in the future.
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Matheu V, Barrios Y, Arnau MR, Navikas V, Issazadeh-Navikas S. Similar response in male and female B10.RIII mice in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Inflamm Res 2009; 59:263-9. [PMID: 19779803 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports have been published on the gender differences associated with allergies in mice. GOAL In the present study we investigate the influence of gender on allergy response using a strain of mice, B10.RIII, which is commonly used in the collagen-induced arthritis murine model. METHODS Both male and female B10.RIII young mice were immunized with OVA and challenged four times with OVA intranasally. Samples were taken 24 h after the last challenge, and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and parenchyma, Th-2 cytokines in BAL, total and antigen-specific IgE in sera, and antigen-specific T-cell proliferation were measured. RESULTS Immunization in both male and female B10.RIII mice with OVA elicited a classical Th2-type response. Results showed no significant differences among male and female mice. Also a high eosinophilia in BAL fluid and parenchyma was produced in both genders without any significant differences. However, the deviation of both parameters was higher in young males compared to young females. CONCLUSIONS Gender differences, classically associated with some strains of mice, are not reproducible in B10.RIII mice. Gender differences in murine models of allergic airway inflammation are probably strain-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Matheu
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Smith PM, Shainheit MG, Bazzone LE, Rutitzky LI, Poltorak A, Stadecker MJ. Genetic control of severe egg-induced immunopathology and IL-17 production in murine schistosomiasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3317-23. [PMID: 19675160 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni results in a distinct heterogeneity of disease severity, both in humans and in an experimental mouse model. Severe disease is characterized by pronounced hepatic egg-induced granulomatous inflammation in a proinflammatory cytokine environment, whereas mild disease corresponds with reduced hepatic inflammation in a Th2 skewed cytokine environment. This marked heterogeneity indicates that genetic differences play a significant role in disease development, yet little is known about the genetic basis of dissimilar immunopathology. To investigate the role of genetic susceptibility in murine schistosomiasis, quantitative trait loci analysis was performed on F(2) progeny derived from SJL/J and C57BL/6 mice, which develop severe and mild pathology, respectively. In this study, we show that severe liver pathology in F(2) mice 7 wk after infection significantly correlated with an increase in the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-17, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha by schistosome egg Ag-stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells. Quantitative trait loci analysis identified several genetic intervals controlling immunopathology as well as IL-17 and IFN-gamma production. Egg granuloma size exhibited significant linkage to two loci, D4Mit203 and D17Mit82, both of which were inherited in a BL/6 dominant manner. Furthermore, a significant reduction of hepatic granulomatous inflammation and IL-17 production in interval-specific congenic mice demonstrated that the two identified genetic loci have a decisive effect on the development of immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Smith
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Carneiro PDS, Peters LC, Vorraro F, Borrego A, Ribeiro OG, Starobinas N, Jensen JR, Cabrera WHK, Ibañez OM, De Franco M. Gene expression profiles of bone marrow cells from mice phenotype-selected for maximal or minimal acute inflammations: searching for genes in acute inflammation modifier loci. Immunology 2008; 128:e562-71. [PMID: 19740317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two mouse lines were phenotype-selected for maximum (AIRmax) or minimum (AIRmin) acute inflammation responses to polyacrylamide bead (Biogel) injection. These lines differ in terms of bone marrow granulopoiesis, neutrophil resistance to apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokine production during acute inflammation responses. We compared gene expression profiles in bone marrow cells (BMC) of AIRmax and AIRmin mice during acute inflammatory reactions. The BMC from femurs were recovered 24 hr after subcutaneous injections of Biogel. Global gene expression analysis was performed on CodeLink Bioarrays (36K genes) using RNA pools of BMC from both control and treated AIRmax and AIRmin mice. Differentially expressed genes were statistically established and the over-represented gene ontology biological process categories were identified. Upregulations of about 136 and 198 genes were observed in the BMC of Biogel-treated AIRmax and AIRmin mice, respectively, but 740 genes were found to be downregulated in AIRmin mice compared with 94 genes in AIRmax mice. The over-represented biological themes of the differently expressed genes among AIRmax and AIRmin mice represent inflammatory response, signal transduction, cell proliferation and immune cell chemotaxis. We were able to demonstrate a broad downmodulation of gene transcripts in BMC from AIRmin mice during acute inflammation, and significant differentially expressed genes colocalized with previously mapped regions for inflammation-related phenotypes in chromosomes 1, 3, 6 and 11.
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Popovic M, Ahlqvist E, Rockenbauer E, Bockermann R, Holmdahl R. Identification of New Loci Controlling Collagen-induced Arthritis in Mouse Using a Partial Advanced Intercross and Congenic Strains. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:405-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Previous data have indicated that IL-21 and/or IL-21R are crucial for the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th17 cells and also play a key role in the development of autoimmune disease. Given this, IL-21 and/or IL-21R are potential targets for therapy of such diseases; however, a study in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, provides a new twist in the story as it is now shown that IL-21 and/or IL-21R play no role in Th17 development or autoimmune inflammatory disease. The reasons for these contradictory data are discussed in this Commentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, BMC I11, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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19
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Gulko PS. Contribution of genetic studies in rodent models of autoimmune arthritis to understanding and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Genes Immun 2007; 8:523-31. [PMID: 17703178 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and potentially debilitating autoimmune disease. While novel therapies have emerged in recent years, disease remission is rarely achieved. RA is a complex trait, and the identifying of its susceptibility and severity genes has been anticipated to generate new targets for therapeutic intervention. However, finding those genes and understanding their function has been a challenging task. Studies in rodent intercrosses and congenics generated from inbred strains have been an important complementary strategy to identify arthritis genes, and understand how they operate to regulate disease. Furthermore, these new rodent arthritis genes will be new targets for therapeutic interventions, and will identify new candidate genes or candidate pathways for association studies in RA. In this review-opinion article I discuss RA genetics, difficulties involved in gene identification, and how rodent models can facilitate (1) the discovery of both arthritis susceptibility and severity genes, (2) studies of gene-environment interactions, (3) studies of gene-gender interactions, (4) epistasis, (5) functional characterization of the specific genes, (6) development of novel therapies and (7) how the information generated from rodent studies will be useful to understanding and potentially treating RA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Congenic
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epistasis, Genetic
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Male
- Sex Characteristics
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Gulko
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology, The Robert S Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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20
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Holmdahl R. Primer: comparative genetics of animal models of arthritis—a tool to resolve complexity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:104-11. [PMID: 17299448 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complex traits, including inflammatory rheumatic diseases, have important genetic features, but most of the responsible genes have not been conclusively identified. Genetic analysis of inbred animal models and comparative genetics--the comparison of genes between different species--might help to identify the crucial genes and to investigate more directly the biology involved. Genome-wide linkage analysis of particular genes can be assessed by genetic segregation studies, whereas disease pathways can be delineated by the use of congenic strains. To clone disease genes, the traits need to be transformed so that they are inherited in a more Mendelian manner: achieving this pattern requires isolation of the locus on a genetic background that allows high penetrance by minimization of the size of congenic fragments, genetic manipulations without associated artifacts, or identification of highly penetrant mutations by phenotypic selection. Although almost one hundred quantitative trait loci for arthritis have been identified, only a few genes have so far been positionally cloned. In this Review we highlight the possibilities of using animal models to identify genes associated with complex diseases like arthritis, illustrated with available findings for genes such as those encoding major histocompatibility complex class II, neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (Ncf1/p47(phox)) and ZAP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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21
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Yu X, Bauer K, Wernhoff P, Koczan D, Möller S, Thiesen HJ, Ibrahim SM. Fine mapping of collagen-induced arthritis quantitative trait loci in an advanced intercross line. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:7042-9. [PMID: 17082620 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The generation of advanced intercross lines (AIL) is a powerful approach for high-resolution fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), because they accumulate much more recombination events compared with conventional F2 intercross and N2 backcross. However, the application of this approach is severely hampered by the requirements of excessive resources to maintain such crosses, i.e., in terms of animal care, space, and time. Therefore, in this study, we produced an AIL to fine map collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) QTLs using comparatively limited resources. We used only 308 (DBA/1 x FVB/N)F11/12 AIL mice to refine QTLs controlling the severity and onset of arthritis as well as the Ab response and T cell subset in CIA, namely Cia2, Cia27, and Trmq3. These QTLs were originally identified in (DBA/1 x FVB/N)F2 progeny. The confidence intervals of the three QTLs were refined from 40, 43, and 48 Mb to 12, 4.1, and 12 Mb, respectively. The data were complemented by the use of another QTL fine-mapping approach, haplotype analysis, to further refine Cia2 into a 2-Mb genomic region. To aid in the search for candidate genes for the QTLs, genome-wide expression profiling was performed to identify strain-specific differentially expressed genes within the confidence intervals. Of the 1396 strain-specific differentially expressed genes, 3, 3, and 12 genes were within the support intervals of the Cia2, Cia27, and Trmq3, respectively. In addition, this study revealed that Cia27 and Trmq3 controlling anti-CII IgG2a Ab and CD4:CD8 T cell ratio, respectively, also regulated CIA clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Yu
- Immunogenetics Group, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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22
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Gould KA, Strecker TE, Hansen KK, Bynoté KK, Peterson KA, Shull JD. Genetic mapping of loci controlling diethylstilbestrol-induced thymic atrophy in the Brown Norway rat. Mamm Genome 2006; 17:451-64. [PMID: 16688534 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-005-0183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic estrogen administration can lead to thymic atrophy in rodents. In this article we report that the Brown Norway (BN) rat is sensitive to thymic atrophy induced by the estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES). By contrast, DES does not induce significant thymic atrophy in the August x Copenhagen-Irish (ACI) strain. The sensitivity of the BN rat to DES-induced thymic atrophy appears to segregate as an incompletely dominant trait in crosses between the BN and ACI strains. In a (BN x ACI)F(2) population, we find strong evidence for three major genetic determinants of sensitivity to DES-induced thymic atrophy on rat Chromosome (RNO) 10 and RNO2. Genotypes at these loci, termed Esta1, 2, and 3, do not have a significant impact on the ability of DES to induce pituitary tumorigenesis or inhibit growth of these F(2) rats. These data indicate that the genetic factors that control DES-induced thymic atrophy are distinct from those that control the effects of DES on pituitary mass and body mass. The Esta intervals on RNO10 and RNO2 overlap with loci that control sensitivity to radiation-induced thymocyte apoptosis, as well as susceptibility to a variety of allergic and autoimmune pathologies, including allergic encephalitis, arthritis, and glomerulonephritis in rodents. These observations suggest that common genetic determinants may control sensitivity to estrogen-induced thymic atrophy, maintenance of thymocyte homeostasis, and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Gould
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, 985805, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5805, USA.
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23
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Delano DL, Montesinos MC, D'Eustachio P, Wiltshire T, Cronstein BN. An interaction between genetic factors and gender determines the magnitude of the inflammatory response in the mouse air pouch model of acute inflammation. Inflammation 2006; 29:1-7. [PMID: 16502340 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-006-8962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The widely used mouse air pouch model of acute inflammation is inducible in a variety of inbred strains, but the potential influence of genetic background and gender on inflammation severity has never been examined. We directly compared the degree of inflammation induced in the air pouch model across four commonly utilized inbred strains in both male and female mice. We then applied an in silico mapping method to identify loci potentially associated with determining inflammation severity for each gender. Air pouches were induced by subcutaneous injection 3 (3 cc) and 5 (1.5 cc) days prior to the experiment. 4h after carrageenan injection, exudates were retrieved and leukocyte concentration quantified using a hemocytometer. The in silico mapping method was applied as described below. The strain order for mean leukocyte count/mL in inflamed exudates differed between genders. In males, the order was C57BL/6J > BALB/cByJ > DBA/2J > DBA/1J, while in females the order was BALB/cByJ > DBA/2J > C57BL/6J > DBA/1J. The difference in inflammation severity between genders reached significance only in C57BL/6J mice. Independent in silico analysis based on phenotypic data from male versus female mice identified distinct sets of loci as potentially associated with the exudate count reached. We conclude that the degree of inflammation induced in the mouse air pouch model of inflammation is strain-specific and, therefore, genetically based, and the pattern of interstrain differences is altered in male relative to female mice. The loci identified by in silico mapping likely contain genes with differential roles in determining this phenotype between genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Delano
- New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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24
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Johannesson M, Olsson LM, Lindqvist AKB, Möller S, Koczan D, Wester-Rosenlöf L, Thiesen HJ, Ibrahim S, Holmdahl R. Gene expression profiling of arthritis using a QTL chip reveals a complex gene regulation of the Cia5 region in mice. Genes Immun 2005; 6:575-83. [PMID: 16015370 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One of the major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with arthritis in crosses between B10.RIII and RIIIS/J mice is the Cia5 on chromosome 3. Early in the congenic mapping process it was clear that the locus was complex, consisting of several subloci with small effects. Therefore, we developed two novel strategies to dissect a QTL: the partial advanced inter-cross (PAI) strategy, with which we recently found the Cia5 region to consist of three loci, Cia5, Cia21 and Cia22, and now we introduce the QTL-chip strategy, where we have combined congenic mapping with a QTL-restricted expression profiling using a novel microarray design. The expression of QTL genes was compared between parental and congenic mice in lymph node, spleen and paw samples in five biological replicates and in dye-swapped experiments at three time points during the induction phase of arthritis. The QTL chip approach revealed 4 genes located in Cia21, differently expressed in lymph nodes, and 14 genes in Cia22, located within two clusters. One cluster contains six genes, differently expressed in spleen, and the second cluster contains eight genes, differently expressed in paws. We conclude the QTL-chip strategy to be valuable in the selection of candidate genes to be prioritized for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Johannesson
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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25
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Jensen JR, Peters LC, Borrego A, Ribeiro OG, Cabrera WHK, Starobinas N, Siqueira M, Ibañez OCM, De Franco M. Involvement of antibody production quantitative trait loci in the susceptibility to pristane-induced arthritis in the mouse. Genes Immun 2005; 7:44-50. [PMID: 16435023 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mice obtained by bidirectional selective breeding for high (HIII) or low (LIII) antibody (Ab) production are resistant or extremely susceptible to pristane-induced arthritis (PIA), respectively. Several quantitative trait loci regulating Ab production (Ab QTL) have been mapped in these lines, which were used to investigate the influence of these Ab QTL in PIA. Parental HIII and LIII mice and their F1 and F2 intercrosses were injected twice with pristane, and arthritis was observed for 200 days. In LIII mice PIA was more severe and incidence was 100% at day 105, while F1 and F2 mice showed intermediate values. HIII mice were totally resistant. Microsatellite polymorphisms of Ab QTL were analysed and D3Mit100 alleles cosegregated significantly with PIA incidence, severity and onset in F2 intercross mice, while the other four markers showed suggestive values. Results indicate colocalization of QTL for Ab production and PIA susceptibility. Moreover, the different cytokine and IgG isotype profiles observed in HIII and LIII lines after PIA induction are useful to candidate genes endowed with the regulation of the Ab production and arthritis phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Jensen
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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26
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Nandakumar KS, Holmdahl R. A genetic contamination in MHC-congenic mouse strains reveals a locus on chromosome 10 that determines autoimmunity and arthritis susceptibility. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1275-82. [PMID: 15761851 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the arthritis-susceptible MHC (H-2)-congenic mouse strains, B10.RIII mice are highly susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis. Surprisingly, the B10.RIII strain was also more susceptible to the T cell independent model CAIA (collagen-antibody-induced arthritis). Through genome-wide genotyping, we found that the B10.RIII and B10.Q strains differed not only in chromosome 17 (MHC) but also in a region on chromosome 10, which contained a fragment from the MHC donor RIIIS/J. We isolated the chromosome 10 as well as the chromosome 17 segments on the B10.RIII and B10.Q backgrounds. Congenic mice containing the RIIIS/J-derived chromosome 10 segment showed significantly higher susceptibility and severity of arthritis with an enhanced autoimmune response to type II collagen. Furthermore, this chromosomal segment significantly promoted CAIA. Similarly, the RIIIS/J segment in chromosome 17 also promoted CAIA independently of other gene segments. These data show that other gene regions, apart from MHC class II, may explain effects both at the priming and effector level of arthritis observed in widely used MHC congenic strains. These new congenic fragments, on both chromosome 10 and 17, provide new mouse strains suitable for studies aiming at positional cloning of new genes associated with arthritis.
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27
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Oishi H, Miyazaki T, Mizuki S, Kamogawa J, Lu LM, Tsubaki T, Arita N, Ono M, Yamamoto H, Nose M. Accelerating effect of an MRL gene locus on the severity and onset of arthropathy in DBA/1 mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:959-66. [PMID: 15751084 DOI: 10.1002/art.20956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the influence of the genetic background of an arthritis-prone strain of mice, MRL, on the spontaneous development of arthropathy in DBA/1 mice, which histopathologically resembles enthesopathy in humans, and to clarify the strain-specific gene loci and their interactions that confer susceptibility to arthropathy. METHODS MRL, DBA/1, (MRL x DBA/1)F(1), and (MRL x DBA/1)F(2) intercross mice were prepared, and the severity and onset of arthropathy of the ankle joints in individual mice were quantified (0-3 and 0-5 scale, respectively). A genome-wide scan of 271 male F(2) intercross mice with polymorphic microsatellite markers was performed. RESULTS Only male DBA/1, (MRL x DBA/1)F(1), and (MRL x DBA/1)F(2) mice developed arthropathy. The macroscopic and histopathologic findings of arthropathy in the F(2) mice were similar to those in the parental DBA/1 mice, but the onset was significantly earlier. In the quantitative trait locus analysis of male F(2) mice, 1 susceptibility locus for both the severity and early onset of the disease in the region of an MRL allele, Amd1, was located at marker D10Mit259 (map position 40.0 cM), which was common to 1 of the sialadenitis susceptibility loci in MRL mice, Asm1. Another susceptibility locus for the severity and early onset of arthropathy in the region of a DBA allele, Amd2, was located at D3Mit46 (29.5 cM). These loci manifested an additive effect on the development of arthropathy. CONCLUSION Arthropathy in DBA/1 mice is under the control of an allelic combination of gene loci, one of which is common to the locus for sialadenitis in MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Oishi
- Ehime University School of Medicine, Onsen-gun, Japan
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28
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Kochi Y, Yamada R, Suzuki A, Harley JB, Shirasawa S, Sawada T, Bae SC, Tokuhiro S, Chang X, Sekine A, Takahashi A, Tsunoda T, Ohnishi Y, Kaufman KM, Kang CP, Kang C, Otsubo S, Yumura W, Mimori A, Koike T, Nakamura Y, Sasazuki T, Yamamoto K. A functional variant in FCRL3, encoding Fc receptor-like 3, is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and several autoimmunities. Nat Genet 2005; 37:478-85. [PMID: 15838509 PMCID: PMC1362949 DOI: 10.1038/ng1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a common autoimmune disease with a complex genetic etiology. Here we identify a SNP in the promoter region of FCRL3, a member of the Fc receptor-like family, that is associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (odds ratio = 2.15, P = 0.00000085). This polymorphism alters the binding affinity of nuclear factor-kappaB and regulates FCRL3 expression. We observed high FCRL3 expression on B cells and augmented autoantibody production in individuals with the disease-susceptible genotype. We also found associations between the SNP and susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. FCRL3 may therefore have a pivotal role in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kochi
- Laboratories for Rheumatic Diseases, SNP Research Center, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Laboratories for Rheumatic Diseases, SNP Research Center, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Correspondence to: R.Y. (
)
| | - Akari Suzuki
- Laboratories for Rheumatic Diseases, SNP Research Center, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - John B. Harley
- University of Oklahoma; US Department of Veterans Affairs; and Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Senji Shirasawa
- International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Sawada
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, the Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-792, Republic of Korea.Laboratories for
| | - Shinya Tokuhiro
- Laboratories for Rheumatic Diseases, SNP Research Center, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- Laboratories for Rheumatic Diseases, SNP Research Center, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yozo Ohnishi
- SNP Analysis, SNP Research Center, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kenneth M. Kaufman
- University of Oklahoma; US Department of Veterans Affairs; and Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Changsoo Paul Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Shigeru Otsubo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Wako Yumura
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Akio Mimori
- International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Takao Koike
- Department of Medicine II, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Research Group for Personalized Medicine, SNP Research Center, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratories for Rheumatic Diseases, SNP Research Center, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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29
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Johannesson M, Karlsson J, Wernhoff P, Nandakumar KS, Lindqvist AK, Olsson L, Cook AD, Andersson A, Holmdahl R. Identification of epistasis through a partial advanced intercross reveals three arthritis loci within the Cia5 QTL in mice. Genes Immun 2005; 6:175-85. [PMID: 15716976 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Identification of genes controlling complex diseases has proven to be difficult; however, animal models may pave the way to determine how low penetrant genes interact to promote disease development. We have dissected the Cia5/Eae3 susceptibility locus on mouse chromosome 3 previously identified to control disease in experimental models of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Congenic strains showed significant but small effects on severity of both diseases. To improve the penetrance, we have now used a new strategy that defines the genetic interactions. The QTL interacted with another locus on chromosome 15 and a partial advanced intercross breeding of the two congenic strains for eight generations accumulated enough statistical power to identify interactions with several loci on chromosome 15. Thereby, three separate loci within the original QTL could be identified; Cia5 affected the onset of arthritis by an additive interaction with Cia31 on chromosome 15, whereas the Cia21 and Cia22 affected severity during the chronic phase of the disease through an epistatic interaction with Cia32 on chromosome 15. The definition of genetic interactions was a prerequisite to dissect the Cia5 QTL and we suggest the partial advanced intercross strategy to be helpful also for dissecting other QTL controlling complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Johannesson
- Medical Inflammation Research, BMC I11, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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30
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Brenner M, Meng HC, Yarlett NC, Griffiths MM, Remmers EF, Wilder RL, Gulko PS. The non-major histocompatibility complex quantitative trait locus Cia10 contains a major arthritis gene and regulates disease severity, pannus formation, and joint damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:322-32. [PMID: 15641042 DOI: 10.1002/art.20782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct rats congenic for the chromosome 2 arthritis-regulatory quantitative trait locus Cia10, originally identified in a (DA x ACI)F(2) intercross rat strain that had been assessed for collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), and to determine the effect of this congenic interval on arthritis severity, joint histologic structure, and cytokine transcription in rats with pristane-induced arthritis (PIA). METHODS A 52.6-MB interval derived from the ACI (CIA- and PIA-resistant) strain and containing the Cia10 interval was introgressed into the DA (arthritis-susceptible) background through genotype-guided congenic breeding. Homozygous male and female DA.ACI(Cia10) congenic rats were studied for their susceptibility to and severity of PIA, and were compared with same-sex DA rats. Histologic analyses were done on hind paws collected on day 32 following the pristane injection. Levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) messenger RNA (mRNA) were measured with real-time polymerase chain reaction on synovial tissues from day-32 ankles. RESULTS Both male and female DA.ACI(Cia10) congenic rats developed a significantly milder form of arthritis, with a 95% and 92% reduction in the arthritis severity index compared with DA male and female controls, respectively (males P < or = 0.001 and females P = 0.003). DA.ACI(Cia10) congenic rat synovial tissue was more likely to preserve its normal histologic architecture, including minimal to no cartilage and bone erosions, synovial hyperplasia, and pannus formation, and reduced numbers of vessels (angiogenesis), when compared with DA synovial tissue. There was a 2.7- and 2.4-fold reduction in the amount of IL-1beta and TNFalpha mRNA, respectively, in the synovial tissue of DA.ACI(Cia10) congenic rats compared with DA rats. Sequencing analyses of complementary DNA for the Cia10-predicted candidate gene Ptpn8, the rat homolog of the rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-susceptibility gene PTPN22, revealed no polymorphisms between the DA and ACI strains. CONCLUSION This study determined that Cia10 harbors a major autoimmune arthritis-regulatory gene. This gene regulates clinical disease severity, histologic damage, and the levels of at least two central proinflammatory cytokines. We are in the process of narrowing down the critical region for positional cloning of the Cia10 gene. The identification of this gene will provide novel targets or pathways for focused candidate-gene studies in RA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Congenic
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Body Weight
- Chromosomes, Mammalian
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Extremities
- Exudates and Transudates/metabolism
- Female
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Joints/pathology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/genetics
- Male
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Quantitative Trait Loci
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Severity of Illness Index
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Terpenes
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Brenner
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology, R.S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Research Institute, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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31
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Karlsson J, Johannesson M, Lindvall T, Wernhoff P, Holmdahl R, Andersson A. Genetic Interactions in Eae2 Control Collagen-Induced Arthritis and the CD4+/CD8+ T Cell Ratio. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 174:533-41. [PMID: 15611280 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.1.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Eae2 locus on mouse chromosome 15 controls the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); however, in this study we show that it also controls collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). To find the smallest disease-controlling locus/loci within Eae2, we have studied development of CIA in 676 mice from a partially advanced intercross. Eae2 congenic mice were bred with mice congenic for the Eae3/Cia5 locus on chromosome 3, previously shown to interact with Eae2. To create a large number of genetic recombinations within the congenic fragments, the offspring were intercrossed, and the eight subsequent generations were analyzed for CIA. We found that Eae2 consists of four Cia subloci (Cia26, Cia30, Cia31, and Cia32), of which two interacted with each other, conferring severe CIA. Genes within the other two loci independently interacted with genes in Eae3/Cia5. Investigation of the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio in mice from the partially advanced intercross shows that this trait is linked to one of the Eae2 subloci through interactions with Eae3/Cia5. Furthermore, the expression of CD86 on stimulated macrophages is linked to Eae2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Karlsson
- Medical Inflammation Research, Biomedical Center I11, Lund University, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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32
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Bauer K, Yu X, Wernhoff P, Koczan D, Thiesen HJ, Ibrahim SM. Identification of new quantitative trait loci in mice with collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:3721-8. [PMID: 15529344 DOI: 10.1002/art.20624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in the mouse is one of the most widely used autoimmune experimental models, with many features similar to rheumatoid arthritis. This study sought to identify potential genetic regulatory mechanisms of CIA in major histocompatibility complex-matched (H2-q) F(2) hybrid mice. METHODS We used 126 polymorphic markers to perform simple sequence-length polymorphism analysis on 290 F(2) hybrids of arthritis-susceptible (DBA/1J) and arthritis-resistant (FVB/N) inbred mouse strains. The major clinical traits (disease severity and onset) were assessed, and serum antibodies specific to type II collagen (CII) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 270 F(2) mice. Lymph nodes from 94 F(2) mice were used to test the ratio of CD4 to CD8 by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, and cell proliferation was determined by XTT test. RESULTS Two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) identified in previous studies were confirmed; these were severity-controlling Cia2 and onset-controlling Cia4 on chromosome 2. Moreover, we identified 5 new QTLs, 1 for CII-specific IgG2a antibodies on chromosome 5, 2 controlling the CII-specific IgG1 antibody response on chromosomes 10 and 13, 1 for the CD4:CD8 ratio on chromosome 2, and 1 for cell proliferation (measured by XTT test) on chromosome 16. Complement component C5 was identified as the probable main candidate gene for the QTLs Cia2 and Cia4. F(2) mice carrying a 2-basepair deletion of C5, the FVB/N allele, had low incidence and less severe disease as compared with those carrying the DBA/1J allele. CONCLUSION This genome scan provides additional evidence confirming the role of C5 as a probable candidate gene for Cia2 and Cia4 loci, and identifies new QTLs controlling new traits in autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Bauer
- Institute for Immunology, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18055 Rostock, Germany
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33
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Adarichev VA, Vermes C, Hanyecz A, Mikecz K, Bremer EG, Glant TT. Gene expression profiling in murine autoimmune arthritis during the initiation and progression of joint inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 2004; 7:R196-207. [PMID: 15743466 PMCID: PMC1065315 DOI: 10.1186/ar1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Revised: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We present here an extensive study of differential gene expression in the initiation, acute and chronic phases of murine autoimmune arthritis with the use of high-density oligonucleotide arrays interrogating the entire mouse genome. Arthritis was induced in severe combined immunodeficient mice by using adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from proteoglycan-immunized arthritic BALB/c mice. In this unique system only proteoglycan-specific lymphocytes are transferred from arthritic mice into syngeneic immunodeficient recipients that lack adaptive immunity but have intact innate immunity on an identical (BALB/c) genetic background. Differential gene expression in response to donor lymphocytes that migrated into the joint can therefore be monitored in a precisely timed manner, even before the onset of inflammation. The initiation phase of adoptively transferred disease (several days before the onset of joint swelling) was characterized by differential expression of 37 genes, mostly related to chemokines, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α signaling, and T cell functions. These were designated early arthritis 'signature' genes because they could distinguish between the naive and the pre-arthritic state. Acute joint inflammation was characterized by at least twofold overexpression of 256 genes and the downregulation of 21 genes, whereas in chronic arthritis a total of 418 genes with an equal proportion of upregulated and downregulated transcripts were expressed differentially. Hierarchical clustering and functional classification of inflammation-related and arthritis-related genes indicated that the most common biological activities were represented by genes encoding interleukins, chemokine receptors and ligands, and by those involved in antigen recognition and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav A Adarichev
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Csaba Vermes
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anita Hanyecz
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katalin Mikecz
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric G Bremer
- Children's Memorial Institute for Education and Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tibor T Glant
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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34
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Glant TT, Adarichev VA, Nesterovitch AB, Szanto S, Oswald JP, Jacobs JJ, Firneisz G, Zhang J, Finnegan A, Mikecz K. Disease-associated qualitative and quantitative trait loci in proteoglycan-induced arthritis and collagen-induced arthritis. Am J Med Sci 2004; 327:188-95. [PMID: 15084914 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-200404000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two autoimmune murine models--proteoglycan (aggrecan)-induced arthritis (PGIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA)--were developed in parent strains, F1 and F2 hybrids of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched (H-2) BALB/c x DBA/2 and MHC-unmatched (H-2/H-2) BALB/c x DBA/1 intercrosses. The major goal of this comparative study was to identify disease (model)-specific (PGIA or CIA) and shared clinical and immunologic loci in 2 types of genetic intercrosses. Qualitative (binary/susceptibility) and quantitative (severity and onset) clinical trait loci were separated and analyzed independently or together with various pathophysiologic/immunologic traits, such as antigen-specific T- and B-cell responses and cytokine production. The major quantitative trait locus (QTL) was the MHC on chromosome 17, which was especially dominant in CIA. In addition, chromosomes 3, 5, 10, and X contained shared clinical loci in both models, and a total of 8 QTLs (clinical traits together with immunologic traits) were colocalized in PGIA and CIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Glant
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry, Rush University at Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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35
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Smerdel A, Dai KZ, Lorentzen AR, Flatø B, Maslinski S, Thorsby E, Førre Ø, Spurkland A. Genetic association between juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and polymorphism in the SH2D2A gene. Genes Immun 2004; 5:310-2. [PMID: 15129233 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T-cell-specific adapter protein (TSAd) involved in the negative control of T-cell activation is encoded by the SH2D2A gene. Our recent studies indicate that homozygosity for short (ie GA(13) and GA(16)) alleles of the SH2D2A gene promoter is associated with development of multiple sclerosis. To study whether the same SH2D2A promoter polymorphism also contributes to the genetic susceptibility to develop juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), we examined 210 JRA patients and 558 healthy unrelated controls from Norway. The frequency of the short allele GA(13) was increased among the JRA patients compared to control (0.098 vs 0.05; P(n=8)=0.042). There was a significant increased frequency of HLA-DRB1(*)08-positive patients carrying two copies of 'short' alleles GA(13) and/or GA(16) compared to healthy controls (16% vs 6%; P(n=4)=0.016). Our data indicate that the 'short' alleles of the SH2D2A promoter could contribute to the genetic susceptibility to JRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Smerdel
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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36
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Tüzün E, Scott BG, Yang H, Wu B, Goluszko E, Guigneaux M, Higgs S, Christadoss P. Circulating Immune Complexes Augment Severity of Antibody-Mediated Myasthenia Gravis in Hypogammaglobulinemic RIIIS/J Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5743-52. [PMID: 15100321 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.9.5743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) is severe in RIIIS/J mice, despite a significant B cell immunodeficiency and a massive TCR V beta gene deletion. Severity of EAMG in RIIIS/J mice is greater than MHC-identical (H-2(r)) B10.RIII mice, suggesting the influence of non-MHC genes as an EAMG-potentiating factor in this strain. To delineate the role of deleted TCR V beta genes in RIIIS/J mice, we obtained (RIIIS/J x B10.RIII)F(1) (V beta(b/c)) x RIIIS/J (V beta(c)) backcross mice using Mendelian genetic methods and immunized them with acetylcholine receptor. EAMG susceptibility was not elevated in mice with V beta(c) genotype having 70% V beta gene deletion. Next, we performed microarray analysis on 12,488 spleen cDNAs obtained from spleens of naive RIIIS/J and B10.RIII mice. In RIIIS/J mice, 263 cDNAs were overexpressed and 303 cDNAs were underexpressed greater than 2-fold, compared with B10.RIII mice. TCR gene expression was augmented, whereas NK receptor, C1q, and C3 gene expressions were diminished in RIIIS/J mice. RIIIS/J mice also had increased lymph node T cell counts, elevated serum anti-AChR Ab levels, and serum C3 and C1q-conjugated circulating immune complex levels. A direct correlation between increased serum C1q-conjugated circulating immune complex levels and disease severity was observed in RIIIS/J mice.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/blood
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Agammaglobulinemia/genetics
- Agammaglobulinemia/immunology
- Agammaglobulinemia/pathology
- Animals
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/biosynthesis
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/blood
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/physiology
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoantibodies/physiology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Complement C1q/biosynthesis
- Complement C3/biosynthesis
- Gene Deletion
- Germinal Center/pathology
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- Histocompatibility Testing
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Lymphopenia/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/epidemiology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Cholinergic/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Cholinergic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, KIR
- Severity of Illness Index
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Tüzün
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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37
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Bäcklund J, Nandakumar KS, Bockermann R, Mori L, Holmdahl R. Genetic Control of Tolerance to Type II Collagen and Development of Arthritis in an Autologous Collagen-Induced Arthritis Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:3493-9. [PMID: 14500645 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell recognition of the type II collagen (CII) 260-270 peptide is a bottleneck for the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. We have earlier made C3H.Q mice expressing CII with glutamic acid instead of aspartic acid at position 266 (the MMC-C3H.Q mouse), similar to the rat and human CII epitope, which increases binding to MHC class II and leads to effective presentation of the peptide in vivo. These mice show T cell tolerance to CII, but also develop severe arthritis. The present investigation shows that non-MHC genes play a decisive role in determining tolerance and arthritis susceptibility. We bred MMC into B10.Q mice, which display similar susceptibility to CIA induced with rat CII as the C3H.Q mice. In contrast to MMC-C3H.Q mice, MMC-B10.Q mice were completely resistant to arthritis. Nontransgenic (B10.Q x C3H.Q)F(1) mice were more susceptible to CIA than either of the parental strains, but introduction of the MMC transgene leads to CIA resistance, showing that the protection is dominantly inherited from B10.Q. In an attempt to break the B10-mediated CIA protection in MMC-transgenic mice, we introduced a transgenic, CII-specific, TCR beta-chain specific for the CII(260-270) glycopeptide, in the highly CIA-susceptible (B10.Q x DBA/1)F(1) mice. The magnification of the autoreactive CII-specific T cell repertoire led to increased CIA susceptibility, but the disease was less severe than in mice lacking the MMC transgene. This finding is important for understanding CIA and perhaps also rheumatoid arthritis, as in both diseases MHC class II-restricted T cell recognition of the glycosylated CII peptide occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bäcklund
- Section of Medical Inflammation Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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38
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Abstract
The exploding progress in genomic technology and knowledge now opens the possibility to actually identify the molecular mechanisms in disease. However, inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS), are complex and polygenic and remain a challenge. One possible shortcut could be the use of inbred animals as models for RA and MS for the genetic analysis. These models have been extensively characterized and show a similar degree of complexity as the corresponding human diseases. Using these models linkage analysis followed by isolation of the loci in congenic strains have been shown to be highly efficient and have provided fundamental new knowledge on the genetic control of these diseases. The genetically controlled congenic strains are also useful as scientific tools. They can be used for the identification of the disease-associated genes and, thereby, the essential disease pathways that have been selected by nature. We know that this is possible since we have succeeded in identifying the genes within two of the congenic regions; the MHC class II gene Aq controlling immune response and the Ncf1 gene controlling oxidative burst. Both of these genes are associated with T cell activation and arthritis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Holmdahl
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Sölvegatan 19, I11 BMC, Lund University, S-22184 Lund, Sweden.
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39
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Adarichev VA, Nesterovitch AB, Bárdos T, Biesczat D, Chandrasekaran R, Vermes C, Mikecz K, Finnegan A, Glant TT. Sex effect on clinical and immunologic quantitative trait loci in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:1708-20. [PMID: 12794840 DOI: 10.1002/art.11016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of sex on clinical and immunologic traits in major histocompatibility complex-matched (H-2d) F(2) hybrid mice with proteoglycan (PG)-induced arthritis and to identify how the quantitative trait locus (QTL) on the X chromosome influences the onset QTL of another chromosome. METHODS (BALB/c x DBA/2)F(2) hybrid mice were immunized with cartilage PG, and a genome-wide linkage analysis was performed using >200 simple sequence-length polymorphic markers. The major clinical traits (susceptibility, onset, and severity) were assessed, and PG-specific T and B cell responses, and the production of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 [IL-1], IL-6, interferon-gamma, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12) were measured in 133 arthritic and 426 nonarthritic female and male F(2) hybrid mice. The major clinical and immunologic traits were linked to genetic loci, and potential linkages among these QTLs and the effect of sex were analyzed. RESULTS Thirteen QTLs reported in previous studies were confirmed. Binary traits (susceptibility to arthritis) and disease onset were female specific and were identified on chromosomes 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, and X. QTLs for disease severity were mostly male specific and were located on chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 8, 14, 15, and 19. In addition, we identified 4 new QTLs for the onset of arthritis on chromosomes 3, 4, and 11, and 1 new QTL for severity on chromosome 14; all showed a strong gender association. A locus on the X chromosome interacted with a QTL on chromosome 10, and these 2 loci together seemed to control disease incidence and onset. Most of the clinical traits (QTLs) shared common regions with the immunologic traits and frequently showed a locus-locus interaction. CONCLUSION Numerous immunologic QTLs overlap with clinical QTLs, thus providing information about possible mechanisms underlying QTL function. Disease susceptibility and onset showed predominant linkage with the female sex, under the control of a QTL on the X chromosome, while the severity QTLs were more strongly linked to the male sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav A Adarichev
- Rush University at Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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40
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Adarichev VA, Valdez JC, Bárdos T, Finnegan A, Mikecz K, Glant TT. Combined autoimmune models of arthritis reveal shared and independent qualitative (binary) and quantitative trait loci. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:2283-92. [PMID: 12594249 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.5.2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA) are murine models for rheumatoid arthritis both in terms of their pathology and genetics. Using the F(2) hybrids of the CIA-susceptible, but PGIA-resistant DBA/1 mice, and the CIA-resistant, but PGIA-susceptible BALB/c mice, our goals were to 1) identify both model-specific and shared loci that confer disease susceptibility, 2) determine whether any pathophysiological parameters could be used as markers that distinguish between nonarthritic and arthritic mice, and 3) analyze whether any immune subtraits showed colocalization with arthritis-related loci. To identify chromosomal loci, we performed a genome scan on 939 F(2) hybrid mice. For pathophysiological analyses, we measured pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12), Ag-specific T cell proliferation and IL-2 production, serum IgG1 and IgG2 levels of both auto- and heteroantibodies, and soluble CD44. In addition to multiple CIA- and PGIA-related loci identified in previous studies, we have identified nine new CIA- and eight new PGIA-linked loci. Comprehensive statistical analysis demonstrated that IL-2 production, T cell proliferation, and IFN-gamma levels differed significantly between arthritic and nonarthritic animals in both CIA and PGIA populations. High levels of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-2, and Ab production were detected in F(2) hybrids with CIA, whereas T cell proliferation, IL-2 and IFN-gamma production, and a shift to IgG2a isotype were more characteristic of PGIA. Quantitative trait loci analysis demonstrated colocalization of numerous immune subtraits with arthritis-related traits. Quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 5, 10, 17, 18, and X were found to control arthritis in both models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav A Adarichev
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Section of Rheumatology, Rush University at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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41
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Johansson ACM, Lindqvist AKB, Johannesson M, Holmdahl R. Genetic heterogeneity of autoimmune disorders in the nonobese diabetic mouse. Scand J Immunol 2003; 57:203-13. [PMID: 12641648 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nonobese diabetic mouse is highly susceptible not only to diabetes but to several autoimmune diseases, and one might suspect that these are controlled by a shared set of genes. However, based on various gene-segregation experiments, it seems that only a few loci are shared and that each disorder is influenced also by a unique set of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C M Johansson
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Lund, Sweden.
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42
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Karlsson J, Zhao X, Lonskaya I, Neptin M, Holmdahl R, Andersson A. Novel quantitative trait loci controlling development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:1019-26. [PMID: 12517969 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.2.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The B10.RIII mouse strain (H-2(r)) develops chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) upon immunization with the myelin basic protein 89-101 peptide. EAE was induced and studied in a backcross between B10.RIII and the EAE-resistant RIIIS/J strain (H-2(r)), and a complete genome scan with microsatellite markers was performed. Five loci were significantly linked to different traits and clinical subtypes of EAE on chromosomes 1, 5, 11, 15, and 16, three of the loci having sex specificity. The quantitative trait locus on chromosome 15 partly overlapped with the Eae2 locus, previously identified in crosses between the B10.RIII and RIIIS/J mouse strains. The loci on chromosomes 11 and 16 overlapped with Eae loci identified in other mouse crosses. By analyzing the backcross animals for lymphocyte phenotypes, the proportion of B and T cells in addition to the levels of CD4(+)CD8(-) and CD4(-)CD8(+) T cells and the CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio in spleen were linked to different loci on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 11, and 15. On chromosome 16, we found significant linkage to spleen cell proliferation. Several linkages overlapped with the quantitative trait loci for disease phenotypes. The identification of subphenotypes that are linked to the same loci as disease traits could be most useful in the search for candidate genes and biological pathways involved in the pathological process.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/epidemiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Genetic Linkage/immunology
- Genotype
- Immunophenotyping
- Incidence
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Quantitative Trait Loci/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Karlsson
- Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Section for Medical Inflammation Research, University of Lund, Sweden
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43
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Bárdos T, Mikecz K, Finnegan A, Zhang J, Glant TT. T and B cell recovery in arthritis adoptively transferred to SCID mice: antigen-specific activation is required for restoration of autopathogenic CD4+ Th1 cells in a syngeneic system. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:6013-21. [PMID: 12055209 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cell homeostasis is a physiological function of the immune system that maintains a balance in the numbers and ratios of T cells at the periphery. A self-MHC/self-peptide ligand can induce weak (covert) signals via the TCR, thus providing an extended lifespan for naive T cells. A similar mechanism is responsible for the restoration of immune homeostasis in severe lymphopenic conditions such as those following irradiation or chemotherapy, or upon transfer of lymphocytes to nu/nu or SCID mice. To date, the genetic backgrounds of donor and recipient SCID mice were unmatched in all autoimmune arthritis transfer experiments, and the recovery of lymphoid cells in the host has not been followed. In this study, we present the adoptive transfer of proteoglycan (PG)-induced arthritis using unseparated and T or B cell-depleted lymphocytes from arthritic BALB/c donors to genetically matched syngeneic SCID recipient mice. We demonstrate that selectively recovered lymphoid subsets determine the clinical and immunological status of the recipient. We found that when T cells were depleted (>98% depleted), B cells did not produce PG-specific anti-mouse (auto) Abs unless SCID mice received a second Ag (PG) injection, which promoted the recovery of Ag-specific CD4(+) Th1 cells. Reciprocally, as a result of B cell recovery, high levels of serum anti-PG Abs were found in SCID mice that received B cell-depleted (>99% depleted) T lymphocytes. Our results indicate a selective and highly effective cooperation between CD4(+) T cells and B lymphocytes that is required for the restoration of pathological homeostasis and development of autoimmune arthritis in SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Bárdos
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry, Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
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Kamogawa J, Terada M, Mizuki S, Nishihara M, Yamamoto H, Mori S, Abe Y, Morimoto K, Nakatsuru S, Nakamura Y, Nose M. Arthritis in MRL/lpr mice is under the control of multiple gene loci with an allelic combination derived from the original inbred strains. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:1067-74. [PMID: 11953986 DOI: 10.1002/art.10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the mode of inheritance and the genome origins of arthritis in a lupus-prone strain of mice, MRL/MpJ, bearing a Fas deletion mutant gene, lpr (MRL/lpr). METHODS Using non-lupus-prone strains of mice, C3H/HeJ-lpr/lpr (C3H/lpr), (MRL/lpr x C3H/lpr)F(1) intercross and MRL/lpr x (MRL/lpr x C3H/lpr)F(1) backcross mice were prepared. Arthritis in individual mice was analyzed by histopathologic grading, and the genomic DNA of the backcross mice was examined by simple sequence-length polymorphism analysis to determine the polymorphic microsatellite markers highly associated with arthritis. RESULTS Arthritis-susceptibility loci with significant linkage were mapped between D15Mit111 and D15Mit18 (map position 17.8-18.7 cM) on chromosome 15 and between D19Mit112 and D19Mit72 (map position 43.0-55.0) on chromosome 19 (logarithm of odds scores 3.5 and 4.3, respectively). Three other loci, one mapped to each of chromosomes 1, 2, and 7, showed suggestive linkage. Loci homozygous for MRL alleles on chromosomes 1 and 19 enhanced arthritis in both sexes, whereas other loci on chromosomes 2 and 15 selectively affected males. A locus homozygous for MRL alleles on chromosome 7 inhibited arthritis in both sexes. Three of these loci were found to originate from an LG/J strain and 1 from an AKR/J strain. Some combinations of these loci showed an additive effect in a hierarchical manner on the development of arthritis. CONCLUSION Arthritis in MRL/lpr mice is a complex pathologic manifestation resulting from the cumulative effect of multiple gene loci with an allelic combination derived from the original inbred strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Kamogawa
- Ehime University School of Medicine, Shigenobu, Onsen-gun, Ehime, Japan
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Abstract
To provide a global analysis of genes involved in the inflammatory process in joints of DBA/1J mice suffering from collagen induced arthritis (CIA) we used oligonucleotide microarrays representing approximately 11,000 genes to determine the gene expression profile of the inflamed paws at peak of disease, and compared them to normal tissue. Peak of disease was determined from clinical evaluation of disease and histopathology of joints. Of the 11,000 genes assayed, 223 showed differential expression of four fold or more (187 upregulated and 36 downregulated). Ninety-five of the genes observed had well-characterized full length sequences in databases, and 128 were unknown (Ests). Inflammation resulted in a profile of increased gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases, immune-related, extra-cellular matrix and cell adhesion molecules, as well as molecules involved in cell division and transcription; differential regulation of molecules involved in signal transduction, protein synthesis and metabolism. Of the 55 genes with known chromosomal locations nine mapped to previously identified QTL, contributing to susceptibility or severity of CIA, i.e. MHC class I, II, Basigin, FAP, Cathepsin K, CD 53, RAF1, glucagon, and retinal taurine transporter. The profile of gene expression supports current theoretical models of disease progression and might open new perspectives for both diagnosis and treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Mohamed Ibrahim
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, Rostock, 18055, Germany.
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Corthay A, Bäcklund J, Holmdahl R. Role of glycopeptide-specific T cells in collagen-induced arthritis: an example how post-translational modification of proteins may be involved in autoimmune disease. Ann Med 2001; 33:456-65. [PMID: 11680793 DOI: 10.3109/07853890109002094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization of mice with type II collagen (CII), a cartilage-restricted protein, leads to collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a model for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CIA symptoms consist of an erosive joint inflammation caused by an autoimmune attack, mediated by both T and B lymphocytes. CD4+ alphabeta T cells play a central role in CIA, both by helping B cells to produce anti-CII antibodies, and by interacting with other cells in the joints, eg macrophages. In H-2q mice, most CII-specific CD4+ T cells recognize the CII(256-270) peptide presented on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II Aq molecule. Post-translational modifications (hydroxylation and variable glycosylation) of the lysine residue at position 264 of CII generate at least four different T-cell determinants that are specifically recognized by distinct T-cell subsets. Most T cells recognize CII(256-270) glycosylated with the monosaccharide galactose, which is consequently immunodominant in CIA. Recent studies indicate that the arthritogenic T cells in CIA are glycopeptide-specific, suggesting that induction of self-tolerance may be rendered more difficult by glycosylation of CII. These data open the possibility that outoimmune disease may be caused by the creation of new epitopes by posttranslational modification of proteins under circumstances such as trauma, inflammation or ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Corthay
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Lund University, Sweden.
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Hansson AS, Nandakumar KS, Bäcklund J, Holmdahl R. IL-10-deficient B10.Q mice develop more severe collagen-induced arthritis, but are protected from arthritis induced with anti-type II collagen antibodies. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:3505-12. [PMID: 11544344 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.6.3505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine with stimulatory and inhibitory properties, and is thought to have a protective role in rheumatoid arthritis and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). In this study, we investigated how IL-10 deficiency affects CIA and anti-collagen type II (CII) Ab-transferred arthritis in C57BL/10.Q (B10.Q) mice. The B10.Q.IL-10(-/-) mice had an 8-cM 129/Ola fragment around the IL-10 gene. The mice were treated with antibiotics, appeared healthy, and had no colitis. T cells from IL-10(-/-) mice expressed similar levels of IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-4 after mitogen stimulation; however, macrophages showed a reduced TNF-alpha production compared with IL-10(+/-) littermates. IL-10(-/-) mice had an increased incidence, and a more severe CIA disease than the IL-10(+/-) littermates. To study the role of IL-10 in T cell tolerance, IL-10(-/-) were crossed into mice carrying the immunodominant epitope, CII(256-270), in cartilage (MMC) or in skin (TSC). Both IL-10(-/-) and IL-10(+/-) MMC and TSC mice were completely tolerized against CIA, indicating that lack of IL-10 in this context did not break tolerance. To investigate whether IL-10 was important in the effector phase of CIA, arthritis was induced with anti-CII Abs. Surprisingly, IL-10(-/-) were less susceptible to Ab-transferred arthritis, as only 30% showed signs of disease compared with 90% of the littermates. Therefore, IL-10 seemed to have a protective role in CIA, but seemed to exacerbate the arthritogenicity of anti-CII Abs. These data emphasize the importance of studying IL-10 in a defined genetic context in vivo, to understand its role in a complex disease like arthritis.
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Wandstrat A, Wakeland E. The genetics of complex autoimmune diseases: non-MHC susceptibility genes. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:802-9. [PMID: 11526390 DOI: 10.1038/ni0901-802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to complex autoimmune diseases (AIDs) is a multigenic phenotype affected by a variety of genetic and environmental or stochastic factors. After over a decade of linkage analyses, the identification of non-major histocompatibility complex (non-MHC) susceptibility alleles has proved to be difficult, predominantly because of extensive genetic heterogeneity and possible epistatic interactions among the multiple genes required for disease development. Despite these difficulties, progress has been made in elucidating the genetic mechanisms that influence the inheritance of susceptibility, and the pace of gene discovery is accelerating. An intriguing new finding has been the colocalization of several AID susceptibility genes in both rodent models and human linkage studies. This may indicate that several susceptibility alleles affect multiple AIDs, or alternatively that genomic organization has resulted in the clustering of many immune system genes. The completion of the human genome sequence, coupled with the imminent completion of the mouse genome, should yield key information that will dramatically enhance the rate of gene discovery in complex conditions such as AID susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wandstrat
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Immunology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Abstract
Recent reverse genetic studies in murine lupus have taught us the following lessons: (1) Lupus is extremely polygenic; (2) A single locus may be associated with many different phenotypes; (3) What appears to be a single locus may turn out to be a cluster of loci; (4) Different loci facilitate different immunologic steps leading to lupus; (5) Epistatic interactions between loci may engender novel autoimmune phenotypes; (6) Whereas some loci may be pathogenic, others may confer disease resistance; (7) Whereas the expression of some loci is sex-dependent, the expression of others clearly is not; (8) Two or more loci may have an impact on the same phenotype; (9) Lupus susceptibility loci appear to co-cluster with other autoimmunity susceptibility loci; (10) Lupus genes are likely to be polymorphic alleles with subtle impacts, rather than outright mutations with extreme functions. In contrast, forward genetic studies have revealed that molecules that impact apoptosis, the clearance of apoptotic cells, B-cell or T-cell function, and end-organ pathology can all potentially contribute to lupus. Collectively, the loci and genes identified by these two different approaches factorize into a few distinct pathways leading to lupus. Delineating the molecular mediators of these distinct checkpoints is the challenge that lies ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mohan
- Department of Internal Medicine/Rheumatology, Simmons Arthritis Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8884, USA.
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