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Nhamoyebonde S, Chambers M, Ndlovu L, Karim F, Mazibuko M, Mhlane Z, Madziwa L, Moosa Y, Moodley S, Hoque M, Leslie A. Detailed phenotyping reveals diverse and highly skewed neutrophil subsets in both the blood and airways during active tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1422836. [PMID: 38947330 PMCID: PMC11212598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1422836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neutrophils play a complex and important role in the immunopathology of TB. Data suggest they are protective during early infection but become a main driver of immunopathology if infection progresses to active disease. Neutrophils are now recognized to exist in functionally diverse states, but little work has been done on how neutrophil states or subsets are skewed in TB disease. Methods To address this, we carried out comprehensive phenotyping by flow cytometry of neutrophils in the blood and airways of individuals with active pulmonary TB with and without HIV co-infection recruited in Durban, South Africa. Results Active TB was associated with a profound skewing of neutrophils in the blood toward phenotypes associated with activation and apoptosis, reduced phagocytosis, reverse transmigration, and immune regulation. This skewing was also apparently in airway neutrophils, particularly the regulatory subsets expressing PDL-1 and LOX-1. HIV co-infection did not impact neutrophil subsets in the blood but was associated with a phenotypic change in the airways and a reduction in key neutrophil functional proteins cathelicidin and arginase 1. Discussion Active TB is associated with profound skewing of blood and airway neutrophils and suggests multiple mechanisms by which neutrophils may exacerbate the immunopathology of TB. These data indicate potential avenues for reducing neutrophil-mediated lung pathology at the point of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Chambers
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lerato Ndlovu
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Zoey Mhlane
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Yunus Moosa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R. Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Monjurul Hoque
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R. Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R. Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Ekdahl KN, Fromell K, Mannes M, Grinnemo KH, Huber-Lang M, Teramura Y, Nilsson B. Therapeutic regulation of complement activation in extracorporeal circuits and intravascular treatments with special reference to the alternative pathway amplification loop. Immunol Rev 2023; 313:91-103. [PMID: 36258635 PMCID: PMC10092679 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A number of clinical treatment modalities involve contact between blood and biomaterials: these include extracorporeal circuits such as hemodialysis, cardiopulmonary bypass, plasmapheresis, and intravascular treatments. Common side effects arising from these treatments are caused by activation of the cascade systems of the blood. Many of these side effects are mediated via the complement system, including thromboinflammatory reactions and rejection of implants. Depending on the composition of the materials, complement activation is triggered via all the activation pathways but is by far mostly driven by the alternative pathway amplification loop. On biomaterial surfaces the alternative pathway amplification is totally unregulated and leads under optimal conditions to deposition of complement fragments, mostly C3b, on the surface leading to a total masking of the underlying surface. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of the complement activation, clinical consequences of the activation, and potential strategies for therapeutic regulation of the activation, using hemodialysis as demonstrator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina N Ekdahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Karin Fromell
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marco Mannes
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karl-Henrik Grinnemo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yuji Teramura
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute (CMB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.,Master's/Doctoral Program in Life Science Innovation (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Grunwell JR, Giacalone VD, Stephenson S, Margaroli C, Dobosh BS, Brown MR, Fitzpatrick AM, Tirouvanziam R. Neutrophil Dysfunction in the Airways of Children with Acute Respiratory Failure Due to Lower Respiratory Tract Viral and Bacterial Coinfections. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2874. [PMID: 30814584 PMCID: PMC6393569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are recruited to the airways of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) where they acquire an activated pro-survival phenotype with an enhanced respiratory burst thought to contribute to ARDS pathophysiology. Our in vitro model enables blood neutrophil transepithelial migration into cell-free tracheal aspirate fluid from patients to recapitulate the primary airway neutrophil phenotype observed in vivo. Neutrophils transmigrated through our model toward airway fluid from children with lower respiratory viral infections coinfected with bacteria had elevated levels of neutrophil activation markers but paradoxically exhibited an inability to kill bacteria and a defective respiratory burst compared with children without bacterial coinfection. The airway fluid from children with bacterial coinfections had higher levels of neutrophil elastase activity, as well as myeloperoxidase levels compared to children without bacterial coinfection. Neutrophils transmigrated into the aspirate fluid from children with bacterial coinfection showed decreased respiratory burst and killing activity against H. influenzae and S. aureus compared to those transmigrated into the aspirate fluid from children without bacterial coinfection. Use of a novel transmigration model recapitulates this pathological phenotype in vitro that would otherwise be impossible in a patient, opening avenues for future mechanistic and therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn R Grunwell
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Vincent D Giacalone
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan Stephenson
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Camilla Margaroli
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian S Dobosh
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Milton R Brown
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston, Atlanta, GA, USA
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4
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Mortaz E, Alipoor SD, Adcock IM, Mumby S, Koenderman L. Update on Neutrophil Function in Severe Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2171. [PMID: 30356867 PMCID: PMC6190891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are main players in the effector phase of the host defense against micro-organisms and have a major role in the innate immune response. Neutrophils show phenotypic heterogeneity and functional flexibility, which highlight their importance in regulation of immune function. However, neutrophils can play a dual role and besides their antimicrobial function, deregulation of neutrophils and their hyperactivity can lead to tissue damage in severe inflammation or trauma. Neutrophils also have an important role in the modulation of the immune system in response to severe injury and trauma. In this review we will provide an overview of the current understanding of neutrophil subpopulations and their function during and post-infection and discuss the possible mechanisms of immune modulation by neutrophils in severe inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shamila D Alipoor
- Molecular Medicine Department, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Mumby
- Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Koenderman
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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5
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The Level of Oxidative Neutrophil Response When Determining Endotoxin Activity Assay: A New Biomarker for Defining the Indications and Effectiveness of Intensive Care in Patients with Sepsis. Int J Inflam 2017; 2017:3495293. [PMID: 28487809 PMCID: PMC5405379 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3495293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. To analyse the clinical informativity of the neutrophil oxidative response level (“Response”) during an Endotoxin Activity Assay (EAA) as a new biomarker defining the indications and effectiveness of intensive care in cardiac surgical patients with septic complications. Methods. Blood samples were taken from 198 adult patients who were admitted to the ICU after cardiac surgery (SIRS: 34, MODS: 36, and sepsis: 128). The composite of laboratory studies included CRP, PCT, EAA with “Response” level, and presepsin. Results. 83% of patients had a “normal” neutrophil response, 12% of patients had a low neutrophil response, and 5% of patients had a critically low neutrophil response. Patients with critically low responses had the lowest values of the EAA and the highest concentrations of PSP and D-dimer (p < 0.05). Conclusions. EAA results should be interpreted with the level of neutrophil response. “Response” > 0.5 has a negative predictive value; the EAA < 0.6 at “Response” < 0.5 may indicate a high level of endotoxaemia.
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6
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Lillico DME, Pemberton JG, Stafford JL. Trypsin differentially modulates the surface expression and function of channel catfish leukocyte immune-type receptors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:231-244. [PMID: 27461858 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs) are immunoregulatory proteins that control innate immune cellular responses. Previously, we demonstrated that two representative IpLITR forms, IpLITR 2.6b and IpLITR 1.1b, engage distinct components of the phagocytic machinery resulting in unique target capture and engulfment phenotypes. IpLITR-induced phagocytic mechanisms were also differentially susceptible to temperature and pharmacological inhibitors of canonical signaling mediators. In the present study, we examined the sensitivity of IpLITR-mediated phagocytosis to the endogenous serine-protease trypsin, a well-known mediator of immunoregulatory receptor functions. Trypsin selectively reduced IpLITR 1.1b cell surface expression and phagocytic activity in a dose-dependent manner. We also observed a significant alteration of the IpLITR 1.1b phagocytic phenotype post-trypsin exposure; whereas, the IpLITR 2.6b-mediated target engulfment phenotype was unchanged. Recovery experiments suggested that trypsin-induced inhibition of IpLITR 1.1b-dependent phagocytosis was reversible and that the re-establishment of phagocytic function was associated with a recovery of receptor surface expression. Cell-surface biotinylation and immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that IpLITR 1.1b normally exists as a mature (∼70 kDa) protein on the cell surface. However, trypsin treatment reduced expression of the mature receptor and processed IpLITR 1.1b into an ∼60 kDa form. The trypsin-generated and putative immature IpLITR 1.1b form was not present on the cell surface; suggesting that the cleaved receptor may have been internalized, post-processing, by regulated endocytosis. Taken together, these results reveal a unique role for trypsin as a selective modulator of IpLITR-mediated phagocytosis and highlight a conserved role for serine proteases as potent immunomodulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joshua G Pemberton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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7
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Leliefeld PHC, Wessels CM, Leenen LPH, Koenderman L, Pillay J. The role of neutrophils in immune dysfunction during severe inflammation. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2016; 20:73. [PMID: 27005275 PMCID: PMC4804478 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Critically ill post-surgical, post-trauma and/or septic patients are characterised by severe inflammation. This immune response consists of both a pro- and an anti-inflammatory component. The pro-inflammatory component contributes to (multiple) organ failure whereas occurrence of immune paralysis predisposes to infections. Strikingly, infectious complications arise in these patients despite the presence of a clear neutrophilia. We propose that dysfunction of neutrophils potentially increases the susceptibility to infections or can result in the inability to clear existing infections. Under homeostatic conditions these effector cells of the innate immune system circulate in a quiescent state and serve as the first line of defence against invading pathogens. In severe inflammation, however, neutrophils are rapidly activated, which affects their functional capacities, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, intra-cellular killing, NETosis, and their capacity to modulate adaptive immunity. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of neutrophil dysfunction in severe inflammation. We will discuss the possible mechanisms of downregulation of anti-microbial function, suppression of adaptive immunity by neutrophils and the contribution of neutrophil subsets to immune paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter H C Leliefeld
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Catharina M Wessels
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luke P H Leenen
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Koenderman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janesh Pillay
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Fonseca MI, Chu S, Pierce AL, Brubaker WD, Hauhart RE, Mastroeni D, Clarke EV, Rogers J, Atkinson JP, Tenner AJ. Analysis of the Putative Role of CR1 in Alzheimer's Disease: Genetic Association, Expression and Function. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149792. [PMID: 26914463 PMCID: PMC4767815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic activation of the complement system and induced inflammation are associated with neuropathology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent large genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the C3b/C4b receptor (CR1 or CD35) that are associated with late onset AD. Here, anti-CR1 antibodies (Abs) directed against different epitopes of the receptor, were used to localize CR1 in brain, and relative binding affinities of the CR1 ligands, C1q and C3b, were assessed by ELISA. Most Abs tested stained red blood cells in blood vessels but showed no staining in brain parenchyma. However, two monoclonal anti-CR1 Abs labeled astrocytes in all of the cases tested, and this reactivity was preabsorbed by purified recombinant human CR1. Human brain-derived astrocyte cultures were also reactive with both mAbs. The amount of astrocyte staining varied among the samples, but no consistent difference was conferred by diagnosis or the GWAS-identified SNPs rs4844609 or rs6656401. Plasma levels of soluble CR1 did not correlate with diagnosis but a slight increase was observed with rs4844609 and rs6656401 SNP. There was also a modest but statistically significant increase in relative binding activity of C1q to CR1 with the rs4844609 SNP compared to CR1 without the SNP, and of C3b to CR1 in the CR1 genotypes containing the rs6656401 SNP (also associated with the larger isoform of CR1) regardless of clinical diagnosis. These results suggest that it is unlikely that astrocyte CR1 expression levels or C1q or C3b binding activity are the cause of the GWAS identified association of CR1 variants with AD. Further careful functional studies are needed to determine if the variant-dictated number of CR1 expressed on red blood cells contributes to the role of this receptor in the progression of AD, or if another mechanism is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
| | - Shuhui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
| | - Aimee L. Pierce
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
| | | | - Richard E. Hauhart
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Diego Mastroeni
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, 85351, United States of America
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth V. Clarke
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
| | - Joseph Rogers
- SRI International, Menlo Park, California, 94025, United States of America
| | - John P. Atkinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Andrea J. Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Ingersoll SA, Laval J, Forrest OA, Preininger M, Brown MR, Arafat D, Gibson G, Tangpricha V, Tirouvanziam R. Mature cystic fibrosis airway neutrophils suppress T cell function: evidence for a role of arginase 1 but not programmed death-ligand 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5520-8. [PMID: 25926674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria colonize cystic fibrosis (CF) airways, and although T cells with appropriate Ag specificity are present in draining lymph nodes, they are conspicuously absent from the lumen. To account for this absence, we hypothesized that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), recruited massively into the CF airway lumen and actively exocytosing primary granules, also suppress T cell function therein. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which exerts T cell suppression at a late step, was expressed bimodally on CF airway PMNs, delineating PD-L1(hi) and PD-L1(lo) subsets, whereas healthy control (HC) airway PMNs were uniformly PD-L1(hi). Blood PMNs incubated in CF airway fluid lost PD-L1 over time; in coculture, Ab blockade of PD-L1 failed to inhibit the suppression of T cell proliferation by CF airway PMNs. In contrast with PD-L1, arginase 1 (Arg1), which exerts T cell suppression at an early step, was uniformly high on CF and HC airway PMNs. However, arginase activity was high in CF airway fluid and minimal in HC airway fluid, consistent with the fact that Arg1 activation requires primary granule exocytosis, which occurs in CF, but not HC, airway PMNs. In addition, Arg1 expression on CF airway PMNs correlated negatively with lung function and positively with arginase activity in CF airway fluid. Finally, combined treatment with arginase inhibitor and arginine rescued the suppression of T cell proliferation by CF airway fluid. Thus, Arg1 and PD-L1 are dynamically modulated upon PMN migration into human airways, and, Arg1, but not PD-L1, contributes to early PMN-driven T cell suppression in CF, likely hampering resolution of infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Ingersoll
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Julie Laval
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Osric A Forrest
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Marcela Preininger
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Milton R Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Dalia Arafat
- Center for Integrative Genomics, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30313; and
| | - Greg Gibson
- Center for Integrative Genomics, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30313; and
| | - Vin Tangpricha
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322;
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10
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Guttman O, Baranovski BM, Schuster R, Kaner Z, Freixo-Lima GS, Bahar N, Kalay N, Mizrahi MI, Brami I, Ochayon DE, Lewis EC. Acute-phase protein α1-anti-trypsin: diverting injurious innate and adaptive immune responses from non-authentic threats. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:161-72. [PMID: 25351931 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One would assume that the anti-inflammatory activity of α1-anti-trypsin (AAT) is the result of inhibiting neutrophil enzymes. However, AAT exhibits tolerogenic activities that are difficult to explain by serine-protease inhibition or by reduced inflammatory parameters. Targets outside the serine-protease family have been identified, supporting the notion that elastase inhibition, the only functional factory release criteria for clinical-grade AAT, is over-emphasized. Non-obvious developments in the understanding of AAT biology disqualify it from being a straightforward anti-inflammatory agent: AAT does not block dendritic cell activities, nor does it promote viral and tumour susceptibilities, stunt B lymphocyte responses or render treated patients susceptible to infections; accordingly, outcomes of elevated AAT do not overlap those attained by immunosuppression. Aside from the acute-phase response, AAT rises during the third trimester of pregnancy and also in advanced age. At the molecular level, AAT docks onto cholesterol-rich lipid-rafts and circulating lipid particles, directly binds interleukin (IL)-8, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 (ADAM17) and danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, and its activity is lost to smoke, high glucose levels and bacterial proteases, introducing a novel entity - 'relative AAT deficiency'. Unlike immunosuppression, AAT appears to help the immune system to distinguish between desired responses against authentic threats, and unwanted responses fuelled by a positive feedback loop perpetuated by, and at the expense of, inflamed injured innocent bystander cells. With a remarkable clinical safety record, AAT treatment is currently tested in clinical trials for its potential benefit in a variety of categorically distinct pathologies that share at least one common driving force: cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Guttman
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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11
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Kaner Z, Ochayon DE, Shahaf G, Baranovski BM, Bahar N, Mizrahi M, Lewis EC. Acute Phase Protein α1-Antitrypsin Reduces the Bacterial Burden in Mice by Selective Modulation of Innate Cell Responses. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1489-98. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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12
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Fleixo-Lima G, Ventura H, Medini M, Bar L, Strauss P, Lewis EC. Mechanistic evidence in support of alpha1-antitrypsin as a therapeutic approach for type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2014; 8:1193-203. [PMID: 25155845 PMCID: PMC4455465 DOI: 10.1177/1932296814547096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing endogenous molecules as a therapeutic approach is almost unequivocally superior to engineered or synthetic molecules. However, one rarely encounters an anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, immunomodulatory and wound-healing molecule that has been available for use for decades. α1-antitrypsin (AAT), a circulating protein that rises more than 4-fold during acute-phase responses, has been administered for a rare genetic deficiency at large doses, for life. Aside from advances in insulin therapy, medical research in type 1 diabetes (T1D) has predominantly focused on autoimmunity--controlling the adaptive immune response. However, it is now appreciated that one may need to extend therapeutic targets to incorporate immune responses to cellular injury, as well as promote selective control over excessive inflammation and early tissue repair. Recent data suggest that tissue damage related to lung and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, stroke, and ischemic heart disease is markedly reduced by AAT. AAT was also shown to protect pancreatic islet β cells at multiple levels. Unlike classic immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory approaches, AAT exerts some antiviral and antibacterial activities. Based on these and other reports, AAT is under evaluation for treatment of T1D patients in multiple clinical trials. Initial results suggest that AAT therapy could potentially improve insulin production without adverse effects. Up to 50% of individuals displayed improved islet function. It is a rare occurrence in T1D research that a therapy is offered that holds a safety profile equal or superior to that of insulin alone. While placebo-controlled trials are ongoing, the mechanism(s) behind these favorable activities of AAT are still being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Fleixo-Lima
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Hilla Ventura
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Michal Medini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | - Eli C Lewis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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13
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Alam SR, Newby DE, Henriksen PA. Role of the endogenous elastase inhibitor, elafin, in cardiovascular injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:695-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Sadallah S, Eken C, Schifferli JA. Ectosomes as immunomodulators. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 33:487-95. [PMID: 21136061 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in recognizing microvesicles as important mediators of intercellular communication rather than irrelevant cell debris. Microvesicles released by budding directly from the cell membrane surface (i.e., ectocytosis) either spontaneously or in response to various stimuli are called shed vesicles or ectosomes. Ectosomes are rightside-out vesicles with cytosolic content, and they expose phosphatidylserine in the outer leaflet of their membrane. Depending on their cellular origin, ectosomes have been associated with a broad spectrum of biological activities. In the light of recent findings, we now know that ectosomes derived from polymorphonuclear leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, and tumor cells have profound effects on the innate immune system, as well as on the induction of the adaptive immunity, globally reprogramming cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells toward an immunosuppressive and possibly tolerogenic phenotype. Although the effects observed in the circulation are mainly procoagulant and pro-inflammatory, ectosomes might be anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive in local inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Sadallah
- Immunonephrology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Piper MG, Massullo PR, Loveland M, Druhan LJ, Kindwall-Keller TL, Ai J, Copelan A, Avalos BR. Neutrophil elastase downmodulates native G-CSFR expression and granulocyte-macrophage colony formation. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2010; 7:5. [PMID: 20205821 PMCID: PMC2824667 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) plays a critical role in maintaining homeostatic levels of circulating neutrophils (PMN). The mechanisms modulating G-CSFR surface expression to prevent chronic neutrophilia are poorly understood. Here, we report that neutrophil elastase (NE) proteolytically cleaves the G-CSFR on human PMN and blocks G-CSFR-mediated granulopoiesis in vitro. METHODS Human peripheral blood PMN isolated from healthy donors were incubated with NE. Expression of the G-CSFR was analyzed by flow cytometry and western blot analyses. Detection of G-CSFR cleavage products from the culture supernatants was also performed. Human bone marrow mononuclear cells were also cultured in the presence or absence of NE to determine its effects on the proliferation of granulocyte-macrophage colony forming units (CFU-GM). RESULTS Treatment of PMN with NE induced a time-dependent decrease in G-CSFR expression that correlated with its degradation and the appearance of proteolytic cleavage fragments in conditioned media. Immunoblot analysis confirmed the G-CSFR was cleaved at its amino-terminus. Treatment of progenitor cells with NE prior to culture inhibited the growth of granulocyte-macrophage colony forming units. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that in addition to transcriptional controls and ligand-induced internalization, direct proteolytic cleavage of the G-CSFR by NE also downregulates G-CSFR expression and inhibits G-CSFR-mediated granulopoiesis in vitro. Our results suggest that NE negatively regulates granulopoiesis through a novel negative feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G Piper
- The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.
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16
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Roghanian A, Sallenave JM. Neutrophil elastase (NE) and NE inhibitors: canonical and noncanonical functions in lung chronic inflammatory diseases (cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2008; 21:125-44. [PMID: 18518838 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2007.0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases and antiproteases have multiple important roles both in normal homeostasis and during inflammation. Antiprotease molecules may have developed in a parallel network, consisting of "alarm" and "systemic" inhibitors. Their primary function was thought until recently to mainly prevent the potential injurious effects of excess release of proteolytic enzymes, such as neutrophil elastase (NE), from inflammatory cells. However, recently, new potential roles have been ascribed to these antiproteases. We will review "canonical" and new "noncanonical" functions for these molecules, and more particularly, those pertaining to their role in innate and adaptive immunity (antibacterial activity and biasing of the adaptive immune response).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roghanian
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh University Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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17
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Pham CTN. Neutrophil serine proteases fine-tune the inflammatory response. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 40:1317-33. [PMID: 18180196 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil serine proteases are granule-associated enzymes known mainly for their function in the intracellular killing of pathogens. Their extracellular release upon neutrophil activation is traditionally regarded as the primary reason for tissue damage at the sites of inflammation. However, studies over the past several years indicate that neutrophil serine proteases may also be key regulators of the inflammatory response. Neutrophil serine proteases specifically process and release chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, thus modulating their biological activity. In addition, neutrophil serine proteases activate and shed specific cell surface receptors, which can ultimately prolong or terminate cytokine-induced responses. Moreover, it has been proposed that these proteases can impact cell viability through their caspase-like activity and initiate the adaptive immune response by directly activating lymphocytes. In summary, these studies point to neutrophil serine proteases as versatile mediators that fine-tune the local immune response and identify them as potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine T N Pham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8045, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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18
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Chen CH, Ghiran I, Beurskens FJM, Weaver G, Vincent JA, Nicholson-Weller A, Klickstein LB. Antibody CR1-2B11 recognizes a non-polymorphic epitope of human CR1 (CD35). Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 148:546-54. [PMID: 17493021 PMCID: PMC1941935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of erythrocyte [red blood cells (RBC)] complement receptor type 1 (CR1, CD35) has the potential to serve as a sensitive assessment of complement activation and immune complex clearance. All previously reported monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) to the extracellular region of CR1 recognize epitopes within the long homologous repeats (LHR) of CR1 and the epitopes for the most frequently used MoAbs are repeated at least twice per CR1 molecule. Furthermore, CR1 exhibits structural polymorphism characterized by a variable number of LHR per molecule. Thus, accurate enumeration of cell surface CR1 using currently available MoAb would require that the results be corrected for the number of antibody epitopes per CR1 molecule encoded by each individual's alleles. To obtain a MoAb to a non-polymorphic epitope on human CR1, hybridomas were generated from mice immunized with recombinant soluble CR1 (sCR1) and MoAb were screened for those that recognized the full-length extracellular domain but failed to bind to all four recombinant LHR fragments. A single antibody, CR1-2B11, was identified and was found to recognize an epitope located wholly within SCR29-30 of CR1, NH2-terminal to an elastase cleavage site. Like other CR1 MoAb, the CR1-2B11 epitope expression decreased on old erythrocytes compared to younger cells and CR1-2B11 did not identify a CR1 'stump' on RBC. Importantly, CR1-2B11 immunofluorescence did not change with storage or handling of RBC, unlike the apparent decrease in immunofluorescence observed with other MoAb. CR1-2B11 should be useful for the accurate enumeration of RBC CR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Bánki Z, Wilflingseder D, Ammann CG, Pruenster M, Müllauer B, Holländer K, Meyer M, Sprinzl GM, van Lunzen J, Stellbrink HJ, Dierich MP, Stoiber H. Factor I-mediated processing of complement fragments on HIV immune complexes targets HIV to CR2-expressing B cells and facilitates B cell-mediated transmission of opsonized HIV to T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3469-76. [PMID: 16920989 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Our study demonstrates that binding of complement-opsonized HIV to complement receptor type 1 on human erythrocytes (E) via C3b fragments is followed by a rapid normal human serum-mediated detachment of HIV from E. The release was dependent on the presence of factor I indicating a conversion of C3b fragments to iC3b and C3d on the viral surface. This in turn resulted in an efficient binding of opsonized HIV to CR2-expressing B cells, thus facilitating B cell-mediated transmission of HIV to T cells. These data provide a new dynamic view of complement opsonization of HIV, suggesting that association of virus with E might be a transient phenomenon and the factor I-mediated processing of C3b to iC3b and C3d on HIV targets the virus to complement receptor type 2-expressing cells. Thus, factor I in concert with CR1 on E and factor H in serum due to their cofactor activity are likely to be important contributors for the generation of C3d-opsonized infectious HIV reservoirs on follicular dendritic cells and/or B cells in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Bánki
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria.
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20
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Abstract
The serine proteases cathepsin G, human leucocyte elastase and proteinase 3 are major contents of neutrophils and are released at sites of inflammation. The common picture of their function was that they do not degrade extracellular proteins specifically. Recent studies provided evidence that these proteases are able to activate specifically pro-inflammatory cytokines and lead to the activation of different receptors. Neutrophil serine proteases might therefore be important regulators of inflammatory processes and are interesting targets for new therapeutic approaches against inflammatory disorders. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the regulation of cell signalling by neutrophil serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Wiedow
- Department of Dermatology, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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21
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Tralau T, Meyer-Hoffert U, Schröder JM, Wiedow O. Human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G are specific inhibitors of C5a-dependent neutrophil enzyme release and chemotaxis. Exp Dermatol 2005; 13:316-25. [PMID: 15140022 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Circulating human neutrophils from patients with severe inflammatory disorders such as erysipelas and sepsis are specifically desensitized to complement factor C5a stimulation but not to stimulation with other stimuli like N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), interleukin-8 (IL-8), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), or platelet-activating factor (PAF, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). In this study, we raised the question whether factors released from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) can specifically down-regulate C5a-dependent neutrophil functions. When neutrophils were preincubated with either neutrophil lysates or neutrophil degranulation supernatants, a complete inhibition of C5a-stimulated beta-glucuronidase release and chemotaxis could be observed, whereas FMLP-, IL-8-, LTB4- or PAF-dependent functions were not affected. Serine protease inhibitors like phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, antileukoprotease, or elafin abolished this effect. High-performance liquid chromatography of neutrophil degranulation supernatants revealed pronounced inhibition of C5a-dependent neutrophil functions in fractions exerting elastase or cathepsin G activity, but not in fractions exerting proteinase 3 activity. Using purified human leukocyte elastase (HLE), C5a responses like intracellular calcium influx, beta-glucuronidase release, and chemotaxis were also specifically inhibited. Our experiments show that the release of HLE or cathepsin G from neutrophils specifically down-regulates the responsiveness of neutrophils to C5a. Elastase and cathepsin G may therefore play an important role in the down-regulation of acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Tralau
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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22
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Mezyk-Kopeć R, Bzowska M, Bzowska M, Mickowska B, Mak P, Potempa J, Bereta J. Effects of elastase and cathepsin G on the levels of membrane and soluble TNFα. Biol Chem 2005; 386:801-11. [PMID: 16201876 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil elastase (NE) and cathepsin G (CG), the proteolytic enzymes localized in azurophil granules of neutrophils (PMN), are involved in PMN responses to various stimuli. When released at sites of inflammation, they participate in the degradation of numerous proteins involved in the regulation of the immune response. In this study, we employed ADAM17(-/-) fibroblasts stably transfected with cDNA of human pro-tumor necrosis factor alpha (proTNFalpha) (ADAM17(-/-)TNF(+)) to investigate the effects of NE and CG on shedding and degradation of TNFalpha. Both NE and CG were found to diminish the level of membrane TNFalpha (mTNFalpha) as measured by flow cytometry. This process was accompanied by the accumulation of biologically active soluble TNFalpha (sTNFalpha) in the culture medium, as determined by an increase in both the cytotoxic activity of TNFalpha and its ability to serve as a co-stimulator in the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). However, in contrast to CG, NE at high concentrations was able to degrade sTNFalpha released from the cell surface. Using soluble recombinant human TNFalpha, we identified Val(93)-Ala(94) and Val(117)-Glu(118) as the NE cleavage sites within the sTNFalpha molecule. Taken together, the ability of NE and CG to modulate levels of membrane and soluble forms of TNFalpha may contribute to the proinflammatory activity of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mezyk-Kopeć
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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23
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Peake J, Wilson G, Hordern M, Suzuki K, Yamaya K, Nosaka K, Mackinnon L, Coombes JS. Changes in neutrophil surface receptor expression, degranulation, and respiratory burst activity after moderate- and high-intensity exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97:612-8. [PMID: 15075305 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01331.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense exercise stimulates the systemic release of a variety of factors that alter neutrophil surface receptor expression and functional activity. These alterations may influence resistance to infection after intense exercise. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of exercise intensity on neutrophil receptor expression, degranulation (measured by plasma and intracellular myeloperoxidase concentrations), and respiratory burst activity. Ten well-trained male runners ran on a treadmill for 60 min at 60% [moderate-intensity exercise (MI)] and 85% maximal oxygen consumption [high-intensity exercise (HI)]. Blood was drawn immediately before and after exercise and at 1 h postexercise. Immediately after HI, the expression of the neutrophil receptor CD16 was significantly below preexercise values ( P < 0.01), whereas MI significantly reduced CD35 expression below preexercise values ( P < 0.05). One hour after exercise at both intensities, there was a significant decline in CD11b expression ( P < 0.05) and a further decrease in CD16 expression compared with preexercise values ( P < 0.01). CD16 expression was lower 1 h after HI than 1 h after MI ( P < 0.01). Immediately after HI, intracellular myeloperoxidase concentration was less than preexercise values ( P < 0.01), whereas plasma myeloperoxidase concentration was greater ( P < 0.01), indicating that HI stimulated neutrophil degranulation. Plasma myeloperoxidase concentration was higher immediately after HI than after MI ( P < 0.01). Neutrophil respiratory burst activity increased after HI ( P < 0.01). In summary, both MI and HI reduced neutrophil surface receptor expression. Although CD16 expression was reduced to a greater extent after HI, this reduction did not impair neutrophil degranulation and respiratory burst activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Peake
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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24
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Hirche TO, Atkinson JJ, Bahr S, Belaaouaj A. Deficiency in neutrophil elastase does not impair neutrophil recruitment to inflamed sites. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 30:576-84. [PMID: 14565940 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0253oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To reach the sites of inflammation, neutrophils traverse the endothelium, its underlying basement membrane, and other barriers depending on the localization of the insulting agent. Whether neutrophil elastase (NE) plays a role in neutrophil recruitment to inflamed sites is still debatable. By exploiting mice deficient in NE (NE(-/-)), we sought to address this dilemma. We recruited neutrophils to the lungs or the peritoneum of wild-type (WT) or NE(-/-) mice by intranasal or intraperitoneal challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or its lipopolysaccharide. At designated times post-inoculation (0, 4, 24, and 48 h), groups of mice were killed to assess changes in leukocyte counts and inflammatory responses. NE(-/-) and WT mice had normal circulating leukocyte numbers including neutrophils and changes in the hemograms in the setting of acute inflammation were indistinguishable. Analyses of lung tissues or fluids from the lungs and peritoneum found that regardless of the inflammatory model, the leukocyte counts including neutrophils and the inflammatory response were similar in NE(-/-) and WT mice at all time points. In vitro, neutrophils isolated from the lungs or the peritoneum of NE(-/-) and WT mice had comparable chemotactic and respiratory-burst functions and migrated normally through Matrigel in response to various stimuli. Interestingly, preincubation of human peripheral blood neutrophils with NE physiologic inhibitors did not alter the migration of the cells through Matrigel. In sum, our findings present the first in vivo description that the absence of NE does not impair neutrophil recruitment to inflamed sites and that NE is not required for basement membrane transmigration of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim O Hirche
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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25
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Gasser O, Hess C, Miot S, Deon C, Sanchez JC, Schifferli JA. Characterisation and properties of ectosomes released by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Exp Cell Res 2003; 285:243-57. [PMID: 12706119 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophils release vesicles when activated in vitro and in vivo, in local and systemic inflammation. We have suggested that the presence of these vesicles is due to ectocytosis, defined as the release of rightside-out oriented vesicles expressing a select set of membrane proteins. Herein we have characterised the vesicles released by neutrophils to be ectosomes with specific properties. They contained cytosolic F-actin indicating their outside-out orientation. They bound Annexin V, suggesting that they expose phosphatidylserine, similarly to platelet microparticles. They expressed a subset of cell surface proteins (selectins and integrins, complement regulators, HLA-1, FcgammaRIII, and CD66b, but not CD14, FcgammaRII, and CD87). There was no specificity for transmembrane or glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked proteins and, unexpectedly, L-selectin, known to be cleaved from the surface of activated neutrophils, was present. Ectosomes exposed active enzymes released by neutrophils upon degranulation (matrix metalloproteinase-9, myeloperoxidase, proteinase 3, and elastase). In particular, released myeloperoxidase was able to bind back to ectosomes. The purified complement protein C1q and C1q from serum bound to ectosomes as well. Another aspect of ectosomes was that they became specifically adherent to monocytic and endothelial cells. These observations suggest that neutrophil-derived ectosomes have unique characteristics that make them candidates for playing roles in inflammation and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gasser
- Department of Research, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, Basel, Switzerland.
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26
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Dassler K, Kaup M, Tauber R, Fuchs H. Mutational suppression of transferrin receptor shedding can be compensated by distinct metalloproteases acting on alternative sites. FEBS Lett 2003; 536:25-9. [PMID: 12586332 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The human transferrin receptor (TfR) is proteolytically cleaved at R100 within the juxtamembrane stalk and to a lesser extent at an alternative site. We examined the effect of stalk mutations on human TfR shedding in transfected CHO cells. Point mutations at R100 led to an increase in alternative shedding while the R100 cleavage product was undetectable. Replacing the TfR-stalk by the corresponding sequences from tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-6 receptor also led to TfR ectodomain shedding. These results show that cleavage at alternative sites can compensate for suppressed cleavage at the major site and inhibitor studies reveal that at least three metalloproteases are involved in the shedding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Dassler
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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27
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Miot S, Marfurt J, Lach-Trifilieff E, González-Rubio C, López-Trascasa M, Sadallah S, Schifferli JA. The mechanism of loss of CR1 during maturation of erythrocytes is different between factor I deficient patients and healthy donors. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2002; 29:200-12. [PMID: 12490287 DOI: 10.1006/bcmd.2002.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the in vivo maturation of erythrocytes, the number of CR1 per cell decreases by approximately two-thirds in 30 days. The CR1 loss is enhanced in several diseases such as SLE, AIDS, and particularly in factor I deficiency. Microvesicles enriched in CR1 and DAF are released from erythrocytes matured in vitro, leading to the same loss of both molecules. When comparing reticulocytes and erythrocytes, CR1 and DAF were lost similarly in 15 normal individuals, suggesting that vesiculation may be at the origin of CR1 loss in vivo. However, the enhanced loss of CR1 in 3 patients with factor I deficiency was contrasted with a normal loss of DAF, raising the possibility that, in this pathological condition, CR1 might be proteolytically cleaved, leaving small CR1 fragments on the erythrocytes. To answer this question, a rabbit polyclonal antibody was raised against the cytoplasmic (tail) domain of CR1, which recognised specifically CR1 of erythrocytes and urinary vesicles on Western blots. However, no CR1 fragments could be detected on erythrocytes of the factor I deficient patients although this antibody was able to recognise CR1 fragments after treatment of normal erythrocytes or urinary vesicles with elastase. These data suggest that cell surface domains rich in CR1, but not in DAF, are specifically lost in factor I deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Miot
- Department of Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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28
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Kaup M, Dassler K, Reineke U, Weise C, Tauber R, Fuchs H. Processing of the human transferrin receptor at distinct positions within the stalk region by neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G. Biol Chem 2002; 383:1011-20. [PMID: 12222675 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ectodomain of the human transferrin receptor (TfR) is released as soluble TfR into the blood by cleavage within a stalk. The major cleavage site is located C-terminally of Arg-100; alternative cleavage sites are also present. Since the cleavage process is still unclear, we looked for proteases involved in TfR ectodomain release. In the supernatant of U937 histiocytic cells we detected alternatively cleaved TfR (at Glu-110). In membrane fractions of these cells we identified two distinct proteolytic activities responsible for TfR cleavage within the stalk at either Val-108 or Lys-95. Both activities could be inhibited by serine protease inhibitors, but not by inhibitors of any other class of proteases. Protein purification yielded a 28 kDa protein that generated the Val-108 terminus. The protease activity could be ascribed to neutrophil elastase according to the substrate specificity determined by amino acid substitution analysis of synthetic peptides, an inhibitor profile, the size of the protease and the use of specific antibodies. The results of analogous experiments suggest that the second activity is represented by another serine protease, cathepsin G. Thus, membrane-associated forms of neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G may be involved in alternative TfR shedding in U937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kaup
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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29
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Fäldt J, Dahlgren C, Ridell M, Karlsson A. Priming of human neutrophils by mycobacterial lipoarabinomannans: role of granule mobilisation. Microbes Infect 2001; 3:1101-9. [PMID: 11709290 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lipoarabinomannans (LAMs) from mycobacteria were investigated concerning their effect on human neutrophils. Two types of LAM, the mannose-capped ManLAM from the virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and the mannose-lacking AraLAM from a rapidly growing mycobacterial strain were used. Neither AraLAM nor ManLAM induced any significant direct activation of the NADPH-oxidase. Both LAMs, however, primed the neutrophils so that subsequent stimulation with the peptide chemoattractants fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLF), Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-DMet (WKYMVm) and the mammalian lactose-binding lectin galectin-3 resulted in a markedly enhanced oxidative response. The LAM-induced priming was accompanied by an increased exposure of complement receptors 1 and 3 as well as the formyl peptide receptor on the neutrophil surface, suggesting that the enhanced oxidative response could be due to upregulation of receptors on the cell surface as a result of granule mobilisation. Since LAM-primed neutrophils released 65% of the cell content of gelatinase but showed no increased release of vitamin B(12)-binding protein, mobilisation of the gelatinase granules rather than the specific granules is concluded to be responsible for the priming effects. This is in agreement with the subcellular localisation of receptors for fMLF, WKYMVm, as well as galectin-3, which are stored in the secretory vesicles and gelatinase granules. The priming effect appeared very similar to that of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, and since no differences in activity could be detected between AraLAM and ManLAM, we hypothesize that the lipid anchor of the LAM is responsible for the priming effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fäldt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, Box 435, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Lee WL, Downey GP. Leukocyte elastase: physiological functions and role in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:896-904. [PMID: 11549552 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.5.2103040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W L Lee
- The Toronto General Hospital of the University Health Network, the Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bank U, Ansorge S. More than destructive: neutrophil‐derived serine proteases in cytokine bioactivity control. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Bank
- Institute of Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Ansorge
- Institute of Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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Almkvist J, Fäldt J, Dahlgren C, Leffler H, Karlsson A. Lipopolysaccharide-induced gelatinase granule mobilization primes neutrophils for activation by galectin-3 and formylmethionyl-Leu-Phe. Infect Immun 2001; 69:832-7. [PMID: 11159975 PMCID: PMC97959 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.2.832-837.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have earlier shown that galectin-3, a lactose-binding mammalian lectin that is secreted from activated macrophages, basophils, and mast cells, induces activation of the NADPH oxidase in exudated but not in peripheral blood neutrophils (A. Karlsson, P. Follin, H. Leffler, and C. Dahlgren, Blood 91:3430-3438, 1998). The alteration in responsiveness occurring during extravasation correlated with mobilization of the gelatinase and/or specific granules to the cell surface, indicating a role for mobilizable galectin-3 receptors. In this study we have investigated galectin-3-induced NADPH oxidase activation, measured as superoxide production, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed neutrophils. Upon galectin-3 challenge, the LPS-primed cells produced superoxide, both extracellularly and intracellularly. A primed extracellular response to formylmethionyl-Leu-Phe (fMLF) was also achieved. The exposure of complement receptors 1 and 3 as well as the formyl peptide receptor on the cell surface was markedly increased after LPS treatment, indicating that granule fusion with the plasma membrane had occurred. Further assessment of specific markers for neutrophil granules showed that the LPS treatment had mobilized the gelatinase granules but only a minor fraction of the specific granules. We thus suggest that the mechanism behind LPS priming lies at the level of granule (receptor) mobilization for galectin-3 as well as for fMLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Almkvist
- Phagocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Moll S, Miot S, Sadallah S, Gudat F, Mihatsch MJ, Schifferli JA. No complement receptor 1 stumps on podocytes in human glomerulopathies. Kidney Int 2001; 59:160-8. [PMID: 11135068 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type one complement receptor (CR1) is the only physiological inhibitor of complement on podocytes. CR1 is lost in different glomerulopathies, in particular in lupus nephritis, in which it has been suggested that CR1 is removed by proteolysis from the cell membrane. METHODS To define whether proteolytic cleavage of CR1 on podocytes is a general phenomenon, we analyzed the expression of CR1 in different glomerulopathies using a monoclonal antibody against epitopes present on the extracellular portion of the molecule and a polyclonal antibody directed at the intracellular tail of CR1. The two antibodies were applied on sequential serial histologic sections of renal biopsy. RESULTS In normal glomeruli, the two antibodies provided similar results, that is, strong staining of podocytes, and both were shown to recognize specifically CR1. Decreased expression of the extracellular portion of CR1 was observed in lupus nephritis (8/8), focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS; 7/7), IgA nephritis (6/6), membranous glomerulonephritis (3/3), and minimal change disease (3/3). In each case, the decreased expression was accompanied by a simultaneous decrease of the expression of the intracellular tail of CR1 (Spearman's correlation coefficient rs = 0.951, P < 0.001). This observation was confirmed by analyzing focal glomerular lesions on sequential serial sections. CONCLUSION These data indicate that there are no CR1 stumps on podocytes, even in lupus nephritis, and suggest that the CR1 loss on podocytes is not due to consumption but to decreased synthesis. A loss of CR1 synthesis might render podocytes highly sensitive to complement attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moll
- Departments of Pathology and Research, Basel Medical School, Basel, Switzerland
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