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Research progress in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and its combination with olfactometry systems in the flavor analysis field. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Sulfur speciation of Kuwaiti crude oils fractions using two-dimensional gas chromatography. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Martínez RM, Barba C, Robredo S, Herraiz M. Improving enantiomeric resolutions by avoiding peak distortion effects in on-line coupled liquid chromatography to gas chromatography. Chirality 2019; 31:879-891. [PMID: 31429160 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we study the effect of different variables affecting elution profile distortion on the enantiomeric resolution eventually achievable when working with on-line coupled liquid chromatography to gas chromatography (LC-GC). Specifically, the proposed configuration combines achiral reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and chiral gas chromatography (enantio-GC), with heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin as enantioselective stationary phase to analyse target fractions transferred (from LC to GC) via the through oven transfer adsorption desorption (TOTAD) interface. The high degree of orthogonality resulting from the combination of two chromatographic columns having very different separation mechanisms (and also requiring mobile phases in distinct physical states), as well as integration of the sample preparation step in the first dimension of the system, significantly contributed to exploit the performance of the proposed two-dimensional approach. Occasional adverse effects, which may result in severe peak distortions during LC-GC analysis and could be explained by flow instabilities due to viscous fingering, are circumvented by using the outstanding capacity of the TOTAD interface for achieving effective elimination of the eluent arriving from the LC preseparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Barba
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Robredo
- Laboratorio Arbitral Agroalimentario (LAA), Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Brandner JJ. In-Situ Measurements in Microscale Gas Flows-Conventional Sensors or Something Else? MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E292. [PMID: 31035685 PMCID: PMC6562918 DOI: 10.3390/mi10050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Within the last few decades miniaturization has a driving force in almost all areas of technology, leading to a tremendous intensification of systems and processes. Information technology provides now data density several orders of magnitude higher than a few years ago, and the smartphone technology includes, as well the simple ability to communicate with others, features like internet, video and music streaming, but also implementation of the global positioning system, environment sensors or measurement systems for individual health. So-called wearables are everywhere, from the physio-parameter sensing wrist smart watch up to the measurement of heart rates by underwear. This trend holds also for gas flow applications, where complex flow arrangements and measurement systems formerly designed for a macro scale have been transferred into miniaturized versions. Thus, those systems took advantage of the increased surface to volume ratio as well as of the improved heat and mass transfer behavior of miniaturized equipment. In accordance, disadvantages like gas flow mal-distribution on parallelized mini- or micro tubes or channels as well as increased pressure losses due to the minimized hydraulic diameters and an increased roughness-to-dimension ratio have to be taken into account. Furthermore, major problems are arising for measurement and control to be implemented for in-situ and/or in-operando measurements. Currently, correlated measurements are widely discussed to obtain a more comprehensive view to a process by using a broad variety of measurement techniques complementing each other. Techniques for correlated measurements may include commonly used techniques like thermocouples or pressure sensors as well as more complex systems like gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, infrared or ultraviolet spectroscopy and many others. Some of these techniques can be miniaturized, some of them cannot yet. Those should, nevertheless, be able to conduct measurements at the same location and the same time, preferably in-situ and in-operando. Therefore, combinations of measurement instruments might be necessary, which will provide complementary techniques for accessing local process information. A recently more intensively discussed additional possibility is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) systems, which might be useful in combination with other, more conventional measurement techniques. NMR is currently undergoing a tremendous change from large-scale to benchtop measurement systems, and it will most likely be further miniaturized. NMR allows a multitude of different measurements, which are normally covered by several instruments. Additionally, NMR can be combined very well with other measurement equipment to perform correlative in-situ and in-operando measurements. Such combinations of several instruments would allow us to retrieve an "information cloud" of a process. This paper will present a view of some common measurement techniques and the difficulties of applying them on one hand in a miniaturized scale, and on the other hand in a correlative mode. Basic suggestions to achieve the above-mentioned objective by a combination of different methods including NMR will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen J Brandner
- Staff Position Microstructures and Process Sensors (MPS), Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Buah-Kwofie A, Humphries MS. Validation of a modified QuEChERS method for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in fatty biological tissues using two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1105:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu FJ, Fan M, Wei XY, Zong ZM. Application of mass spectrometry in the characterization of chemicals in coal-derived liquids. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:543-579. [PMID: 27074547 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coal-derived liquids (CDLs) are primarily generated from pyrolysis, carbonization, gasification, direct liquefaction, low-temperature extraction, thermal dissolution, and mild oxidation. CDLs are important feedstocks for producing value-added chemicals and clean liquid fuels as well as high performance carbon materials. Accordingly, the compositional characterization of chemicals in CDLs at the molecular level with advanced analytical techniques is significant for the efficient utilization of CDLs. Although reviews on advancements have been rarely reported, great progress has been achieved in this area by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), two-dimensional GC-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS), and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). This review focuses on characterizing hydrocarbon, oxygen-containing, nitrogen-containing, sulfur-containing, and halogen-containing chemicals in various CDLs with these three mass spectrometry techniques. Small molecular (< 500 u), volatile and semi-volatile, and less polar chemicals in CDLs have been identified with GC/MS and GC × GC-TOFMS. By equipped with two-dimensional GC, GC × GC-TOFMS can achieve a clearly chromatographic separation of complex chemicals in CDLs without prior fractionation, and thus can overcome the disadvantages of co-elution and serious peak overlap in GC/MS analysis, providing much more compositional information. With ultrahigh resolving power and mass accuracy, FT-ICR MS reveals a huge number of compositionally distinct compounds assigned to various chemical classes in CDLs. It shows excellent performance in resolving and characterizing higher-molecular, less volatile, and polar chemicals that cannot be detected by GC/MS and GC × GC-TOFMS. The application of GC × GC-TOFMS and FT-ICR MS to chemical characterization of CDLs is not as prevalent as that of petroleum and largely remains to be developed in many respects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:543-579, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Jing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Maohong Fan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
- School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Xian-Yong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Zhi-Min Zong
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
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Giri A, Coutriade M, Racaud A, Okuda K, Dane J, Cody RB, Focant JF. Molecular Characterization of Volatiles and Petrochemical Base Oils by Photo-Ionization GC×GC-TOF-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5395-5403. [PMID: 28410443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of organic mixtures by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to electron impact (EI) ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) allows the detection of thousands of compounds. However, owing to the exhaustive fragmentation following EI ionization, despite the use of mass spectral libraries, a majority of the compounds remains unidentified because of the lack of parent ion preservation. Thus, soft-ionization energies leading to organic compounds being ionized with limited or no fragmentation, retaining the molecular ion, has been of interest for many years. In this study, photoionization (PI) was evaluated as the ion source for GC×GC-TOF-MS measurements. First, capabilities and limitations of PI were tested using an authentic mixture of compounds of several chemical classes. Ionization energy exhibited by PI, equivalent to 10.8 eV, resulted in significant retention of molecular ion information; [M]+• for alkanes, ketones, FAMEs, aromatics, [M-H]+• for chloroalkanes, and [M-H2O]+• for alcohols. Second, considering the potential of PI for hydrocarbons, base oils, complex mixtures of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons blended for finished lubricant formulations, were extensively evaluated. Several chemical classes of hydrocarbons were positively identified including a large number of isomeric compounds, both aliphatics and cyclics. Interestingly, branched-alkanes were ionized with lower excess internal energy, not only retaining the molecular ions but also exhibiting unique fragmentation patterns. The results presented herein offer a unique perspective into the detailed molecular characterization of base oils. Such unprecedented identification power of PI coupled with GC×GC-TOF-MS is the first report covering volatiles to low-volatile organic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Giri
- University of Liège , Department of Chemistry, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Allée du 6 aout, B6c, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Marion Coutriade
- Total Marketing Services, Centre de Recherche de Solaize , Chemin du Canal-BP 22, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Amandine Racaud
- Total Marketing Services, Centre de Recherche de Solaize , Chemin du Canal-BP 22, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Koji Okuda
- Jeol U.S.A. , 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - John Dane
- Jeol U.S.A. , 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Robert B Cody
- Jeol U.S.A. , 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Jean-François Focant
- University of Liège , Department of Chemistry, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Allée du 6 aout, B6c, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
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Ntlhokwe G, Tredoux AGJ, Górecki T, Edwards M, Vestner J, Muller M, Erasmus L, Joubert E, Christel Cronje J, de Villiers A. Analysis of honeybush tea (Cyclopia spp.) volatiles by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography using a single-stage thermal modulator. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4127-4138. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Recent advances in liquid and gas chromatography methodology for extending coverage of the metabolome. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 43:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Metabolomic Strategies Involving Mass Spectrometry Combined with Liquid and Gas Chromatography. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 965:77-98. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47656-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Analysis of Odorants in Marking Fluid of Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) Using Simultaneous Sensory and Chemical Analysis with Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070834. [PMID: 27347921 PMCID: PMC6273184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Scent-marking is the most effective method of communication in the presence or absence of a signaler. These complex mixtures result in a multifaceted interaction triggered by the sense of smell. The objective was to identify volatile organic compound (VOC) composition and odors emitted by total marking fluid (MF) associated with Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica). Siberian tiger, an endangered species, was chosen because its MF had never been analyzed. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) for headspace volatile collection combined with multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry for simultaneous chemical and sensory analyses were used. Thirty-two VOCs emitted from MF were identified. 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, the sole previously identified compound responsible for the "characteristic" odor of P. tigris MF, was identified along with two additional compounds confirmed with standards (urea, furfural) and four tentatively identified compounds (3-methylbutanamine, (R)-3-methylcyclopentanone, propanedioic acid, and 3-hydroxybutanal) as being responsible for the characteristic aroma of Siberian tiger MF. Simultaneous chemical and sensory analyses improved characterization of scent-markings and identified compounds not previously reported in MF of other tiger species. This research will assist animal ecologists, behaviorists, and zookeepers in understanding how scents from specific MF compounds impact tiger and wildlife communication and improve management practices related to animal behavior. Simultaneous chemical and sensory analyses is applicable to unlocking scent-marking information for other species.
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Blase RC, Patrick EL, Mitchell JN, Libardoni M. Analysis of cave atmospheres by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) with flame ionization detection (FID). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ancr.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Samanipour S, Dimitriou-Christidis P, Gros J, Grange A, Samuel Arey J. Analyte quantification with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: Assessment of methods for baseline correction, peak delineation, and matrix effect elimination for real samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1375:123-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hexana W, De Coning P, Jali S, Van der Westhuizen R, Brack B, van Houwelingen A, Nel R. Comprehensive two-dimensional GC for the analysis of low-molecular-weight oxygenates in three different matrices from a petrochemical pilot plant using a single calibration. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:566-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wonga Hexana
- Analytical Science Group; Analytical Solutions Department; Research & Development; Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd; Sasolburg South Africa
| | - Piet De Coning
- Analytical Science Group; Analytical Solutions Department; Research & Development; Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd; Sasolburg South Africa
| | - Samuel Jali
- Analytical Science Group; Analytical Solutions Department; Research & Development; Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd; Sasolburg South Africa
| | - Rina Van der Westhuizen
- Analytical Science Group; Analytical Solutions Department; Research & Development; Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd; Sasolburg South Africa
| | - Bryan Brack
- Refinery Technologies Department; Research & Development; Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd; Sasolburg South Africa
| | - Arjan van Houwelingen
- Refinery Technologies Department; Research & Development; Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd; Sasolburg South Africa
| | - Reinier Nel
- Fuels Technology; Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd; Sasolburg South Africa
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Barba C, Santa-María G, Herraiz M, Martínez RM. Direct enantiomeric analysis of Mentha essential oils. Food Chem 2013; 141:542-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Antle PM, Zeigler CD, Gankin Y, Robbat A. New Spectral Deconvolution Algorithms for the Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Sulfur Heterocycles by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometery. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10369-76. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402336j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Antle
- Tufts University Department of Chemistry, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Christian D. Zeigler
- Tufts University Department of Chemistry, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Yuriy Gankin
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Inc., Needham, Massachusetts 02494, United States
| | - Albert Robbat
- Tufts University Department of Chemistry, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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Multidimensional gas chromatography using microfluidic switching and low thermal mass gas chromatography for the characterization of targeted volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1288:105-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lin X, Li Y, Xu D, Yang C, Xie Z. Rapid capillary electrochromatographic profiling of phytohormones on a hydrophilic interaction/strong anion-exchange mixed-mode monolith. Analyst 2013; 138:635-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36354b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Integration parameters and their effects on quantitative results with two-step peak summation quantitation in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:190-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nizio KD, McGinitie TM, Harynuk JJ. Comprehensive multidimensional separations for the analysis of petroleum. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Seeley JV. Recent advances in flow-controlled multidimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:24-37. [PMID: 22305357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The continued development of flow-controlled two-dimensional gas chromatography (2-D GC) is reviewed, with a special emphasis on results published from 2001 through 2011. Heart-cutting 2-D GC continues to be used for isolating selected components in complex mixtures. The programmable and highly precise flows and temperatures produced by modern gas chromatographs have made it easier to selectively transfer analytes to the secondary column and to backflush unwanted components from the primary column. Several new Deans switch interfaces for performing heart-cutting 2-D GC have been introduced, with most attention given to devices that integrate the flow connections into a single unit. Heart-cutting 2-D GC has been used to isolate analytes in a wide variety of complex mixtures including fuels, industrial feedstocks, fragrances, and environmental extracts. Valve-based comprehensive 2-D GC (GC×GC) was also actively developed in the past decade. Valve-based modulation is a simple way to generate GC×GC separations without using cryogenic fluids. More than ten new valve-based modulators were introduced. Diaphragm valves fitted with sample loops are the most common low duty cycle modulators, whereas fluidic modulators that employ differential flow conditions are the most common high duty cycle modulators. Applications of valve-based GC×GC include analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures, essential oils, and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Seeley
- Oakland University, Department of Chemistry, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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Robbat A, Kowalsick A, Howell J. Tracking juniper berry content in oils and distillates by spectral deconvolution of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5531-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Muscalu AM, Reiner EJ, Liss SN, Chen T, Ladwig G, Morse D. A routine accredited method for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, chlorobenzenes and screening of other halogenated organics in soil, sediment and sludge by GCxGC-μECD. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2403-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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On retentivity tuning by flow in the second column of different comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatographic configurations. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3186-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Informatics for cross-sample analysis with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (GCxGC–HRMS). Talanta 2011; 83:1279-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wojtowicz P, Zrostlíková J, Kovalczuk T, Schůrek J, Adam T. Evaluation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the diagnosis of inherited metabolic disorders using an automated data processing strategy. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:8054-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zapadlo M, Krupčík J, Májek P, Armstrong DW, Sandra P. Use of a polar ionic liquid as second column for the comprehensive two-dimensional GC separation of PCBs. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5859-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Krupčík J, Mydlová-Memersheimerová J, Májek P, Zapadlo M, Sandra P. The non-modulated transfer of total effluent for serially coupled columns in gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1821-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Multidimensional chromatography in food analysis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7110-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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32
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A comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry approach for identification of C10 derivatives from decalin. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2891-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Cortes HJ, Winniford B, Luong J, Pursch M. Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography review. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:883-904. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Chapter 2 Basic Instrumentation for GC×GC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(09)05502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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35
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Dömötörová M, Matisová E. Fast gas chromatography for pesticide residues analysis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1207:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Eckerle P, Pursch M, Cortes HJ, Sun K, Winniford B, Luong J. Determination of short-chain branching content in polyethylene by pyrolysis comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography using low thermal mass column technology. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3416-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Zeigler C, MacNamara K, Wang Z, Robbat A. Total alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon characterization and quantitative comparison of selected ion monitoring versus full scan gas chromatography/mass spectrometry based on spectral deconvolution. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1205:109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Cochran J. Evaluation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography - time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the determination of pesticides in tobacco. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:202-10. [PMID: 18261736 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) with fast acquisition time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to analyze a tobacco extract for pesticides. The emphasis was on qualitative characterization of the sample, using automated peak find and spectral deconvolution software to identify 14 pesticides in the extract. Two additional pesticides were located based on manual review of the data. Matrix-matched standards of tobacco extract spiked with 2.5 to 50 ng/mL concentrations of numerous organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides were used to demonstrate linearity and the GC x GC benefit of eliminating interferences that might contribute to quantification bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Cochran
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA.
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39
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Bieri S, Marriott PJ. Dual-Injection System with Multiple Injections for Determining Bidimensional Retention Indexes in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2008; 80:760-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac071367q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bieri
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
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40
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Mastovska K. Chapter 6 Recent Developments in Chromatographic Techniques. FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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41
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Medeiros PM, Simoneit BRT. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for analyses of organic compounds and biomarkers as tracers for geological, environmental, and forensic research. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1516-36. [PMID: 17623433 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography, especially when coupled with mass spectrometry, is the analytical method of choice for elucidation of biomarker compounds present in organic mixtures extracted from geological, environmental, and biological samples. This review describes the biomarker concept, i. e., the precursor natural products to the geological/environmental derivatives, and their application as multi-tracers in the geosphere and ambient environment. The mass spectrometric methods currently utilized for such analyses are reviewed with a general key to the literature, and typical examples of applications using GC-MS are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Medeiros
- Environmental and Petroleum Research Group, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
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42
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Hübner J, Taheri R, Melchior D, Kling HW, Gäb S, Schmitz OJ. Analysis of tensides in complex samples with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1755-62. [PMID: 17581745 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multidimensional gas-chromatographical analysis of various tensides of natural or synthetic origin in cosmetic products is demonstrated. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry allows the qualitative and quantitative determination of alkyl polyglucosides (AG), fatty alcohol ethoxylates (FAEO), fatty alcohol sulfates (FAS), fatty alcohol ether sulfates (FAES) and cocamidopropyl betaines (CAPB) in shower gel and cleaning agents. The samples were aliquoted in two parts. The first part was silylated, diluted and analysed; then, in order to detect anionic tensides (FAES, FAS) too, the second aliquot was hydrolysed before being silylated for analysis. Because of their amphoteric character, the betaines can only be analysed by gas chromatography after thermal decomposition in the injector, which leads to the corresponding amidoamines among other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hübner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
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43
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Welthagen W, Mitschke S, Mühlberger F, Zimmermann R. One-dimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to soft photo ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: A two- and three-dimensional separation approach. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1150:54-61. [PMID: 17418851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Soft laser photo-ionization mass spectrometry is presented as a separation dimension hyphenated with gas chromatographic techniques. Single photon ionization (SPI) is a universal soft ionization method which ionizes organic molecules with an ionization potential below 10.5 eV if 118 nm laser radiation is used. The inherently soft ionization of photo ionization techniques can further be utilized together with gas chromatography as a comprehensive two-dimensional separation method (GC x MS), using the GC retention time as first separation dimension and the molecular mass as second separation dimension. Some GC x MS chromatograms of diesel petroleum samples using SPI are presented and discussed. Finally, it is demonstrated that the coupling of soft SPI mass spectrometry with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) provides a three-dimensional separation technique (GC x GC x SPI-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Welthagen
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
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44
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Horie K, Kimura H, Ikegami T, Iwatsuka A, Saad N, Fiehn O, Tanaka N. Calculating Optimal Modulation Periods to Maximize the Peak Capacity in Two-Dimensional HPLC. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3764-70. [PMID: 17437330 DOI: 10.1021/ac062002t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical calculations are presented to optimize modulation period for maximum total peak capacity in comprehensive two-dimensional HPLC (2D-HPLC) taking into account the effect of modulation on the apparent peak capacity of the first-dimension (1D) separation. Results indicate that modulation periods are most favorable when they are adjusted to approximately 2.2-4 times the standard deviation of a 1D peak in order to avoid excessively short run times at the second dimension (2D). Data are presented that effective peak capacities of several thousand in 60 min can be expected for practical 2D-HPLC conditions, utilizing 1D gradient elution followed by 2D isocratic elution, that remain at approximately 50-70% of the theoretical maximum peak capacity. This work suggests that lower modulation frequencies and longer 2D separation times than previously proposed are favorable under realistic chromatographic conditions, alleviating some practical problems associated with 2D-HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Horie
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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45
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Pang T, Zhu S, Lu X, Xu G. Identification of unknown compounds on the basis of retention index data in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:868-74. [PMID: 17536732 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The identification of unknown compounds in complex samples is very difficult. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) provides very good resolution and improved identification reliability. Mass spectrometry is a powerful identification tool and retention index data are another good approach to this end. In this study, a second-order polynomial was used to calculate retention index data based on n-alkanes beyond the region of the 'isovolatile' curve in GC x GC, and the results in the 2nd dimension were validated by using the same stationary phase column in one-dimensional GC. To test the usefulness of the method, volatile compounds in a tobacco leaf extract fraction were analyzed using GC x GC, and 60 compounds were identified on the basis of their retention indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Pang
- National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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46
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O'Hagan S, Dunn WB, Knowles JD, Broadhurst D, Williams R, Ashworth JJ, Cameron M, Kell DB. Closed-loop, multiobjective optimization of two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for serum metabolomics. Anal Chem 2007; 79:464-76. [PMID: 17222009 DOI: 10.1021/ac061443+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics seeks to measure potentially all the metabolites in a biological sample, and consequently, we need to develop and optimize methods to increase significantly the number of metabolites we can detect. We extended the closed-loop (iterative, automated) optimization system that we had previously developed for one-dimensional GC-TOF-MS (O'Hagan, S.; Dunn, W. B.; Brown, M.; Knowles, J. D.; Kell, D. B. Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 290-303) to comprehensive two-dimensional (GCxGC) chromatography. The heuristic approach used was a multiobjective version of the efficient global optimization algorithm. In just 300 automated runs, we improved the number of metabolites observable relative to those in 1D GC by some 3-fold. The optimized conditions allowed for the detection of over 4000 raw peaks, of which some 1800 were considered to be real metabolite peaks and not impurities or peaks with a signal/noise ratio of less than 5. A variety of computational methods served to explain the basis for the improvement. This closed-loop optimization strategy is a generic and powerful approach for the optimization of any analytical instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Faraday Building, Sackville Street, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
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47
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Hoh E, Mastovska K, Lehotay SJ. Optimization of separation and detection conditions for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1145:210-21. [PMID: 17306276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are among the most toxic compounds known, and several sources of exposure to these chemicals should be monitored to protect human and environmental health. The current predominant method of analysis is too expensive and cumbersome, and comprehensive two-dimensional GC coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC--TOF-MS) has the potential to lower the costs and speed analysis of PCDD/Fs. In this study, GC x GC--TOF parameters were evaluated and optimized to yield complete separation of the 17 most important PCDD/F congeners from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) interferences, and to attain the lowest detection limits. The optimization study entailed evaluation of oven temperature programs, column flow rates, ion source temperatures, electron ionization energy, data acquisition rate, and various GC x GC parameters, including modulation period, modulator temperature offset and hot pulse duration. After optimization, all 17 PCDD/Fs were separated in <60 min, and in particular, the critical pair of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and pentachlorobiphenyl congener CB126 did not co-elute chromatographically. Accurate identification and determination of all analytes could be made using their deconvoluted full mass spectra. In GC x GC, the modulation period and start time were the most important factors that affected sensitivity and selectivity for the analysis of the PCDD/Fs. The modulation period should be < or = 4s to preserve separations achieved in one-dimensional GC, and the modulation start time was important to achieve one large slice and two smaller symmetrical slices of TCDD to maximize its detection sensitivity. After optimization, the method could identify 0.25 pg of TCDD with standard injection from its full mass spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunha Hoh
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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48
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Górecki T, Panić O, Oldridge N. Recent Advances in Comprehensive Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600574762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Górecki
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Canada
| | - Ognjen Panić
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Canada
| | - Nathan Oldridge
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Canada
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49
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Van De Weghe H, Vanermen G, Gemoets J, Lookman R, Bertels D. Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the assessment of oil contaminated soils. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1137:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Bieri S, Marriott PJ. Generating Multiple Independent Retention Index Data in Dual-secondary Column Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2006; 78:8089-97. [PMID: 17134144 DOI: 10.1021/ac060869l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method producing simultaneously three retention indexes for compounds has been developed for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography by using a dual secondary column approach (GC x 2GC). For this purpose, the primary flow of the first dimension column was equally diverted into two secondary microbore columns of identical geometry by means of a three-way flow splitter positioned after the longitudinally modulated cryogenic system. This configuration produced a pair of comprehensive two-dimensional chromatograms and generated retention data on three different stationary phases in a single run. First dimension retention indexes were determined on a polar SolGel-Wax column under linear programmed-temperature conditions according to the van den Dool approach using primary alcohol homologues as the reference scale. Calculation of pseudoisothermal retention indexes in both second dimensions was performed on low-polarity 5% phenyl equivalent polysilphenylene/siloxane (BPX5) and 14% cyanopropylphenyl/86% dimethylpolysiloxane (BP10) columns. To construct a retention correlation map in the second dimension separation space upon which KovAts indexes can be derived, two methods exploiting "isovolatility" relationships of alkanes were developed. The first involved 15 sequential headspace samplings of selected n-alkanes by solid-phase microextraction (SPME), with each sampling followed by their injection into the GC at predetermined times during the chromatographic run. The second method extended the second dimension retention map and consisted of repetitive introduction of SPME-sampled alkane mixtures at various isothermal conditions incremented over the temperature program range. Calculated second dimension retention indexes were compared with experimental values obtained in conventional one-dimensional GC. A case study mixture including 24 suspected allergens (i.e., fragrance ingredients) was used to demonstrate the feasibility and potential of retention index information in comprehensive 2D-GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bieri
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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