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Park KH, Kim D, Jung M, Kim DY, Lee YM, Lee MS, Hong KW, Bae IG, Hong SI, Cho OH. Effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of nafcillin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampin on biofilm formation of clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0341223. [PMID: 38651875 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03412-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are often difficult to treat because of their biofilm-forming ability and antimicrobial resistance. We investigated the effects of sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics on MRSA biofilm formation. Clinical MRSA isolates were grown with sub-MICs (1/256-1/2 × MICs) of nafcillin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampin. The biofilm biomass was measured using crystal violet staining. Of the 107 MRSA isolates tested, 63 (58.9%) belonged to sequence type 5 (ST5), and 44 (41.1%) belonged to ST72. The MIC50/MIC90 values of nafcillin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampin were 256/512, 1/2, 64/512, and 0.008/0.03 mg/L, respectively. The sub-MICs of nafcillin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampin promoted biofilm formation in 75 (70.1%), 49 (45.8%), 89 (83.2%), and 89 (83.2%) isolates, respectively. At sub-MICs of nafcillin, the factors associated with strong biofilm induction were the ST5 strain (P = 0.001) and agr dysfunction (P = 0.005). For the sub-MICs of ciprofloxacin, the associated factors were the ST5 strain (P = 0.002), staphylococcal protein A type t002 strain (P < 0.001), and ciprofloxacin resistance (P < 0.001). Among the sub-MICs of rifampin, only ST5 was associated with strong biofilm induction (P = 0.006). Because the sub-MICs of rifampin were much lower than clinically relevant concentrations, we further tested the capability of biofilm induction in 0.03[Formula: see text]32 mg/L of rifampin. At these concentrations, rifampin-induced biofilm formation was rare in rifampin-susceptible MRSA [1.0% (1 of 100)] but common in rifampin-resistant MRSA [71.4% (5 of 7), P < 0.001]. Induction of biofilm biomass at sub-MICs of antibiotics is common in clinical MRSA isolates and is differentially affected by the MRSA strain and antibiotic class. IMPORTANCE Bacteria can be exposed to sub-MICs of antibiotics at the beginning and end of a dosing regimen, between doses, or during low-dose therapies. Growing evidence suggests that sub-MICs of antimicrobials can stimulate MRSA biofilm formation and alter the composition of the biofilm matrix. Pevious studies have found that sub-MICs of oxacillin, methicillin, and amoxicillin promote biofilm formation in some community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA). We evaluated biofilm induction by sub-MICs of four different classes of antibiotics in 44 CA-MRSA and 63 healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) strains. Our study indicated that sub-MICs of nafcillin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampin frequently promote biofilm induction in clinical MRSA isolates. Strong biofilm induction in sub-MICs of nafcillin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampin was more frequent in HA-MRSA than in CA-MRSA. Antibiotic-induced biofilm formation depends on the antibiotic class, MRSA strain, and antibiotic resistance. Our results emphasize the importance of maintaining effective bactericidal concentrations of antibiotics to treat biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Ho Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minji Jung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Youn Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Suk Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Wook Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - In-Gyu Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sun In Hong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Oh-Hyun Cho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
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Banerjee A, Singh P, Sheikh PA, Kumar A, Koul V, Bhattacharyya J. A multifunctional silk-hyaluronic acid self-healing hydrogel laden with alternatively activated macrophage-derived exosomes reshape microenvironment of diabetic wound and accelerate healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132384. [PMID: 38754682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The impairment of phenotype switching of pro-inflammatory M1 to pro-healing M2 macrophage induced by hyperglycemic microenvironment often elevates oxidative stress, impairs angiogenesis, and leads to chronic non-healing wounds in diabetic patients. Administration of M2 macrophage-derived exosomes (M2Exo) at wound site is known to polarize M1 to M2 macrophage and can accelerate wound healing by enhancing collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and re-epithelialization. In the present study, M2Exo were conjugated with oxidized hyaluronic acid and mixed with PEGylated silk fibroin to develop self-healing Exo-gel to achieve an efficient therapy for diabetic wounds. Exo-gel depicted porous networked morphology with self-healing and excellent water retention behaviour. Fibroblast cells treated with Exo-gel showed significant uptake of M2Exo that increased their proliferation and migration in vitro. Interestingly, in a diabetic wound model of wistar rats, Exo-gel treatment induced 75 % wound closure within 7 days with complete epithelial layer regeneration by modulating cytokine levels, stimulating fibroblast-keratinocyte interaction and migration, angiogenesis, and organized collagen deposition. Taken together, this study suggests that Exo-gel depict properties of an excellent wound healing matrix and can be used as a therapeutic alternative to treat chronic non-healing diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahana Banerjee
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India; Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Science, Delhi, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Prerna Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh-208016, India; Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh-208016, India
| | - Parvaiz A Sheikh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh-208016, India; Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh-208016, India; The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh-208016, India; Centre of Excellence for Orthopedics and Prosthetics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh-208016, India; Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh-208016, India
| | - Veena Koul
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India; Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Science, Delhi, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharyya
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India; Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Science, Delhi, New Delhi-110029, India.
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3
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Maddeppungeng NM, Syahirah NA, Hidayati N, Rahman FUA, Mansjur KQ, Rieuwpassa IE, Setiawati D, Fadhlullah M, Aziz AYR, Salsabila A, Alsayed AR, Pamornpathomkul B, Permana AD, Hasyim R. Specific delivery of metronidazole using microparticles and thermosensitive in situ hydrogel for intrapocket administration as an alternative in periodontitis treatment. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024:1-24. [PMID: 38769614 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2024.2349414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease primarily caused by the prevalence of bacterial overgrowth resulting in the development of an inflammatory condition that destroys the tooth's supporting tissues and eventual tooth loss. Comparatively, to other treatment methods, it is difficult for topical antibacterial drugs to effectively permeate the biofilm's physical barrier, making conventional therapy for periodontitis more challenging. This novel study combines thermosensitive in situ hydrogel with microparticles (MPs) to enhance the targeted delivery of metronidazole (MET) to the periodontal pocket. Polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer was utilized to produce bacteria-sensitive MPs. Additionally, the study assessed the attributes of MPs and demonstrated an enhancement in the in vitro antibacterial efficacy of MPs towards Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Escherichia coli (EC). Subsequently, we incorporated MET-MPs into thermosensitive in situ hydrogel formulations using chitosan. The optimized formulations exhibited stability, appropriate gelation temperature, mucoadhesive strength, and viscosity. In vitro permeation tests showed selective and prolonged drug release against SA and EC. Ex vivo experiments demonstrated no significant differences between in situ hydrogel containing pure MET and MET-MPs in biofilm quantity, bacterial counts, and metabolic activity in biofilms. According to in vitro tests and the effectiveness of the antibacterial activity, this study has exhibited a novel methodology for more efficacious therapies for periodontitis. This study aims to utilize MET in MPs to improve its effectiveness, enhance its antibacterial activity, and improve patient treatment outcomes. In further research, the efficacy of the treatment should be investigated in vivo using an appropriate animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Muhlisah Maddeppungeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Alauddin Islamic State University, Samata Gowa, Indonesia
| | | | - Nasyrah Hidayati
- Department of Orthodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Fadhlil U A Rahman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Karima Qurnia Mansjur
- Department of Orthodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Irene E Rieuwpassa
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Dian Setiawati
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Fadhlullah
- Veterinary Paramedic Study Program, Faculty of Vocational Study, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Ahmad R Alsayed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | | | - Rafikah Hasyim
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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Berto LA, Ettmayer JB, Stutzer D, Nietzsche S, Niederhauser T, Burger J, Sculean A, Eick S, Hofmann M. In-vitro effects of novel periodontal scalers with a planar ultrasonic piezoelectric transducer on periodontal biofilm removal, dentine surface roughness, and periodontal ligament fibroblasts adhesion. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:294. [PMID: 38698252 PMCID: PMC11065928 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05671-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare ultrasonic scaler prototypes based on a planar piezoelectric transducer with different working frequencies featuring a titanium (Ti-20, Ti-28, and Ti-40) or stainless steel (SS-28) instrument, with a commercially available scaler (com-29) in terms of biofilm removal and reformation, dentine surface roughness and adhesion of periodontal fibroblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS A periodontal multi-species biofilm was formed on specimens with dentine slices. Thereafter specimens were instrumented with scalers in a periodontal pocket model or left untreated (control). The remaining biofilms were quantified and allowed to reform on instrumented dentine slices. In addition, fibroblasts were seeded for attachment evaluation after 72 h of incubation. Dentine surface roughness was analyzed before and after instrumentation. RESULTS All tested instruments reduced the colony-forming unit (cfu) counts by about 3 to 4 log10 and the biofilm quantity (each p < 0.01 vs. control), but with no statistically significant difference between the instrumented groups. After 24-hour biofilm reformation, no differences in cfu counts were observed between any groups, but the biofilm quantity was about 50% in all instrumented groups compared to the control. The attachment of fibroblasts on instrumented dentine was significantly higher than on untreated dentine (p < 0.05), with the exception of Ti-20. The dentine surface roughness was not affected by any instrumentation. CONCLUSIONS The planar piezoelectric scaler prototypes are able to efficiently remove biofilm without dentine surface alterations, regardless of the operating frequency or instrument material. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ultrasonic scalers based on a planar piezoelectric transducer might be an alternative to currently available ultrasonic scalers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Aranha Berto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Blanda Ettmayer
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Diego Stutzer
- Institute for Human Centered Engineering, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Quellgasse 21, Biel, CH-2501, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Center of Electron Microscopy, University Hospital Jena, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Niederhauser
- Institute for Human Centered Engineering, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Quellgasse 21, Biel, CH-2501, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Burger
- School of Biomedical and Precision Engineering, University of Bern, Gueterstrasse 24/26, Bern, CH-3008, Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Hofmann
- School of Biomedical and Precision Engineering, University of Bern, Gueterstrasse 24/26, Bern, CH-3008, Switzerland
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García-Bayona L, Said N, Coyne MJ, Flores K, Elmekki NM, Sheahan ML, Camacho AG, Hutt K, Yildiz FH, Kovács ÁT, Waldor MK, Comstock LE. A pervasive large conjugative plasmid mediates multispecies biofilm formation in the intestinal microbiota increasing resilience to perturbations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.29.590671. [PMID: 38746121 PMCID: PMC11092513 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.29.590671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Although horizontal gene transfer is pervasive in the intestinal microbiota, we understand only superficially the roles of most exchanged genes and how the mobile repertoire affects community dynamics. Similarly, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the ability of a community to recover after a perturbation. Here, we identified and functionally characterized a large conjugative plasmid that is one of the most frequently transferred elements among Bacteroidales species and is ubiquitous in diverse human populations. This plasmid encodes both an extracellular polysaccharide and fimbriae, which promote the formation of multispecies biofilms in the mammalian gut. We use a hybridization-based approach to visualize biofilms in clarified whole colon tissue with unprecedented 3D spatial resolution. These biofilms increase bacterial survival to common stressors encountered in the gut, increasing strain resiliency, and providing a rationale for the plasmid's recent spread and high worldwide prevalence.
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6
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Hamman N, Ramburrun P, Dube A. Selenium Nanoparticle Activity against S. mutans Biofilms as a Potential Treatment Alternative for Periodontitis. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:450. [PMID: 38675111 PMCID: PMC11055075 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The disruption of periodontal biofilms and prevailing antimicrobial resistance issues continue to pose a great challenge to the treatment of periodontitis. Here, we report on selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) as a treatment alternative for periodontitis by determining their antibiofilm activity against S. mutans biofilms and the potential role of particle size in disrupting biofilms. SeNPs were synthesised via a reduction reaction. Various physicochemical characterisations were conducted on the NPs, including size and shape. The microbroth dilution method was used to conduct the biofilm and antibiofilm assay against S. mutans, which was analysed by absorbance. SeNPs displayed hydrodynamic sizes as low as 46 ± 4 nm at a volume ratio of 1:5 (sodium selenite/ascorbic acid) with good monodispersity and stability. Hydrodynamic sizes of SeNPs after resuspension in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 2.5% sucrose (TSB + 2.5% suc.) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h, ranged from 112 to 263 nm, while the zeta potential values increased to greater than -11 mV. The biofilm assay indicated that S. mutans are weakly adherent, bordering on moderately adherent biofilm producers. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) was identified at 500 µg/mL. At a 1000 µg/mL concentration, SeNPs were able to inhibit S. mutan biofilms up to 99.87 ± 2.41% at a volume ratio of 1:1. No correlation was found between antibiofilm activity and particle size; however, antibiofilm activity was proven to be concentration-dependant. SeNPs demonstrate antibiofilm activity and may be useful for further development in treating periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naasika Hamman
- Infectious Disease Nanomedicine Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Poornima Ramburrun
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
| | - Admire Dube
- Infectious Disease Nanomedicine Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
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Ng YM, Sockalingam SNM, Shafiei Z, Zakaria ASI, Mahyuddin A, Rahman MA. Biological Activities of Virgin Coconut and Virgin Olive Oil Mixture against Oral Primary Colonizers: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024; 25:260-266. [PMID: 38690700 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
AIM AND BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the potential synergistic interaction of virgin coconut oil (VCO) and virgin olive oil (VOO) mixture against Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus casei in a single and mixture species through the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), antiadherence, and antibiofilm activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The broth microdilution technique was used to individually determine the MIC of both oils and an oil mixture (in the ratio of 1:1) in a 96-well microtiter plate. As for the MBC, the subcultured method was used. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (ΣFIC) was determined to identify the interaction types between both oils. The oil mixture at its MIC was then tested on its antibiofilm and antiadherence effect. RESULTS The MIC of the oil mixture against the tested microbiota was 50-100%. The oil mixture was bactericidal at 100% concentration for all the mentioned microbes except S. mutans. The ΣFIC value was 2 to 4, indicating that the VCO and VOO acted additively against the microbiota. Meanwhile, the oil mixture at MIC (50% for S. sanguinis and L. casei; 100% for S. mutans and mixture species) exhibited antiadherence and antibiofilm activity toward the microbiota in mixture species. CONCLUSION The oil mixture possesses antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antiadherence properties toward the tested microbiota, mainly at 50-100% concentration of oil mixture. There was no synergistic interaction found between VCO and VOO. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Children and individuals with special care may benefit from using the oil mixture, primarily to regulate the biofilm formation and colonization of the bacteria. Furthermore, the oil mixture is natural and nontoxic compared to chemical-based oral healthcare products. How to cite this article: Ng YM, Sockalingam SNMP, Shafiei Z, et al. Biological Activities of Virgin Coconut and Virgin Olive Oil Mixture against Oral Primary Colonizers: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(3):260-266.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mei Ng
- Department of Children's Dentistry, Ministry of Health, Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9605-8788
| | - S Nagarajan Mp Sockalingam
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Phone: +60 166606493, e-mail: , Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7976-5115
| | - Zaleha Shafiei
- Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7703-9785
| | - Ahmad Shuhud Irfani Zakaria
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3715-9181
| | - Alida Mahyuddin
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3720-8617
| | - Mariati A Rahman
- Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6856-8511
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8
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Irani D, Jungbauer G, Sculean A, Eick S. Effect of sodium hypochlorite gel on bacteria associated with periodontal disease. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:190. [PMID: 38430333 PMCID: PMC10908609 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An adjunct in non-surgical periodontal therapy might be sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)-based agents. The purpose of the present in vitro study was to get deeper knowledge on the influence of different parameters as time after mixing, pH, and chemical composition of an amino acid 0.475% NaOCl (AA-NaOCl) gel consisting of two components on its anti-biofilm activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six-species biofilms were cultured for 5 days, before AA-NaOCl gel was applied. In the different series, the influence of the time after mixing of the two components before application, of the concentration of NaOCl in the gel mixture, of the pH of the gel mixture, and of an exchange of the amino acid component by hyaluronic acid (HA), was analyzed. RESULTS Mixing time point experiments showed that the AA-NaOCl gel is capable of statistically significantly reducing colony-forming unit (cfu) counts up to 30 min after mixing, but only up to 20 min after mixing the reduction was more than 2 log10 cfu. The pH experiments indicate that a reduced pH results in a reduced activity of the NaOCl formulation. NaOCl concentrations in the formulation in the range from 0.475 to 0.2% provide adequate activity on biofilms. A HA/NaOCl gel was equally active against the biofilm as the AA-NaOCl gel. CONCLUSION Mixing of the components should be made in a timeframe of 20 min before applications. An optimization of the composition of the NaOCl formulation might be possible and should be a topic in further in vitro studies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The AA-NaOCl gel formulation can be mixed up to 20 min before application. Further, the study indicates that the composition of the NaOCl gel formulation can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Irani
- School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Jungbauer
- School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Sabotič J, Bayram E, Ezra D, Gaudêncio SP, Haznedaroğlu BZ, Janež N, Ktari L, Luganini A, Mandalakis M, Safarik I, Simes D, Strode E, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Varamogianni-Mamatsi D, Varese GC, Vasquez MI. A guide to the use of bioassays in exploration of natural resources. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108307. [PMID: 38185432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Bioassays are the main tool to decipher bioactivities from natural resources thus their selection and quality are critical for optimal bioprospecting. They are used both in the early stages of compounds isolation/purification/identification, and in later stages to evaluate their safety and efficacy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the most common bioassays used in the discovery and development of new bioactive compounds with a focus on marine bioresources. We present a comprehensive list of practical considerations for selecting appropriate bioassays and discuss in detail the bioassays typically used to explore antimicrobial, antibiofilm, cytotoxic, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-ageing potential. The concept of quality control and bioassay validation are introduced, followed by safety considerations, which are critical to advancing bioactive compounds to a higher stage of development. We conclude by providing an application-oriented view focused on the development of pharmaceuticals, food supplements, and cosmetics, the industrial pipelines where currently known marine natural products hold most potential. We highlight the importance of gaining reliable bioassay results, as these serve as a starting point for application-based development and further testing, as well as for consideration by regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Engin Bayram
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - David Ezra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Institute, P.O.Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Susana P Gaudêncio
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Biomolecular Sciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Blue Biotechnology & Biomedicine Lab, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Berat Z Haznedaroğlu
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Nika Janež
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Leila Ktari
- B3Aqua Laboratory, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anna Luganini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Manolis Mandalakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ivo Safarik
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Biology Centre, ISBB, CAS, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dina Simes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; 2GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Evita Strode
- Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Agency of Daugavpils University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Department of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Despoina Varamogianni-Mamatsi
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Marlen I Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
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10
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Klopper KB, Bester E, van Schalkwyk M, Wolfaardt GM. Highlighting the limitations of static microplate biofilm assays for industrial biocide effectiveness compared to dynamic flow conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13214. [PMID: 38015101 PMCID: PMC10866068 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The minimal inhibitory concentration of an antimicrobial required to inhibit the growth of planktonic populations (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]) remains the 'gold standard' even though biofilms are acknowledged to be recalcitrant to concentrations that greatly exceed the MIC. As a result, most studies focus on biofilm tolerance to high antimicrobial concentrations, whereas the effect of environmentally relevant sub-MIC on biofilms is neglected. The effect of the MIC and sub-MIC of an isothiazolinone biocide on a microbial community isolated from an industrial cooling system was assessed under static and flow conditions. The differential response of planktonic and sessile populations to these biocide concentrations was discerned by modifying the broth microdilution assay. However, the end-point analysis of biofilms cultivated in static microplates obscured the effect of sub-MIC and MIC on biofilms. A transition from batch to the continuous flow system revealed a more nuanced response of biofilms to these biocide concentrations, where biofilm-derived planktonic cell production was maintained despite an increase in the frequency and extent of biofilm sloughing. A holistic, 'best of both worlds' approach that combines the use of static and continuous flow systems is useful to investigate the potential for the development of persistent biofilms under conditions where exposure to sub-MIC and MIC may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B. Klopper
- Department of MicrobiologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Elanna Bester
- Department of MicrobiologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | | | - Gideon M. Wolfaardt
- Department of MicrobiologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
- Department of Chemistry and BiologyToronto Metropolitan UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
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11
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Grabek-Lejko D, Hyrchel T. The Antibacterial Properties of Polish Honey against Streptococcus mutans-A Causative Agent of Dental Caries. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1640. [PMID: 37998842 PMCID: PMC10669562 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is considered the main pathogen responsible for dental caries, one of the major infectious diseases, affecting more than 4 billion people worldwide. Honey is a natural product with well-known antibacterial potential against several human pathogens. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Polish honey against S. mutans and analyze the role of some bioactive substances on its antibacterial action. The antibacterial potential of different honey varieties (goldenrod, buckwheat, honeydew, and lime) was analyzed using a microdilution assay. Manuka and artificial honey were used as controls. The content of GOX, hydrogen peroxide, total polyphenols, and antioxidant potential was assayed in honey. The influence of catalase and proteinase K on antibacterial activity as well as antibiofilm action was also determined. The strongest antibacterial activity was observed for buckwheat, honeydew, and manuka honey, which were also characterized by the highest antioxidant activity and polyphenols content. Catalase treatment decreases the antibacterial activity of honey, while proteinase K treatment influences the antibacterial potential of honey slightly less. Obtained results suggest that honey can be a good natural product against S. mutans, and hydrogen peroxide was identified as a crucial contributor to its antimicrobial action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Grabek-Lejko
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4 Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
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12
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Chandraseharan P, Sockalingam SNM, Shafiei Z, Zakaria ASI, Mahyuddin A, Rahman MA. The Efficacy of Apple Cider Vinegar at Different pH Values as an Antimicrobial Agent: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023; 24:779-786. [PMID: 38152911 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS AND BACKGROUND This study evaluates the antimicrobial activities of commercially available 5% apple cider vinegar (ACV) against Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus casei. Materials and methods: Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were conducted using the broth microdilution method. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) of 5.25% was used as a positive control, and comparisons were also made with acetic acid (AA) as the main ingredient in ACV. The three test bacteria treated with the most effective ACV dilution were visualized under a transmission electron microscope (TEM) for structural changes. RESULTS Minimal inhibitory concentration was determined at 0.625% of the concentration of ACV against S. mutans and E. faecalis and 1.25% of the concentration of ACV against L. casei with two-fold serial dilutions. A concentration of 5 × 10-1% with 10-fold serial dilutions was found to be the MIC value for all three bacteria. No significant differences were found when compared with the positive control (NaOCl) (p = 0.182, p = 0.171, and p = 0.234), respectively, for two-fold serial dilutions and (p = 1.000, p = 0.658, and p = 0.110), respectively for 10-fold serial dilutions. MBC was observed to be 5% ACV for both E. faecalis and S. mutans. However, positive microbial growth was observed on the agar plate when cultured with L. casei. An independent sample t-test showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the antimicrobial activities between 5% ACV and 5% pure AA. TEM revealed cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane disruptions on all three bacteria at MIC value. CONCLUSION Apple cider vinegar has antimicrobial activities against Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus casei at their respective MIC values. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Apple cider vinegar can be an alternative antimicrobial dental pulp disinfectant to sodium hypochlorite. Apple cider vinegar can be used safely, especially in children's dental pulp therapy and deep caries management, when adequate tooth isolation is not readily achievable. Thus, adverse reactions commonly associated with other frequently used chemical disinfectants can be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Chandraseharan
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-5848
| | - S Nagarajan Mp Sockalingam
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Phone: +60166606493, e-mail: , https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7976-5115
| | - Zaleha Shafiei
- Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7703-9785
| | - Ahmad Shuhud Irfani Zakaria
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3715-9181
| | - Alida Mahyuddin
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3720-8617
| | - Mariati Abdul Rahman
- Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6856-8511
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13
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Kaul G, Akhir A, Shukla M, Shafi H, Akunuri R, Pawar G, Ghouse M, Srinivas N, Chopra S. Oxiconazole Potentiates Gentamicin against Gentamicin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro and In Vivo. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0503122. [PMID: 37428033 PMCID: PMC10433863 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05031-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amid the mounting burden of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections on health care worldwide, drug repurposing, a time and cost-effective strategy to identify new applications for drugs approved for other indications, can effectively fill the void in the current antibiotic pipeline. In this study, we have repurposed a topical antifungal agent, oxiconazole, in combination with gentamicin against skin infections caused by multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Oxiconazole was identified as having antibacterial activity against S. aureus via whole-cell screening assays against clinically relevant bacterial pathogens. It exhibited a potent in vitro profile, including equipotent activity against clinical drug-susceptible and -resistant S. aureus and Enterococcus spp. Checkerboard assays and time-kill kinetics studies demonstrated its concentration-dependent killing and ability to synergize with the approved antibiotics daptomycin and gentamicin against susceptible and MDR S. aureus strains. Oxiconazole also significantly eradicated preformed S. aureus biofilms in vitro. Eventually, in an assessment of its ability to generate resistant S. aureus mutants via serial passaging, oxiconazole displayed an extremely low propensity for developing stable resistance in S. aureus. Its in vivo efficacy alone and in combination with synergistic antibiotics was assessed in a murine superficial skin infection model of S. aureus, where it strongly synergized with gentamicin, exhibiting superior activity to the untreated control and drug-alone treatment groups. Thus, oxiconazole can be repurposed as an antibacterial alone and in combination with gentamicin against susceptible and gentamicin-resistant S. aureus infections. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus, which causes the majority of nosocomial and community-acquired infections globally, is a WHO high-priority pathogen for antibiotic research and development. In addition to invasive infections, it is the causative agent of moderate to severe skin infections, with an increasing prevalence of infections caused by MDR strains such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Our study highlights the repurposing of oxiconazole, a topical antifungal agent, as an ideal candidate for combination therapy with gentamicin against susceptible and drug-resistant S. aureus skin infections due to its extremely low propensity for resistance generation in S. aureus, activity against MDR strains, bactericidal killing kinetics alone and in combination, broad antifungal efficacy, and excellent safety and tolerability profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kaul
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Abdul Akhir
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manjulika Shukla
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hasham Shafi
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravikumar Akunuri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, NIPER Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telengana, India
| | - Gaurav Pawar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, NIPER Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telengana, India
| | - Mahammad Ghouse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, NIPER Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telengana, India
| | - Nanduri Srinivas
- Department of Chemical Sciences, NIPER Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telengana, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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14
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Nicholls P, Clark JR, Gu Liu C, Terwilliger A, Maresso AW. Class-Driven Synergy and Antagonism between a Pseudomonas Phage and Antibiotics. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0006523. [PMID: 37404162 PMCID: PMC10429645 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00065-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for severe infections in patients with burns, cystic fibrosis, and neutropenia. Biofilm formation gives physical refuge and a protected microenvironment for sessile cells, rendering cure by antibiotics a challenge. Bacteriophages have evolved to prey on these biofilms over millions of years, using hydrolases and depolymerases to penetrate biofilms and reach cellular targets. Here, we assessed how a newly discovered KMV-like phage (ΦJB10) interacts with antibiotics to treat P. aeruginosa more effectively in both planktonic and biofilm forms. By testing representatives of four classes of antibiotics (cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems), we demonstrated class-dependent interactions between ΦJB10 and antibiotics in both biofilm clearance and P. aeruginosa killing. Despite identifying antagonism between some antibiotic classes and ΦJB10 at early time points, all classes showed neutral to favorable interactions with the phage at later time points. In one notable example where the antibiotic alone had poor activity against both biofilm and high-density planktonic cells, we found that addition of ΦJB10 demonstrated synergy and resulted in effective treatment of both. Further, ΦJB10 seemed to act as an adjuvant to several antibiotics, reducing the concentration of antibiotics required to ablate the biofilm. This report shows that phages such as ΦJB10 may be valuable additions to the armamentarium against difficult-to-treat biofilm-based infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Nicholls
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Justin R. Clark
- TAILΦR LABS, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carmen Gu Liu
- TAILΦR LABS, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Austen Terwilliger
- TAILΦR LABS, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anthony W. Maresso
- TAILΦR LABS, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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15
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Odžak R, Crnčević D, Sabljić A, Krce L, Paladin A, Primožič I, Šprung M. Further Study of the Polar Group's Influence on the Antibacterial Activity of the 3-Substituted Quinuclidine Salts with Long Alkyl Chains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1231. [PMID: 37627651 PMCID: PMC10451673 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are among the most potent antimicrobial agents increasingly used by humans as disinfectants, antiseptics, surfactants, and biological dyes. As reports of bacterial co- and cross-resistance to QACs and their toxicity have emerged in recent years, new attempts are being made to develop soft QACs by introducing hydrolyzable groups that allow their controlled degradation. However, the development of such compounds has been hindered by the structural features that affect the bioactivity of QACs, one of them being polarity of the substituent near the quaternary center. To further investigate the influence of the polar group on the bioactivity of QACs, we synthesized 3-aminoquinuclidine salts for comparison with their structural analogues, 3-acetamidoquinuclidines. We found that the less polar amino-substituted compounds exhibited improved antibacterial activity over their more polar amide analogues. In addition to their better minimum inhibitory concentrations, the candidates were excellent at suppressing Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and killing bacteria almost immediately, as shown by the flow cytometry measurements. In addition, two candidates, namely QNH2-C14 and QNH2-C16, effectively suppressed bacterial growth even at concentrations below the MIC. QNH2-C14 was particularly effective at subinhibitory concentrations, inhibiting bacterial growth for up to 6 h. In addition, we found that the compounds targeted the bacterial membrane, leading to its perforation and subsequent cell death. Their low toxicity to human cells and low potential to develop bacterial resistance suggest that these compounds could serve as a basis for the development of new QACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Odžak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (R.O.); (D.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Doris Crnčević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (R.O.); (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Antonio Sabljić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (R.O.); (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Lucija Krce
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Antonela Paladin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ines Primožič
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Matilda Šprung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (R.O.); (D.C.); (A.S.)
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16
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Apartsin E, Akhir A, Kaul G, Saxena D, Laurent R, Srivastava KK, Mignani S, Majoral JP, Chopra S. Low-Generation Cationic Phosphorus Dendrimers: Novel Approach to Tackle Drug-Resistant S. aureus In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37269298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The incessant, global increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a very big challenge for healthcare systems. AMR is predicted to grow at an alarming pace, with a dramatic increase in morbidity, mortality, and a 100 trillion US$ loss to the global economy by 2050. The mortality rate caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is much higher as compared to infections caused by drug-susceptible S. aureus. Additionally, there is a big paucity of therapeutics available for treatment of serious infections caused by MRSA. Thus, the discovery and development of novel therapies is an urgent, unmet medical need. In this context, we synthesized AE4G0, a low-generation cationic-phosphorus dendrimer expressing potent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and Enterococcus sp., and demonstrating a broad selectivity index against eukaryotic cells. AE4G0 exhibits concentration-dependent, bactericidal activity and synergizes with gentamicin, especially against gentamicin-resistant MRSA NRS119. Fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate that treatment with AE4G0 led to the utter destruction of S. aureus ATCC 29213 without inducing resistance, despite repeated exposure. When tested in vivo, AE4G0 demonstrates significant efficacy against S. aureus ATCC 29213, alone and in combination with gentamicin against gentamicin-resistant S. aureus NRS119 in the murine skin model of infection. Taken together, AE4G0 demonstrates the potential to be translated as a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of topical, drug-resistant S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Apartsin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMM, UMR5248, Univ of Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac,France
| | - Abdul Akhir
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Grace Kaul
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Deepanshi Saxena
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Regis Laurent
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Kishore Kumar Srivastava
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Serge Mignani
- UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Medicament de Normandie), 14032 Caen, France
- CQM─Centro de Quimica da Madeira, MMRG, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-10519, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jean-Pierre Majoral
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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17
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Štrancar V, Marušić M, Tušar J, Praček N, Kolenc M, Šuster K, Horvat S, Janež N, Peterka M. Isolation and in vitro characterization of novel S. epidermidis phages for therapeutic applications. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1169135. [PMID: 37293203 PMCID: PMC10244729 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1169135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
S. epidermidis is an important opportunistic pathogen causing chronic prosthetic joint infections associated with biofilm growth. Increased tolerance to antibiotic therapy often requires prolonged treatment or revision surgery. Phage therapy is currently used as compassionate use therapy and continues to be evaluated for its viability as adjunctive therapy to antibiotic treatment or as an alternative treatment for infections caused by S. epidermidis to prevent relapses. In the present study, we report the isolation and in vitro characterization of three novel lytic S. epidermidis phages. Their genome content analysis indicated the absence of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors. Detailed investigation of the phage preparation indicated the absence of any prophage-related contamination and demonstrated the importance of selecting appropriate hosts for phage development from the outset. The isolated phages infect a high proportion of clinically relevant S. epidermidis strains and several other coagulase-negative species growing both in planktonic culture and as a biofilm. Clinical strains differing in their biofilm phenotype and antibiotic resistance profile were selected to further identify possible mechanisms behind increased tolerance to isolated phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Štrancar
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Monika Marušić
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Jasmina Tušar
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Neža Praček
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kolenc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Šuster
- Valdoltra Orthopaedic Hospital, Ankaran, Slovenia
| | - Simon Horvat
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Nika Janež
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Peterka
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
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18
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Hammouda ZK, Wasfi R, Abdeltawab NF. Hormonal drugs: Influence on growth, biofilm formation, and adherence of selected gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1147585. [PMID: 36992682 PMCID: PMC10042233 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1147585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported the influence of hormonal drugs on gut microbiota composition. However, the underlying mechanism of this interaction is still under study. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the possible in vitro changes in selected members of gut bacteria exposed to oral hormonal drugs used for years. Selected members of gut bacteria were Bifidobacterium longum, Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Bacteroides fragilis, and Escherichia coli representing the four main phyla in the gut. Selected hormonal drugs used for a long time were estradiol, progesterone, and thyroxine. The effect of intestinal concentrations of these drugs on the selected bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and adherence to Caco-2/HT-29 cell line was assessed. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been included in host functions including the gut, immune and nervous functions; thus, the drug’s effects on their production were assayed using High- Performance Liquid Chromatography. Sex steroids significantly increased the growth of all tested bacteria except B. longum, similarly, thyroxine increased the growth of tested Gram-negative bacteria however reducing that of tested Gram-positive bacteria. The effect of drugs on biofilm formation and bacterial adherence to cell lines cocultures was variable. Progesterone decreased the biofilm formation of tested Gram-positive bacteria, it nevertheless increased L. reuteri adherence to Caco-2/HT-29 cell line cell lines coculture. By contrast, progesterone increased biofilm formation by Gram-negative bacteria and increased adherence of B. fragilis to the cell lines coculture. Moreover, thyroxine and estradiol exhibited antibiofilm activity against L. reuteri, while thyroxine increased the ability of E. coli to form a biofilm. Moreover, hormones affected bacterial adherence to cell lines independently of their effect on hydrophobicity suggesting other specific binding factors might contribute to this effect. Tested drugs affected SCFAs production variably, mostly independent of their effect on bacterial growth. In conclusion, our results showed that the microbiota signature associated with some hormonal drug consumption could be the result of the direct effect of these drugs on bacterial growth, and adherence to enterocytes besides the effect of these drugs on the host tissue targets. Additionally, these drugs affect the production of SCFAs which could contribute to some of the side effects of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab K. Hammouda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham Wasfi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Reham Wasfi,
| | - Nourtan F. Abdeltawab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Dhaouadi S, Romdhani A, Bouglita W, Chedli S, Chaari S, Soufi L, Cherif A, Mnif W, Abbassi MS, Elandoulsi RB. High Biofilm-Forming Ability and Clonal Dissemination among Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates Recovered from Cows with Mastitis, Diarrheic Calves, and Chickens with Colibacillosis in Tunisia. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020299. [PMID: 36836656 PMCID: PMC9959077 DOI: 10.3390/life13020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the main etiological agents responsible for bovine mastitis (BM), neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), and avian colibacillosis (AC). This study aimed to assess resistance and virulence genes content, biofilm-forming ability, phylogenetic groups, and genetic relatedness in E. coli isolates recovered from clinical cases of BM, NCD, and AC. MATERIALS/METHODS A total of 120 samples including samples of milk (n = 70) and feces (n = 50) from cows with BM and calves with NCD, respectively, were collected from different farms in Northern Tunisia. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed. Then, E. coli isolates were examined by disk diffusion and broth microdilution method for their antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm-forming ability. PCR was used to detect antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), virulence genes (VGs), phylogenetic groups, and Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) for their clonal relationship. RESULTS Among the 120 samples, 67 E. coli isolates (25 from BM, 22 from AC, and 20 from NCD) were collected. Overall, 83.6% of isolates were multidrug resistant. Thirty-six (53.73%) isolates were phenotypically colistin-resistant (CREC), 28.3% (19/67) were ESBL producers (ESBL-EC), and forty-nine (73.1%) formed biofilm. The blaTEM gene was found in 73.7% (14/19) of isolates from the three diseases, whilst the blaCTXM-g-1 gene was detected in 47.3% (9/19) of isolates, all from AC. The most common VG was the fimA gene (26/36, 72.2%), followed by aer (12/36, 33.3%), cnf1 (6/36, 16.6%), papC (4/36, 11.1%), and stx1 and stx2 genes (2/36; 5.5% for each). Phylogenetic analysis showed that isolates belonged to three groups: A (20/36; 55.5%), B2 (7/36; 19.4%), and D (6/36; 16.6%). Molecular typing by ERIC-PCR showed high genetic diversity of CREC and ESBL E. coli isolates from the three animal diseases and gave evidence of their clonal dissemination within farms in Tunisia. CONCLUSION The present study sheds new light on the biofilm-forming ability and clonality within CREC and ESBL-EC isolated from three different animal diseases in Tunisian farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Dhaouadi
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Amel Romdhani
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Bouglita
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sidi Thabet, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Salsabil Chedli
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Soufiene Chaari
- MEDIVET, Immeuble les Mimosas, 159 Avenue de l’UMA, La Soukra 2036, Tunisia
| | - Leila Soufi
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Ameur Cherif
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Wissem Mnif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts in Balgarn, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 199, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (R.B.E.)
| | - Mohamed Salah Abbassi
- Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Bacteriological Research, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Ramzi Boubaker Elandoulsi
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (R.B.E.)
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Phenotypic and molecular detection of biofilm formation in clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Malaysia. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2022.2147387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Kaul G, Karale UB, Akhir A, Shukla M, Saxena D, Rode HB, Chopra S. Pyrvinium pamoate potentiates levofloxacin against levofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:1475-1486. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Drug repurposing is a viable approach to expediting the tedious conventional drug discovery process, given rapidly increasing bacterial resistance. In this context, we have repurposed pyrvinium pamoate (PP) for its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: US FDA-approved non-antibiotics were screened against clinically relevant bacterial pathogens to identify antibacterials. The hits were further evaluated utilizing a variety of preclinical parameters, following which in vivo efficacy was estimated in isolation and in combination in a murine neutropenic thigh infection model. Result: The screening identified PP exhibiting potent activity against S. aureus along with concentration-dependent killing. PP also showed a post-antibiotic effect of >22 h and significantly eradicated preformed S. aureus biofilms and intracellular S. aureus at 1× and 5× MIC, respectively. PP synergized with levofloxacin both in vitro and in vivo, resulting in ∼1.5 and ∼0.5 log10 CFU/g reduction against susceptible and resistant S. aureus infections, respectively, as compared with untreated control. Conclusion: Pyrvinium potentiates levofloxacin against levofloxacin-resistant S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kaul
- Division of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Uttam B Karale
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Abdul Akhir
- Division of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Manjulika Shukla
- Division of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Deepanshi Saxena
- Division of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Haridas B Rode
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Ahmad S, Rahman H, Qasim M, Nawab J, Alzahrani KJ, Alsharif KF, Alzahrani FM. Staphylococcus epidermidis Pathogenesis: Interplay of icaADBC Operon and MSCRAMMs in Biofilm Formation of Isolates from Pediatric Bacteremia in Peshawar, Pakistan. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:1510. [PMID: 36363467 PMCID: PMC9696285 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic pathogen from pediatric bacteremia that is commonly isolated. Biofilm is the major virulence factor of S. epidermidis; however, the role of biofilm determinants in biofilm formation is highly contradictory and diverse. The current study aimed to investigate the role of polysaccharide-dependent and polysaccharide-independent pathogenic determinants in biofilm formation under physiological stress conditions. Materials and Methods: The isolates (n = 75) were identified and screened for the icaADBC operon, IS256, and an array of MSCRAMMs (Microbial Surface Component Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules) through PCR analysis. The activity of the icaADBC operon was detected by Congo red assay, and the biofilm formation was analyzed through microtiter plate assay. Results: S. epidermidis isolates produced biofilm (n = 65; 86.6%) frequently. The icaA was the major representative module of the actively expressing icaADBC operon (n = 21; 80.7% sensitivity). The MSCRAMMs, including fbe (n = 59; 90.7%; p = 0.007), and embp (n = 57; 87.6%; p = 0.026), were highly prevalent and associated with biofilm positive S. epidermidis. The prevalence of icaADBC operon in biofilm positive and negative S. epidermidis was not significant (n = 41; 63%; p = 0.429). No significant association was found between IS256 and actively complete icaADBC operon (n = 10; 47.6%; p = 0.294). In the presence of 5% human plasma and glucose stress, S. epidermidis produced a strong biofilm (n = 55; 84.6%). Conclusion: The polysaccharide-dependent biofilm formation is significantly replaced (n = 21; 28%; p = 0.149) by a polysaccharide-independent mechanism (n = 59; 90.7%; p = 0.007), in which the MSCRAMMs might actively play their role. The fibrinogen-binding protein and extracellular matrix-binding protein might be potential anti-biofilm drug targets, markers of rapid diagnosis, and potential vaccine candidates of S. epidermidis involved in pediatric bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Hazir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid J. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F. Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad M. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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The In-Vitro Activity of a Cold Atmospheric Plasma Device Utilizing Ambient Air against Bacteria and Biofilms Associated with Periodontal or Peri-Implant Diseases. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060752. [PMID: 35740158 PMCID: PMC9219831 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its antimicrobial and healing-promoting effects, the application of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) appears to be a promising modality in various fields of general medicine and dentistry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of a handheld device utilizing ambient air for plasma generation. Suspensions of 11 oral bacteria (among them Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Parvimonas micra, Streptococcus gordonii, and Tannerella forsythia) were exposed to CAP for 10, 30, 60, and 120 s. Before and after treatment, colony forming unit (CFU) counts were determined. Then, 12-species biofilms were cultured on dentin and titanium specimens, and CAP was applied for 30, 60, and 120 s before quantifying CFU counts, biofilm mass, and metabolic activity. A reduction of ≥3 log10 CFU, was found for ten out of the eleven tested species at 30 s (except for T. forsythia) and for all species at 60 s. For biofilm grown on dentin and titanium specimens, the log10 reductions were 2.43 log10 CFU/specimen and by about 4 log10 CFU/specimen after 120 s of CAP. The CAP application did not reduce the biomass significantly, the metabolic activity of the biofilms on dentin and titanium decreased by 98% and 95% after 120 s of CAP. An application of 120 s of CAP had no cytotoxic effect on gingival fibroblasts and significantly increased the adhesion of gingival fibroblasts to the titanium surface. These results are promising and underline the potential of CAP for implementation in periodontal and peri-implantitis therapy.
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24
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Woitschach F, Kloss M, Schlodder K, Borck A, Grabow N, Reisinger EC, Sombetzki M. Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation of Enterococcus faecalis on Zwitterionic Methylmethacrylat and Polysulfones. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:868338. [PMID: 35651751 PMCID: PMC9149206 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.868338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-associated implant infections represent a major challenge for healthcare systems around the world due to high patient burden and enormous costs incurred. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the most prevalent enterococcal species identified in biofilm-associated infections. The steadily growing areas of application of implants demand a solution for the control of bacterial infections. Therefore, the development of modified anti-microbial implant materials and the testing of the behavior of different relevant bacterial strains towards them display an indispensable task. Recently, we demonstrated an anti-microbial effect of zwitterionic modified silicone rubber (LSR) against Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this study was to evaluate bacterial colonization and biofilm formation of another clinically relevant strain, E. faecalis, on this material in comparison to two of the most commonly used thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) and other modified LSR surfaces. By generating growth curves, crystal violet, and fluorescence staining, as well as analyzing the expression of biofilm-associated genes, we demonstrated no anti-microbial activity of the investigated materials against E. faecalis. These results point to the fact that anti-microbial effects of novel implant materials do not always apply across the board to all bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Woitschach
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marlen Kloss
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Borck
- Biotronik SE & Co. KG, Research & Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels Grabow
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil Christian Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martina Sombetzki
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- *Correspondence: Martina Sombetzki,
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25
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Dye KJ, Yang Z. Analysis of Myxococcus xanthus Vegetative Biofilms With Microtiter Plates. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:894562. [PMID: 35572678 PMCID: PMC9100584 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.894562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Myxococcus xanthus forms both developmental and vegetative types of biofilms. While the former has been studied on both agar plates and submerged surfaces, the latter has been investigated predominantly on agar surfaces as swarming colonies. Here we describe the development of a microplate-based assay for the submerged biofilms of M. xanthus under vegetative conditions. We examined the impacts of inoculation, aeration, and temperature to optimize the conditions for the assay. Aeration was observed to be critical for the effective development of submerged biofilms by M. xanthus, an obligate aerobic bacterium. In addition, temperature plays an important role in the development of M. xanthus submerged biofilms. It is well established that the formation of submerged biofilms by many bacteria requires both exopolysaccharide (EPS) and the type IV pilus (T4P). EPS constitutes part of the biofilm matrix that maintains and organizes bacterial biofilms while the T4P facilitates surface attachment as adhesins. For validation, we used our biofilm assay to examine a multitude of M. xanthus strains with various EPS and T4P phenotypes. The results indicate that the levels of EPS, but not of piliation, positively correlate with submerged biofilm formation in M. xanthus.
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26
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Salem A, Tompkins G, Cathro P. Alkaline tolerance and biofilm formation of root canal isolates of Enterococcus faecalis: an in vitro study. J Endod 2022; 48:542-547.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Strain-specific interspecies interactions between co-isolated pairs of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with tracheobronchitis or bronchial colonization. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3374. [PMID: 35233050 PMCID: PMC8888623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual species interactions in co-isolated pairs of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with tracheobronchitis or bronchial colonization were examined. The genetic and phenotypic diversity between the isolates was high making the interactions detected strain-specific. Despite this, and the clinical origin of the strains, some interactions were common between some co-isolated pairs. For most pairs, P. aeruginosa exoproducts affected biofilm formation and reduced growth in vitro in its S. aureus counterpart. Conversely, S. aureus did not impair biofilm formation and stimulated swarming motility in P. aeruginosa. Co-culture in a medium that mimics respiratory mucus promoted coexistence and favored mixed microcolony formation within biofilms. Under these conditions, key genes controlled by quorum sensing were differentially regulated in both species in an isolate-dependent manner. Finally, co-infection in the acute infection model in Galleria mellonella larvae showed an additive effect only in the co-isolated pair in which P. aeruginosa affected less S. aureus growth. This work contributes to understanding the complex interspecies interactions between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus by studying strains isolated during acute infection.
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Ramesh G, Kaviyil JE, Paul W, Sasi R, Joseph R. Gallium-Curcumin Nanoparticle Conjugates as an Antibacterial Agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Synthesis and Characterization. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6795-6809. [PMID: 35252674 PMCID: PMC8892643 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Combating antibiotic resistance has found great interest in the current clinical scenario. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic multidrug-resistant pathogen, is well known for its deadly role in hospital-acquired infections. Infections by P. aeruginosa are among the toughest to treat because of its intrinsic and acquired resistance to antibiotics. In this study, we project gallium-curcumin nanoparticle (GaCurNP) conjugates as a prospective candidate to fight against P. aeruginosa. The synthesized GaCurNPs were spherical with an average size ranging from 25-35 nm. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy deduced the nature of interaction between gallium and curcumin. Conjugate formation with gallium was found to improve the stability of curcumin at the physiological pH. When tested after 24 h of contact, at the physiological pH and 37 °C, the degradation of curcumin bound in the GaCurNPs was 26%, while that of native curcumin was 95%. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of GaCurNPs was found to be 82.75 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). GaCurNPs also showed excellent biofilm inhibition at 4MIC concentration. Raman spectroscopic analysis showed that GaCurNPs are capable of disrupting the cells of P. aeruginosa within 3 h of contact. Live/dead imaging also confirmed the compromised membrane integrity in cells treated with GaCurNPs. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed membrane lysis and cell structure damage. The AlamarBlue assay showed that when L929 cell lines were treated with GaCurNPs with concentrations as high as 350 μg/mL, the cell viability elicited by the nanoparticles was 70.89%, indicating its noncytotoxic nature. In short, GaCurNPs appear to be a promising antibacterial agent capable of fighting a clinically significant pathogen, P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika Ramesh
- Division
of Polymeric Medical Devices, Department of Medical Devices Engineering,
Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra
Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojappura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India
| | - Jyothi Embekkat Kaviyil
- Department
of Microbiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute
for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Willi Paul
- Central
Analytical Facility, Department of Technology and Quality Management,
Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra
Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India
| | - Renjith Sasi
- Central
Analytical Facility, Department of Technology and Quality Management,
Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra
Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India
| | - Roy Joseph
- Division
of Polymeric Medical Devices, Department of Medical Devices Engineering,
Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra
Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojappura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India
- . Phone: 0471 2520275
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Skutlaberg DH, Wiker HG, Mylvaganam H, Norrby-Teglund A, Skrede S. Consistent Biofilm Formation by Streptococcus pyogenes emm 1 Isolated From Patients With Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:822243. [PMID: 35250938 PMCID: PMC8895234 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.822243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesBiofilm formation has been demonstrated in muscle and soft tissue samples from patients with necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, but the clinical importance of this observation is not clear. Although M-protein has been shown to be important for in vitro biofilm formation in S. pyogenes, the evidence for an association between emm type and biofilm forming capacity is conflicting. Here we characterize the biofilm forming capacity in a collection of S. pyogenes isolates causing NSTI, and relate this to emm type of the isolates and clinical characteristics of the patients.MethodsBacterial isolates and clinical data were obtained from NSTI patients enrolled in a multicenter prospective observational study. Biofilm forming capacity was determined using a microtiter plate assay.ResultsAmong 57 cases, the three most frequently encountered emm types were emm1 (n = 22), emm3 (n = 13), and emm28 (n = 7). The distribution of biofilm forming capacity in emm1 was qualitatively (narrow-ranged normal distribution) and quantitatively (21/22 isolates in the intermediate range) different from other emm types (wide ranged, multimodal distribution with 5/35 isolates in the same range as emm1). There were no significant associations between biofilm forming capacity and clinical characteristics of the patients.ConclusionsThe biofilm forming capacity of emm1 isolates was uniform and differed significantly from other emm types. The impact of biofilm formation in NSTI caused by S. pyogenes on clinical outcomes remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Harald Skutlaberg
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Dag Harald Skutlaberg,
| | - Harald G. Wiker
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Haima Mylvaganam
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Steinar Skrede
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Silva SL, de Oliveira Pereira F, Cordeiro LV, Diniz Neto H, Dos Santos Maia M, da Silva Souza HD, de Athayde-Filho PF, Scotti MT, Scotti L, de Oliveira Lima E. Antifungal activity of 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide, docking and molecular dynamics studies against clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3601-3617. [PMID: 35179275 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated the antifungal, antibiofilm, and molecular docking of 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide against clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. METHODS AND RESULTS MIC of the test drugs was determined by microdilution. A1Cl obtained MIC values ranging from 16 and 256 μg/mL. Fluconazole MIC ranging from 16 and 512 μg/mL. MIC of A1Cl showed fungicide activity, emphasizing the solid antifungal potential of this drug. An association study was performed with A1Cl and fluconazole (checkerboard), revealing indifference by decreasing. Thus, we conducted this study using A1Cl isolated. In the micromorphological assay, the test drugs reduced the production of virulence structures compared to the control (concentration-dependent effect). A1Cl inhibited in vitro biofilm formation at all concentrations tested (1/4MIC to 8xMIC) (p<0.05) and reduced mature biofilm biomass (p<0.05) against C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. In the ex vivo biofilm susceptibility testing (human nails fragments), A1Cl inhibited biofilm formation and reduced mature biofilm biomass (p<0.05) more than 50% at MIC. Fluconazole had a similar effect at 4xMIC. In silico studies suggest that the mechanism of antifungal activity of A1Cl involves the inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase rather than geranylgeranyltransferase-I. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that A1Cl is a promising antifungal agent. Furthermore, this activity is related to attenuation of expression of virulence factors and antibiofilm effects against C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our study provides the first evidence that A1Cl, a novel synthetic drug, has fungicidal effects against C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. Furthermore, in vitro and ex vivo biofilms assays have demonstrated the potential antibiofilm of A1Cl. The mechanism of action involves inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which was supported by in silico analyses. Therefore, this potential can be explored as a therapeutic alternative for onychomycosis and, at the same time, contribute to decreasing the resistance of clinical isolates of C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shellygton Lima Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fillipe de Oliveira Pereira
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Academic Unit of Health, Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Laisa Vilar Cordeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Hermes Diniz Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Mayara Dos Santos Maia
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Helivado Diogenes da Silva Souza
- Bioenergy and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Petrônio F de Athayde-Filho
- Bioenergy and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Edeltrudes de Oliveira Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Agarwal S, Kallmyer NE, Vang DX, Ramirez AV, Islam MM, Hillier AC, Halverson L, Reuel NF. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Probes for the Characterization of Biofilm-Degrading Enzymes Demonstrated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Extracellular Matrices. Anal Chem 2022; 94:856-865. [PMID: 34939783 PMCID: PMC9150823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolase co-therapies that degrade biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) allow for a better diffusion of antibiotics and more effective treatment; current methods for quantitatively measuring the enzymatic degradation of EPS are not amendable to high-throughput screening. Herein, we present biofilm EPS-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) probes for rapid screening of hydrolytic enzyme selectivity and activity on EPS. The extent of biofilm EPS degradation is quantified by monitoring the quenching of the SWCNT fluorescence. We used this platform to screen 16 hydrolases with varying bond breaking selectivity against a panel of wild-type Pseudomonas aeruginosa and mutants deficient or altered in one or more EPS. Next, we performed concentration-dependent studies of six enzymes on two common strains found in cystic fibrosis (CF) environments and, for each enzyme, extracted three first-order rate constants and their relative contributions by fitting a parallel, multi-site degradation model, with a good model fit (R2 from 0.65 to 0.97). Reaction rates (turnover rates) are dependent on the enzyme concentration and range from 6.67 × 10-11 to 2.80 × 10-3 *s-1 per mg/mL of enzymes. Lastly, we confirmed findings from this new assay using an established crystal-violet staining assay for a subset of hydrolase panels. In summary, our work shows that this modular sensor is amendable to the high-throughput screening of EPS degradation, thereby improving the rate of discovery and development of novel hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sparsh Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States
| | - Nathaniel E Kallmyer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States
| | - Dua X Vang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States,Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Alma V Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States
| | - Md Monirul Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States
| | - Andrew C Hillier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States
| | - Larry Halverson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States,Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nigel F Reuel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States,Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States,Corresponding Author: Prof. Nigel F Reuel, 2114 Sweeney Hall, 618 Bissell Rd, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States, , Ph: 515-294-4592
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Advanced understanding of prokaryotic biofilm formation using a cost-effective and versatile multi-panel adhesion (mPAD) mount. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0228321. [DOI: 10.1128/aem.02283-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most microorganisms exist in biofilms, which comprise aggregates of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix that provides protection from external stresses. Based on the conditions under which they form, biofilm structures vary in significant ways. For instance, biofilms that develop when microbes are incubated under static conditions differ from those formed when microbes encounter the shear forces of a flowing liquid. Moreover, biofilms develop dynamically over time. Here, we describe a cost-effective, 3D-printed coverslip holder that facilitates surface adhesion assays under a broad range of standing and shaking culture conditions. This multi-panel adhesion (mPAD) mount further allows cultures to be sampled at multiple time points, ensuring consistency and comparability between samples and enabling analyses of the dynamics of biofilm formation. As a proof of principle, using the mPAD mount for shaking, oxic cultures, we confirm previous flow chamber experiments showing that
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
wild type and a phenazine deletion mutant (Δ
phz
) form biofilms with similar structure but reduced density in the mutant strain. Extending this analysis to anoxic conditions, we reveal that microcolony and biofilm formation can only be observed under shaking conditions and are decreased in the Δ
phz
mutant compared to wild-type cultures, indicating that phenazines are crucial for the formation of biofilms if oxygen as an electron acceptor is unavailable. Furthermore, while the model archaeon
Haloferax volcanii
does not require archaella for surface attachment under static conditions, we demonstrate that
H. volcanii
mutants that lack archaella are impaired in early stages of biofilm formation under shaking conditions.
Importance:
Due to the versatility of the mPAD mount, we anticipate that it will aid the analysis of biofilm formation in a broad range of bacteria and archaea. Thereby, it contributes to answering critical biological questions about the regulatory and structural components of biofilm formation and understanding this process in a wide array of environmental, biotechnological, and medical contexts.
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Woitschach F, Kloss M, Grabow N, Reisinger EC, Sombetzki M. Mimicking critical environment factors for a static in vitro biofilm formation model on blood-contact implant materials. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Meenu MT, Kaul G, Shukla M, Radhakrishnan KV, Chopra S. Cudraflavone C from Artocarpus hirsutus as a Promising Inhibitor of Pathogenic, Multidrug-Resistant S. aureus, Persisters, and Biofilms: A New Insight into a Rational Explanation of Traditional Wisdom. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2700-2708. [PMID: 34546736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Artocarpus hirsutus Lam., or wild jack, a perennial tree of the Western Ghats of peninsular India, serves as a rich source of flavonoids. The indigenous knowledge of this multipurpose flora chronicles the efficient property of its bark as a natural treatment for various skin infections. Herein, we describe a rational explanation of this traditional knowledge via a broader evaluation of inhibitory activity of one of its phytoconstituents, cudraflavone C (Cud C), a prenyl flavone isolated from stem bark against diverse multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus along with decidedly potent synergy combinations with a standard drug, gentamycin, especially against gentamycin-resistant S. aureus NRS 10119. Cud C exhibited equipotent MIC (4 μg/mL) against a varied array of MDR strains comprising MRSA, VRSA, and VRE and was nontoxic toward eukaryotic cells with a sizable selectivity index (SI 25-50). Cud C displayed concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against planktonic cells, an excellent biofilm disruption property exceeding that of levofloxacin and vancomycin against preformed S. aureus biofilm, and an enhanced capability to kill intracellular S. aureus more potently than vancomycin, thus exemplifying its position as an antibacterial lead candidate. In addition, S. aureus was unable to generate resistance to Cud C even after exposure for more than 40 days, whereas it generated resistance to levofloxacin within ∼20 days of exposure. Therefore, the naturally occurring prenylflavone Cud C can be accounted for as one of the reasons for the reported antibacterial properties of the bark of A. hirsutus. Taken together, detailed biological studies propose that Cud C can be considered as an effective antibacterial drug candidate against MDR S. aureus, which is fast becoming a significant threat to public health worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Thulasi Meenu
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram-695019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Grace Kaul
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manjulika Shukla
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kokkuvayil Vasu Radhakrishnan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram-695019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
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35
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Akunuri R, Veerareddy V, Kaul G, Akhir A, Unnissa T, Parupalli R, Madhavi YV, Chopra S, Nanduri S. Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of (E)-1-(1H-indol-3-yl) ethanone O-benzyl oxime derivatives against MRSA and VRSA strains. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105288. [PMID: 34454299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused due to multidrug resistant organisms have emerged as a constant menace to human health. Even though numerous antibiotics are currently available for treating infectious diseases, a great number of bacterial strains have acquired resistance to many of them. Among these, infections caused due to Staphylococcus aureus are predominant in adult and paediatric population. Indole is a prominent chemical scaffold found in many pharmacologically active natural products and synthetic drugs. A number of oxime ether containing compounds have attracted attention of researchers owing to their interesting biological properties. Current work details the synthesis of indole containing oxime ether derivatives and their evaluation for antimicrobial activity against a panel of bacterial and mycobacterial strains. Synthesized compounds demonstrated good to moderate activity against drug-resistant S. aureus including resistant to vancomycin. Among all, compound 5h was found to possess potent activity against susceptible as well as MRSA and VRSA strains of S. aureus with MIC of 1 µg/mL and 2-4 µg/mL respectively. In addition, compound 5h was found to be non-toxic to Vero cells and exhibited good selectivity index of >40. Further, 5h, E-9a and E-9b possessed good biofilm inhibition against S. aureus. With these assuring biological properties, synthesized compounds could be potential prospective antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Akunuri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Vaishnavi Veerareddy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Grace Kaul
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; AcSIR: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Abdul Akhir
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tanveer Unnissa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Ramulu Parupalli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Y V Madhavi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; AcSIR: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India.
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In Vitro Activity of Propolis on Oral Microorganisms and Biofilms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091045. [PMID: 34572627 PMCID: PMC8472590 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are being discussed as alternatives to commonly used chemicals in antimicrobial therapy. The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of propolis against microbial species associated with caries, periodontal disease, and Candida infections. Two commercially available ethanolic extracts of Brazilian and one of European propolis (EEP) were used. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of propolis and controls against eight microbial strains were determined. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) images visualized the effect of propolis on microorganisms. Subsequently, the activity on three different multi-species biofilms (both formation and existing biofilms) was assessed. All MIC values of the Brazilian EEPs were low against the tested oral species (≤0.1 mg/mL–3.13 mg/mL propolis (Candida albicans)). The European EEP had slightly higher MICs than the Brazilian EEPs. The SEM and TEM images suggest an interaction of propolis with the microbial cell wall. The European EEP exhibited the strongest effect on retarding biofilm formation, whereas the Brazilian EEPs were highly active against preformed biofilms (100 mg/mL propolis of both EEPs reduced colony forming unit counts always by more than 6 log10). The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities point to the potential of propolis as an adjunct in oral health care products.
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37
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Said-Salman I, Yassine W, Rammal A, Hneino M, Yusef H, Moustafa M. Effects of Wi-Fi Radiofrequency Radiation on Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bioelectromagnetics 2021; 42:575-582. [PMID: 34337771 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hazardous consequences of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure represent a public health concern. Common sources of EMF include smartphones and wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi). The aim of our study is to assess whether exposure to Wi-Fi radiofrequency radiation influences the pathogenic traits of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. The susceptibility to antibiotics was evaluated by the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). In this study, K. pneumoniae showed a non-linear response to treatments with Colistin and Gentamycin following different Wi-Fi exposure periods. Transmission electron microscopy revealed morphological changes in the bacterial cell membrane within 24 h of Wi-Fi exposure. Crystal violet quantification and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that the ability to form biofilms was greater in Wi-Fi exposed K. pnemoniae when compared to control. Moreover, higher levels of bcsA, mrkA, and luxS messenger RNAs were observed. Our data suggest that Wi-Fi exposure can influence bacteria in a stressful way, leading to an alteration in their antibiotic susceptibility, morphological changes, and cumulative biofilm formation. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Said-Salman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Debiyeh, Lebanon
| | - Wissam Yassine
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Ali Rammal
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Saint Joseph, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Hneino
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Hoda Yusef
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Moustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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38
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Investigating Ghanaian Allium Species for Anti-Infective and Resistance-Reversal Natural Product Leads to Mitigate Multidrug-Resistance in Tuberculosis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080902. [PMID: 34438951 PMCID: PMC8388710 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bulbs of Allium species are a known source of antibacterial phytochemicals. Anti-infective, efflux pump and biofilm inhibitory activities of bulb extracts of selected Ghanaian shallots Allium cepa var aggregatum were evaluated using the HT-SPOTi assay and other whole-cell phenotypic screening techniques to determine their possible mechanisms of action. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of white A. cepa inhibited the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155 and Escherichia coli, respectively. The majority of the Allium extracts significantly (p < 0.05) exhibited efflux pump inhibitory activity against all the acid-fast, Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains used. Hexane and chloroform extract of the pink A. cepa and the aqueous extract of the white A. cepa significantly inhibited M. smegmatis biofilm formation. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the inhibition was observed at 250 µg/mL for the aqueous extract (~77.34%) and 125 µg/mL for the hexane extract (~76.51%). The results suggest that Ghanaian shallots could potentially be useful when further developed to tackle antimicrobial resistance, particularly in tuberculosis (TB).
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Woitschach F, Kloss M, Schlodder K, Rabes A, Mörke C, Oschatz S, Senz V, Borck A, Grabow N, Reisinger EC, Sombetzki M. The Use of Zwitterionic Methylmethacrylat Coated Silicone Inhibits Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:686192. [PMID: 34249887 PMCID: PMC8267815 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.686192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, biofilm-associated infections have become a major problem in many medical fields, leading to a high burden on patients and enormous costs for the healthcare system. Microbial infestations are caused by opportunistic pathogens which often enter the incision already during implantation. In the subsequently formed biofilm bacteria are protected from the hosts immune system and antibiotic action. Therefore, the development of modified, anti-microbial implant materials displays an indispensable task. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) represents the state-of-the-art material in implant manufacturing. Due to the constantly growing areas of application and the associated necessary adjustments, the optimization of these materials is essential. In the present study, modified liquid silicone rubber (LSR) surfaces were compared with two of the most commonly used TPUs in terms of bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. The tests were conducted with the clinically relevant bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Crystal violet staining and scanning electron microscopy showed reduced adhesion of bacteria and thus biofilm formation on these new materials, suggesting that the investigated materials are promising candidates for implant manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Woitschach
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marlen Kloss
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Anne Rabes
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Caroline Mörke
- Division of Cardiology, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Oschatz
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Volkmar Senz
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Niels Grabow
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil Christian Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martina Sombetzki
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Yele V, Sanapalli BKR, Wadhwani AD, Mohammed AA. Benzohydrazide and Phenylacetamide Scaffolds: New Putative ParE Inhibitors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:669728. [PMID: 34222214 PMCID: PMC8247773 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.669728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance (ABR) is a major life-threatening problem worldwide. Rampant dissemination of ABR always exemplified the need for the discovery of novel compounds. However, to circumvent the disease, a molecular target is required, which will lead to the death of the bacteria when acted upon by a compound. One group of enzymes that have proved to be an effective target for druggable candidates is bacterial DNA topoisomerases (DNA gyrase and ParE). In our present work, phenylacetamide and benzohydrazides derivatives were screened for their antibacterial activity against a selected panel of pathogens. The tested compounds displayed significant antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 0.64 to 5.65 μg/mL. Amongst 29 title compounds, compounds 5 and 21 exhibited more potent and selective inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli with MIC values at 0.64 and 0.67 μg/mL, respectively, and MBC at onefold MIC. Furthermore, compounds exhibited a post-antibiotic effect of 2 h at 1× MIC in comparison to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. These compounds also demonstrated the concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against E. coli and synergized with FDA-approved drugs. The compounds are screened for their enzyme inhibitory activity against E. coli ParE, whose IC50 values range from 0.27 to 2.80 μg/mL. Gratifyingly, compounds, namely 8 and 25 belonging to the phenylacetamide series, were found to inhibit ParE enzyme with IC50 values of 0.27 and 0.28 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, compounds were benign to Vero cells and displayed a promising selectivity index (169.0629-951.7240). Moreover, compounds 1, 7, 8, 21, 24, and 25 (IC50: <1 and Selectivity index: >200) exhibited potent activity in reducing the E. coli biofilm in comparison with ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and ampicillin. These astonishing results suggest the potential utilization of phenylacetamide and benzohydrazides derivatives as promising ParE inhibitors for treating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyasrilekha Yele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, India
| | | | - Ashish D Wadhwani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, India
| | - Afzal Azam Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, India
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Diepoltová A, Konečná K, Janďourek O, Nachtigal P. Study of the impact of cultivation conditions and peg surface modification on the in vitro biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in a system analogous to the Calgary biofilm device. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34048334 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) are the most common pathogens from the genus Staphylococcus causing biofilm-associated infections. Generally, biofilm-associated infections represent a clinical challenge. Bacteria in biofilms are difficult to eradicate due to their resistance and serve as a reservoir for recurring persistent infections.Gap Statement. A variety of protocols for in vitro drug activity testing against staphylococcal biofilms have been introduced. However, there are often fundamental differences. All these differences in methodical approaches can then be reflected in the form of discrepancies between results.Aim. In this study, we aimed to develop optimal conditions for staphylococcal biofilm formation on pegs. The impact of peg surface modification was also studied.Methodology. The impact of tryptic soy broth alone or supplemented with foetal bovine serum (FBS) or human plasma (HP), together with the impact of the inoculum density of bacterial suspensions and the shaking versus the static mode of cultivation, on total biofilm biomass production in SA and SE reference strains was studied. The surface of pegs was modified with FBS, HP, or poly-l-lysine (PLL). The impact on total biofilm biomass was evaluated using the crystal violet staining method and statistical data analysis.Results. Tryptic soy broth supplemented with HP together with the shaking mode led to crucial potentiation of biofilm formation on pegs in SA strains. The SE strain did not produce biofilm biomass under the same conditions on pegs. Preconditioning of peg surfaces with FBS and HP led to a statistically significant increase in biofilm biomass formation in the SE strain.Conclusion. Optimal cultivation conditions for robust staphylococcal biofilm formation in vitro might differ among different bacterial strains and methodical approaches. The shaking mode and supplementation of cultivation medium with HP was beneficial for biofilm formation on pegs for SA (ATCC 29213) and methicillin-resistant SA (ATCC 43300). Peg conditioning with HP and PLL had no impact on biofilm formation in either of these strains. Peg coating with FBS showed an adverse effect on the biofilm formation of these strains. By contrast, there was a statistically significant increase in biofilm biomass production on pegs coated with FBS and HP for SE (ATCC 35983).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Diepoltová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Centre, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Konečná
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Centre, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Janďourek
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Centre, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nachtigal
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Centre, Czech Republic
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42
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Zayed SM, Aboulwafa MM, Hashem AM, Saleh SE. Biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans and its inhibition by green tea extracts. AMB Express 2021; 11:73. [PMID: 34032940 PMCID: PMC8149520 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental Caries is considered one of the most existing and worldwide common diseases related to the oral cavity affecting both children and adults. Streptococcus mutans is the main cariogenic microorganism involved in the dental caries progression. Natural products such as herbal plants were found to have less side effects and economic value than those of the chemically synthesized antibiofilm agents. This study aimed to isolate Streptococcus mutans from different oral samples taken from saliva and dental plaques specimens to determine their capability for biofilm formation and to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of aqueous and alcoholic green tea extracts. The results revealed that 35, 4 and 1% of recovered dental plaque isolates exhibited strong, moderate and weak biofilm formation capabilities versus 26, 12 and 2% for those recovered from saliva. Two green tea extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) were tested for their antibiofilm formation activity against some selected S. mutans isolates. The results showed that the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) of the alcoholic and aqueous green tea extracts were in the range of 3.1 to 12.5 mg/ml and 6.5 to 50 mg/ml, respectively. Accordingly, green tea extracts can be incorporated in various oral preparations for preventing dental caries.
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Degradation of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Using Hydrolytic Enzymes Produced by Amazonian Endophytic Fungi. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2145-2161. [PMID: 33675008 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms can cause serious health problems, since, due to their persistent character, they often function as spreaders of contaminants. Hydrolytic enzymes have a number of industrial applications and have been indicated as an alternative to the traditional chemical methods that are used to eradicate microbial biofilms. In this study, we evaluated the ability of enzymatic extracts produced by endophytic fungi isolated from the Amazonian species Myrcia guianensis to remove Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. After culture in liquid medium, the fungal hydrolytic extracts showed amylase (3.77 U/mL), lipase (3.84 U/mL), protease (3.63 U/mL), and xylanase (2.91 U/mL) activity. A 24 h mature S. aureus ATCC6538 biofilm was exposed to each enzyme extract with standardized enzyme activities for 10, 30, and 60 min. The optical density at 630 nm was used to calculate the growth rate (GR%) and the residual biofilm rate (RBR%). The most promising solutions were used in combination, based on a 24 factorial design for 0, 10, 20, and 30 min of exposure. Lipase and protease solutions, when applied separately, were the most effective, and promoted the complete removal of S. aureus biofilms in t10 (lipase) and t30 and t60 (lipase and protease). Of the combined treatments using 1.0 U/mL protease and 0.4 U/mL lipase, total biofilm degradation was observed for all exposure times. Thus, the hydrolases produced by the Amazonian endophytic fungi evaluated here are highlighted as an interesting tool in the fight against microbial biofilms.
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Radaic A, Ye C, Parks B, Gao L, Kuraji R, Malone E, Kamarajan P, Zhan L, Kapila YL. Modulation of pathogenic oral biofilms towards health with nisin probiotic. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1809302. [PMID: 32944159 PMCID: PMC7482728 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1809302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral dysbiosis is an imbalance in the oral microbiome and is associated with a variety of oral and systemic diseases, including periodontal disease, caries, and head and neck/oral cancer. Although antibiotics can be used to control this dysbiosis, they can lead to adverse side effects and superinfections. Thus, novel strategies have been proposed to address these shortcomings. One strategy is the use of probiotics as antimicrobial agents, since they are considered safe for humans and the environment. Specifically, the Gram-positive Lactococcus lactis, a species present in the oral and gut microbiota, is able to produce nisin, which has been used worldwide for food preservation. Objective The objective of this study was to test whether a nisin probiotic can promote a healthier oral microbiome in pathogen-spiked oral biofilms. Results We found that L. lactis can prevent oral biofilm formation and disrupt 24-h and 48-h pre-formed biofilms. Finally, we demonstrate that both treatments, a nisin-producing L. lactis probiotic and nisin can decrease the levels of pathogens in the biofilms and return the diversity levels back to control or ‘healthy’ levels. Conclusion A nisin-producing probiotic, can be used to treat ‘disease-altered’ biofilms and promote healthier oral biofilms, which may be useful for improving patient oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Radaic
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Changchang Ye
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Brett Parks
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Periodontology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ryutaro Kuraji
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Life Science Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Periodontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erin Malone
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ling Zhan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Genetic Subtyping, Biofilm-Forming Ability and Biocide Susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes Strains Isolated from a Ready-to-Eat Food Industry. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9070416. [PMID: 32708754 PMCID: PMC7400149 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen of special concern for ready-to-eat food producers. The control of its presence is a critical step in which food-grade sanitizers play an essential role. L. monocytogenes is believed to persist in food processing environments in biofilms, exhibiting less susceptibility to sanitizers than planktonic cells. This study aimed to test the susceptibility of L. monocytogenes in planktonic culture and biofilm to three commercial food-grade sanitizers and to benzalkonium chloride; together with the genetic subtyping of the isolates. L. monocytogenes isolates were collected from raw materials, final products and food-contact surfaces during a 6-year period from a ready-to-eat meat-producing food industry and genetically characterized. Serogrouping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed genetic variability and differentiated L. monocytogenes isolates in three clusters. The biofilm-forming ability assay revealed that the isolates were weak biofilm producers. L. monocytogenes strains were susceptible both in the planktonic and biofilm form to oxidizing and ethanol-based compounds and to benzalkonium chloride, but not to quaternary ammonium compound. A positive association of biofilm-forming ability and LD90 values for quaternary ammonium compound and benzalkonium chloride was found. This study highlights the need for preventive measures improvement and for a conscious selection and use of sanitizers in food-related environments to control Listeria monocytogenes.
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Park KH, Jung M, Kim DY, Lee YM, Lee MS, Ryu BH, Hong SI, Hong KW, Bae IG, Cho OH. Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of chlorhexidine and mupirocin on biofilm formation in clinical meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 2020; 106:295-302. [PMID: 32679053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of antibacterial agents on the biofilm-forming ability of Staphylococcus aureus require further study. AIM To investigate the effects of sub-MICs of chlorhexidine and mupirocin on biofilm formation in clinical meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. METHODS MRSA isolates were collected from patients with bloodstream infections at a tertiary care hospital. The basal level of biofilm formation and biofilm induction by sub-MICs of chlorhexidine and mupirocin were evaluated by measuring biofilm mass stained with Crystal Violet. FINDINGS Of the 112 MRSA isolates tested, 63 (56.3%) and 44 (39.3%) belonged to sequence type (ST)5 and ST72 lineages, respectively, which are the predominant healthcare- and community-associated clones in South Korea. ST5 isolates were more likely to have chlorhexidine MIC ≥4 (73.0% vs 29.5%), resistance to mupirocin (23.8% vs 0%), agr dysfunction (73.0% vs 9.1%), and qacA/B gene (58.7% vs 2.3%) compared to ST72 isolates. The basal level of biofilm formation ability was frequently stronger in ST72 isolates compared to ST5 isolates (77.3% vs 12.7%). Sub-MICs of chlorhexidine and mupirocin promoted biofilm formation in 56.3% and 53.6%, respectively, of all isolates. Biofilm induction was more prevalent in ST5 isolates (85.7% for chlorhexidine, 69.8% for mupirocin) than in ST72 isolates (15.9% for chlorhexidine, 27.3% for mupirocin). CONCLUSION Sub-MICs of chlorhexidine and mupirocin promoted biofilm formation in half of the clinical MRSA isolates. Our results suggest that ST5 MRSA biofilm can be induced together with some other bacterial virulent factors following exposure to chlorhexidine, which might confer a survival advantage to this clone in the healthcare environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-H Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M Jung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - D Y Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-M Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M S Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - B-H Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - S I Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - K-W Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - I-G Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - O-H Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
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Cordeiro L, Figueiredo P, Souza H, Sousa A, Andrade-Júnior F, Barbosa-Filho J, Lima E. Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Myrtenol against Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13060133. [PMID: 32630561 PMCID: PMC7344394 DOI: 10.3390/ph13060133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in Staphylococcus aureus resistance to conventional antibacterials and persistent infections related to biofilms, as well as the low availability of new antibacterial drugs, has made the development of new therapeutic alternatives necessary. Medicinal plants are one of the main sources of bioactive molecules and myrtenol is a natural product with several biological activities, although its antimicrobial activity is little explored. Based on this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of myrtenol against S. aureus, determining the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC), investigating the possible molecular target through the analysis of molecular docking. It also aimed to evaluate the effect of its combination with antibacterial drugs and its activity against S. aureus biofilms, in addition to performing an in silico analysis of its pharmacokinetic parameters. Myrtenol showed MIC and MBC of 128 µg/mL (bactericidal action) and probably acts by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. The effects of the association with antibacterials demonstrate favorable results. Myrtenol has remarkable antibiofilm activity and in silico results indicate a good pharmacokinetic profile, which make myrtenol a potential drug candidate for the treatment of infections caused by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laísa Cordeiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58033-455, Paraíba, Brazil; (P.F.); (A.S.); (F.A.-J.); (J.B.-F.); (E.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-83-3216-7347
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58033-455, Paraíba, Brazil; (P.F.); (A.S.); (F.A.-J.); (J.B.-F.); (E.L.)
| | - Helivaldo Souza
- Chemistry Department, Exact and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58033-455, Brazil;
| | - Aleson Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58033-455, Paraíba, Brazil; (P.F.); (A.S.); (F.A.-J.); (J.B.-F.); (E.L.)
| | - Francisco Andrade-Júnior
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58033-455, Paraíba, Brazil; (P.F.); (A.S.); (F.A.-J.); (J.B.-F.); (E.L.)
| | - José Barbosa-Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58033-455, Paraíba, Brazil; (P.F.); (A.S.); (F.A.-J.); (J.B.-F.); (E.L.)
| | - Edeltrudes Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58033-455, Paraíba, Brazil; (P.F.); (A.S.); (F.A.-J.); (J.B.-F.); (E.L.)
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Parab V, Phadke M. Co-biodegradation studies of naphthalene and phenanthrene using bacterial consortium. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:912-924. [PMID: 32400278 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1754054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Degradation studies of phenanthrene and naphthalene as a mixture was carried out using a developed bacterial consortium. The isolates used in consortium were identified as Chryseobacterium sp., Sphingobacterium sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Agromyces sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Limited work is done on genus Agromyces in degradation studies of PAHs. Catechol production was detected using Arnow's assay suggested that the pathway used for degradation is the meta-cleavage pathway. Results showed that Tween 80, as a surfactant, had maximum effect on the growth of isolates during PAH degradation. This suggests that use of Tween 80 as a surfactant enhanced the uptake of PAH by bacterial isolates during degradation. The study further revealed that, bacterial consortium was successfully utilized in the treatment of water contaminated with PAH in a laboratory-scale biofilm bioreactor. The bacterial consortium was able to degrade 99.9% of naphthalene and 92.9% of phenanthrene as a mixture at a high concentration of 2000 mg/L within 6 days. Further scaling up of the biofilm bioreactor can prove beneficial in large scale treatment of PAH contaminated water. This study showed promising results and these bacterial strains can be used as potential tools for bioremediation of PAH in contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Parab
- Department of Microbiology, SIES College of Arts, Science and Commerce, University of Mumbai, Sion (West), India
| | - Manju Phadke
- Department of Microbiology, SIES College of Arts, Science and Commerce, University of Mumbai, Sion (West), India
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Rebecchi A, Miragoli F, Lopez C, Bassi D, Fontana C. Exploring Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Diversity from Artisanal Llama Sausages: Assessment of Technological and Safety Traits. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E629. [PMID: 32349211 PMCID: PMC7284484 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Llama sausage is still produced following artisanal procedures, with the autochthonous microbiota being mainly responsible for the fermentation process. In this work, the taxonomical identification and technological-safety criteria of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from two different productions of llama sausages (P: pilot and A: artisanal) were investigated. Staphylococcus (S) equorum and S. saprophyticus were the species most frequently found in P production, followed by S. succinis and S. warneri; a wider species variability was observed in A factory being S. equorum, S. capitis, S. xylosus, S. pasteuri, S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus as the main identified species. The technological characterization of 28 CNS strains showed their ability to hydrolyze gelatin and tributyrin together with a relevant nitrate reductase activity. Phenotypic and genotypic approaches were conducted to investigate the main safety traits. Llama's CNS strains exhibited weak decarboxylase and hemolytic activity and low biofilm production; additionally, no enterotoxin genes were detected. Correlation analysis between phenotypic and genotypic data showed low values for the biofilm parameters, while high correlation was observed for oxacillin, ampicillin, tetracycline and aminoglycosides resistance and their genetic determinants. Data obtained may contribute to broaden knowledge about the autochthonous strains of this poorly studied fermented product, thus helping to select an appropriate combination of potential starter cultures to improve llama sausage safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Rebecchi
- DISTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (A.R.); (D.B.)
- Biotechnology Research Centre (CRB), via Milano 24, 26100 Cremona, Italy; (F.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Francesco Miragoli
- Biotechnology Research Centre (CRB), via Milano 24, 26100 Cremona, Italy; (F.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Constanza Lopez
- Biotechnology Research Centre (CRB), via Milano 24, 26100 Cremona, Italy; (F.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Daniela Bassi
- DISTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (A.R.); (D.B.)
- Biotechnology Research Centre (CRB), via Milano 24, 26100 Cremona, Italy; (F.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Cecilia Fontana
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Famaillá, Famaillá 4172, Tucumán, Argentina
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Schmid JL, Kirchberg M, Sarembe S, Kiesow A, Sculean A, Mäder K, Buchholz M, Eick S. In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Minocycline Formulations for Topical Application in Periodontal Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040352. [PMID: 32295046 PMCID: PMC7238147 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal therapy using antimicrobials that are topically applied requires slow or controlled release devices. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of biodegradable polymer formulations that contain a new minocycline lipid complex (P-MLC) was evaluated. The new P-MLC formulations that contained 11.5% minocycline were compared with pure minocycline or an existing commercial formulation, which included determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against two oral bacteria and activity on six-species periodontal biofilm. Moreover, the flow of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was modeled up to 42 d and the obtained eluates were tested both for MIC values and inhibiting biofilm formation. In general, MICs of the P-MLC formulations were slightly increased as compared with pure minocycline. Biofilm formation was clearly inhibited by all tested formulations containing minocycline with no clear difference between them. In 3.5 d old biofilms, all formulations with 250 µg/mL minocycline decreased bacterial counts by 3 log10 and metabolic activity with no difference to pure antimicrobials. Eluates of experimental formulations showed superiority in antimicrobial activity. Eluates of one experimental formulation (P503-MLC) still inhibited biofilm formation at 28 d, with a reduction by 1.87 log10 colony forming units (CFU) vs. the untreated control. The new experimental formulations can easily be instilled in periodontal pockets and represent alternatives in local antimicrobials, and thus warrant further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Luca Schmid
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Martin Kirchberg
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Sandra Sarembe
- Characterization of Medical and Cosmetic Care Products, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructures and Materials IMWS, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; (S.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Andreas Kiesow
- Characterization of Medical and Cosmetic Care Products, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructures and Materials IMWS, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; (S.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Mirko Buchholz
- Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI-MWT and PerioTrap Pharmaceuticals GmbH, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany;
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
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