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Cappabianca D, Pham D, Forsberg MH, Bugel M, Tommasi A, Lauer A, Vidugiriene J, Hrdlicka B, McHale A, Sodji QH, Skala MC, Capitini CM, Saha K. Metabolic priming of GD2 TRAC-CAR T cells during manufacturing promotes memory phenotypes while enhancing persistence. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101249. [PMID: 38699288 PMCID: PMC11063605 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Manufacturing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies is complex, with limited understanding of how medium composition impacts T cell phenotypes. CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins can precisely insert a CAR sequence while disrupting the endogenous T cell receptor alpha constant (TRAC) gene resulting in TRAC-CAR T cells with an enriched stem cell memory T cell population, a process that could be further optimized through modifications to the medium composition. In this study we generated anti-GD2 TRAC-CAR T cells using "metabolic priming" (MP), where the cells were activated in glucose/glutamine-low medium and then expanded in glucose/glutamine-high medium. T cell products were evaluated using spectral flow cytometry, metabolic assays, cytokine production, cytotoxicity assays in vitro, and potency against human GD2+ xenograft neuroblastoma models in vivo. Compared with standard TRAC-CAR T cells, MP TRAC-CAR T cells showed less glycolysis, higher CCR7/CD62L expression, more bound NAD(P)H activity, and reduced IFN-γ, IL-2, IP-10, IL-1β, IL-17, and TGF-β production at the end of manufacturing ex vivo, with increased central memory CAR T cells and better persistence observed in vivo. MP with medium during CAR T cell biomanufacturing can minimize glycolysis and enrich memory phenotypes ex vivo, which could lead to better responses against solid tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cappabianca
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Dan Pham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Matthew H. Forsberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Madison Bugel
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Anna Tommasi
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | | | | | - Brookelyn Hrdlicka
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Alexandria McHale
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Quaovi H. Sodji
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Christian M. Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Krishanu Saha
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Cappabianca D, Pham D, Forsberg MH, Bugel M, Tommasi A, Lauer A, Vidugiriene J, Hrdlicka B, McHale A, Sodji Q, Skala MC, Capitini CM, Saha K. Metabolic priming of GD2 TRAC -CAR T cells during manufacturing promotes memory phenotypes while enhancing persistence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.31.575774. [PMID: 38562720 PMCID: PMC10983869 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.31.575774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapies is complex, with limited understanding of how media composition impact T-cell phenotypes. CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoproteins can precisely insert a CAR sequence while disrupting the endogenous T cell receptor alpha constant ( TRAC ) gene resulting in TRAC -CAR T cells with an enriched stem cell memory T-cell population, a process that could be further optimized through modifications to the media composition. In this study we generated anti-GD2 TRAC -CAR T cells using "metabolic priming" (MP), where the cells were activated in glucose/glutamine low media and then expanded in glucose/glutamine high media. T cell products were evaluated using spectral flow cytometry, metabolic assays, cytokine production, cytotoxicity assays in vitro and potency against human GD2+ xenograft neuroblastoma models in vivo . Compared to standard TRAC -CAR T cells, MP TRAC -CAR T cells showed less glycolysis, higher CCR7/CD62L expression, more bound NAD(P)H activity and reduced IFN-γ, IL-2, IP-10, IL-1β, IL-17, and TGFβ production at the end of manufacturing ex vivo , with increased central memory CAR T cells and better persistence observed in vivo . Metabolic priming with media during CAR T cell biomanufacturing can minimize glycolysis and enrich memory phenotypes ex vivo , which could lead to better responses against solid tumors in vivo .
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Rani R, Nayak M, Nayak B. Exploring the reprogramming potential of B cells and comprehending its clinical and therapeutic perspective. Transpl Immunol 2023; 78:101804. [PMID: 36921730 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Initiating from multipotent progenitors, the lineages extrapolated from hematopoietic stem cells are determined by transcription factors specific to each of them. The commitment factors assist in the differentiation of progenitor cells into terminally differentiated cells. B lymphocytes constitute a population of cells that expresses clonally diverse cell surface immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors specific to antigenic epitopes. B cells are a significant facet of the adaptive immune system. The secreted antibodies corresponding to the B cell recognize the antigens via the B cell receptor (BCR). Following antigen recognition, the B cell is activated and thereafter undergoes clonal expansion and proliferation to become memory B cells. The essence of 'cellular reprogramming' has aided in reliably altering the cells to desired tissue type. The potential of reprogramming has been harnessed to decipher and find solutions for various genetically inherited diseases and degenerative disorders. B lymphocytes can be reprogrammed to their initial naive state from where they get differentiated into any lineage or cell type similar to a pluripotent stem cell which can be accomplished by the deletion of master regulators of the B cell lineage. B cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells and also can undergo transdifferentiation at the midway of cell differentiation to other cell types. Mandated expression of C/EBP in specialized B cells corresponds to their fast and effective reprogramming into macrophages, reversing the cell fate of these lymphocytes and allowing them to differentiate freshly into other types of cells. The co-expression of C/EBPα and OKSM (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) amplified the reprogramming efficiency of B lymphocytes. Various human somatic cells including the immune cells are compliant to reprogramming which paves a path for opportunities like autologous tissue grafts, blood transfusion, and cancer immunotherapy. The ability to reprogram B cells offers an unprecedented opportunity for developing a therapeutic approach for several human diseases. Here, we will focus on all the proteins and transcription factors responsible for the developmental commitment of B lymphocytes and how it is harnessed in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetika Rani
- Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha. 769008, India
| | - Madhusmita Nayak
- Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha. 769008, India
| | - Bismita Nayak
- Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha. 769008, India.
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Eremenko E, Taylor ZV, Khand B, Zaccai S, Porgador A, Monsonego A. An optimized protocol for the retroviral transduction of mouse CD4 T cells. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100719. [PMID: 34401785 PMCID: PMC8353356 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transduction of primary T cells has become prominent with the introduction of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Although there are many protocols for the transduction of human T cells, it remains a challenge to transduce murine T cells. We present an optimized protocol for the retroviral transduction of murine CD4 T cells, which overcomes major challenges including large-scale production and long-term culturing of transduced cells. The optimized protocol combines high transduction efficiency with a low rate of cell death. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Eremenko et al., 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Eremenko
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Zlotowski Neuroscience Center, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Zoe V. Taylor
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Zlotowski Neuroscience Center, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Bishnu Khand
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Zlotowski Neuroscience Center, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Shir Zaccai
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Zlotowski Neuroscience Center, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Zlotowski Neuroscience Center, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Alon Monsonego
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Zlotowski Neuroscience Center, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
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5
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Sun Y, Li F, Sonnemann H, Jackson KR, Talukder AH, Katailiha AS, Lizee G. Evolution of CD8 + T Cell Receptor (TCR) Engineered Therapies for the Treatment of Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092379. [PMID: 34572028 PMCID: PMC8469972 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered T cell receptor T (TCR-T) cell therapy has facilitated the generation of increasingly reliable tumor antigen-specific adaptable cellular products for the treatment of human cancer. TCR-T cell therapies were initially focused on targeting shared tumor-associated peptide targets, including melanoma differentiation and cancer-testis antigens. With recent technological developments, it has become feasible to target neoantigens derived from tumor somatic mutations, which represents a highly personalized therapy, since most neoantigens are patient-specific and are rarely shared between patients. TCR-T therapies have been tested for clinical efficacy in treating solid tumors in many preclinical studies and clinical trials all over the world. However, the efficacy of TCR-T therapy for the treatment of solid tumors has been limited by a number of factors, including low TCR avidity, off-target toxicities, and target antigen loss leading to tumor escape. In this review, we discuss the process of deriving tumor antigen-specific TCRs, including the identification of appropriate tumor antigen targets, expansion of antigen-specific T cells, and TCR cloning and validation, including techniques and tools for TCR-T cell vector construction and expression. We highlight the achievements of recent clinical trials of engineered TCR-T cell therapies and discuss the current challenges and potential solutions for improving their safety and efficacy, insights that may help guide future TCR-T studies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimo Sun
- Department of Melanoma, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (H.S.); (K.R.J.); (A.H.T.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Fenge Li
- Department of Melanoma, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (H.S.); (K.R.J.); (A.H.T.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Heather Sonnemann
- Department of Melanoma, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (H.S.); (K.R.J.); (A.H.T.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Kyle R. Jackson
- Department of Melanoma, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (H.S.); (K.R.J.); (A.H.T.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Amjad H. Talukder
- Department of Melanoma, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (H.S.); (K.R.J.); (A.H.T.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Arjun S. Katailiha
- Department of Melanoma, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (H.S.); (K.R.J.); (A.H.T.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Gregory Lizee
- Department of Melanoma, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (H.S.); (K.R.J.); (A.H.T.); (A.S.K.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Schmidt P, Raftery MJ, Pecher G. Engineering NK Cells for CAR Therapy-Recent Advances in Gene Transfer Methodology. Front Immunol 2021; 11:611163. [PMID: 33488617 PMCID: PMC7817882 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.611163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has introduced a new and effective strategy to guide and promote the immune response against tumors in the clinic. More recently, in an attempt to enhance its utility, this method has been expanded to novel cell types. One of the more successful variants has proven to be the expression of CARs in Natural Killer (NK) cells (CAR-NK). Gene engineering NK cells to express an exogenous CAR receptor allows the innate anti-tumor ability of NK cells to be harnessed and directed against a target tumor antigen. In addition, the biology of NK cells allows the development of an allogeneic cell therapeutic product useable with most or all patient haplotypes. NK cells cause little or no graft versus host disease (GvHD) and are therefore suitable for development of an "off the shelf" therapeutic product. Initial trials have also shown that CAR-NK cells rarely cause cytokine release syndrome. However, despite their potential NK cells have proven to be difficult to engineer, with high sensitivity to apoptosis and low levels of gene expression. The creation of optimized methods to introduce genes into NK cells will promote the widespread application of CAR-NK in research laboratories and the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriele Pecher
- Medical Clinic of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Pargett M, Albeck JG. Live-Cell Imaging and Analysis with Multiple Genetically Encoded Reporters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 78:4.36.1-4.36.19. [PMID: 30040182 DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded live-cell reporters measure signaling pathway activity at the cellular level with high temporal resolution, often revealing a high degree of cell-to-cell heterogeneity. By using multiple spectrally distinct reporters within the same cell, signal transmission from one node to another within a signaling pathway can be analyzed to quantify factors such as signaling efficiency and delay. With other reporter configurations, correlation between different signaling pathways can be quantified. Such analyses can be used to establish the mechanisms and consequences of cell-to-cell heterogeneity and can inform new models of the functional properties of signaling pathways. In this unit, we describe an approach for designing and executing live-cell multiplexed reporter experiments. We also describe approaches for analyzing the resulting time-course data to quantify correlations and trends between the measured parameters at the single-cell level. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pargett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - John G Albeck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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8
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Biagioni A, Laurenzana A, Margheri F, Chillà A, Fibbi G, so M. Delivery systems of CRISPR/Cas9-based cancer gene therapy. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:33. [PMID: 30574185 PMCID: PMC6299643 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is today one of the most reliable method for gene-editing, supporting previous gene therapies technologies such as TALEN, Meganucleases and ZFNs. There is a growing up number of manuscripts reporting several successful gene-edited cancer cell lines, but the real challenge is to translate this technique to the clinical practice. While treatments for diseases based on a single gene mutation is closer, being possible to target and repair the mutant allele in a selective way generating specific guide RNAs (gRNAs), many steps need to be done to apply CRISPR to face cancer. In this review, we want to give a general overview to the recent advancements in the delivery systems of the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Biagioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Laurenzana
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Margheri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Anastasia Chillà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fibbi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Mario so
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
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9
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Kurachi M, Kurachi J, Chen Z, Johnson J, Khan O, Bengsch B, Stelekati E, Attanasio J, McLane LM, Tomura M, Ueha S, Wherry EJ. Optimized retroviral transduction of mouse T cells for in vivo assessment of gene function. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:1980-1998. [PMID: 28858287 PMCID: PMC6020692 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Retroviral (RV) expression of genes of interest (GOIs) is an invaluable tool and has formed the foundation of cellular engineering for adoptive cell therapy in cancer and other diseases. However, monitoring of transduced T cells long term (weeks to months) in vivo remains challenging because of the low frequency and often poor durability of transduced T cells over time when transferred without enrichment. Traditional methods often require additional overnight in vitro culture after transduction. Moreover, in vitro-generated effector CD8+ T cells enriched by sorting often have reduced viability, making it difficult to monitor the fate of transferred cells in vivo. Here, we describe an optimized mouse CD8+ T-cell RV transduction protocol that uses simple and rapid Percoll density centrifugation to enrich RV-susceptible activated CD8+ T cells. Percoll density centrifugation is simple, can be done on the day of transduction, requires minimal time, has low reagent costs and improves cell recovery (up to 60%), as well as the frequency of RV-transduced cells (∼sixfold over several weeks in vivo as compared with traditional methods). We have used this protocol to assess the long-term stability of CD8+ T cells after RV transduction by comparing the durability of T cells transduced with retroviruses expressing each of six commonly used RV reporter genes. Thus, we provide an optimized enrichment and transduction approach that allows long-term in vivo assessment of RV-transduced T cells. The overall procedure from T-cell isolation to RV transduction takes 2 d, and enrichment of activated T cells can be done in 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Junko Kurachi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Johnson
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Omar Khan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erietta Stelekati
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Attanasio
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura M McLane
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michio Tomura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Visualizing context-dependent calcium signaling in encephalitogenic T cells in vivo by two-photon microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6381-E6389. [PMID: 28716943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701806114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), autoimmune T cells are activated in the periphery before they home to the CNS. On their way, the T cells pass through a series of different cellular milieus where they receive signals that instruct them to invade their target tissues. These signals involve interaction with the surrounding stroma cells, in the presence or absence of autoantigens. To portray the serial signaling events, we studied a T-cell-mediated model of EAE combining in vivo two-photon microscopy with two different activation reporters, the FRET-based calcium biosensor Twitch1 and fluorescent NFAT. In vitro activated T cells first settle in secondary (2°) lymphatic tissues (e.g., the spleen) where, in the absence of autoantigen, they establish transient contacts with stroma cells as indicated by sporadic short-lived calcium spikes. The T cells then exit the spleen for the CNS where they first roll and crawl along the luminal surface of leptomeningeal vessels without showing calcium activity. Having crossed the blood-brain barrier, the T cells scan the leptomeningeal space for autoantigen-presenting cells (APCs). Sustained contacts result in long-lasting calcium activity and NFAT translocation, a measure of full T-cell activation. This process is sensitive to anti-MHC class II antibodies. Importantly, the capacity to activate T cells is not a general property of all leptomeningeal phagocytes, but varies between individual APCs. Our results identify distinct checkpoints of T-cell activation, controlling the capacity of myelin-specific T cells to invade and attack the CNS. These processes may be valuable therapeutic targets.
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11
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Kim N, Duncan GA, Hanes J, Suk JS. Barriers to inhaled gene therapy of obstructive lung diseases: A review. J Control Release 2016; 240:465-488. [PMID: 27196742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of genetic origins of obstructive lung diseases has made inhaled gene therapy an attractive alternative to the current standards of care that are limited to managing disease symptoms. Initial lung gene therapy clinical trials occurred in the early 1990s following the discovery of the genetic defect responsible for cystic fibrosis (CF), a monogenic disorder. However, despite over two decades of intensive effort, gene therapy has yet to help patients with CF or any other obstructive lung disease. The slow progress is due in part to poor understanding of the biological barriers to inhaled gene therapy. Encouragingly, clinical trials have shown that inhaled gene therapy with various viral vectors and non-viral gene vectors is well tolerated by patients, and continued research has provided valuable lessons and resources that may lead to future success of this therapeutic strategy. In this review, we first introduce representative obstructive lung diseases and examine limitations of currently available therapeutic options. We then review key components for successful execution of inhaled gene therapy, including gene delivery systems, primary physiological barriers and strategies to overcome them, and advances in preclinical disease models with which the most promising systems may be identified for human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namho Kim
- The Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Gregg A Duncan
- The Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Justin Hanes
- The Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Environmental and Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jung Soo Suk
- The Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Johnson HE, Haugh JM. Quantitative analysis of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling using live-cell total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CELL BIOLOGY 2013; 61:14.14.1-14.14.24. [PMID: 24510804 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb1414s61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This unit focuses on the use of total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and image analysis methods to study the dynamics of signal transduction mediated by class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) in mammalian cells. The first four protocols cover live-cell imaging experiments, image acquisition parameters, and basic image processing and segmentation. These methods are generally applicable to live-cell TIRF experiments. The remaining protocols outline more advanced image analysis methods, which were developed in our laboratory for the purpose of characterizing the spatiotemporal dynamics of PI3K signaling. These methods may be extended to analyze other cellular processes monitored using fluorescent biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath E Johnson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jason M Haugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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13
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Kong RCK, Petrie EJ, Mohanty B, Ling J, Lee JCY, Gooley PR, Bathgate RAD. The relaxin receptor (RXFP1) utilizes hydrophobic moieties on a signaling surface of its N-terminal low density lipoprotein class A module to mediate receptor activation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28138-51. [PMID: 23926099 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.499640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone relaxin is showing potential as a treatment for acute heart failure. Although it is known that relaxin mediates its actions through the G protein-coupled receptor relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1), little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which relaxin binding results in receptor activation. Previous studies have highlighted that the unique N-terminal low density lipoprotein class A (LDLa) module of RXFP1 is essential for receptor activation, and it has been hypothesized that this module is the true "ligand" of the receptor that directs the conformational changes necessary for G protein coupling. In this study, we confirmed that an RXFP1 receptor lacking the LDLa module binds ligand normally but cannot signal through any characterized G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway. Furthermore, we comprehensively examined the contributions of amino acids in the LDLa module to RXFP1 activity using both gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutational analysis together with NMR structural analysis of recombinant LDLa modules. Gain-of-function studies with an inactive RXFP1 chimera containing the LDLa module of the human LDL receptor (LB2) demonstrated two key N-terminal regions of the module that were able to rescue receptor signaling. Loss-of-function mutations of residues in these regions demonstrated that Leu-7, Tyr-9, and Lys-17 all contributed to the ability of the LDLa module to drive receptor activation, and judicious amino acid substitutions suggested this involves hydrophobic interactions. Our results demonstrate that these key residues contribute to interactions driving the active receptor conformation, providing further evidence of a unique mode of G protein-coupled receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy C K Kong
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health
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14
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Venters SJ, Dias da Silva MR, Hyer J. Murine retroviruses re-engineered for lineage tracing and expression of toxic genes in the developing chick embryo. Dev Dyn 2009; 237:3260-9. [PMID: 18942139 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe two replication incompetent retroviral vectors that co-express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and beta-galactosidase. These vectors incorporate either the avian reticuloendotheliosis (spleen necrosis virus; SNV) promoter or the chick beta-actin promoter, into the backbone of the murine leukemia (MLV) viral vector. The additional promoters drive transgene expression in avian tissue. The remainder of the vector is MLV-like, allowing high titer viral particle production by means of transient transfection. The SNV promoter produces high and early expression of introduced genes, enabling detection of the single copy integrated GFP gene in infected cells and their progeny in vivo. Substitution of the LacZ coding DNA with a relevant gene of interest will enable its co-expression with GFP, thus allowing visualization of the effect of specific and stable changes in gene expression throughout development. As the VSV-G pseudotyped viral vector is replication incompetent, changes in gene expression can be controlled temporally, by altering the timing of introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Venters
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Zweidler-McKay PA, He Y, Xu L, Rodriguez CG, Karnell FG, Carpenter AC, Aster JC, Allman D, Pear WS. Notch signaling is a potent inducer of growth arrest and apoptosis in a wide range of B-cell malignancies. Blood 2005; 106:3898-906. [PMID: 16118316 PMCID: PMC1895093 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-01-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Notch receptor expression on malignant B cells is widespread, the effect of Notch signaling in these cells is poorly understood. To investigate Notch signaling in B-cell malignancy, we assayed the effect of Notch activation in multiple murine and human B-cell tumors, representing both immature and mature subtypes. Expression of constitutively active, truncated forms of the 4 mammalian Notch receptors (ICN1-4) inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in both murine and human B-cell lines but not T-cell lines. Similar results were obtained in human precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia lines when Notch activation was achieved by coculture with fibroblasts expressing the Notch ligands Jagged1 or Jagged2. All 4 truncated Notch receptors, as well as the Jagged ligands, induced Hes1 transcription. Retroviral expression of Hairy/Enhancer of Split-1 (Hes1) recapitulated the Notch effects, suggesting that Hes1 is an important mediator of Notch-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in B cells. Among the B-cell malignancies that were susceptible to Notch-mediated growth inhibition/apoptosis were mature B-cell and therapy-resistant B-cell malignancies, including Hodgkin, myeloma, and mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL)-translocated cell lines. These results suggest that therapies capable of activating Notch/Hes1 signaling may have therapeutic potential in a wide range of human B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Zweidler-McKay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 611 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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Wertheim JA, Perera SA, Hammer DA, Ren R, Boettiger D, Pear WS. Localization of BCR-ABL to F-actin regulates cell adhesion but does not attenuate CML development. Blood 2003; 102:2220-8. [PMID: 12791659 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-01-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously found that P210BCR-ABL increases the adhesion of hematopoietic cell lines to fibronectin by a mechanism that is independent of tyrosine kinase activity. To investigate the pathway(s) by which P210BCR-ABL influences cell adhesion, we used a quantitative cell adhesion device that can discern small changes in cell adhesion to assay P210BCR-ABL with mutations in several critical domains. We expressed P210BCR-ABL mutants in 32D myeloblast cells and found that binding to fibronectin is mediated primarily by the alpha5beta1 integrin. We performed a structure/function analysis to map domains important for cell adhesion. Increased adhesion was mediated by 3 domains: (1) the N-terminal coiled-coil domain that facilitates oligomerization and F-actin localization; (2) bcr sequences between aa 163 to 210; and (3) F-actin localization through the C-terminal actin-binding domain of c-abl. We compared our adhesion results with the ability of these mutants to cause a chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)-like disease in a murine bone marrow transplantation assay and found that adhesion to fibronectin did not correlate with the ability of these mutants to cause CML. Together, our results suggest that F-actin localization may play a pivotal role in modulating adhesion but that it is dispensable for the development of CML.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/chemistry
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Integrin alpha4beta1/metabolism
- Integrin alpha5beta1/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Wertheim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 611 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160
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