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Machado FA, Mongle CS, Slater G, Penna A, Wisniewski A, Soffin A, Dutra V, Uyeda JC. Rules of teeth development align microevolution with macroevolution in extant and extinct primates. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1729-1739. [PMID: 37652997 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02167-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Macroevolutionary biologists have classically rejected the notion that higher-level patterns of divergence arise through microevolutionary processes acting within populations. For morphology, this consensus partly derives from the inability of quantitative genetics models to correctly predict the behaviour of evolutionary processes at the scale of millions of years. Developmental studies (evo-devo) have been proposed to reconcile micro- and macroevolution. However, there has been little progress in establishing a formal framework to apply evo-devo models of phenotypic diversification. Here we reframe this issue by asking whether using evo-devo models to quantify biological variation can improve the explanatory power of comparative models, thus helping us bridge the gap between micro- and macroevolution. We test this prediction by evaluating the evolution of primate lower molars in a comprehensive dataset densely sampled across living and extinct taxa. Our results suggest that biologically informed morphospaces alongside quantitative genetics models allow a seamless transition between the micro- and macroscales, whereas biologically uninformed spaces do not. We show that the adaptive landscape for primate teeth is corridor like, with changes in morphology within the corridor being nearly neutral. Overall, our framework provides a basis for integrating evo-devo into the modern synthesis, allowing an operational way to evaluate the ultimate causes of macroevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Machado
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Carrie S Mongle
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Graham Slater
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anna Penna
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anna Wisniewski
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anna Soffin
- Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Vitor Dutra
- Department of Anthropology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Josef C Uyeda
- Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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2
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Morse PE, Pampush JD, Kay RF. Dental topography of the Oligocene anthropoids Aegyptopithecus zeuxis and Apidium phiomense: Paleodietary insights from analysis of wear series. J Hum Evol 2023; 180:103387. [PMID: 37245335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fossil primate dietary inference is enhanced when ascertained through multiple, distinct proxies. Dental topography can be used to assess changes in occlusal morphology with macrowear, providing insight on tooth use and function across the lifespans of individuals. We measured convex Dirichlet normal energy-a dental topography metric reflecting occlusal sharpness of features such as cusps and crests-in macrowear series of the second mandibular molars of two African anthropoid taxa from ∼30 Ma (Aegyptopithecus zeuxis and Apidium phiomense). Wear was quantified via three proxies: occlusal dentine exposure, inverse relief index, and inverse occlusal relief. The same measurements were calculated on macrowear series of four extant platyrrhine taxa (Alouatta, Ateles, Plecturocebus, and Sapajus apella) to provide an analogical framework for dietary inference in the fossil taxa. We predicted that Ae. zeuxis and Ap. phiomense would show similar patterns in topographic change with wear to one another and to extant platyrrhine frugivores like Ateles and Plecturocebus. The fossil taxa have similar distributions of convex Dirichlet normal energy to one another, and high amounts of concave Dirichlet normal energy 'noise' in unworn molars-a pattern shared with extant hominids that may distort dietary interpretations. Inverse relief index was the most useful wear proxy for comparison among the taxa in this study which possess disparate enamel thicknesses. Contrary to expectations, Ae. zeuxis and Ap. phiomense both resemble S. apella in exhibiting an initial decline in convex Dirichlet normal energy followed by an increase at the latest stages of wear as measured by inverse relief index, lending support to previous suggestions that hard-object feeding played a role in their dietary ecology. Based on these results and previous analyses of molar shearing quotients, microwear, and enamel microstructure, we suggest that Ae. zeuxis had a pitheciine-like strategy of seed predation, whereas Ap. phiomense potentially consumed berry-like compound fruits with hard seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Morse
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - James D Pampush
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC 27260, USA; Department of Physician Assistant Studies, High Point University, High Point, NC 27260, USA
| | - Richard F Kay
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Division of Earth and Climate Sciences, Nicholas School, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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3
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Guatelli‐Steinberg D, Schwartz GT, O'Hara MC, Gurian K, Rychel J, McGraw WS. Molar form, enamel growth, and durophagy in Cercocebus and Lophocebus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 179:386-404. [PMCID: PMC9796247 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To test the hypothesis that differences in crown structure, enamel growth, and crown geometry in Cercocebus and Lophocebus molars covary with differences in the feeding strategies (habitual vs. fallback durophagy, respectively) of these two genera. Relative to Lophocebus molars, Cercocebus molars are predicted to possess features associated with greater fracture resistance and to differ in enamel growth parameters related to these features. Materials and Methods Sample proveniences are as follows: Cercocebus atys molars are from the Taï Forest, Ivory Coast; Lophocebus albigena molars are from a site north of Makoua, Republic of Congo; and a Lophocebus atterimus molar is from the Lomako Forest, Democratic Republic of Congo. For μCT scans on which aspects of molar form were measured, sample sizes ranged from 5 to 35 for Cercocebus and 3 to 12 for Lophocebus. A subsample of upper molars was physically sectioned to measure enamel growth variables. Results Partly as a function of their larger size, Cercocebus molars had significantly greater absolute crown strength (ACS) than Lophocebus molars, supporting the hypothesis. Greater crown heights in Cercocebus are achieved through faster enamel extension rates. Also supporting the hypothesis, molar flare and proportional occlusal basin enamel thickness were significantly greater in Cercocebus. Relative enamel thickness (RET), however, was significantly greater in Lophocebus. Discussion If ACS is a better predictor of fracture resistance than RET, then Cercocebus molars may be more fracture resistant than those of Lophocebus. Greater molar flare and proportional occlusal basin thickness might also afford Cercocebus molars greater fracture resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary T. Schwartz
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change and Institute of Human OriginsArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Mackie C. O'Hara
- Department of AnthropologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
| | - Kaita Gurian
- Department of AnthropologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jess Rychel
- Department of AnthropologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - W. Scott McGraw
- Department of AnthropologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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4
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Teeth, prenatal growth rates, and the evolution of human-like pregnancy in later Homo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200689119. [PMID: 36191229 PMCID: PMC9564099 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200689119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of how gestational parameters evolved is essential to understanding this fundamental stage of human life. Until now, these data seemed elusive given the skeletal bias of the fossil record. We demonstrate that dentition provides a window into the life of neonates. Teeth begin to form in utero and are intimately associated with gestational development. We measured the molar dentition for 608 catarrhine primates and collected data on prenatal growth rate (PGR) and endocranial volume (ECV) for 19 primate genera from the literature. We found that PGR and ECV are highly correlated (R2 = 0.93, P < 0.001). Additionally, we demonstrated that molar proportions are significantly correlated with PGR (P = 0.004) and log-transformed ECV (P = 0.001). From these correlations, we developed two methods for reconstructing PGR in the fossil record, one using ECV and one using molar proportions. Dental proportions reconstruct hominid ECV (R2 = 0.81, P < 0.001), a result that can be extrapolated to PGR. As teeth dominate fossil assemblages, our findings greatly expand our ability to investigate life history in the fossil record. Fossil ECVs and dental measurements from 13 hominid species both support significantly increasing PGR throughout the terminal Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene, reflecting known evolutionary changes. Together with pelvic and endocranial morphology, reconstructed PGRs indicate the need for increasing maternal energetics during pregnancy over the last 6 million years, reaching a human-like PGR (i.e., more similar to humans than to other extant apes) and ECV in later Homo less than 1 million years ago.
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5
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Heffernan KS, Samonds KE, Godfrey LR, Raharison JL, Ranaivoarisoa JF, Irwin MT. Diademed sifakas (Propithecus diadema) in intact and degraded forest habitat at Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar, show high reproductive success and no evidence that dental senescence or rainfall affects reproductive output. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20210403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sifakas (genus Propithecus) diverge from other lemurs in their strategy to contend with Madagascar’s highly seasonal climate and maximize reproductive success: they have long lifetimes (presumably to wait out unfavorable times) and extreme dental precocity (to allow weanlings to effectively process tough foods and thereby relieve energetic stress on mothers). However, as sifakas age, dental senescence can contribute to reproductive failure, especially when coupled with unfavorable weather conditions (as shown by King et al., 2005 for P. edwardsi at Ranomafana). To extend the effective life of the teeth, compensatory blades maintain functionality for the female sifaka, but wear may eventually have consequences on infant survival in certain climatic scenarios. We investigate the impacts of climate, age, and dental senescence on the reproduction of another sifaka, Propithecus diadema, in fragmented and intact habitats of Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar. We documented birth and infant survival between 2002 and 2017 across twelve groups, including 73 births, and we used 77 dental casts representing 54 adults to estimate age when exact age was not known. We report that sifakas in Tsinjoarivo do not conform to the expectations that link advanced age with dental and reproductive senescence. Propithecus diadema at Tsinjoarivo show slower tooth wear, higher reproductive output and higher infant survival compared to congeners. Likelihood of birth and infant mortality do not correlate with intrinsic (mother’s age, tooth wear) or extrinsic (rainfall or habitat type) stressors. However, the small number of years without births or with infant deaths limits statistical power. At the local level, this study suggests that the long-term viability of Propithecus diadema at Tsinjoarivo is promising and reproductive output is high, even in disturbed fragments where nutrient intakes are reduced. Further research is needed to contextualize and understand these differences among sites and regions within Madagascar and avoid over-generalizing from single study sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S. Heffernan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, Richard Bland College, Petersburg, VA 23805, USA
| | - Karen E. Samonds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Laurie R. Godfrey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | - Jean Freddy Ranaivoarisoa
- Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Mitchell T. Irwin
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
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6
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Nacarino-Meneses C, Chinsamy A. Mineralized-tissue histology reveals protracted life history in the Pliocene three-toed horse from Langebaanweg (South Africa). Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We studied the bone and dental histology of the tri-dactyl equid Eurygnathohippus hooijeri, one of the most iconic mammals found at the world-renowned Pliocene site of Langebaanweg, South Africa, to reconstruct important features of its life history. Our results show that key life-history events, such as weaning, skeletal maturity and reproductive maturity, occurred later in this African hipparionine compared with European three-toed equids and several extant Equus. Its late life-history schedule agrees with an ecological context of low adult extrinsic mortality and low juvenile survival rates. We also observed high rates of bone growth in Eu. hooijeri that were probably achieved through a high-quality diet and plentiful available water. Our research highlights the significance of combining bone and dental histology in the same taxon to obtain refined palaeobiological information about extinct vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Nacarino-Meneses
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rhodes Gift, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anusuya Chinsamy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rhodes Gift, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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Lee SM, Sutherland LJ, Fruth B, Murray CM, Lonsdorf EV, Arbenz-Smith K, Augusto R, Brogan S, Canington SL, Lee KC, McGrath K, McFarlin SC, Hohmann G. In vivo deciduous dental eruption in LuiKotale bonobos and Gombe chimpanzees. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:684-691. [PMID: 34308558 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Existing data on bonobo and chimpanzee dental eruption timing are derived predominantly from captive individuals or deceased wild individuals. However, recent advances in noninvasive photographic monitoring of living, wild apes have enabled researchers to characterize dental eruption in relatively healthy individuals under naturalistic conditions. At present, such data are available for only one population of wild chimpanzees. We report data for an additional population of wild chimpanzees and the first dental eruption data for wild bonobos. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected photographs and video footage of teeth from the open mouths of wild bonobos and East African chimpanzees of known age from LuiKotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Gombe National Park, Tanzania, respectively. We scored the presence and absence of deciduous teeth from photographs and video footage to characterize deciduous dental eruption timing in these two populations. RESULTS Deciduous dental eruption ages in our sample fall within the range of variation previously documented for captive chimpanzees, but eruption ages are later in wild than in captive contexts. We found substantial variation in deciduous canine eruption timing, particularly among bonobos. One bonobo had a deciduous canine present by 227 days old while another did not have a deciduous canine present at 477 days old. DISCUSSION Our data indicate that deciduous teeth erupt later in wild individuals than in captive individuals. We also found that deciduous dental eruption timing varies considerably between individuals within our study populations, a pattern that is consistent with previous studies. Future studies should consider sources of variation in deciduous canine eruption timing and relationships with other aspects of life history as additional data become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Lee
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - L J Sutherland
- School of Communication and Information, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Barbara Fruth
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany.,LuiKotale Bonobo Project, Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carson M Murray
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Elizabeth V Lonsdorf
- Department of Psychology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Keely Arbenz-Smith
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Rafael Augusto
- LuiKotale Bonobo Project, Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sean Brogan
- LuiKotale Bonobo Project, Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stephanie L Canington
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin C Lee
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.,Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kate McGrath
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shannon C McFarlin
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Gottfried Hohmann
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Lonsdorf EV, Stanton MA, Wellens KR, Murray CM. Wild chimpanzee offspring exhibit adult-like foraging patterns around the age of weaning. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 175:268-281. [PMID: 33713419 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prolonged juvenile period exhibited by primates is an evolutionary conundrum. Here we examine wild chimpanzee feeding development in the context of two hypotheses regarding prolonged development in primates: the needing-to-learn hypothesis and the expensive brain hypothesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) offspring at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. We analyzed 41 years of observational behavioral data collected between 1975 and 2016 from 81 offspring. We characterized feeding development in the first 10 years of life via four different measures: (1) proportion of observation time spent feeding; (2) diet composition; (3) diet breadth; and (4) diet maturity as measured by similarity to maternal diet. We used mixed effects models to examine changes with age and by sex, while controlling for season. RESULTS Feeding time, diet breadth, and diet maturity exhibited the most substantial increases with age in the first 6 years, with no significant change thereafter. Males and females showed different patterns of change in diet breadth by age, but did not differ by age 10. Diet composition did not change significantly with age and did not differ by sex. DISCUSSION We found that chimpanzee offspring attained adult-like feeding behaviors between 4 and 6 years of age, concomitant with the completion of weaning. Thus, our data do not support the needing-to-learn feeding skills hypothesis of a prolonged juvenile period, but additional data are needed to evaluate how and when adolescent chimpanzees are able to make foraging decisions independent of their mothers. Existing data on growth provides support for the expensive brain hypothesis, however, these hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive. As more studies across taxa accumulate sufficient datasets on a range of developmental metrics, we will be able to achieve a more robust understanding of prolonged development in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V Lonsdorf
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA.,Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Margaret A Stanton
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA.,Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA.,School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | - Kaitlin R Wellens
- Department of Biology, Trinity Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Carson M Murray
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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9
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Bolter DR, Cameron N. Utilizing auxology to understand ontogeny of extinct hominins: A case study on Homo naledi. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:368-380. [PMID: 32537780 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The methods used to study human growth and development (auxology) have not previously been applied within the setting of hominin maturation (ontogeny). Ontogeny is defined here as the pattern of biological change into an adult form, both at the individual and species level. The hominin fossil record has a lack of recovered immature materials, due to such factors as taphonomic processes that destroy pre-adults; the fragility of immature compared to adult bone; and the lower mortality rates of juveniles compared to adults. The recent discovery of pre-adult hominin skeletal material from a single, homogeneous Homo naledi species from the Rising Star cave system in South Africa provides the opportunity for a broader application of auxology methods and thus the need to understand their use in a modern context. Human auxology studies benefit from a robust database, across multiple populations, and with longitudinal studies in order to assess the patterns and variations in typical growth, development and life history stages. Here, we review the approach, vocabulary, and methods of these human studies, investigate commonalities in data with the fossil record, and then advance the reconstruction of ontogeny for the extinct hominin species H. naledi. To this end, we apply an auxology model into the paleontological context to broadly predict H. naledi birthweight of the offspring at 2.06 kg with a range (±1 SD) of 1.89 to 2.24 kg, with a length at birth 45.5 cm. We estimate a H. naledi juvenile partial skeleton DH7 to be a height of 111-125 cm at death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra R Bolter
- Department of Anthropology, Modesto Junior College, Modesto, California, USA
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Noel Cameron
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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10
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Paddock K, Zeigler L, Harvey B, Prufrock KA, Liptak JM, Ficorilli CM, Hogg RT, Bonar CJ, Evans S, Williams L, Vinyard CJ, DeLeon VB, Smith TD. Comparative dental anatomy in newborn primates: Cusp mineralization. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 303:2415-2475. [PMID: 31802627 PMCID: PMC7269855 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous descriptive work on deciduous dentition of primates has focused disproportionately on great apes and humans. To address this bias in the literature, we studied 131 subadult nonhominoid specimens (including 110 newborns) describing deciduous tooth morphology and assessing maximum hydroxyapatite density (MHD). All specimens were CT scanned at 70 kVp and reconstructed at 20.5-39 μm voxels. Grayscale intensity from scans was converted to hydroxyapatite (HA) density (mg HA/cm3 ) using a linear conversion of grayscale values to calibration standards of known HA density (R2 = .99). Using Amira software, mineralized dental tissues were captured by segmenting the tooth cusps first and then capturing the remainder of the teeth at descending thresholds of gray levels. We assessed the relationship of MHD of selected teeth to cranial length using Pearson correlation coefficients. In monkeys, anterior teeth are more mineralized than postcanine teeth. In tarsiers and most lemurs and lorises, postcanine teeth are the most highly mineralized. This suggests that monkeys have a more prolonged process of dental mineralization that begins with incisors and canines, while mineralization of postcanine teeth is delayed. This may in part be a result of relatively late weaning in most anthropoid primates. Results also reveal that in lemurs and lorises, MHD of the mandibular first permanent molar (M1 ) negatively correlates with cranial length. In contrast, the MHD of M1 positively correlates with cranial length in monkeys. This supports the hypothesis that natural selection acts independently on dental growth as opposed to mineralization and indicates clear phylogenetic differences among primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Paddock
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
| | - Larissa Zeigler
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
| | - Brianna Harvey
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen A. Prufrock
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jordan M. Liptak
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Russell T. Hogg
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida
| | | | | | - Lawrence Williams
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, Bastrop, Texas
| | - Christopher J. Vinyard
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Valerie B. DeLeon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Timothy D. Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
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11
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Kelley J, Schwartz GT, Smith TM. Age at first molar emergence in Pan troglodytes verus and variation in the timing of molar emergence among free-living chimpanzees. J Hum Evol 2020; 145:102823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Andrews C, Masters JC, Génin F, Couette S. The evolution of palate shape in the Lepilemur-Cheirogaleidae clade (Primates: Strepsirrhini). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:307-321. [PMID: 32666552 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phylogenies consistently group the folivorous Lepilemur species with the small-bodied insectivorous-frugivorous cheirogaleids. Juvenile lepilemurs and adult cheirogaleids share allometries in most aspects of skull morphology, except the palate. We investigated potential influences on palate shape in these taxa and several outgroups using geometric morphometrics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our sample included representatives of four extant strepsirrhine families, Cheirogaleidae (including Lepilemurinae), Lemuridae, Indriidae, and Galagidae, and one subfossil Megaladapis. Our dataset comprised 32 landmarks collected from 397 specimens representing 15 genera and 28 species, and was analyzed using generalized procrustes analyses and between group principal component analysis. We explored the influence of size, phylogeny, diet, and the propagation of loud vocalizations on palate shape. RESULTS While congeneric species clustered within the morphospace, the phylomorphospace did not mirror molecular phylogenetic hypotheses of higher-order relationships. Four palate forms were distinguished within the Cheirogaleidae. Diet, strongly linked to body size, had the single greatest influence on palate shape. The production of long-distance advertisement calls was most often associated with positive scores on the PC1 axis. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that the extensive variation in palate shape among Cheirogaleidae is related to dietary shifts that accompanied changes in body size during the clade's radiation. Molecular phylogenies indicate that cheirogaleid diversification involved repeated dwarfing events, which in turn drove dietary shifts from ancestral folivory-frugivory to frugivory, gummivory, and faunivory in the descendant species. The elongated Lepilemur palate is probably related to accelerated eruption of the cheek teeth to render juveniles competent to shear leaves upon weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curswan Andrews
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.,African Primate Initiative for Ecology and Speciation (APIES), Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.,APIES, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Judith C Masters
- APIES, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Fabien Génin
- African Primate Initiative for Ecology and Speciation (APIES), Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Sébastien Couette
- EPHE, PSL Paris Université, Paris, France.,UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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13
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Mongle CS, Koenig A, Samonds KE, Smaers JB, Borries C. Costly teeth? Gestation length in primates suggests that neonate dentition is not expensive to produce. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 303:2476-2484. [PMID: 32365267 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the relationship between gestation length and body mass can arise because different types of tissue require varying amounts of energy to build, and not all species build such tissues in the same proportions. Given that a pregnant female has a finite amount of energy, trade-offs between investment in different tissues may occur. Here we examine if dental precocity accounts for variation in primate gestation length. If true, this could explain why folivorous species with precocial dentition have longer gestation lengths than predicted by neonatal brain and body mass. We compiled data on gestation length, neonate and adult female body and brain mass from the literature. We used published postcanine eruption schedules at 4 months of age and measured the total occlusal area as dental endowment to approximate dental precocity at birth. Species with embryonic delay in growth or altricial neonates were not considered because they represent grade shifts regarding gestation length. Consequently, our data were biased toward Simiiformes and Old World monkeys, specifically. We performed a phylogenetic generalized least squares regression (pGLS) of neonate brain mass in relation to neonate body mass, and a second pGLS with dental endowment as an additional predictor variable. Including dental endowment in the pGLS did not improve the model. Dental endowment did not systematically impact primate gestation length. Concordant with results from previous studies, this indicates that the energetically expensive period of tooth mineralization may occur postnatally. More data are required to examine if the results are typical across primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie S Mongle
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Andreas Koenig
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Karen E Samonds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeroen B Smaers
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Carola Borries
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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14
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Edmonds HM, Glowacka H. The ontogeny of maximum bite force in humans. J Anat 2020; 237:529-542. [PMID: 32406523 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ontogenetic changes in the human masticatory complex suggest that bite force, a key measure of chewing performance, increases throughout growth and development. Current published bite force values for humans exist for molar and incisal biting, but few studies measure bite forces across all tooth types, or measure bite force potentials in subjects of different ages. In the absence of live data, models of bite force such as the Constrained Lever Model (CLM), are employed to predict bite force at different bite points for adults, but it is unclear whether such a model can accurately predict bite force potentials for juveniles or subadults. This study compares theoretically derived bite forces and live bite force data, and places these within an ontogenetic context in humans. Specifically, we test whether (1) patterns of maximum bite force increase along the tooth row throughout ontogeny, (2) bite force patterns estimated using the CLM match patterns observed from live bite force data, and (3) changes in bite forces along the tooth row and throughout ontogeny are associated with concomitant changes in adductor muscle leverage. Our findings show that maximum bite forces increase throughout ontogeny and change along the tooth row, with the highest forces occurring at the posterior dentition. These findings adhere to the expectations under the CLM and validate the model's utility in predicting bite force values throughout development. Furthermore, adductor muscle leverage values reflect this pattern, with the greatest leverage values occurring at the posterior dentition throughout ontogeny. The CLM informs our study of mammalian chewing mechanics by providing a model of how morphological changes of the masticatory apparatus during ontogeny affect bite force distribution along the tooth row. Furthermore, the decreased bite force magnitudes observed in juveniles and subadults compared with adults suggest that differences in juvenile and subadult diets may partially be due to differences in bite force production potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie M Edmonds
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Halszka Glowacka
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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15
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Esan TA, Schepartz LA. Does nutrition have an effect on the timing of tooth formation? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 171:470-480. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Temitope A. Esan
- Faculty of DentistryObafemi Awolowo University Ile‐Ife Nigeria
- Human Variation and Identification Unit, School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Lynne A. Schepartz
- Human Variation and Identification Unit, School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
- University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Physical Anthropology and Mediterranean Sections Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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16
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Speeding in the slow lane: Phylogenetic comparative analyses reveal that not all human life history traits are exceptional. J Hum Evol 2019; 130:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Brook CE, Herrera JP, Borgerson C, Fuller EC, Andriamahazoarivosoa P, Rasolofoniaina BJR, Randrianasolo JLRR, Rakotondrafarasata ZRE, Randriamady HJ, Dobson AP, Golden CD. Population viability and harvest sustainability for Madagascar lemurs. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:99-111. [PMID: 29896899 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Subsistence hunting presents a conservation challenge by which biodiversity preservation must be balanced with safeguarding of human livelihoods. Globally, subsistence hunting threatens primate populations, including Madagascar's endemic lemurs. We used population viability analysis to assess the sustainability of lemur hunting in Makira Natural Park, Madagascar. We identified trends in seasonal hunting of 11 Makira lemur species from household interview data, estimated local lemur densities in populations adjacent to focal villages via transect surveys, and quantified extinction vulnerability for these populations based on species-specific demographic parameters and empirically derived hunting rates. We compared stage-based Lefkovitch with periodic Leslie matrices to evaluate the impact of regional dispersal on persistence trajectories and explored the consequences of perturbations to the timing of peak hunting relative to the lemur birth pulse, under assumptions of density-dependent reproductive compensation. Lemur hunting peaked during the fruit-abundant wet season (March-June). Estimated local lemur densities were roughly inverse to body size across our study area. Life-history modeling indicated that hunting most severely threatened the species with the largest bodies (i.e., Hapalemur occidentalis, Avahi laniger, Daubentonia madagascariensis, and Indri indi), characterized by late-age reproductive onsets and long interbirth intervals. In model simulations, lemur dispersal within a regional metapopulation buffered extinction threats when a majority of local sites supported growth rates above the replacement level but drove regional extirpations when most local sites were overharvested. Hunt simulations were most detrimental when timed to overlap lemur births (a reality for D. madagascariensis and I. indri). In sum, Makira lemurs were overharvested. Regional extirpations, which may contribute to broad-scale extinctions, will be likely if current hunting rates persist. Cessation of anthropogenic lemur harvest is a conservation priority, and development programs are needed to help communities switch from wildlife consumption to domestic protein alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara E Brook
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 105 Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08540, U.S.A
| | - James P Herrera
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, U.S.A
| | - Cortni Borgerson
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, U.S.A
| | - Emma C Fuller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 105 Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08540, U.S.A
| | - Pascal Andriamahazoarivosoa
- Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Lot K1-056, Ankiadandrefana, Maroansetra, 512, Madagascar
| | - B J Rodolph Rasolofoniaina
- Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Lot K1-056, Ankiadandrefana, Maroansetra, 512, Madagascar
| | | | - Z R Eli Rakotondrafarasata
- Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Lot K1-056, Ankiadandrefana, Maroansetra, 512, Madagascar
| | - Hervet J Randriamady
- Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Lot K1-056, Ankiadandrefana, Maroansetra, 512, Madagascar
| | - Andrew P Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 105 Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08540, U.S.A
| | - Christopher D Golden
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, U.S.A
- Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Lot K1-056, Ankiadandrefana, Maroansetra, 512, Madagascar
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18
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Young JW, Jankord K, Saunders MM, Smith TD. Getting into Shape: Limb Bone Strength in Perinatal Lemur catta and Propithecus coquereli. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 303:250-264. [PMID: 30548126 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Functional studies of skeletal anatomy are predicated on the fundamental assumption that form will follow function. For instance, previous studies have shown that the femora of specialized leaping primates are more robust than those of more generalized primate quadrupeds. Are such differences solely a plastic response to differential loading patterns during postnatal life, or might they also reflect more canalized developmental mechanisms present at birth? Here, we show that perinatal Lemur catta, an arboreal/terrestrial quadruped, have less robust femora than perinatal Propithecus coquereli, a closely related species specialized for vertical clinging and leaping (a highly unusual locomotor mode in which the hindlimbs are used to launch the animal between vertical tree trunks). These results suggest that functional differences in long bone cross-sectional dimensions are manifest at birth, belying simple interpretations of adult postcranial form as a direct record of loading patterns during postnatal life. Despite these significant differences in bone robusticity, we find that hindlimb bone mineralization, material properties, and measures of whole-bone strength generally overlap in perinatal L. catta and P. coquereli, indicating little differentiation in postcranial maturity at birth despite known differences in the pace of craniodental development between the species. In a broader perspective, our results likely reflect evolution acting during prenatal ontogeny. Even though primates are notable for relatively prolonged gestation and postnatal parental care, neonates are not buffered from selection, perhaps especially in the unpredictable and volatile environment of Madagascar. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 303:250-264, 2020. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
| | - Kathryn Jankord
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, 16057
| | - Marnie M Saunders
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 44325
| | - Timothy D Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, 16057.,Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
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19
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Geiger M, Marron S, West AR, Asher RJ. Influences of Domestication and Island Evolution on Dental Growth in Sheep. J MAMM EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-018-9452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Muchlinski MN, Hammond AS, Deane AS, Purcell M, Hemingway HW, Hantke G, Pastor F, Garrosa M, Hartstone-Rose A. The ligamentum teres femoris in orangutans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:684-690. [PMID: 30132799 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is widely viewed that orangutans lack a ligamentum teres femoris (LTF) inserting on the femoral head because orangutans lack a distinct fovea capitis. Orangutans employ acrobatic quadrumanous clambering that requires a high level of hip joint mobility, and the absence of an LTF is believed to be an adaptation to increase hip mobility. However, there are conflicting reports in the literature about whether there may be a different LTF configuration in orangutans, perhaps with a ligament inserting on the femoral neck instead. Here we perform a dissection-based study of orangutan hip joints, assess the soft tissue and hard tissue correlates of the orangutan LTF, and histologically examination the LTF to evaluate whether it is homologous to that found in other hominoids. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hip joints from six orangutans were dissected. In the two orangutans with an LTF passing to the femoral head, the LTF was assessed histologically. Skeletonized femora (n=56) in osteological repositories were examined for evidence of a foveal pit. RESULTS We observed an LTF in two of the three infant orangutans but not in the sub-adult or adult specimens. Histological examination of the infant LTF shows a distinct artery coursing through the LTF to the head of the femur. One percent of orangutan femora present with a foveal scar, but no pit, on the femoral head. DISCUSSION Despite being absent in adults, the LTF is present in at least some orangutans during infancy. We suggest that the LTF maintains a role in blood supply to the femoral head early in life. Because the LTF can limit hip mobility, this may explain why the LTF may be lost as an orangutan ages and gains locomotor independence. These findings enhance our understanding of orangutan hip morphology and underscore the need for future soft tissue investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew S Deane
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand
| | | | | | - Georg Hantke
- Department of Natural Science, National Museums Scotland
| | | | - Manuel Garrosa
- Department of Histology and Cellular Biology, University of Valladolid
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21
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Scott JE, Campbell RM, Baj LM, Burns MC, Price MS, Sykes JD, Vinyard CJ. Dietary signals in the premolar dentition of primates. J Hum Evol 2018; 121:221-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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22
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Guatelli-Steinberg D. Dental anthropology in the AJPA: Its roots and heights. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165:879-892. [PMID: 29574842 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Bogin B, Varea C, Hermanussen M, Scheffler C. Human life course biology: A centennial perspective of scholarship on the human pattern of physical growth and its place in human biocultural evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165:834-854. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Bogin
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences; Loughborough University, LE11 3TU; UK
| | - Carlos Varea
- Department of Biology, Physical Anthropology Group; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | | | - Christiane Scheffler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Potsdam 14469 Germany
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24
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Young JW, Shapiro LJ. Developments in development: What have we learned from primate locomotor ontogeny? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165 Suppl 65:37-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W. Young
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyNortheast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED)Rootstown Ohio, 44272
| | - Liza J. Shapiro
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of TexasAustin Texas, 78712
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25
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Hogg R. Permanent Record: The Use of Dental and Bone Microstructure to Assess Life History Evolution and Ecology. VERTEBRATE PALEOBIOLOGY AND PALEOANTHROPOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94265-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Poindexter SA, Nekaris K. Vertical clingers and gougers: Rapid acquisition of adult limb proportions facilitates feeding behaviours in young Javan slow lorises ( Nycticebus javanicus ). Mamm Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Smith TD, Muchlinski MN, Bucher WR, Vinyard CJ, Bonar CJ, Evans S, Williams L, DeLeon VB. Relative tooth size at birth in primates: Life history correlates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:623-634. [PMID: 28832934 PMCID: PMC6092029 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental eruption schedules have been closely linked to life history variables. Here we examine a sample of 50 perinatal primates (28 species) to determine whether life history traits correlate with relative tooth size at birth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Newborn primates were studied using serial histological sectioning. Volumes of deciduous premolars (dp2 -dp4 ), replacement teeth (if any), and permanent molars (M1-2/3 ) of the upper jaw were measured and residuals from cranial length were calculated with least squares regressions to obtain relative dental volumes (RDVs). RESULTS Relative dental volumes of deciduous or permanent teeth have an unclear relationship with relative neonatal mass in all primates. Relative palatal length (RPL), used as a proxy for midfacial size, is significantly, positively correlated with larger deciduous and permanent postcanine teeth. However, when strepsirrhines alone are examined, larger RPL is correlated with smaller RDV of permanent teeth. In the full sample, RDVs of deciduous premolars are significantly negatively correlated with relative gestation length (RGL), but have no clear relationship with relative weaning age. RDVs of molars lack a clear relationship with RGL; later weaning is associated with larger molar RDV, although correlations are not significant. When strepsirrhines alone are analyzed, clearer trends are present: longer gestations or later weaning are associated with smaller deciduous and larger permanent postcanine teeth (only gestational length correlations are significant). DISCUSSION Our results indicate a broad trend that primates with the shortest RGLs precociously develop deciduous teeth; in strepsirrhines, the opposite trend is seen for permanent molars. Anthropoids delay growth of permanent teeth, while strepsirrhines with short RGLs are growing replacement teeth concurrently. A comparison of neonatal volumes with existing information on extent of cusp mineralization indicates that growth of tooth germs and cusp mineralization may be selected for independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock PA, 16057
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Magdalena N. Muchlinski
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas, Health Science Center, Fort Worth Texas 76107
| | - Wade R. Bucher
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock PA, 16057
| | | | | | - Sian Evans
- Dumond Conservancy, Miami, Florida 33170
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami Fl 33199
| | - Lawrence Williams
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, Department of Veterinary Sciences. UT MD Anderson Cancer Center
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Guatelli‐Steinberg D, Pampush JD, O'Hara MC, Xing S, McGraw WS, Ferrell RJ. Do Mid‐Crown Enamel Formation Front Angles Reflect Factors Linked to the Pace of Primate Growth and Development? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 301:125-139. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James D. Pampush
- Department of Exercise ScienceHigh Point UniversityHigh Point North Carolina 27268
| | - Mackie C. O'Hara
- Department of AnthropologyThe Ohio State University, 4034 Smith LaboratoryColumbus Ohio 43210‐1106
| | - Song Xing
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100044
| | - W. Scott McGraw
- Department of AnthropologyThe Ohio State University, 4034 Smith LaboratoryColumbus Ohio 43210‐1106
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Kralick AE, Loring Burgess M, Glowacka H, Arbenz-Smith K, McGrath K, Ruff CB, Chan KC, Cranfield MR, Stoinski TS, Bromage TG, Mudakikwa A, McFarlin SC. A radiographic study of permanent molar development in wild Virunga mountain gorillas of known chronological age from Rwanda. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:129-147. [PMID: 28251607 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While dental development is important to life history investigations, data from wild known-aged great apes are scarce. We report on the first radiographic examination of dental development in wild Virunga mountain gorillas, using known-age skeletal samples recovered in Rwanda. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 43 individuals (0.0-14.94 years), we collected radiographs of mandibular molars, and where possible, cone beam CT scans. Molar crown and root calcification status was assessed using two established staging systems, and age prediction equations generated using polynomial regression. Results were compared to available data from known-age captive and wild chimpanzees. RESULTS Mountain gorillas generally fell within reported captive chimpanzee distributions or exceeded them, exhibiting older ages at equivalent radiographic stages of development. Differences reflect delayed initiation and/or an extended duration of second molar crown development, and extended first and second molar root development, in mountain gorillas compared to captive chimpanzees. However, differences in the duration of molar root development were less evident compared to wild chimpanzees. DISCUSSION Despite sample limitations, our findings extend the known range of variation in radiographic estimates of molar formation timing in great apes, and provide a new age prediction technique based on wild specimens. However, mountain gorillas do not appear accelerated in radiographic assessment of molar formation compared to chimpanzees, as they are for other life history traits. Future studies should aim to resolve the influence of species differences, wild versus captive environments, and/or sampling phenomena on patterns observed here, and more generally, how they relate to variation in tooth size, eruption timing, and developmental life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Kralick
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052.,Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - M Loring Burgess
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
| | - Halszka Glowacka
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287
| | - Keely Arbenz-Smith
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052
| | - Kate McGrath
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052
| | - Christopher B Ruff
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
| | - King Chong Chan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, 10010
| | - Michael R Cranfield
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, University of California at Davis, California, 95616
| | - Tara S Stoinski
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, Georgia, 30315
| | - Timothy G Bromage
- Hard Tissue Research Unit, Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, 10010.,Hard Tissue Research Unit, Department of Basic Sciences and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, 10010
| | - Antoine Mudakikwa
- Department of Tourism and Conservation, Rwanda Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Shannon C McFarlin
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052.,Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
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Growing up tough: Comparing the effects of food toughness on juvenile feeding in Sapajus libidinosus and Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus. J Hum Evol 2016; 98:76-89. [PMID: 27544691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies of primate feeding ontogeny provide equivocal support for reduced juvenile proficiency. When immatures exhibit decreased feeding competency, these differences are attributed to a spectrum of experience- and strength-related constraints and are often linked to qualitative assessments of food difficulty. However, few have investigated age-related differences in feeding ability relative to mechanical property variation across the diet, both within and among food types. In this study, we combined dietary toughness and feeding behavior data collected in the wild from cross-sectional samples of two primate taxa, Sapajus libidinosus and Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus, to test the prediction that small-bodied juveniles are less efficient at processing tough foods than adults. We defined feeding efficiency as the time spent to ingest and masticate one food item (item bout length) and quantified the toughness and size of foods processed during those feeding bouts. To make the datasets comparable, we limited the dataset to foods processed by more than one age class and opened without tools. The overall toughness of foods processed by both species overlapped considerably, and juveniles and adults in both taxa processed foods of comparable toughness. Feeding efficiency decreased in response to increasing food toughness in leaf monkeys and in response to food size in both taxa. Age was found to be a significant predictor of bout length in leaf monkeys, but not in bearded capuchins. Juvenile S. libidinosus processed smaller fruits than adults, suggesting they employ behavioral strategies to mitigate the effect of consuming large (and occasionally large and tough) foods. We suggest future intra- and interspecific research of juvenile feeding competency utilize intake rates scaled by food size and geometry, as well as by detailed measures of feeding time (e.g., ingestion vs. mastication), in addition to food mechanical properties to facilitate comparisons across diverse food types and feeding behaviors.
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Smith TD, Muchlinksi MN, Jankord KD, Progar AJ, Bonar CJ, Evans S, Williams L, Vinyard CJ, DeLeon VB. Dental maturation, eruption, and gingival emergence in the upper jaw of newborn primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:2098-131. [PMID: 26425925 PMCID: PMC4654129 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this report we provide data on dental eruption and tooth germ maturation at birth in a large sample constituting the broadest array of non-human primates studied to date. Over 100 perinatal primates, obtained from natural captive deaths, were screened for characteristics indicating premature birth, and were subsequently studied using a combination of histology and micro-CT. Results reveal one probable unifying characteristic of living primates: relatively advanced maturation of deciduous teeth and M1 at birth. Beyond this, there is great diversity in the status of tooth eruption and maturation (dental stage) in the newborn primate. Contrasting strategies in producing a masticatory battery are already apparent at birth in strepsirrhines and anthropoids. Results show that dental maturation and eruption schedules are potentially independently co-opted as different strategies for attaining feeding independence. The most common strategy in strepsirrhines is accelerating eruption and the maturation of the permanent dentition, including replacement teeth. Anthropoids, with only few exceptions, accelerate mineralization of the deciduous teeth, while delaying development of all permanent teeth except M1. These results also show that no living primate resembles the altricial tree shrew (Tupaia) in dental development. Our preliminary observations suggest that ecological explanations, such as diet, provide an explanation for certain morphological variations at birth. These results confirm previous work on perinatal indriids indicating that these and other primates telegraph their feeding adaptations well before masticatory anatomy is functional. Quantitative analyses are required to decipher specific dietary and other influences on dental size and maturation in the newborn primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock PA, 16057
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Magdalena N. Muchlinksi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Kathryn D. Jankord
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock PA, 16057
| | - Abbigal J. Progar
- Department of Biology, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock PA, 16057
| | | | - Sian Evans
- Dumond Conservancy, Miami, Florida 33170
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami Fl 33199
| | - Lawrence Williams
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, Department of Veterinary Sciences. UT MD Anderson Cancer Center
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Veitschegger K, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Tooth Eruption Sequences in Cervids and the Effect of Morphology, Life History, and Phylogeny. J MAMM EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-015-9315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Hogg RT, Godfrey LR, Schwartz GT, Dirks W, Bromage TG. Lemur Biorhythms and Life History Evolution. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134210. [PMID: 26267241 PMCID: PMC4534448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal histology supports the hypothesis that primate life histories are regulated by a neuroendocrine rhythm, the Havers-Halberg Oscillation (HHO). Interestingly, subfossil lemurs are outliers in HHO scaling relationships that have been discovered for haplorhine primates and other mammals. We present new data to determine whether these species represent the general lemur or strepsirrhine condition and to inform models about neuroendocrine-mediated life history evolution. We gathered the largest sample to date of HHO data from histological sections of primate teeth (including the subfossil lemurs) to assess the relationship of these chronobiological measures with life history-related variables including body mass, brain size, age at first female reproduction, and activity level. For anthropoids, these variables show strong correlations with HHO conforming to predictions, though body mass and endocranial volume are strongly correlated with HHO periodicity in this group. However, lemurs (possibly excepting Daubentonia) do not follow this pattern and show markedly less variability in HHO periodicity and lower correlation coefficients and slopes. Moreover, body mass is uncorrelated, and brain size and activity levels are more strongly correlated with HHO periodicity in these animals. We argue that lemurs evolved this pattern due to selection for risk-averse life histories driven by the unpredictability of the environment in Madagascar. These results reinforce the idea that HHO influences life history evolution differently in response to specific ecological selection regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T. Hogg
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida, United States of America
| | - Laurie R. Godfrey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gary T. Schwartz
- Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Wendy Dirks
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy G. Bromage
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, and Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
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Blanco MB, Rasoazanabary E, Godfrey LR. Unpredictable environments, opportunistic responses: Reproduction and population turnover in two wild mouse lemur species (Microcebus rufus and M. griseorufus) from eastern and western Madagascar. Am J Primatol 2015; 77:936-947. [PMID: 26031477 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Small-bodied, nocturnal mouse lemurs (Microcebus) are widespread across diverse forest habitats in Madagascar. They are strict seasonal breeders and can, depending on the habitat and species, undergo daily or prolonged torpor to minimize energy expenditure during periods of food and water scarcity. Duration of reproduction, number of litters per season and timing of births vary across individuals and species. The "polyestry-seasonality" hypothesis proposes that the duration of reproduction and number of litters per year are positively correlated with rainfall but negatively correlated with longevity, whereas the "hypervariability" hypothesis suggests that the duration of reproduction is negatively correlated with the degree of predictability of food resources. We test these hypotheses in two mouse lemur species inhabiting contrasting habitats, the brown mouse lemurs, Microcebus rufus, from Ranomafana (a less seasonal and more climatically predictable habitat) and the gray-brown mouse lemurs, M. griseorufus, from Beza Mahafaly (a more seasonal and less climatically predictable environment). We use capture/mark/recapture techniques and records of female reproductive status. We found evidence of polyestry at both study sites but faster population turnover and longer duration of the reproductive season at Beza Mahafaly. The "polyestry-seasonality" hypothesis is not supported but the "hypervariability" hypothesis could not be rejected. We conclude that reproductive output cannot be tied to climatic factors in a simple manner. Paradoxically, polyestry can be expressed in contrasting habitats: less seasonal forests where females can sustain multiple reproductive events, but also highly seasonal environments where females may not fatten sufficiently to sustain prolonged torpor but instead remain active throughout the year by relying on fallback resources. Am. J. Primatol. 77:936-947, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurie R Godfrey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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35
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McKenney EA, Rodrigo A, Yoder AD. Patterns of gut bacterial colonization in three primate species. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124618. [PMID: 25970595 PMCID: PMC4430486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Host fitness is impacted by trillions of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract that facilitate development and are inextricably tied to life history. During development, microbial colonization primes the gut metabolism and physiology, thereby setting the stage for adult nutrition and health. However, the ecological rules governing microbial succession are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the relationship between host lineage, captive diet, and life stage and gut microbiota characteristics in three primate species (infraorder, Lemuriformes). Fecal samples were collected from captive lemur mothers and their infants, from birth to weaning. Microbial DNA was extracted and the v4 region of 16S rDNA was sequenced on the Illumina platform using protocols from the Earth Microbiome Project. Here, we show that colonization proceeds along different successional trajectories in developing infants from species with differing dietary regimes and ecological profiles: frugivorous (fruit-eating) Varecia variegata, generalist Lemur catta, and folivorous (leaf-eating) Propithecus coquereli. Our analyses reveal community membership and succession patterns consistent with previous studies of human infants, suggesting that lemurs may serve as a useful model of microbial ecology in the primate gut. Each lemur species exhibits distinct species-specific bacterial diversity signatures correlating to life stages and life history traits, implying that gut microbial community assembly primes developing infants at species-specific rates for their respective adult feeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. McKenney
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Allen Rodrigo
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anne D. Yoder
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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36
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Dental eruption in East African wild chimpanzees. J Hum Evol 2015; 82:137-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Macho GA, Lee-Thorp JA. Niche partitioning in sympatric Gorilla and Pan from Cameroon: implications for life history strategies and for reconstructing the evolution of hominin life history. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102794. [PMID: 25054380 PMCID: PMC4108342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors influencing the hominoid life histories are poorly understood, and little is known about how ecological conditions modulate the pace of their development. Yet our limited understanding of these interactions underpins life history interpretations in extinct hominins. Here we determined the synchronisation of dental mineralization/eruption with brain size in a 20th century museum collection of sympatric Gorilla gorilla and Pan troglodytes from Central Cameroon. Using δ13C and δ15N of individuals' hair, we assessed whether and how differences in diet and habitat use may have impacted on ape development. The results show that, overall, gorilla hair δ13C and δ15N values are more variable than those of chimpanzees, and that gorillas are consistently lower in δ13C and δ15N compared to chimpanzees. Within a restricted, isotopically-constrained area, gorilla brain development appears delayed relative to dental mineralization/eruption [or dental development is accelerated relative to brains]: only about 87.8% of adult brain size is attained by the time first permanent molars come into occlusion, whereas it is 92.3% in chimpanzees. Even when M1s are already in full functional occlusion, gorilla brains lag behind those of chimpanzee (91% versus 96.4%), relative to tooth development. Both bootstrap analyses and stable isotope results confirm that these results are unlikely due to sampling error. Rather, δ15N values imply that gorillas are not fully weaned (physiologically mature) until well after M1 are in full functional occlusion. In chimpanzees the transition from infant to adult feeding appears (a) more gradual and (b) earlier relative to somatic development. Taken together, the findings are consistent with life history theory that predicts delayed development when non-density dependent mortality is low, i.e. in closed habitats, and with the "risk aversion" hypothesis for frugivorous species as a means to avert starvation. Furthermore, the results highlight the complexity and plasticity of hominoid/hominin development.
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Turley K, Frost SR. The ontogeny of talo-crural appositional articular morphology among catarrhine taxa: Adult shape reflects substrate use. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:447-58. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Turley
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oregon; Eugene OR 97403-1218
| | - Stephen R. Frost
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oregon; Eugene OR 97403-1218
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Borries C, Lu A, Ossi-Lupo K, Larney E, Koenig A. The meaning of weaning in wild Phayre's leaf monkeys: Last nipple contact, survival, and independence. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:291-301. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Borries
- Department of Anthropology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY
| | - Amy Lu
- Department of Anthropology; University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL
| | - Kerry Ossi-Lupo
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY
| | - Eileen Larney
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY
| | - Andreas Koenig
- Department of Anthropology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY
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40
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Terhune CE, Robinson CA, Ritzman TB. Ontogenetic variation in the mandibular ramus of great apes and humans. J Morphol 2014; 275:661-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Terhune
- Department of Anthropology; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas
| | - Chris A. Robinson
- Department of Biology; Bronx Community College, City University of New York; Bronx New York
| | - Terrence B. Ritzman
- Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M. Smith
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;
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42
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Jordana X, Marín-Moratalla N, Moncunill-Solé B, Bover P, Alcover JA, Köhler M. First fossil evidence for the advance of replacement teeth coupled with life history evolution along an anagenetic mammalian lineage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70743. [PMID: 23936247 PMCID: PMC3723812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals that grow up more slowly and live longer, replacement teeth tend to appear earlier in sequence than in fast growing mammals. This trend, known as ‘Schultz's Rule’, is a useful tool for inferring life histories of fossil taxa. Deviations from this rule, however, suggest that in addition to the pace of life history, ecological factors may also drive dental ontogeny. Myotragus balearicus is an extinct insular caprine that has been proved to be an excellent test case to correlate morphological traits with life history. Here we show that Myotragus balearicus exhibits a slow signature of dental eruption sequence that is in agreement with the exceptionally slow life history of this species, thus conforming to ‘Schultz's Rule’. However, our results also show an acceleration of the absolute pace of development of the permanent incisors in relation to that of the posterior teeth. The rodent-like incisors of Myotragus balearicus erupted early not only in relative but also in absolute terms (chronological age), suggesting that feeding characteristics also plays an important role in dental ontogeny. This is in agreement with ecological hypotheses based on primates. Our study documents a decoupling of the pace of development of teeth in mammals that is triggered by different selection pressures on dental ontogeny. Moreover, we show that Myotragus kopperi from the early Pleistocene (a direct ancestor of the late Pleistocene-Holocene M. balearicus) follows the pattern of first incisor replacement known in living bovids. Hence, the advance in the eruption sequence of the first incisors occurs along the Myotragus evolutionary lineage over a period of about 2.5 Myr. To our knowledge, this is the first fossil evidence of an advance of the emergence of the permanent first incisor along an anagenetic mammalian lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Jordana
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
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43
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Terhune CE, Kimbel WH, Lockwood CA. Postnatal temporal bone ontogeny inPan,Gorilla, andHomo, and the implications for temporal bone ontogeny inAustralopithecus afarensis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:630-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Terhune
- Department of Community and Family Medicine; Duke University Medical Center; Durham; NC; 27710
| | - William H. Kimbel
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University; Tempe; AZ; 85287-4101
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Borries C, Gordon AD, Koenig A. Beware of primate life history data: a plea for data standards and a repository. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67200. [PMID: 23826232 PMCID: PMC3691336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Life history variables such as the age at first reproduction and the interval between consecutive births are measures of investment in growth and reproduction in a particular population or species. As such they allow for meaningful comparisons of the speed of growth and reproduction between species and between larger taxa. Especially in primates such life history research has far reaching implications and has led for instance to the "grandmother hypothesis". Other links have been proposed with respect to dietary adaptations: Because protein is essential for growth and one of the primary sources of protein, leaves, occurs much less seasonally than fruits, it has been predicted that folivorous primates should grow faster compared to frugivorous ones. However, when comparing folivorous Asian colobines with frugivorous Asian macaques we recently documented a longer, instead of a shorter gestation length in folivores while age at first reproduction and interbirth interval did not differ. This supports earlier findings for Malagasy lemurs in which all life history variables tested were significantly longer in folivores compared to frugivores. Wondering why these trends were not apparent sooner, we tried to reconstruct our results for Asian primates with data from four popular life history compilations. However, this attempt failed; even the basic, allometric relationship with adult female body mass that is typical for life history variables could not be recovered. This negative result hints at severe problems with data quality. Here we show that data quality can be improved significantly by standardizing the variables and by controlling for factors such as nutritional conditions or infant mortality. Ideally, in the future, revised primate life history data should be collated in a central database accessible to everybody. In the long run such an initiative should be expanded to include all mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Borries
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America.
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45
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Morse PE, Daegling DJ, McGraw WS, Pampush JD. Dental wear among cercopithecid monkeys of the Taï forest, Côte d'Ivoire. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 150:655-65. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Morse
- Department of Anthropology; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL
| | | | - W. Scott McGraw
- Department of Anthropology; The Ohio State University; Columbus; OH
| | - James D. Pampush
- Department of Anthropology; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL
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First molar eruption, weaning, and life history in living wild chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2787-91. [PMID: 23359695 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218746110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding dental development in chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, is of fundamental importance for reconstructing the evolution of human development. Most early hominin species are believed to show rapid ape-like patterns of development, implying that a prolonged modern human childhood evolved quite recently. However, chimpanzee developmental standards are uncertain because they have never been based on living wild individuals. Furthermore, although it is well established that first molar tooth emergence (movement into the mouth) is correlated with the scheduling of growth and reproduction across primates broadly, its precise relation to solid food consumption, nursing behavior, or maternal life history is unknown. To address these concerns we conducted a photographic study of subadult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Kanyawara, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Five healthy infants emerged their lower first molars (M1s) by or before 3.3 y of age, nearly identical to captive chimpanzee mean ages (∼3.2 y, n = 53). First molar emergence in these chimpanzees does not directly or consistently predict the introduction of solid foods, resumption of maternal estrous cycling, cessation of nursing, or maternal interbirth intervals. Kanyawara chimpanzees showed adult patterns of solid food consumption by the time M1 reached functional occlusion, spent a greater amount of time on the nipple while M1 was erupting than in the preceding year, and continued to suckle during the following year. Estimates of M1 emergence age in australopiths are remarkably similar to the Kanyawara chimpanzees, and recent reconstructions of their life histories should be reconsidered in light of these findings.
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Schwartz GT. Growth, Development, and Life History throughout the Evolution of Homo. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1086/667591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bolter DR, Zihlman AL. Skeletal development in Pan paniscus with comparisons to Pan troglodytes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 147:629-36. [PMID: 22331605 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fusion of skeletal elements provides markers for timing of growth and is one component of a chimpanzee's physical development. Epiphyseal closure defines bone growth and signals a mature skeleton. Most of what we know about timing of development in chimpanzees derives from dental studies on Pan troglodytes. Much less is known about the sister species, Pan paniscus, with few in captivity and a wild range restricted to central Africa. Here, we report on the timing of skeletal fusion for female captive P. paniscus (n = 5) whose known ages range from 0.83 to age 11.68 years. Observations on the skeletons were made after the individuals were dissected and bones cleaned. Comparisons with 10 female captive P. troglodytes confirm a generally uniform pattern in the sequence of skeletal fusion in the two captive species. We also compared the P. paniscus to a sample of three unknown-aged female wild P. paniscus, and 10 female wild P. troglodytes of known age from the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. The sequence of teeth emergence to bone fusion is generally consistent between the two species, with slight variations in late juvenile and subadult stages. The direct-age comparisons show that skeletal growth in captive P. paniscus is accelerated compared with both captive and wild P. troglodytes populations. The skeletal data combined with dental stages have implications for estimating the life stage of immature skeletal materials of wild P. paniscus and for more broadly comparing the skeletal growth rates among captive and wild chimpanzees (Pan), Homo sapiens, and fossil hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra R Bolter
- Department of Anthropology, Modesto College, CA 95350, USA.
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