1
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Zhang T, Ai D, Wei P, Xu Y, Bi Z, Ma F, Li F, Chen XJ, Zhang Z, Zou X, Guo Z, Zhao Y, Li JL, Ye M, Feng Z, Zhang X, Zheng L, Yu J, Li C, Tu T, Zeng H, Lei J, Zhang H, Hong T, Zhang L, Luo B, Li Z, Xing C, Jia C, Li L, Sun W, Ge WP. The subcommissural organ regulates brain development via secreted peptides. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:1103-1115. [PMID: 38741020 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a gland located at the entrance of the aqueduct of Sylvius in the brain. It exists in species as distantly related as amphioxus and humans, but its function is largely unknown. Here, to explore its function, we compared transcriptomes of SCO and non-SCO brain regions and found three genes, Sspo, Car3 and Spdef, that are highly expressed in the SCO. Mouse strains expressing Cre recombinase from endogenous promoter/enhancer elements of these genes were used to genetically ablate SCO cells during embryonic development, resulting in severe hydrocephalus and defects in neuronal migration and development of neuronal axons and dendrites. Unbiased peptidomic analysis revealed enrichment of three SCO-derived peptides, namely, thymosin beta 4, thymosin beta 10 and NP24, and their reintroduction into SCO-ablated brain ventricles substantially rescued developmental defects. Together, these data identify a critical role for the SCO in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Daosheng Ai
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Pingli Wei
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanying Bi
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengfei Ma
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Fengzhi Li
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Jun Chen
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zou
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Zongpei Guo
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Liszt Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyan Feng
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lijun Zheng
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunli Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianqi Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jianfeng Lei
- Medical Imaging laboratory of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Public Health, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chenxi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Wenzhi Sun
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Woo-Ping Ge
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Zhang T, Ai D, Wei P, Xu Y, Bi Z, Ma F, Li F, Chen XJ, Zhang Z, Zou X, Guo Z, Zhao Y, Li JL, Ye M, Feng Z, Zhang X, Zheng L, Yu J, Li C, Tu T, Zeng H, Lei J, Zhang H, Hong T, Zhang L, Luo B, Li Z, Xing C, Jia C, Li L, Sun W, Ge WP. The subcommissural organ regulates brain development via secreted peptides. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.30.587415. [PMID: 38585720 PMCID: PMC10996762 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.30.587415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a gland located at the entrance of the aqueduct of Sylvius in the brain. It exists in species as distantly related as amphioxus and humans, but its function is largely unknown. To explore its function, we compared transcriptomes of SCO and non-SCO brain regions and found three genes, Sspo, Car3, and Spdef, that are highly expressed in the SCO. Mouse strains expressing Cre recombinase from endogenous promoter/enhancer elements of these genes were used to genetically ablate SCO cells during embryonic development, resulting in severe hydrocephalus and defects in neuronal migration and development of neuronal axons and dendrites. Unbiased peptidomic analysis revealed enrichment of three SCO-derived peptides, namely thymosin beta 4, thymosin beta 10, and NP24, and their reintroduction into SCO-ablated brain ventricles substantially rescued developmental defects. Together, these data identify a critical role for the SCO in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (AAIS), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Daosheng Ai
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (AAIS), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Pingli Wei
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhanying Bi
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fengfei Ma
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Fengzhi Li
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
- Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xing-jun Chen
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (AAIS), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhaohuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zou
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zongpei Guo
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jun-Liszt Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (AAIS), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ziyan Feng
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xinshuang Zhang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Chunli Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tianqi Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jianfeng Lei
- Medical Imaging laboratory of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Public Health, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Chenxi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Wenzhi Sun
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Woo-ping Ge
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
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3
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Inada H, Corales LG, Osumi N. A novel feature of the ancient organ: A possible involvement of the subcommissural organ in neurogenic/gliogenic potential in the adult brain. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1141913. [PMID: 36960167 PMCID: PMC10027738 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1141913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a circumventricular organ highly conserved in vertebrates from Cyclostomata such as lamprey to mammals including human. The SCO locates in the boundary between the third ventricle and the entrance of the aqueduct of Sylvius. The SCO functions as a secretory organ producing a variety of proteins such as SCO-spondin, transthyretin, and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A significant contribution of the SCO has been thought to maintain the homeostasis of CSF dynamics. However, evidence has shown a possible role of SCO on neurogenesis in the adult brain. This review highlights specific features of the SCO related to adult neurogenesis, suggested by the progress of understanding SCO functions. We begin with a brief history of the SCO discovery and continue to structural features, gene expression, and a possible role in adult neurogenesis suggested by the SCO transplant experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Inada
- Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hitoshi Inada,
| | - Laarni Grace Corales
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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4
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Farkas C, Recabal A, Mella A, Candia-Herrera D, Olivero MG, Haigh JJ, Tarifeño-Saldivia E, Caprile T. annotate_my_genomes: an easy-to-use pipeline to improve genome annotation and uncover neglected genes by hybrid RNA sequencing. Gigascience 2022; 11:6874526. [PMID: 36472574 PMCID: PMC9724561 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advancement of hybrid sequencing technologies is increasingly expanding genome assemblies that are often annotated using hybrid sequencing transcriptomics, leading to improved genome characterization and the identification of novel genes and isoforms in a wide variety of organisms. RESULTS We developed an easy-to-use genome-guided transcriptome annotation pipeline that uses assembled transcripts from hybrid sequencing data as input and distinguishes between coding and long non-coding RNAs by integration of several bioinformatic approaches, including gene reconciliation with previous annotations in GTF format. We demonstrated the efficiency of this approach by correctly assembling and annotating all exons from the chicken SCO-spondin gene (containing more than 105 exons), including the identification of missing genes in the chicken reference annotations by homology assignments. CONCLUSIONS Our method helps to improve the current transcriptome annotation of the chicken brain. Our pipeline, implemented on Anaconda/Nextflow and Docker is an easy-to-use package that can be applied to a broad range of species, tissues, and research areas helping to improve and reconcile current annotations. The code and datasets are publicly available at https://github.com/cfarkas/annotate_my_genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonia Recabal
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Andy Mella
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de las Américas, Chile,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile
| | - Daniel Candia-Herrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Maryori González Olivero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Jody Jonathan Haigh
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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5
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Sepúlveda V, Maurelia F, González M, Aguayo J, Caprile T. SCO-spondin, a giant matricellular protein that regulates cerebrospinal fluid activity. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:45. [PMID: 34600566 PMCID: PMC8487547 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear fluid that occupies the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces within and around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is a dynamic signaling milieu that transports nutrients, waste materials and neuroactive substances that are crucial for the development, homeostasis and functionality of the central nervous system. The mechanisms that enable cerebrospinal fluid to simultaneously exert these homeostatic/dynamic functions are not fully understood. SCO-spondin is a large glycoprotein secreted since the early stages of development into the cerebrospinal fluid. Its domain architecture resembles a combination of a matricellular protein and the ligand-binding region of LDL receptor family. The matricellular proteins are a group of extracellular proteins with the capacity to interact with different molecules, such as growth factors, cytokines and cellular receptors; enabling the integration of information to modulate various physiological and pathological processes. In the same way, the LDL receptor family interacts with many ligands, including β-amyloid peptide and different growth factors. The domains similarity suggests that SCO-spondin is a matricellular protein enabled to bind, modulate, and transport different cerebrospinal fluid molecules. SCO-spondin can be found soluble or polymerized into a dynamic threadlike structure called the Reissner fiber, which extends from the diencephalon to the caudal tip of the spinal cord. Reissner fiber continuously moves caudally as new SCO-spondin molecules are added at the cephalic end and are disaggregated at the caudal end. This movement, like a conveyor belt, allows the transport of the bound molecules, thereby increasing their lifespan and action radius. The binding of SCO-spondin to some relevant molecules has already been reported; however, in this review we suggest more than 30 possible binding partners, including peptide β-amyloid and several growth factors. This new perspective characterizes SCO-spondin as a regulator of cerebrospinal fluid activity, explaining its high evolutionary conservation, its apparent multifunctionality, and the lethality or severe malformations, such as hydrocephalus and curved body axis, of knockout embryos. Understanding the regulation and identifying binding partners of SCO-spondin are crucial for better comprehension of cerebrospinal fluid physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Maurelia
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maryori González
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jaime Aguayo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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6
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Bibes R, Gobron S, Vincent F, Mélin C, Vedrenne N, Perraud A, Labrousse F, Jauberteau MO, Lalloué F. SCO-spondin oligopeptide inhibits angiogenesis in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85969-85983. [PMID: 29156770 PMCID: PMC5689660 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a critical role in glioblastoma growth and progression. We therefore aimed at evaluating the anti-angiogenic properties of an oligopeptide originating from SCO-spondin (NX) on a model of human glioblastoma. To this end, we studied the impact of NX treatment on human brain endothelial cells (HBMECs) alone or co-cultured with glioblastoma cells (U87-MG) on apoptosis, proliferation, migration and release of angiogenic factors. We further investigated the anti-angiogenic potential of NX on human glioblastoma cells grown on chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) or in glioblastoma xenografts. The results of our experiments showed that NX treatment impaired the microvascular network and induced a decrease in cell proliferation, vascularization and tumor growth in the CAM model as well as in xenotransplants. Interestingly, our in vitro experiments showed that NX impairs HBMECs migration but also regulates the release of angiogenic factors from U87-MG. These results are confirmed by the profiling of NX-treated U87-MG grown on CAM that highlighted modifications of several genes involved in angiogenesis. In conclusion, NX inhibits tumorigenesis by impairing the ability of glioblastoma cells to induce angiogenesis and by inhibiting endothelial cell migration. This molecule might therefore be an interesting candidate for future cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Bibes
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Gobron
- Neuronax, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, 63360 Saint-Beauzire, France
| | - François Vincent
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.,Limoges University Hospital, Department of Physiological Functional Investigation, 87042 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Carole Mélin
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Vedrenne
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Aurélie Perraud
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.,Limoges University Hospital, Department of Digestive Surgery, 87042 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Francois Labrousse
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.,Limoges University Hospital, Department of Pathology, 87042 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Odile Jauberteau
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.,Limoges University Hospital, Department of Immunology, 87042 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Lalloué
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
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7
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Takahashi M, Hosomichi K, Yamaguchi T, Yano K, Funatsu T, Adel M, Haga S, Maki K, Tajima A. Whole-exome sequencing analysis of supernumerary teeth occurrence in Japanese individuals. Hum Genome Var 2017; 4:16046. [PMID: 28144447 PMCID: PMC5267165 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2016.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A common disorder of human dentition is the existence of supernumerary teeth. Impacted supernumerary teeth occur most frequently in the maxillary incisor area and are termed mesiodens. We conducted whole-exome sequencing of non-syndromic Japanese individuals possessing supernumerary teeth to identify genes and/or loci involved in the pathogenesis of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Takahashi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University , Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University , Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Funatsu
- Division of Dentistry for Persons with Disabilities, Department of Special Needs Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohamed Adel
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shugo Haga
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koutaro Maki
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University , Ishikawa, Japan
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8
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RNA Sequencing Analysis Reveals Interactions between Breast Cancer or Melanoma Cells and the Tissue Microenvironment during Brain Metastasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8032910. [PMID: 28210624 PMCID: PMC5292181 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8032910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of treatment failure and death in cancer patients. Metastasis of tumor cells to the brain occurs frequently in individuals with breast cancer, non–small cell lung cancer, or melanoma. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the causes and in the treatment of primary tumors, the biological and molecular mechanisms underlying the metastasis of cancer cells to the brain have remained unclear. Metastasizing cancer cells interact with their microenvironment in the brain to establish metastases. We have now developed mouse models of brain metastasis based on intracardiac injection of human breast cancer or melanoma cell lines, and we have performed RNA sequencing analysis to identify genes in mouse brain tissue and the human cancer cells whose expression is associated specifically with metastasis. We found that the expressions of the mouse genes Tph2, Sspo, Ptprq, and Pole as well as those of the human genes CXCR4, PLLP, TNFSF4, VCAM1, SLC8A2, and SLC7A11 were upregulated in brain tissue harboring metastases. Further characterization of such genes that contribute to the establishment of brain metastases may provide a basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies and consequent improvement in the prognosis of cancer patients.
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9
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Alowolodu O, Johnson G, Alashwal L, Addou I, Zhdanova IV, Uversky VN. Intrinsic disorder in spondins and some of their interacting partners. INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2016; 4:e1255295. [PMID: 28232900 DOI: 10.1080/21690707.2016.1255295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Spondins, which are proteins that inhibit and promote adherence of embryonic cells so as to aid axonal growth are part of the thrombospondin-1 family. Spondins function in several important biological processes, such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, etc. Spondins constitute a thrombospondin subfamily that includes F-spondin, a protein that interacts with Aβ precursor protein and inhibits its proteolytic processing; R-spondin, a 4-membered group of proteins that regulates Wnt pathway and have other functions, such as regulation of kidney proliferation, induction of epithelial proliferation, the tumor suppressant action; M-spondin that mediates mechanical linkage between the muscles and apodemes; and the SCO-spondin, a protein important for neuronal development. In this study, we investigated intrinsic disorder status of human spondins and their interacting partners, such as members of the LRP family, LGR family, Frizzled family, and several other binding partners in order to establish the existence and importance of disordered regions in spondins and their interacting partners by conducting a detailed analysis of their sequences, finding disordered regions, and establishing a correlation between their structure and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Alowolodu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gbemisola Johnson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lamis Alashwal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Iqbal Addou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Irina V Zhdanova
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; USF Health Byrd Alzheimer Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Guerra MM, González C, Caprile T, Jara M, Vío K, Muñoz RI, Rodríguez S, Rodríguez EM. Understanding How the Subcommissural Organ and Other Periventricular Secretory Structures Contribute via the Cerebrospinal Fluid to Neurogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:480. [PMID: 26778959 PMCID: PMC4689152 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic and molecular composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and, consequently, the CSF physiology is much more complex and fascinating than the simplistic view held for decades. Signal molecules either transported from blood to CSF or secreted into the CSF by circumventricular organs and CSF-contacting neurons, use the CSF to reach their targets in the brain, including the pre- and postnatal neurogenic niche. The subcommissural organ (SCO), a highly conserved brain gland present throughout the vertebrate phylum, is one of the sources for signals, as well as the choroid plexus, tanycytes and CSF-contacting neurons. The SCO secretes into the fetal and adult CSF SCO-spondin, transthyretin, and basic fibroblast growth factor. These proteins participate in certain aspects of neurogenesis, such as cell cycle of neural stem cells, neuronal differentiation, and axon pathfinding. Through the CSF, the SCO-secretory proteins may reach virtually any target in the embryonic and adult central nervous system. Since the SCO continues to secrete throughout life span, it seems likely that the neurogenetic property of the SCO compounds would be targeted to the niches where neurogenesis continues in adulthood. This review is aimed to bring into discussion early and new evidence concerning the role(s) of the SCO, and the probable mechanisms by which SCO compounds can readily reach the neurogenic niche of the subventricular zone flowing with the CSF to participate in the regulation of the neurogenic niche. As we unfold the multiples trans-fluid talks between discrete brain domains we will have more tools to influence such talks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Guerra
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia, Chile
| | - César González
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Maryoris Jara
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia, Chile
| | - Karin Vío
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rosa I Muñoz
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sara Rodríguez
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia, Chile
| | - Esteban M Rodríguez
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia, Chile
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11
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SCO-spondin derived peptide NX210 induces neuroprotection in vitro and promotes fiber regrowth and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93179. [PMID: 24667843 PMCID: PMC3965545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the limited regenerating potential of the central nervous system (CNS) in adults contrasts with the plasticity of the embryonic and perinatal periods. SCO (subcommissural organ)-spondin is a protein secreted early by the developing central nervous system, potentially involved in the development of commissural fibers. SCO-spondin stimulates neuronal differentiation and neurite growth in vitro. NX210 oligopeptide was designed from SCO-spondin's specific thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR) sequences that support the main neurogenic properties of the molecule. The objective of this work was to assess the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties of NX210 in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). In vitro studies were carried out on the B104 neuroblastoma cell line demonstrating neuroprotection by the resistance to oxidative damage using hydrogen peroxide and the measure of cell viability by metabolic activity. In vivo studies were performed in two rat models of SCI: (1) a model of aspiration of dorsal funiculi followed by the insertion of a collagen tube in situ to limit collateral sprouting; white matter regeneration was assessed using neurofilament immunostaining; (2) a rat spinal cord contusion model to assess functional recovery using BBB scale and reflex testing. We demonstrate for the first time that NX210 (a) provides neuroprotection to oxidative stress in the B104 neuroblastoma cells, (b) stimulates axonal regrowth in longitudinally oriented neofibers in the aspiration model of SCI and (c) significantly improves functional recovery in the contusive model of SCI.
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12
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Role of the subcommissural organ in the pathogenesis of congenital hydrocephalus in the HTx rat. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 352:707-25. [PMID: 23640132 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was designed to clarify the role of the subcommissural organ (SCO) in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus occurring in the HTx rat. The brains of non-affected and hydrocephalic HTx rats from embryonic day 15 (E15) to postnatal day 10 (PN10) were processed for electron microscopy, lectin binding and immunocytochemistry by using a series of antibodies. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of non-affected and hydrocephalic HTx rats were collected at PN1, PN7 and PN30 and analysed by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblotting and nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS. A distinct malformation of the SCO is present as early as E15. Since stenosis of the Sylvius aqueduct (SA) occurs at E18 and dilation of the lateral ventricles starts at E19, the malformation of the SCO clearly precedes the onset of hydrocephalus. In the affected rats, the cephalic and caudal thirds of the SCO showed high secretory activity with all methods used, whereas the middle third showed no signs of secretion. At E18, the middle non-secretory third of the SCO progressively fused with the ventral wall of SA, resulting in marked aqueduct stenosis and severe hydrocephalus. The abnormal development of the SCO resulted in the permanent absence of Reissner's fibre (RF) and led to changes in the protein composition of the CSF. Since the SCO is the source of a large mass of sialilated glycoproteins that form the RF and of those that remain CSF-soluble, we hypothesize that the absence of this large mass of negatively charged molecules from the SA domain results in SA stenosis and impairs the bulk flow of CSF through the aqueduct.
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13
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Grondona JM, Hoyo-Becerra C, Visser R, Fernández-Llebrez P, López-Ávalos MD. The subcommissural organ and the development of the posterior commissure. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 296:63-137. [PMID: 22559938 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394307-1.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Growing axons navigate through the developing brain by means of axon guidance molecules. Intermediate targets producing such signal molecules are used as guideposts to find distal targets. Glial, and sometimes neuronal, midline structures represent intermediate targets when axons cross the midline to reach the contralateral hemisphere. The subcommissural organ (SCO), a specialized neuroepithelium located at the dorsal midline underneath the posterior commissure, releases SCO-spondin, a large glycoprotein belonging to the thrombospondin superfamily that shares molecular domains with axonal pathfinding molecules. Several evidences suggest that the SCO could be involved in the development of the PC. First, both structures display a close spatiotemporal relationship. Second, certain mutants lacking an SCO present an abnormal PC. Third, some axonal guidance molecules are expressed by SCO cells. Finally, SCO cells, the Reissner's fiber (the aggregated form of SCO-spondin), or synthetic peptides from SCO-spondin affect the neurite outgrowth or neuronal aggregation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Grondona
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Spain.
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14
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Adult neurogenesis: ultrastructure of a neurogenic niche and neurovascular relationships. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39267. [PMID: 22723980 PMCID: PMC3378523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The first-generation precursors producing adult-born neurons in the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) brain reside in a specialized niche located on the ventral surface of the brain. In the present work, we have explored the organization and ultrastructure of this neurogenic niche, using light-level, confocal and electron microscopic approaches. Our goals were to define characteristics of the niche microenvironment, examine the morphological relationships between the niche and the vasculature and observe specializations at the boundary between the vascular cavity located centrally in the niche. Our results show that the niche is almost fully encapsulated by blood vessels, and that cells in the vasculature come into contact with the niche. This analysis also characterizes the ultrastructure of the cell types in the niche. The Type I niche cells are by far the most numerous, and are the only cell type present superficially in the most ventral cell layers of the niche. More dorsally, Type I cells are intermingled with Types II, III and IV cells, which are observed far less frequently. Type I cells have microvilli on their apical cell surfaces facing the vascular cavity, as well as junctional complexes between adjacent cells, suggesting a role in regulating transport from the blood into the niche cells. These studies demonstrate a close relationship between the neurogenic niche and vascular system in P. clarkii. Furthermore, the specializations of niche cells contacting the vascular cavity are also typical of the interface between the blood/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-brain barriers of vertebrates, including cells of the subventricular zone (SVZ) producing new olfactory interneurons in mammals. These data indicate that tissues involved in producing adult-born neurons in the crayfish brain use strategies that may reflect fundamental mechanisms preserved in an evolutionarily broad range of species, as proposed previously. The studies described here extend our understanding of neurovascular relationships in the brain of P. clarkii by characterizing the organization and ultrastructure of the neurogenic niche and associated vascular tissues.
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Stanic K, Montecinos H, Caprile T. Subdivisions of chick diencephalic roof plate: implication in the formation of the posterior commissure. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2584-93. [PMID: 20730872 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a roof plate differentiation located in the caudal diencephalon under the posterior commissure (PC). A role for SCO and its secretory product, SCO-spondin, in the formation of the PC has been proposed. Here, we provide immunohistochemical evidence to suggest that SCO is anatomically divided in a bilateral region positive for SCO-spondin that surrounds a negative medial region. Remarkably, axons contacting the lateral region are highly fasciculated, in sharp contrast with the defasciculated axons of the medial region. In addition, lateral axon fascicles run toward the midline inside of tunnels limited by the basal prolongations of SCO cells and extracellular SCO-spondin. Our in vitro data in collagen gel matrices show that SCO-spondin induces axonal growth and fasciculation of pretectal explants. Together, our findings support the idea that SCO-spondin participates in the guidance and fasciculation of axons of the PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Stanic
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Concepción, Chile
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16
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Caprile T, Osorio G, Henríquez JP, Montecinos H. Polarized expression of integrin beta1 in diencephalic roof plate during chick development, a possible receptor for SCO-spondin. Dev Dyn 2010; 238:2494-504. [PMID: 19681158 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The roof plate of the caudal diencephalon is formed by the posterior commissure (PC) and the underlying secretory ependyma, the subcommissural organ (SCO). The SCO is composed by radial glial cells bearing processes that cross the PC and attach to the meningeal basement membrane. Since early development, the SCO synthesizes SCO-spondin, a glycoprotein that shares similarities to axonal guidance proteins. In vitro, SCO-spondin promotes neuritic outgrowth through a mechanism mediated by integrin beta1. However, the secretion of SCO-spondin toward the extracellular matrix that surrounds the PC axons and the expression of integrins throughout PC development have not been addressed. Here we provide immunohistochemical evidence to suggest that during chick development SCO cells secrete SCO-spondin through their basal domain, where it is deposited into the extracellular matrix in close contact with axons of the PC that express integrin beta1. Our results suggest that SCO-spondin has a role in the development of the PC through its interaction with integrin beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Caprile
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Concepción, Chile
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Hoyo-Becerra C, López-Ávalos MD, Cifuentes M, Visser R, Fernández-Llebrez P, Grondona JM. The subcommissural organ and the development of the posterior commissure in chick embryos. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 339:383-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A monoclonal antibody as a tool to study the subcommissural organ and Reissner's fibre of the sea lamprey: An immunofluorescence study before and after a spinal cord transection. Neurosci Lett 2009; 464:34-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Petko JA, Millimaki BB, Canfield VA, Riley BB, Levenson R. Otoc1: a novel otoconin-90 ortholog required for otolith mineralization in zebrafish. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:209-22. [PMID: 18000829 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Within the vestibular system of virtually all vertebrate species, gravity and linear acceleration are detected via coupling of calcified masses to the cilia of mechanosensory hair cells. The mammalian ear contains thousands of minute biomineralized particles called otoconia, whereas the inner ear of teleost fish contains three large ear stones called otoliths that serve a similar function. Otoconia and otoliths are composed of calcium carbonate crystals condensed on a core protein lattice. Otoconin-90 (Oc90) is the major matrix protein of mammalian and avian otoconia, while otolith matrix protein (OMP) is the most abundant matrix protein found in the otoliths of teleost fish. We have identified a novel gene, otoc1, which encodes the zebrafish ortholog of Oc90. Expression of otoc1 was detected in the ear between 15 hpf and 72 hpf, and was restricted primarily to the macula and the developing epithelial pillars of the semicircular canals. Expression of otoc1 was also detected in epiphysis, optic stalk, midbrain, diencephalon, flexural organ, and spinal cord. During embryogenesis, expression of otoc1 mRNA preceded the appearance of omp-1 transcripts. Knockdown of otoc1 mRNA translation with antisense morpholinos produced a variety of aberrant otolith phenotypes. Our results suggest that Otoc1 may serve to nucleate calcium carbonate mineralization of aragonitic otoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Petko
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Vio K, Rodríguez S, Yulis CR, Oliver C, Rodríguez EM. The subcommissural organ of the rat secretes Reissner's fiber glycoproteins and CSF-soluble proteins reaching the internal and external CSF compartments. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 2008; 5:3. [PMID: 18218138 PMCID: PMC2265671 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8454-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a highly conserved brain gland present throughout the vertebrate phylum; it secretes glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), where they aggregate to form Reissner's fiber (RF). SCO-spondin is the major constituent protein of RF. Evidence exists that the SCO also secretes proteins that remain soluble in the CSF. The aims of the present investigation were: (i) to identify and partially characterize the SCO-secretory compounds present in the SCO gland itself and in the RF of the Sprague-Dawley rat and non-hydrocephalic hyh mouse, and in the CSF of rat; (ii) to make a comparative analysis of the proteins present in these three compartments; (iii) to identify the proteins secreted by the SCO into the CSF at different developmental periods. Methods The proteins of the SCO secreted into the CSF were studied (i) by injecting specific antibodies into ventricular CSF in vivo; (ii) by immunoblots of SCO, RF and CSF samples, using specific antibodies against the SCO secretory proteins (AFRU and anti-P15). In addition, the glycosylated nature of SCO-compounds was analysed by concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin binding. To analyse RF-glycoproteins, RF was extracted from the central canal of juvenile rats and mice; to investigate the CSF-soluble proteins secreted by the SCO, CSF samples were collected from the cisterna magna of rats at different stages of development (from E18 to PN30). Results Five glycoproteins were identified in the rat SCO with apparent molecular weights of 630, 450, 390, 320 and 200 kDa. With the exception of the 200-kDa compound, all other compounds present in the rat SCO were also present in the mouse SCO. The 630 and 390 kDa compounds of the rat SCO have affinity for concanavalin A but not for wheat germ agglutinin, suggesting that they correspond to precursor forms. Four of the AFRU-immunoreactive compounds present in the SCO (630, 450, 390, 320 kDa) were absent from the RF and CSF. These may be precursor and/or partially processed forms. Two other compounds (200, 63 kDa) were present in SCO, RF and CSF and may be processed forms. The presence of these proteins in both, RF and CSF suggests a steady-state RF/CSF equilibrium for these compounds. Eight AFRU-immunoreactive bands were consistently found in CSF samples from rats at E18, E20 and PN1. Only four of these compounds were detected in the cisternal CSF of PN30 rats. The 200 kDa compound appears to be a key compound in rats since it was consistently found in all samples of SCO, RF and embryonic and juvenile CSF. Conclusion It is concluded that (i) during the late embryonic life, the rat SCO secretes compounds that remain soluble in the CSF and reach the subarachnoid space; (ii) during postnatal life, there is a reduction in the number and concentration of CSF-soluble proteins secreted by the SCO. The molecular structure and functional significance of these proteins remain to be elucidated. The possibility they are involved in brain development has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Vio
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Bazigou E, Apitz H, Johansson J, Lorén CE, Hirst EMA, Chen PL, Palmer RH, Salecker I. Anterograde Jelly belly and Alk receptor tyrosine kinase signaling mediates retinal axon targeting in Drosophila. Cell 2007; 128:961-75. [PMID: 17350579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Alk) has been proposed to regulate neuronal development based on its expression pattern in vertebrates and invertebrates; however, its function in vivo is unknown. We demonstrate that Alk and its ligand Jelly belly (Jeb) play a central role as an anterograde signaling pathway mediating neuronal circuit assembly in the Drosophila visual system. Alk is expressed and required in target neurons in the optic lobe, whereas Jeb is primarily generated by photoreceptor axons and functions in the eye to control target selection of R1-R6 axons in the lamina and R8 axons in the medulla. Impaired Jeb/Alk function affects layer-specific expression of three cell-adhesion molecules, Dumbfounded/Kirre, Roughest/IrreC, and Flamingo, in the medulla. Moreover, loss of flamingo in target neurons causes some R8-axon targeting errors observed in Jeb and Alk mosaic animals. Together, these findings suggest that Jeb/Alk signaling helps R-cell axons to shape their environment for target recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Bazigou
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK
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22
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Dunkle ET, Zaucke F, Clegg DO. Thrombospondin-4 and matrix three-dimensionality in axon outgrowth and adhesion in the developing retina. Exp Eye Res 2007; 84:707-17. [PMID: 17320079 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4), a large pentameric glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix, has been described as a neurite outgrowth-promoting molecule. However, the means by which TSP-4 promotes neurite outgrowth in the developing eye is unclear. Here we show that TSP-4 is present at the appropriate time in development and displays a localization pattern within the developing mouse retina consistent with a role in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, results indicate that while TSP-4 alone does not support adhesion or neurite extension, it enhances the ability of laminins to promote adhesion and neurite outgrowth of embryonic retinal cells. The mechanism of enhancement is, in part, based on the ability of TSP-4 to enhance the three-dimensionality and/or clustering of laminins within the substrate matrix. These results support a model where TSP-4 acts as an organizer of adhesive and axon outgrowth-promoting molecules in the ECM to optimize retinal ganglion cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Tolhurst Dunkle
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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23
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Baas D, Meiniel A, Benadiba C, Bonnafe E, Meiniel O, Reith W, Durand B. A deficiency in RFX3 causes hydrocephalus associated with abnormal differentiation of ependymal cells. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 24:1020-30. [PMID: 16930429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ciliated ependymal cells play central functions in the control of cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis in the mammalian brain, and defects in their differentiation or ciliated properties can lead to hydrocephalus. Regulatory factor X (RFX) transcription factors regulate genes required for ciliogenesis in the nematode, drosophila and mammals. We show here that Rfx3-deficient mice suffer from hydrocephalus without stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius. RFX3 is expressed strongly in the ciliated ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ (SCO), choroid plexuses (CP) and ventricular walls during embryonic and postnatal development. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the hydrocephalus is associated with a general defect in CP differentiation and with severe agenesis of the SCO. The specialized ependymal cells of the CP show an altered epithelial organization, and the SCO cells lose their characteristic ultrastructural features and adopt aspects more typical of classical ependymal cells. These differentiation defects are associated with changes in the number of cilia, although no obvious ultrastructural defects of these cilia can be observed in adult mice. Moreover, agenesis of the SCO is associated with downregulation of SCO-spondin expression as early as E14.5 of embryonic development. These results demonstrate that RFX3 is necessary for ciliated ependymal cell differentiation in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baas
- CGMC UMR 5534 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Hoyo-Becerra C, López-Avalos MD, Pérez J, Miranda E, Rojas-Ríos P, Fernández-Llebrez P, Grondona JM. Continuous delivery of a monoclonal antibody against Reissner's fiber into CSF reveals CSF-soluble material immunorelated to the subcommissural organ in early chick embryos. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 326:771-86. [PMID: 16788834 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is an ependymal differentiation located in the dorsal midline of the caudal diencephalon under the posterior commissure. SCO cells synthesize and release glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) forming a threadlike structure known as Reissner's fiber (RF), which runs caudally along the ventricular cavities and the central canal of the spinal cord. Numerous monoclonal antibodies have been raised against bovine RF and the secretory material of the SCO. For this study, we selected the 4F7 monoclonal antibody based on its cross-reactivity with chick embryo SCO glycoproteins in vivo. E4 chick embryos were injected with 4F7 hybridoma cells or with the purified monoclonal antibody into the ventricular cavity of the optic tectum. The hybridoma cells survived, synthesized and released antibody into the CSF for at least 13 days after the injection. E5 embryos injected with 4F7 antibody displayed precipitates in the CSF comprising both the monoclonal antibody and anti-RF-positive material. Such aggregates were never observed in control embryos injected with other monoclonal antibodies used as controls. Western blot analysis of CSF from E4-E6 embryos revealed several immunoreactive bands to anti-RF (AFRU) antibody. We also found AFRU-positive material bound to the apical surface of the choroid plexus primordia in E5 embryos. These and other ultrastructural evidence suggest the existence of soluble SCO-related molecules in the CSF of early chick embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hoyo-Becerra
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Wang F, Tian DR, Tian N, Chen H, Shi YS, Chang JK, Yang J, Yuan L, Han JS. Distribution of beacon immunoreactivity in the rat brain. Peptides 2006; 27:165-71. [PMID: 16157417 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Beacon is a novel peptide isolated from the hypothalamus of Israeli sand rat. In the present study, we determined the distribution of beacon in the rat brain using immunohistochemical approach with a polyclonal antiserum directed against the synthetic C-terminal peptide fragment (47-73). The hypothalamus represented the major site of beacon-immunoreactive (IR) cell bodies that were concentrated in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the supraoptic nucleus (SON). Additional immunostained cells were found in the septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, subfornical organ and subcommissural organ. Beacon-IR fibers were seen with high density in the internal layer of the median eminence and low to moderate density in the external layer. Significant beacon-IR fibers were also seen in the nucleus of the solitary tract and lateral reticular formation. The beacon neurons found in the PVN were further characterized by double label immunohistochemistry. Several beacon-IR neurons that resided in the medial PVN were shown to coexpress corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and most labeled beacon fibers in the external layer of median eminence coexist with CRH. The topographical distribution of beacon-IR in the brain suggests multiple biological activities for beacon in addition to its proposed roles in modulating feeding behaviors and pituitary hormone release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, 38 XueYuan Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
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26
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Hoyo-Becerra C, López-Avalos MD, Alcaide-Gavilán M, Gómez-Roldán MC, Pérez J, Fernández-Llebrez P, Grondona JM. Reissner’s fiber formation depends on developmentally regulated factors extrinsic to the subcommissural organ. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 321:429-41. [PMID: 16001264 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-1040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Reissner's fiber (RF) is a threadlike structure present in the third and fourth ventricles and in the central canal of the spinal cord. RF develops by the assembly of glycoproteins released into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by the subcommissural organ (SCO). SCO cells differentiate early during embryonic development. In chick embryos, the release into the CSF starts at embryonic day 7 (E7). However, RF does not form until E11, suggesting that a factor other than release is required for RF formation. The aim of the present investigation was to establish whether the factor(s) triggering RF formation is (are) intrinsic or extrinsic to the SCO itself. For this purpose, SCO explants from E13 chick embryos (a stage at which RF has formed) were grafted at two different developmental stages. After grafting, host embryos were allowed to survive for 6-7 days, reaching E 9 (group 1) and E13 (group 2). In experimental group 1, the secretion released by the grafted SCOs never formed a RF; instead, it aggregated as a flocculent material. In experimental group 2, grafted SCO explants were able to develop an RF-like structure, similar to a control RF. These results suggest that the factor triggering RF formation is not present in the SCO itself, since E13 SCO secretion forms an RF in E13 brains but never develops RF-like structures when placed in earlier developmental environments. Furthermore, the glycoproteins released by implanted SCOs bind specifically to several structures: the apical portion of the mesencephalic floor plate and the choroid plexus of the third and fourth ventricles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hoyo-Becerra
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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27
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Richter HG, Tomé MM, Yulis CR, Vío KJ, Jiménez AJ, Pérez-Fígares JM, Rodríguez EM. Transcription of SCO-spondin in the subcommissural organ: evidence for down-regulation mediated by serotonin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 129:151-62. [PMID: 15469891 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a brain gland located in the roof of the third ventricle that releases glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid, where they form a structure known as Reissner's fiber (RF). On the basis of SCO-spondin sequence (the major RF glycoprotein) and experimental findings, the SCO has been implicated in central nervous system development; however, its function(s) after birth remain unclear. There is evidence suggesting that SCO activity in adult animals may be regulated by serotonin (5HT). The use of an anti-5HT serum showed that the bovine SCO is heterogeneously innervated with most part being poorly innervated, whereas the rat SCO is richly innervated throughout. Antibodies against serotonin receptor subtype 2A rendered a strong immunoreaction at the ventricular cell pole of the bovine SCO cells and revealed the expected polypeptides in blots of fresh and organ-cultured bovine SCO. Analyses of organ-cultured bovine SCO treated with 5HT revealed a twofold decrease of both SCO-spondin mRNA level and immunoreactive RF glycoproteins, whereas no effect on release of RF glycoproteins into the culture medium was detected. Rats subjected to pharmacological depletion of 5HT exhibited an SCO-spondin mRNA level twofold higher than untreated rats. These results indicate that 5HT down-regulates SCO-spondin biosynthesis but apparently not its release, and suggest that 5HT may exert the effect on the SCO via the cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans G Richter
- Instituto de Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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28
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Lehmann C, Naumann WW. Axon pathfinding and the floor plate factor Reissner's substance in wildtype, cyclops and one-eyed pinhead mutants of Danio rerio. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 154:1-14. [PMID: 15617750 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ventral median floor plate (FP) is a well-examined embryonic structure, which is involved in neuron differentiation and axon outgrowth. The FP of different vertebrates expresses the glycoprotein Reissner's substance (RS). This glycoprotein is also produced by the dorsal median subcommissural organ (SCO). We examined if the dorsal SCO and the ventral FP are interdependent for the expression of RS and looked for indications for a role of RS in axon outgrowth. Therefore, we examined zebrafish embryos of wildtype (wt) and the mutants cyclops(tf219) (cyc) and one-eyed pinhead(tz257) (oep), which both lack the FP. Our studies demonstrate that the FP is not necessary in order to induce the expression of RS in the SCO. The pattern of the anti-RS immunolabelling in the mutants is, however, changed compared to wt zebrafish embryos. As a consequence of the lacking FP and the degenerated ventricle system in cyc and oep mutants, a Reissner's fibre (RF) is not formed. Our studies confirm earlier results about the axon growth in cyc mutants, and provide the first detailed data about the aberrant axon growth in oep mutants. The modified outgrowth of the medial longitudinal fascicle in both mutants could be associated with the lack of RS/RF in the rhombencephalon and spinal cord. The neurites of the posterior commissure follow the aberrant position of the SCO in oep mutants. Our results suggest that both the RS of the ventral FP/flexural organ (FO) and the RS of the dorsal SCO have an influence on the outgrowth of axons and formation of commissures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lehmann
- Institut für Zoologie, Universität Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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29
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Ramos C, Fernández-Llebrez P, Bach A, Robert B, Soriano E. Msx1 disruption leads to diencephalon defects and hydrocephalus. Dev Dyn 2004; 230:446-60. [PMID: 15188430 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the expression of the Msx1 gene in the developing mouse brain and examined the brain phenotype in homozygotes. Msx1 is expressed in every cerebral vesicle throughout development, particularly in neuroepithelia, such as those of the fimbria and the medulla. Timing analysis suggests that Msx1(nLacZ) cells delaminate and migrate radially from these epithelia, mainly at embryonic days 14-16, while immunohistochemistry studies reveal that some of the beta-galactosidase migrating cells are oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. Our results suggest that the Msx1 neuroepithelia of fimbria and medulla may be a source of glial precursors. The Msx1 mutants display severe hydrocephalus at birth, while the subcommissural organ, the habenula, and the posterior commissure fail to develop correctly. No label was detected in the mutant subcommissural organ using a specific antibody against Reissner's fiber. Besides, the fasciculus retroflexus deviates close to the subcommissural organ, while the paraventricular thalamic nucleus shows histological disorganization. Our results implicate the Msx1 gene in the differentiation of the subcommissural organ cells and posterior commissure and that Msx1 protein may play a role in the pathfinding and bundling of the fasciculus retroflexus and in the structural arrangement of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casto Ramos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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30
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Fernández-Llebrez P, Grondona JM, Pérez J, López-Aranda MF, Estivill-Torrús G, Llebrez-Zayas PF, Soriano E, Ramos C, Lallemand Y, Bach A, Robert B. Msx1-Deficient Mice Fail to Form Prosomere 1 Derivatives, Subcommissural Organ, and Posterior Commissure and Develop Hydrocephalus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004; 63:574-86. [PMID: 15217086 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/63.6.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Msx1 is a regulatory gene involved in epithelio-mesenchymal interactions in limb formation and organogenesis. In the embryonic CNS, the Msx1 gene is expressed along the dorsal midline. Msx1 mutant mice have been obtained by insertion of the nlacZ gene in the Msx1 homeodomain. The most important features of homozygous mutants that we observed were the absence or malformation of the posterior commissure (PC) and of the subcommissural organ (SCO), the collapse of the cerebral aqueduct, and the development of hydrocephalus. Heterozygous mutants developed abnormal PC and reduced SCO, as revealed by specific antibodies against SCO secretory glycoproteins. About one third of the heterozygous mutants also showed hydrocephalus. Other defects displayed by homozygous mutants were ependymal denudation, subventricular cavitations and edema, and underdevelopment of the pineal gland and subfornical organ. Some homozygous mutants developed both SCO and PC, probably as a consequence of genetic redundancy with Msx2. However, these mutants did not show SCO-immunoreactive glycoproteins and displayed obstructive hydrocephalus. This suggests that Msx1 is necessary for the synthesis of SCO glycoproteins, which would then be required for the maintenance of an open aqueduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fernández-Llebrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
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31
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Wagner C, Batiz LF, Rodríguez S, Jiménez AJ, Páez P, Tomé M, Pérez-Fígares JM, Rodríguez EM. Cellular mechanisms involved in the stenosis and obliteration of the cerebral aqueduct of hyh mutant mice developing congenital hydrocephalus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003; 62:1019-40. [PMID: 14575238 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/62.10.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two phases may be recognized in the development of congenital hydrocephalus in the hyh mutant mouse. During embryonic life the detachment of the ventral ependyma is followed by a moderate hydrocephalus. During the first postnatal week the cerebral aqueduct becomes obliterated and a severe hydrocephalus develops. The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the cellular phenomena occurring at the site of aqueduct obliteration and the probable participation of the subcommissural organ in this process. Electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and lectin histochemistry were used to investigate the aqueduct of normal and hydrocephalic hyh mice from embryonic day 14 (E-14) to postnatal day 7 (PN-7). In the normal hyh mouse, the aqueduct is an irregularly shaped cavity with 3 distinct regions (rostral, middle, and caudal) lined by various types of ependyma. In the hydrocephalic mouse, these 3 regions behave differently; the rostral end becomes stenosed, the middle third dilates, and the caudal end obliterates. The findings indicate that the following sequence of events lead to hydrocephalus: 1) denudation of the ventral ependyma (embryonic life); 2) denudation of dorsal ependyma and failure of the subcommissural organ to form Reissner fiber (first postnatal week); 3) obliteration of distal end of aqueduct; and 4) severe hydrocephalus. No evidence was obtained that NCAM is involved in the detachment of ependymal cells. The process of ependymal denudation would involve alterations of the surface sialoglycoproteins of the ependymal cells and the interaction of the latter with macrophages.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiology
- Brain/ultrastructure
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cerebral Aqueduct/pathology
- Cerebral Aqueduct/ultrastructure
- Constriction, Pathologic/complications
- Disease Models, Animal
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Embryonic and Fetal Development
- Ependyma/metabolism
- Ependyma/pathology
- Ependyma/ultrastructure
- Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7
- Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins
- Female
- Fourth Ventricle/metabolism
- Fourth Ventricle/ultrastructure
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Hydrocephalus/cerebrospinal fluid
- Hydrocephalus/etiology
- Hydrocephalus/genetics
- Hydrocephalus/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lectins/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants/cerebrospinal fluid
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants/embryology
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants/growth & development
- Microscopy, Electron/instrumentation
- Microscopy, Electron/methods
- Models, Neurological
- Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Staining and Labeling
- Subcommissural Organ/metabolism
- Subcommissural Organ/ultrastructure
- Third Ventricle/metabolism
- Third Ventricle/ultrastructure
- Vimentin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wagner
- Instituto de Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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32
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Tsai MH, Wu CH, Chen WP, Shieh JY, Wen CY. Subcellular distributions of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity in the subcommissural organ of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Neurosci Res 2003; 47:85-95. [PMID: 12941450 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(03)00185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-electron microscopy specifically enhanced with silver staining has been used to demonstrate the localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the ependymocytes of the hamster subcommissural organ (SCO). Hamster SCO consists of the ependymal and hypendymal cell layers, the latter being arranged as rosette-like structure across the posterior commissure (PC) and often arranged with longitudinal axis parallel to the ventricle. All cytoplasmic regions of the ependymal and hypendymal cells were strongly stained with CGRP. In the hypendymal layer, the CGRP positive hypendymal cells were frequently in contact with local blood vessels and arranged in-groups traversing the thick portion of the PC. Ultrastructurally, the CGRP-immunoreaction products were distributed at the dilated cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and secretory granules of the ependymal and hypendymal cells. The dilated cisterna of the rER was usually concentrated in the basal region of the ependymal cells and irregular in shape. These dilated cisternae were filled with a flocculent material or finely granular substance, but hardly studded with ribosomes. Labelled secretory granules were abundant in the apical pole of the ependymal cells and discharged their contents into the third ventricle in the form of a thin layer of secretion. This CGRP positive material appeared to constitute the pre-Reissner's fiber (RF). On the basis of the present ultrastructural evidences, we proposed that ependymocytic CGRP in SCO may be synthesized and stored in the cisternae of rER, then released and incorporated into the RF in the third ventricle through the secretory granules. The abundant amount of CGRP in ependymocytes of SCO and RF in the third ventricle suggests a significant endocrine function of CGRP in hamster SCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mang Hung Tsai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
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33
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Gonçalves-Mendes N, Simon-Chazottes D, Creveaux I, Meiniel A, Guénet JL, Meiniel R. Mouse SCO-spondin, a gene of the thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR) superfamily expressed in the brain. Gene 2003; 312:263-70. [PMID: 12909363 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCO-spondin is specifically expressed in the subcommissural organ (SCO), a secretory ependymal differentiation lining the roof of the third ventricular cavity of the brain. When released into the cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF), SCO-spondin aggregates and forms Reissner's fiber (RF), a structure present in the central canal of the spinal cord. SCO-spondin belongs to the superfamily of proteins exhibiting conserved motifs called TSRs for 'thrombospondin type 1 repeats' and involved in axonal pathfinding during development. The mouse SCO-spondin coding sequence was searched by alignement of the coding bovine SCO-spondin sequence with the mouse whole genome shotgun (WGS) supercontig (NW 000250). Compared to the bovine, mouse SCO-spondin shows 66.8% identity of amino acids. This extracellular matrix glycoprotein has a modular arrangement of several conserved domains including 25 TSRs, 10 low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) type A repeats and cystein-rich regions in the -NH2 and -COOH ends. The spatio-temporal expression of SCO-spondin was analyzed using specific antisera and an homospecific SCO-spondin riboprobe. In the adult, the patterns obtained by in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry correlated well in the SCO, while Reissner's fiber and the ampulla caudalis were immunoreactive only. In the fetus, both the immuno and ISH reactions appeared between 14 and 15 days post coïtum (dpc) in the SCO anlage. In addition, the mouse SCO-spondin gene was located at chromosome 6, between marker D6Mit352 and D6Mit119, in a conserved syntenic region.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Brain/embryology
- Brain/growth & development
- Cattle
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Radiation Hybrid Mapping
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Thrombospondin 1/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gonçalves-Mendes
- UMR INSERM 384, Faculté de Médecine de Clermont-Ferrand, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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34
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Caprile T, Hein S, Rodríguez S, Montecinos H, Rodríguez E. Reissner fiber binds and transports away monoamines present in the cerebrospinal fluid. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 110:177-92. [PMID: 12591155 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a brain gland that secretes glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), where they subsequently aggregate to form Reissner fiber (RF). By addition of newly released glycoproteins to its cephalic end, RF grows constantly through the Sylvian aqueduct, fourth ventricle and central canal of the spinal cord. Disaggregation of RF-material and passage to blood occur when RF reaches the terminal ventricle at the filum. The present investigation was designed to test the hypothesis that RF binds, transports and clears away monoamines present in the CSF. Four experimental protocols were applied: (i) in vivo binding of labeled monoamines to the rat RF, studied by pulse and chase, and after perfusion for 7 days; (ii) identification of monoamines, by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), naturally occurring in the bovine RF; (iii) in vitro binding of labeled and unlabeled monoamines to the isolated bovine RF; and (iv) tentative identification of the amine binding site(s) in RF-proteins by use of specific antibodies. The results obtained indicate that RF participates in the regulation of the CSF concentration of monoamines either by binding and transporting them away throughout the central canal of the spinal cord (L-DOPA, noradrenaline, adrenaline), or by transiently binding them and releasing them back to the CSF (serotonin). Furthermore, evidence was obtained that (i) adrenaline and noradrenaline share the same binding site, and that this site would correspond to a repeated sequence present in the SCO-spondin, the major protein component of RF; and (ii) serotonin has its own binding site in RF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Caprile
- Instituto de Histología Y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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35
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Meiniel A, Meiniel R, Gonçalves-Mendes N, Creveaux I, Didier R, Dastugue B. The thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR) and neuronal differentiation: roles of SCO-spondin oligopeptides on neuronal cell types and cell lines. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 230:1-39. [PMID: 14692680 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(03)30001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCO-spondin is a large glycoprotein secreted by ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ. It shares functional domains called thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) with a number of developmental proteins expressed in the central nervous system, and involved in axonal pathfinding. Also, SCO-spondin is highly conserved in the chordate phylum and its multiple domain organization is probably a chordate innovation. The putative involvement of SCO-spondin in neuron/glia interaction in the course of development is assessed in various cell culture systems. SCO-spondin interferes with several developmental processes, including neuronal survival, neurite extension, neuronal aggregation, and fasciculation. The TSR motifs, and especially the WSGWSSCSVSCG sequence, are most important in these neuronal responses. Integrins and growth factor receptors may cooperate as integrative signals. We discuss the putative involvement of the subcommissural organ/Reissner's fiber complex in developmental events, as a particular extracellular signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Meiniel
- INSERUM UMR 384 et Laboratoire de Biochimie médicale, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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36
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Richter HG, Muñoz RI, Millán CS, Guiñazú MF, Yulis CR, Rodríguez EM. The floor plate cells from bovines express the mRNA encoding for SCO-spondin and its translation products. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 93:137-47. [PMID: 11589991 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The floor plate (FP) is a transient structure of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS) which plays a key role in development driving cell differentiation and patterning in the ventral neural tube. The fact that antisera raised against subcommissural organ (SCO) secretion immunostain FP cells and react with high-molecular-mass proteins in FP extracts, prompted us to investigate the expression of a SCO-related polypeptide in FP cells. RNA from bovine FP was analyzed by means of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using primers derived from the 3' end of SCO-spondin which revealed products of 233, 237, 519 and 783 bp. Sequence analysis of the 233 bp PCR fragment confirmed the identity between this FP product and SCO-spondin. FP-translation of the SCO-spondin encoded polypeptide(s) was demonstrated by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry, using antisera raised against (i) the glycoproteins secreted by the bovine SCO, and (ii) a peptide derived from the open reading frame of the major SCO secretory protein, SCO-spondin, respectively. Additional evidence pointing to active transcription and translation of a SCO-spondin related gene was obtained in long term FP organ cultures. On the basis of partial sequence homologies of SCO-spondin with protein domains implicated in cell-cell contacts, cell-matrix interactions and neurite outgrowth it is possible to suggest that the SCO-spondin secreted by the FP is involved in CNS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Richter
- Instituto de Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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