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Gao Y, Li J. Highly efficient, durable and eco-friendly intumescent flame retardant for wool fabrics. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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Jose S, Shanumon PS, Paul A, Mathew J, Thomas S. Physico-Mechanical, Thermal, Morphological, and Aging Characteristics of Green Hybrid Composites Prepared from Wool-Sisal and Wool-Palf with Natural Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224882. [PMID: 36433008 PMCID: PMC9698781 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the reported study, two composites, namely sisal-wool hybrid composite (SWHC) and pineapple leaf fibre(PALF)-wool hybrid composite (PWHC) were prepared by mixing natural rubber with equal quantities of wool with sisal/PALF in a two-roll mixing mill. The mixture was subjected to curing at 150 °C inside a 2 mm thick mold, according to the curing time provided by the MDR. The physico-mechanical properties of the composite viz., the tensile strength, elongation, modulus, areal density, relative density, and hardness were determined and compared in addition to the solvent diffusion and thermal degradation properties. The hybrid composite samples were subjected to accelerated aging, owing to temperature, UV radiation, and soil burial tests. The cross-sectional images of the composites were compared with a scanning electron microscopic analysis at different magnifications. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis was conducted on the hybrid composite to determine the possible chemical interaction of the fibres with the natural rubber matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Jose
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
- Textile Manufacturing and Textile Chemistry Division, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar 304501, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Annmi Paul
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Jessen Mathew
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
- Correspondence:
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Feroz S, Muhammad N, Dias G, Alsaiari MA. Extraction of keratin from sheep wool fibres using aqueous ionic liquids assisted probe sonication technology. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Flame Retardancy and Thermal Behavior of Wool Fabric Treated with a Phosphorus-Containing Polycarboxylic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234111. [PMID: 34883613 PMCID: PMC8659226 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The compound 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA) is an eco-friendly water treatment agent possessing flame-retardant phosphorus element and multi-carboxylic acid groups in its molecular structure. In the present work, PBTCA is employed as a finishing agent to improve the flame retardancy of the wool fabrics by the pad-dry-cure technique. The treated wool (10.2% weight gain) by 100 g/L of PBTCA showed an increased flame retardancy with a limiting oxygen index value (LOI) of 44% with a minimum char length of 40 mm. Importantly, the treated wool can self-extinguish after 30 washing cycles. The PBTCA-treated wool exhibited better stability with obviously increased char residue of 39.7% and 28.7% at 600 °C, while only 25.9% and 13.2% were measured for the control wool in nitrogen and air atmosphere, respectively. In addition, the high thermal stability of the treated wool with astonishing char-forming ability is confirmed by the SEM images of the wool after the isothermal heating treatment at different temperatures. Finally, a two-stage flame-retarding mechanism of enhanced crosslinking and char formability of PBTCA-treated wool is proposed and analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) and thermal (DSC and TGA) results of the pyrolytic volatiles of the treated wool.
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Kandola BK, Mistik SI, Pornwannachai W, Horrocks AR. Effects of Water and Chemical Solutions Ageing on the Physical, Mechanical, Thermal and Flammability Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154581. [PMID: 34361733 PMCID: PMC8347218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocomposites comprising a combination of natural fibres and bio-based polymers are good alternatives to those produced from synthetic components in terms of sustainability and environmental issues. However, it is well known that water or aqueous chemical solutions affect natural polymers/fibres more than the respective synthetic components. In this study the effects of water, salt water, acidic and alkali solutions ageing on water uptake, mechanical properties and flammability of natural fibre-reinforced polypropylene (PP) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites were compared. Jute, sisal and wool fibre- reinforced PP and PLA composites were prepared using a novel, patented nonwoven technology followed by the hot press method. The prepared composites were aged in water and chemical solutions for up to 3 week periods. Water absorption, flexural properties and the thermal and flammability performances of the composites were investigated before and after ageing each process. The effect of post-ageing drying on the retention of mechanical and flammability properties has also been studied. A linear relationship between irreversible flexural modulus reduction and water adsorption/desorption was observed. The aqueous chemical solutions caused further but minor effects in terms of moisture sorption and flexural modulus changes. PLA composites were affected more than the respective PP composites, because of their hydrolytic sensitivity. From thermal analytical results, these changes in PP composites could be attributed to ageing effects on fibres, whereas in PLA composite changes related to both those of fibres present and of the polymer. Ageing however, had no adverse effect on the flammability of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljinder K. Kandola
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK; (S.I.M.); (W.P.); (A.R.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-120-490-3517
| | - S. Ilker Mistik
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK; (S.I.M.); (W.P.); (A.R.H.)
- Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Wiwat Pornwannachai
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK; (S.I.M.); (W.P.); (A.R.H.)
- SCG Chemicals Co., Ltd., 1 Siam Cement Road, Bang Sue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - A. Richard Horrocks
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK; (S.I.M.); (W.P.); (A.R.H.)
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The Evolution of Intumescent Char in Flame-Retardant Coatings Based on Amino Resin. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11060709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) coatings have been gaining more attention. The behaviors of intumescent char in IFR coatings play the most important role in its flame-retardant properties. However, the evolution of intumescent char throughout the whole process of protection is still unclear. In this study, both the formation and shrinkage of char were studied. The formulation of IFR includes melamine modified urea-formaldehyde resin (MUF), ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER). The flame-retardant properties of the coating were measured by the cone calorimeter (CONE). The evolution of the volume and the pore size distribution of char were monitored. The morphological and chemical structures were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the evolution of intumescent char could be divided into three stages. More than 50% shrinkage of char occurs in the second stage. There are obvious transformations of the morphological and chemical structures of char between the different stages.
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Chu F, Anex DS, Jones AD, Hart BR. Automated analysis of scanning electron microscopic images for assessment of hair surface damage. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191438. [PMID: 32218961 PMCID: PMC7029898 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical damage of hair can serve as an indicator of health status and its assessment relies on the measurement of morphological features via microscopic analysis, yet few studies have categorized the extent of damage sustained, and instead have depended on qualitative profiling based on the presence or absence of specific features. We describe the development and application of a novel quantitative measure for scoring hair surface damage in scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images without predefined features, and automation of image analysis for characterization of morphological hair damage after exposure to an explosive blast. Application of an automated normalization procedure for SEM images revealed features indicative of contact with materials in an explosive device and characteristic of heat damage, though many were similar to features from physical and chemical weathering. Assessment of hair damage with tailing factor, a measure of asymmetry in pixel brightness histograms and proxy for surface roughness, yielded 81% classification accuracy to an existing damage classification system, indicating good agreement between the two metrics. Further ability of the tailing factor to score features of hair damage reflecting explosion conditions demonstrates the broad applicability of the metric to assess damage to hairs containing a diverse set of morphological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Deon S. Anex
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bradley R. Hart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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Azmi NA, Idris A, Yusof NSM. Ultrasonic technology for value added products from feather keratin. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 47:99-107. [PMID: 29908610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Feather keratin is a biomass generated in excess from various livestock industries. With appropriate processing, it holds potential as a green source for degradable biopolymer that could potentially replace current fossil fuel based materials. Several processing methods have been developed, but the use of ultrasonication has not been explored. In this study, we focus on (i) comparing and optimizing the dissolution process of turkey feather keratin through sonication and conventional processes, and (ii) generating a biodegradable polymer material, as a value added product, from the dissolved keratin that could be used in packaging and other applications. Sonication of feather keratin in pure ionic liquids (ILs) and a mixture containing ILs and different co-solvents was conducted under different applied acoustic power levels. It was found that ultrasonic irradiation significantly improved the rate of dissolution of feather keratin as compared to the conventional method, from about 2 h to less than 20 min. The amount of ILs needed was also reduced by introducing a suitable co-solvent. The keratin was then regenerated, analyzed and characterized using various methods. This material holds the potential to be reused in various appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Afiqah Azmi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - Azila Idris
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Malaysia; University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, Malaysia
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Liu X, Nie Y, Meng X, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Zhang S. DBN-based ionic liquids with high capability for the dissolution of wool keratin. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26057h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of ILs structures on the dissolution capability were systematically studied, and the optimal IL [DBNE]DEP with high dissolution capability for goat wool was finally obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- China
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
| | - Yi Nie
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xianglei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiangping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Cheng XW, Guan JP, Chen G, Yang XH, Tang RC. Adsorption and Flame Retardant Properties of Bio-Based Phytic Acid on Wool Fabric. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8040122. [PMID: 30979213 PMCID: PMC6431959 DOI: 10.3390/polym8040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based phytic acid (PA) as a nontoxic naturally occurring compound is a promising prospect for flame-retardant (FR) modifications to polymers. In this work, PA was applied to wool fabric using an exhaustion technique, and the adsorption and FR properties of PA on wool fabric were studied. The flame retardancy of the treated wool fabrics depended greatly on the adsorption quantity of PA, which was related to the pH of treatment solution, immersing temperature and initial PA concentration. The Langmuir adsorption of PA took place due to electrostatic interactions between PA and wool fiber. The limiting oxygen index, vertical burning and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry tests revealed that the treated wool fabrics exhibited good flame retardancy. The measurements of the phosphorus content of the burned fabric residues and thermogravimetric analyses suggested that a significant condensed-phase FR action was applicable to the PA treated fabrics. PA treatment was found to have little adverse effect on the whiteness and mechanical performance of wool. Additionally, the washing resistance of the FR fabrics should be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wei Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jin-Ping Guan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xu-Hong Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Ren-Cheng Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Flame retardant cotton fibers produced using novel synthesized halogen-free phosphoramide nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 118:183-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aksakal B, Koc K, Bozdogan A, Tsobkallo K. Uniaxial tensile properties of TiO2coated single wool fibers by sol-gel method: The effect of heat treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baki Aksakal
- Department of Physics; Davutpasa Campus; Yildiz Technical University; Esenler 34210 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Kenan Koc
- Department of Physics; Davutpasa Campus; Yildiz Technical University; Esenler 34210 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Altan Bozdogan
- Department of Physics; Davutpasa Campus; Yildiz Technical University; Esenler 34210 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Katherina Tsobkallo
- Department of Mechanics of Materials; St. Petersburg State University of Technology and Design; B. Morskaya 18 191186 St. Petersburg Russia
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Forouharshad M, Montazer M, Moghaddam MB, Saligheh O, Roudbari BY. Optimization of zirconium acetate on the flame retardant properties of wool. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Brancatelli G, Colleoni C, Massafra M, Rosace G. Effect of hybrid phosphorus-doped silica thin films produced by sol-gel method on the thermal behavior of cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Horrocks A, Kandola B, Davies P, Zhang S, Padbury S. Developments in flame retardant textiles – a review. Polym Degrad Stab 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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