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Schwentner A, Neugebauer H, Weinmann S, Santos H, Eikmanns BJ. Exploring the Potential of Corynebacterium glutamicum to Produce the Compatible Solute Mannosylglycerate. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:748155. [PMID: 34621731 PMCID: PMC8490865 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.748155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The compatible solute mannosylglycerate (MG) has exceptional properties in terms of protein stabilization and protection under salt, heat, and freeze-drying stresses as well as against protein aggregation. Due to these characteristics, MG possesses large potential for clinical and biotechnological applications. To achieve efficient MG production, Corynebacterium glutamicum was equipped with a bifunctional MG synthase (encoded by mgsD and catalyzing the condensation of 3-phosphoglycerate and GDP-mannose to MG) from Dehalococcoides mccartyi. The resulting strain C. glutamicum (pEKEx3 mgsD) intracellularly accumulated about 111 mM MG (60 ± 9 mg gCDW -1) with 2% glucose as a carbon source. To enable efficient mannose metabolization, the native manA gene, encoding mannose 6-phosphate isomerase, was overexpressed. Combined overexpression of manA and mgsD from two plasmids in C. glutamicum resulted in intracellular MG accumulation of up to ca. 329 mM [corresponding to 177 mg g cell dry weight (CDW) -1] with glucose, 314 mM (168 mg gCDW -1) with glucose plus mannose, and 328 mM (176 mg gCDW -1) with mannose as carbon source(s), respectively. The product was successfully extracted from cells by using a cold water shock, resulting in up to 5.5 mM MG (1.48 g L-1) in supernatants. The two-plasmid system was improved by integrating the mgsD gene into the manA-bearing plasmid and the resulting strain showed comparable production but faster growth. Repeated cycles of growth/production and extraction of MG in a bacterial milking-like experiment showed that cells could be recycled, which led to a cumulative MG production of 19.9 mM (5.34 g L-1). The results show that the newly constructed C. glutamicum strain produces MG from glucose and mannose and that a cold water shock enables extraction of MG from the cytosol into the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schwentner
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Heiko Neugebauer
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Serin Weinmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Helena Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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Bethlehem L, van Echten-Deckert G. Ectoines as novel anti-inflammatory and tissue protective lead compounds with special focus on inflammatory bowel disease and lung inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105389. [PMID: 33352226 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The compatible solute ectoine is one of the most abundant and powerful cytoprotectant in the microbial world. Due to its unique ability to stabilize biological membranes and macromolecules it has been successfully commercialized as ingredient of various over-the-counter drugs, achieving primarily epithelial protection. While trying to elucidate the mechanism of its cell protective properties in in-vitro studies, a significant anti-inflammatory effect was documented for the small molecule. The tissue protective potential of ectoine considerably improved organ quality during preservation. In addition, ectoine and derivatives have been demonstrated to significantly decrease inflammatory cytokine production, thereby alleviating the inflammatory response following organ transplantation, and launching new therapeutic options for pathologies such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). In this review, we aim to summarize the knowledge of this fairly nascent field of the anti-inflammatory potential of diverse ectoines. We also point out that this promising field faces challenges in its biochemical and molecular substantiations, including defining the molecular mechanisms of the observed effects and their regulation. However, based on their potent cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and non-toxic properties we believe that ectoines represent promising candidates for risk free interventions in inflammatory pathologies with steeply increasing demands for new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bethlehem
- Institute for Microbiology & Biotechnology, University Bonn, Germany.
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3
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Akbarian M, Yousefi R, Farjadian F, Uversky VN. Insulin fibrillation: toward strategies for attenuating the process. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11354-11373. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05171c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The environmental factors affecting the rate of insulin fibrillation. The factors are representative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Akbarian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
- Shiraz
- Iran
| | - Reza Yousefi
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Biology
- College of Sciences
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz
| | - Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
- Shiraz
- Iran
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute
- Morsani College of Medicine
- University of South Florida
- Tampa
- USA
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4
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Das A, Basak P, Pattanayak R, Kar T, Majumder R, Pal D, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharyya M, Banik SP. Trehalose induced structural modulation of Bovine Serum Albumin at ambient temperature. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:645-655. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Reed CJ, Bushnell S, Evilia C. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy of cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase from Halobacterium salinarum ssp. NRC-1 demonstrates that group I cations are particularly effective in providing structure and stability to this halophilic protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89452. [PMID: 24594651 PMCID: PMC3940603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins from extremophiles have the ability to fold and remain stable in their extreme environment. Here, we investigate the presence of this effect in the cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase from Halobacterium salinarum ssp. NRC-1 (NRC-1), which was used as a model halophilic protein. The effects of salt on the structure and stability of NRC-1 and of E. coli CysRS were investigated through far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and thermal denaturation melts. The CD of NRC-1 CysRS was examined in different group I and group II chloride salts to examine the effects of the metal ions. Potassium was observed to have the strongest effect on NRC-1 CysRS structure, with the other group I salts having reduced strength. The group II salts had little effect on the protein. This suggests that the halophilic adaptations in this protein are mediated by potassium. CD and fluorescence spectra showed structural changes taking place in NRC-1 CysRS over the concentration range of 0-3 M KCl, while the structure of E. coli CysRS was relatively unaffected. Salt was also shown to increase the thermal stability of NRC-1 CysRS since the melt temperature of the CysRS from NRC-1 was increased in the presence of high salt, whereas the E. coli enzyme showed a decrease. By characterizing these interactions, this study not only explains the stability of halophilic proteins in extremes of salt, but also helps us to understand why and how group I salts stabilize proteins in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Sarah Bushnell
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Caryn Evilia
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, United States of America
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Stability of lysozyme in aqueous extremolyte solutions during heat shock and accelerated thermal conditions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86244. [PMID: 24465983 PMCID: PMC3900503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of lysozyme in aqueous solutions in the presence of various extremolytes (betaine, hydroxyectoine, trehalose, ectoine, and firoin) under different stress conditions. The stability of lysozyme was determined by Nile red Fluorescence Spectroscopy and a bioactivity assay. During heat shock (10 min at 70°C), betaine, trehalose, ectoin and firoin protected lysozyme against inactivation while hydroxyectoine, did not have a significant effect. During accelerated thermal conditions (4 weeks at 55°C), firoin also acted as a stabilizer. In contrast, betaine, hydroxyectoine, trehalose and ectoine destabilized lysozyme under this condition. These findings surprisingly indicate that some extremolytes can stabilize a protein under certain stress conditions but destabilize the same protein under other stress conditions. Therefore it is suggested that for the screening extremolytes to be used for protein stabilization, an appropriate storage conditions should also be taken into account.
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8
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The role of trehalose for metastable state and functional form of recombinant interferon beta-1b. J Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dutta K, Krishnamoorthy H, Venkata Dasu V. Novel cutinase from Pseudomonas cepacia NRRL B 2320: Purification, characterization and identification of cutinase encoding genes. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2013; 59:171-84. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.59.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Zhang N, Liu FF, Dong XY, Sun Y. Molecular Insight into the Counteraction of Trehalose on Urea-Induced Protein Denaturation Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:7040-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp300171h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory
of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of
Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fu-Feng Liu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory
of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of
Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Dong
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory
of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of
Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory
of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of
Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Luley-Goedl C, Nidetzky B. Glycosides as compatible solutes: biosynthesis and applications. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:875-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Effect of trehalose on the interaction of Alzheimer's Aβ-peptide and anionic lipid monolayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1808:26-33. [PMID: 20920466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) with cell membranes is believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In particular, recent experimental evidence indicates that bilayer and monolayer membranes accelerate the aggregation and amyloid fibril formation rate of Aβ. Understanding that interaction could help develop therapeutic strategies for treatment of the disease. Trehalose, a disaccharide of glucose, has been shown to be effective in preventing the aggregation of numerous proteins. It has also been shown to delay the onset of certain amyloid-related diseases in a mouse model. Using Langmuir monolayers and molecular simulations of the corresponding system, we study several thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the insertion of Aβ peptide into DPPG monolayers in water and trehalose subphases. In the water subphase, the insertion of the Aβ peptide into the monolayer exhibits a lag time which decreases with increasing temperature of the subphase. In the presence of trehalose, the lag time is completely eliminated and peptide insertion is completed within a shorter time period compared to that observed in pure water. Molecular simulations show that more peptide is inserted into the monolayer in the water subphase, and that such insertion is deeper. The peptide at the monolayer interface orients itself parallel to the monolayer, while it inserts with an angle of 50° in the trehalose subphase. Simulations also show that trehalose reduces the conformational change that the peptide undergoes when it inserts into the monolayer. This observation helps explain the experimentally observed elimination of the lag time by trehalose and the temperature dependence of the lag time in the water subphase.
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14
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Thermodynamic, kinetic, and operational stabilities of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase in sugar and compatible osmolyte solutions. Enzyme Microb Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Baptista RP, Pedersen S, Cabrita GJM, Otzen DE, Cabral JMS, Melo EP. Thermodynamics and mechanism of cutinase stabilization by trehalose. Biopolymers 2008; 89:538-47. [PMID: 18213692 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose has been widely used to stabilize cellular structures such as membranes and proteins. The effect of trehalose on the stability of the enzyme cutinase was studied. Thermal unfolding of cutinase reveals that trehalose delays thermal unfolding, thus increasing the temperature at the midpoint of unfolding by 7.2 degrees . Despite this stabilizing effect, trehalose also favors pathways that lead to irreversible denaturation. Stopped-flow kinetics of cutinase folding and unfolding was measured and temperature was introduced as experimental variable to assess the mechanism and thermodynamics of protein stabilization by trehalose. The main stabilizing effect of trehalose was to delay the rate constant of the unfolding of an intermediate. A full thermodynamic analysis of this step has revealed that trehalose induces the phenomenon of entropy-enthalpy compensation, but the enthalpic contribution increases more significantly leading to a net stabilizing effect that slows down unfolding of the intermediate. Regarding the molecular mechanism of stabilization, trehalose increases the compactness of the unfolded state. The conformational space accessible to the unfolded state decreases in the presence of trehalose when the unfolded state acquires residual native interactions that channel the folding of the protein. This residual structure results into less hydrophobic groups being newly exposed upon unfolding, as less water molecules are immobilized upon unfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo P Baptista
- Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
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16
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Probing the microenvironment of sol–gel entrapped cutinase: The role of added zeolite NaY. J Biotechnol 2008; 135:181-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Lewis P, Fritsch I, Gawley RE, Henry R, Kight A, Lay JO, Liyanage R, McLachlin J. Dynamics of saxitoxin binding to saxiphilin c-lobe reveals conformational change. Toxicon 2007; 51:208-17. [PMID: 18023463 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamic parameters (DeltaG, DeltaH, DeltaS, DeltaC(p)) have been determined to evaluate the dynamics of binding of saxitoxin to the c-lobe of saxiphilin. We have developed an improved method to rapidly express and purify recombinant saxiphilin c-lobe, and fully characterized it by mass spectrometry for the first time. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to characterize the interaction between saxitoxin and immobilized c-lobe. At 298 K, c-lobe binds saxitoxin with K(D)=1.2 nM, DeltaH degrees =-11.7+/-0.8 kcal/mol, and DeltaS degrees =1.17+/-0.07 cal/molK. Analysis of DeltaC(p) of toxin association at several temperatures suggests that hydrophobic forces contribute to the binding event. Additionally, changes in 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescence upon binding to c-lobe in the presence and absence of saxitoxin support a conformational change in c-lobe upon saxitoxin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Otzen DE, Giehm L, Baptista RP, Kristensen SR, Melo EP, Pedersen S. Aggregation as the basis for complex behaviour of cutinase in different denaturants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:323-33. [PMID: 17208524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described the complexity of the folding of the lipolytic enzyme cutinase from F. solani pisi in guanidinium chloride. Here we extend the refolding analysis by refolding from the pH-denatured state and analyze the folding behaviour in the presence of the weaker denaturant urea and the stronger denaturant guanidinium thiocyanate. In urea there is excellent consistency between equilibrium and kinetic data, and the intermediate accumulating at low denaturant concentrations is off-pathway. However, in GdmCl, refolding rates, and consequently the stability of the native state, vary significantly depending on whether refolding takes place from the pH- or GdmCl-denatured state, possibly due to transient formation of aggregates during folding from the GdmCl-denatured state. In GdmSCN, stability is reduced by several kcal/mol with significant aggregation in the unfolding transition region. The basis for the large variation in folding behaviour may be the denaturants' differential ability to support formation of exposed hydrophobic regions and consequent changes in aggregative properties during refolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Otzen
- Department of Life Sciences, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 49, Aalborg DK- 9000, Denmark.
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Abstract
Trehalose, a naturally occurring osmolyte, is considered as a universal protein stabilizer. We investigated the effect of the disaccharides, trehalose and sucrose, on the thermal stability and conformation of bromelain. To our surprise, bromelain in the presence of 1 M trehalose/sucrose was destabilized under thermal stress. The average Tm values as determined by UV spectroscopy and CD spectropolarimetry decreased by 5 degrees and 7 degrees C for bromelain in 1 M sucrose or trehalose solutions, respectively. The enzyme was also found to inactivate faster at 60 degrees C in the presence of these osmolytes. The tertiary and secondary structure of bromelain undergoes small changes in the presence of sucrose/trehalose. Studies on the binding of these osmolytes with the native and the heat denatured enzyme revealed that sucrose/trehalose lead to preferential hydration of the denatured bromelain as compared to the native one, hence stabilizing more the denatured conformation. This is perhaps the first report on the destabilization of a protein by trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Habib
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh,
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Kim HH, Lee YM, Suh JK, Song NW. Photodegradation mechanism and reaction kinetics of recombinant human interferon-α2a. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:171-80. [PMID: 17277841 DOI: 10.1039/b614971e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photodegradation mechanism of recombinant human interferon-alpha2a (IFNalpha2a) has been investigated using absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies, and fluorescence photobleaching kinetics measurements under various conditions. After photobleaching, the absorption profile of aromatic amino acid residues in IFNalpha2a was almost absent, and an absorption profile showing a monotonic increase toward short wavelengths was observed. According to the CD spectrum analysis, partial unfolding of IFNalpha2a was accompanied by a complete loss of fluorescence. This unfolding was attributed to tryptophan-mediated photoinduced disulfide bond cleavage. Photooxygenation and photoionization of tryptophan (Trp) residues followed by subsequent radical reactions were the main photodegradation pathways of IFNalpha2a. Photobleaching kinetics was faster in acidic solution (pH 2.5) than in neutral solution (pH 7.4). The variation of photobleaching kinetics seemed to be caused by the structural differences in IFNalpha2a according to the solution pH. The relationship between the protein conformation and photobleaching rate could be explained based on the competition between excited state energy transfer and the photoionization process in Trp residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyong-Ha Kim
- Health Metrology Group, Division of Metrology for Quality Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards & Science, P.O. Box 102, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea.
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Lentzen G, Schwarz T. Extremolytes: Natural compounds from extremophiles for versatile applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:623-34. [PMID: 16957893 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extremophilic microorganisms have adopted a variety of ingenious strategies for survival under high or low temperature, extreme pressure, and drastic salt concentrations. A novel application area for extremophiles is the use of "extremolytes," organic osmolytes from extremophilic microorganisms, to protect biological macromolecules and cells from damage by external stresses. In extremophiles, these low molecular weight compounds are accumulated in response to increased extracellular salt concentrations, but also as a response to other environmental changes, e.g., increased temperature. Extremolytes minimize the denaturation of biopolymers that usually occurs under conditions of water stress and are compatible with the intracellular machinery at high (>1 M) concentrations. The ectoines, as the first extremolytes that are produced in a large scale, have already found application as cell protectants in skin care and as protein-free stabilizers of proteins and cells in life sciences. In addition to ectoines, a range of extremolytes with heterogenous chemical structures like the polyol phosphates di-myoinositol-1,1'-phosphate, cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and alpha-diglycerol phosphate and the mannose derivatives mannosylglycerate (firoin) and mannosylglyceramide (firoin-A) were characterized and were shown to have protective properties toward proteins and cells. A range of new applications, all based on the adaptation to stress conditions conferred by extremolytes, is in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Lentzen
- bitop AG, Stockumer Strasse 28, 58453 Witten, Germany.
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Matamá T, Vaz F, Gübitz GM, Cavaco-Paulo A. The effect of additives and mechanical agitation in surface modification of acrylic fibres by cutinase and esterase. Biotechnol J 2006; 1:842-9. [PMID: 16927260 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200600034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The surface of an acrylic fibre containing about 7% of vinyl acetate was modified using Fusarium solani pisi cutinase and a commercial esterase, Texazym PES. The effect of acrylic solvents and stabilising polyols on cutinase operational stability was studied. The half-life time of cutinase increased by 3.5-fold with the addition of 15% N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) and by 3-fold with 1M glycerol. The impact of additives and mechanical agitation in the protein adsorption and in the hydrolysis of vinyl acetate from acrylic fabric was investigated. The hydroxyl groups produced on the surface of the fibre were able to react specifically with Remazol Brilliant Blue R (cotton reactive dye) and to increase the colour of the acrylic-treated fabric. The best staining level was obtained with a high level of mechanical agitation and with the addition of 1% DMA. Under these conditions, the raise in the acrylic fabric colour depth was 30% for cutinase and 25% for Texazym. The crystallinity degree, determined by X-ray diffraction, was not significantly changed between control samples and samples treated with cutinase. The results showed that the outcome of the application of these enzymes depends closely on the reaction media conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Matamá
- University of Minho, Textile Engineering Department, Guimarães, Portugal
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Pedersen S, Nesgaard L, Baptista RP, Melo EP, Kristensen SR, Otzen DE. pH-dependent aggregation of cutinase is efficiently suppressed by 1,8-ANS. Biopolymers 2006; 83:619-29. [PMID: 16964599 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the thermal stability of the triglyceride-hydrolyzing enzyme cutinase from F. solani pisi at pH values straddling the pI (pH 8.0). At the pI, increasing the protein concentration from 5 to 80 microM decreases the apparent melting temperature by 19 degrees C. This effect vanishes at pH values more than one unit away from pI. In contrast to additives such as detergents and osmolytes, the hydrophobic fluorophore 1,8-ANS completely and saturably suppresses this effect, restoring 70% of enzymatic activity upon cooling. ANS binds strongly to native cutinase as a noncompetitive inhibitor with up to 5 ANS per cutinase molecule. Only the first ANS molecule stabilizes cutinase; however, the last 4 ANS molecules decrease Tm by up to 7 degrees C. Similar pI-dependent aggregation and suppression by ANS is observed for T. lanuginosus lipase, but not for lysozyme or porcine alpha-amylase, suggesting that this behavior is most prevalent for proteins with affinity for hydrophobic substrates and consequent exposure of hydrophobic patches. Aggregation may be promoted by a fluctuating ensemble of native-like states associating via intermolecular beta-sheet rich structures unless blocked by ANS. Our data highlight the chaperone activity of small molecules with affinity for hydrophobic surfaces and their potential application as stabilizers at appropriate stoichiometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona Pedersen
- Department of Life Sciences, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
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Kanapathipillai M, Lentzen G, Sierks M, Park CB. Ectoine and hydroxyectoine inhibit aggregation and neurotoxicity of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:4775-80. [PMID: 16098972 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 07/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
beta-Amyloid peptide (Abeta) is the major constituent of senile plaques, the key pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease. Abeta is physiologically produced as a soluble form, but aggregation of Abeta monomers into oligomers/fibrils causes neurotoxic change of the peptide. In nature, many microorganisms accumulate small molecule chaperones (SMCs) under stressful conditions to prevent the misfolding/denaturation of proteins and to maintain their stability. Hence, it is conceivable that SMCs such as ectoine and hydroxyectoine could be potential inhibitors against the aggregate formation of Alzheimer's Abeta, which has not been studied to date. The current work shows the effectiveness of ectoine and hydroxyectoine on the inhibition of Abeta42 aggregation and toxicity to human neuroblastoma cells. The characterization tools used for this study include thioflavin-T induced fluorescence, atomic force microscopy and cell viability assay. Considering that ectoine and hydroxyectoine are not toxic to cellular environment even at concentrations as high as 100 mM, the results may suggest a basis for the development of ectoines as potential inhibitors associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathumai Kanapathipillai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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25
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Muralidhara BK, Wittung-Stafshede P. FMN binding and unfolding of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans flavodoxin: "hidden" intermediates at low denaturant concentrations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1747:239-50. [PMID: 15698959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Revised: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans flavodoxin stays associated with the polypeptide upon guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) induced unfolding. Using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we determined the affinity of FMN for the flavodoxin polypeptide as a function of both urea and GuHCl concentrations (pH 7, 25 degrees C). The FMN affinity for folded and GuHCl-unfolded flavodoxin differs 10-fold, which is in agreement with the difference in thermodynamic stability between the apo- and holo-forms. In contrast, the urea-unfolded protein does not interact with FMN and equilibrium unfolding of holo-flavodoxin in urea results in FMN dissociation prior to polypeptide unfolding. ANS-binding, near-UV circular dichroism (CD), acrylamide quenching and FMN-emission experiments reveal the presence of native-like intermediates, not detected by far-UV CD and aromatic fluorescence detection methods, in low concentrations of both denaturants. Time-resolved experiments show that FMN binding is fastest at GuHCl concentrations where the native-like intermediate species is populated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Muralidhara
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77251, USA
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26
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Arora A, Ha C, Park CB. Inhibition of insulin amyloid formation by small stress molecules. FEBS Lett 2004; 564:121-5. [PMID: 15094052 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidogenic proteins undergo an alternative folding pathway under stressful conditions leading to formation of fibrils having cross beta-sheet structure, which is the hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases. As a means of surviving against external stress, on the other hand, many microorganisms accumulate small stress molecules to prevent abnormal protein folding and to contribute to protein stability, which hints at the efficacy of the solutes against amyloid formation. The current work demonstrates the effectiveness of small stress molecules such as ectoine, betaine, trehalose, and citrulline on inhibition of insulin amyloid formation in vitro. The inhibitory effects were analyzed by thioflavin T-induced fluorescence, circular dichroism, and atomic force microscopy. This report suggests that naturally occurring small molecules may serve a function that is typically fulfilled by protein chaperones, and it provides a hint for designing inhibitors against amyloid formation associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Arora
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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27
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Sá-Pereira P, Carvalho ASL, Ferreira MC, Aires-Barros MR. Thermostabilization of Bacillus subtillis CCMI 966 xylanases with trehalose. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Carvalho ASL, Santos AM, Neves-Petersen MT, Petersen SB, Aires-Barros MR, e Melo EP. Conformational states of HRPA1 induced by thermal unfolding: Effect of low molecular weight solutes. Biopolymers 2004; 75:173-86. [PMID: 15356871 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence, CD, and activity measurements were used to characterize the different conformational states of horseradish peroxidase A1 induced by thermal unfolding. Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence studies showed a three-exponential decay dominated by a picosecond lifetime component resulting from energy transfer from tryptophan to heme. Upon thermal unfolding a decrease in the preexponential factor of the picosecond lifetime and an increase in the quantum yield were observed approaching the characteristics observed for apoHRPA1. The fraction of heme-quenched fluorophore decreased to 0.4 after unfolding as shown by acrylamide quenching. A new unfolding pathway for HRPA1 was proposed and the effect of the low molecular weight solutes trehalose, sorbitol, and melezitose on this pathway was analyzed. Native HRPA1 unfolds with an intermediate between the native and the unfolded conformation. The unfolded conformation can refold to the native state or to a native-like conformation with no calcium ions upon cooling or can give an irreversible denatured state. The refolded conformation with no calcium ions was clearly identified in a second thermal scan in the presence of EDTA and shows secondary and tertiary structures, heme reincorporation in the cavity, and at least 59% of activity. Melezitose stabilized the refolded Ca2+-depleted protein and induced a more complex mechanism for heme disruption. The effect of sorbitol and trehalose were mainly characterized by an increase in the temperature of unfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia L Carvalho
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
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Melo EP, Baptista RP, Cabral JM. Improving cutinase stability in aqueous solution and in reverse micelles by media engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(03)00044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Melo EP, Costa SMB, Cabral JMS, Fojan P, Petersen SB. Cutinase-AOT interactions in reverse micelles: the effect of 1-hexanol. Chem Phys Lipids 2003; 124:37-47. [PMID: 12787942 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(03)00031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cutinase encapsulated in dioctyl sulfosuccinate reverse micelles displays very low stability, undergoing fast denaturation due to an anchoring at the micellar interface. The denaturation process and the structure of the reverse micelle were characterized using biophysical techniques. The kinetics of denaturation observed from fluorescence match the increase of the hydrodynamic radius of reverse micelles. Denaturation in reverse micelles is mainly the unfolding of the three-dimensional structure since the decrease in the circular dichroism ellipticity in the far-UV range is very small. The process is accompanied by an increase in the steady-state anisotropy, as opposed to what happens for denaturation in aqueous solution. Since 1-hexanol used as co-surfactant in dioctyl sulfosuccinate reverse micelles slows or even prevents cutinase denaturation, its effect on cutinase conformation and on the size of reverse micelles was analyzed. When 1-hexanol is present, cutinase is encapsulated in a large reverse micelle, as deduced from dynamic light scattering. The large reverse micelle filled with cutinase was built from the fusion of reverse micelles according to a pseudo-unimolecular process ranging in time from a few minutes to 2h depending on the reverse micellar concentration. This slow equilibrium driven by the encapsulated cutinase has not been reported previously. The encapsulation of cutinase in dioctyl sulfosuccinate reverse micelles establishes a completely new equilibrium characterized by a bimodal population of empty and filled reverse micelles, whose characteristics depend greatly on the interfacial characteristics, that is, on the absence or presence of 1-hexanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo P Melo
- Faculdade de Engenharia dos Recursos Naturais, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-117 Faro, Portugal.
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Interaction of an anionic surfactant with a recombinant cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi: a spectroscopic study. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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