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Berndt C, Alborzinia H, Amen VS, Ayton S, Barayeu U, Bartelt A, Bayir H, Bebber CM, Birsoy K, Böttcher JP, Brabletz S, Brabletz T, Brown AR, Brüne B, Bulli G, Bruneau A, Chen Q, DeNicola GM, Dick TP, Distéfano A, Dixon SJ, Engler JB, Esser-von Bieren J, Fedorova M, Friedmann Angeli JP, Friese MA, Fuhrmann DC, García-Sáez AJ, Garbowicz K, Götz M, Gu W, Hammerich L, Hassannia B, Jiang X, Jeridi A, Kang YP, Kagan VE, Konrad DB, Kotschi S, Lei P, Le Tertre M, Lev S, Liang D, Linkermann A, Lohr C, Lorenz S, Luedde T, Methner A, Michalke B, Milton AV, Min J, Mishima E, Müller S, Motohashi H, Muckenthaler MU, Murakami S, Olzmann JA, Pagnussat G, Pan Z, Papagiannakopoulos T, Pedrera Puentes L, Pratt DA, Proneth B, Ramsauer L, Rodriguez R, Saito Y, Schmidt F, Schmitt C, Schulze A, Schwab A, Schwantes A, Soula M, Spitzlberger B, Stockwell BR, Thewes L, Thorn-Seshold O, Toyokuni S, Tonnus W, Trumpp A, Vandenabeele P, Vanden Berghe T, Venkataramani V, Vogel FCE, von Karstedt S, Wang F, Westermann F, Wientjens C, Wilhelm C, Wölk M, Wu K, Yang X, Yu F, Zou Y, Conrad M. Ferroptosis in health and disease. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103211. [PMID: 38908072 PMCID: PMC11253697 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a pervasive non-apoptotic form of cell death highly relevant in various degenerative diseases and malignancies. The hallmark of ferroptosis is uncontrolled and overwhelming peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids contained in membrane phospholipids, which eventually leads to rupture of the plasma membrane. Ferroptosis is unique in that it is essentially a spontaneous, uncatalyzed chemical process based on perturbed iron and redox homeostasis contributing to the cell death process, but that it is nonetheless modulated by many metabolic nodes that impinge on the cells' susceptibility to ferroptosis. Among the various nodes affecting ferroptosis sensitivity, several have emerged as promising candidates for pharmacological intervention, rendering ferroptosis-related proteins attractive targets for the treatment of numerous currently incurable diseases. Herein, the current members of a Germany-wide research consortium focusing on ferroptosis research, as well as key external experts in ferroptosis who have made seminal contributions to this rapidly growing and exciting field of research, have gathered to provide a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review on ferroptosis. Specific topics include: basic mechanisms, in vivo relevance, specialized methodologies, chemical and pharmacological tools, and the potential contribution of ferroptosis to disease etiopathology and progression. We hope that this article will not only provide established scientists and newcomers to the field with an overview of the multiple facets of ferroptosis, but also encourage additional efforts to characterize further molecular pathways modulating ferroptosis, with the ultimate goal to develop novel pharmacotherapies to tackle the various diseases associated with - or caused by - ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hamed Alborzinia
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM GGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vera Skafar Amen
- Rudolf Virchow Zentrum, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging - University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Scott Ayton
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Uladzimir Barayeu
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Christina M Bebber
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Translational Genomics, Cologne, Germany; CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kivanc Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Jan P Böttcher
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Simone Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Ashley R Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry1-Pathobiochemistry, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Giorgia Bulli
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alix Bruneau
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Quan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tobias P Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ayelén Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET, National University of Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jan B Engler
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | | | - Maria Fedorova
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of TU Dresden, Germany
| | - José Pedro Friedmann Angeli
- Rudolf Virchow Zentrum, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging - University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Dominic C Fuhrmann
- Institute of Biochemistry1-Pathobiochemistry, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD, University of Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Magdalena Götz
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Wei Gu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, And Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda Hammerich
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Xuejun Jiang
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Aicha Jeridi
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Yun Pyo Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
| | | | - David B Konrad
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Kotschi
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Marlène Le Tertre
- Center for Translational Biomedical Iron Research, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Sima Lev
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Deguang Liang
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carolin Lohr
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Svenja Lorenz
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Axel Methner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Anna V Milton
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Junxia Min
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Eikan Mishima
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | | | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Shohei Murakami
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - James A Olzmann
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela Pagnussat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET, National University of Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - Zijan Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bettina Proneth
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Ramsauer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | | | - Yoshiro Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Felix Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany
| | - Carina Schmitt
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Almut Schulze
- Division of Tumour Metabolism and Microenvironment, DKFZ Heidelberg and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annemarie Schwab
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Anna Schwantes
- Institute of Biochemistry1-Pathobiochemistry, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Mariluz Soula
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Benedikt Spitzlberger
- Department of Immunobiology, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leonie Thewes
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Center for Integrated Sciences of Low-temperature Plasma Core Research (iPlasma Core), Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wulf Tonnus
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM GGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix C E Vogel
- Division of Tumour Metabolism and Microenvironment, DKFZ Heidelberg and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia von Karstedt
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Translational Genomics, Cologne, Germany; CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Germany
| | - Fudi Wang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Chantal Wientjens
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Wilhelm
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Michele Wölk
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Katherine Wu
- Department of Pathology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, NY, USA
| | - Xin Yang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, And Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fan Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yilong Zou
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China; Westlake Four-Dimensional Dynamic Metabolomics (Meta4D) Laboratory, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany.
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2
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Stierhof M, Myronovskyi M, Zapp J, Luzhetskyy A. Heterologous Production and Biosynthesis of Threonine-16:0dioic acids with a Hydroxamate Moiety. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:2258-2269. [PMID: 37728876 PMCID: PMC10616846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Dereplication and genome mining in Streptomyces aureus LU18118 combined with heterologous expression of selected biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) led to the discovery of various threonine-16:0dioic acids named lipothrenins. Lipothrenins consist of the core elements l-Thr, d-allo-Thr, or Dhb, which are linked to hexadecanedioic acid by an amide bond. The main compound lipothrenin A (1) carries the N-hydroxylated d-allo form of threonine and expresses a siderophore activity. The lipothrenin BGC was analyzed by a series of deletion experiments. As a result, a variety of interesting genes involved in the recruitment and selective activation of linear 16:0dioic acids, amide bond formation, and the epimerization of l-Thr were revealed. Furthermore, a diiron N-oxygenase was identified that may be directly involved in the monooxygenation of the amide bond. This is divergent from the usual hydroxamate formation mechanism in siderophores, which involves hydroxylation of the free amine prior to amide bond formation. Siderophore activity was observed for all N-hydroxylated lipothrenins by application of the CAS assay method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Stierhof
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Maksym Myronovskyi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Josef Zapp
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Andriy Luzhetskyy
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
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3
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Pita-Grisanti V, Chasser K, Sobol T, Cruz-Monserrate Z. Understanding the Potential and Risk of Bacterial Siderophores in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:867271. [PMID: 35785195 PMCID: PMC9248441 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.867271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Siderophores are iron chelating molecules produced by nearly all organisms, most notably by bacteria, to efficiently sequester the limited iron that is available in the environment. Siderophores are an essential component of mammalian iron homeostasis and the ongoing interspecies competition for iron. Bacteria produce a broad repertoire of siderophores with a canonical role in iron chelation and the capacity to perform versatile functions such as interacting with other microbes and the host immune system. Siderophores are a vast area of untapped potential in the field of cancer research because cancer cells demand increased iron concentrations to sustain rapid proliferation. Studies investigating siderophores as therapeutics in cancer generally focused on the role of a few siderophores as iron chelators; however, these studies are limited and some show conflicting results. Moreover, siderophores are biologically conserved, structurally diverse molecules that perform additional functions related to iron chelation. Siderophores also have a role in inflammation due to their iron acquisition and chelation properties. These diverse functions may contribute to both risks and benefits as therapeutic agents in cancer. The potential of siderophore-mediated iron and bacterial modulation to be used in the treatment of cancer warrants further investigation. This review discusses the wide range of bacterial siderophore functions and their utilization in cancer treatment to further expand their functional relevance in cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pita-Grisanti
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kaylin Chasser
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Trevor Sobol
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate,
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Rishi G, Huang G, Subramaniam VN. Cancer: The role of iron and ferroptosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 141:106094. [PMID: 34628027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for virtually all living things. Body iron levels are tightly controlled as both increased iron levels and iron deficiency are associated with many clinical conditions. Increased iron levels are associated with a worse prognosis in some cancers, so understanding the role of iron in cancer development has thus been an active area of research. Regulated forms of cell death are important in development and disease pathogenesis. In this Medicine in Focus review article, we discuss the role of iron in cancer, and ferroptosis, a new form of iron-regulated cell death triggered by increased iron and peroxidation of lipids. We also review the pathogenesis of cancer, potential therapeutics for targeting the increased requirement of iron, as well as how ferroptosis activation may have a role in treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Rishi
- Hepatogenomics Research Group, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld 4059, Australia
| | - Gary Huang
- Hepatogenomics Research Group, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld 4059, Australia
| | - V Nathan Subramaniam
- Hepatogenomics Research Group, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld 4059, Australia.
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Xue Y, Zhang G, Zhou S, Wang S, Lv H, Zhou L, Shang P. Iron Chelator Induces Apoptosis in Osteosarcoma Cells by Disrupting Intracellular Iron Homeostasis and Activating the MAPK Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137168. [PMID: 34281233 PMCID: PMC8268062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a common malignant bone tumor in clinical orthopedics. Iron chelators have inhibitory effects on many cancers, but their effects and mechanisms in osteosarcoma are still uncertain. Our in vitro results show that deferoxamine (DFO) and deferasirox (DFX), two iron chelators, significantly inhibited the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells (MG-63, MNNG/HOS and K7M2). The viability of osteosarcoma cells was decreased by DFO and DFX in a concentration-dependent manner. DFO and DFX generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), altered iron metabolism and triggered apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. Iron chelator-induced apoptosis was due to the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway, with increased phosphorylation levels of JNK, p38 and ERK, and ROS generation; in this process, the expression of C-caspase-3 and C-PARP increased. In an orthotopic osteosarcoma transplantation model, iron chelators (20 mg/kg every day, Ip, for 14 days) significantly inhibited the growth of the tumor. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that iron metabolism was altered, apoptosis was promoted, and malignant proliferation was reduced with iron chelators in the tumor tissues. In conclusion, we observed that iron chelators induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma by activating the ROS-related MAPK signaling pathway. Because iron is crucial for cell proliferation, iron chelators may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Xue
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.X.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Gejing Zhang
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.X.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Shoujie Zhou
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.X.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Shenghang Wang
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.X.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Huanhuan Lv
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.X.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Liangfu Zhou
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.X.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.); (H.L.); (L.Z.)
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-29-88460391
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Abstract
Iron chelators have long been a target of interest as anticancer agents. Iron is an important cellular resource involved in cell replication, metabolism and growth. Iron metabolism is modulated in cancer cells reflecting their increased replicative demands. Originally, iron chelators were first developed for use in iron overload disorders, however, their potential as anticancer agents has been gaining increasing interest. This is due, in part, to the downstream effects of iron depletion such as the inhibition of proliferation through ribonucleotide reductase activity. Additionally, some chelators form redox active metal complexes with iron resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Newer synthetic iron chelators such as Deferasirox, Triapine and di-2-pyridylketone-4,4,-dimethyl-3-thiosemicrbazone (Dp44mt) have improved pharmacokinetic properties over the older chelator Deferoxamine. This review examines and discusses the various iron chelators that have been trialled for cancer therapy including both preclinical and clinical studies. The successes and shortcomings of each of the chelators and their use in combination therapies are highlighted and future potential in the cancer therapy world is considered.
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Yang D, Gao P, Tian C, Sheng Y. Gompertz tracking of the growth trajectories of the human-liver-cancer xenograft-tumors in nude mice. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 191:105412. [PMID: 32114418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The accurate tracking of the growth trajectories of the human-liver-cancer xenograft-tumors in nude mice is an important prerequisite for the effective use of relevant trial results. Our objective is first to find out whether the Gompertz model can accurately track the growth trajectories of the xenograft-tumors in the non-target control group, Gsk3β knockdown, and c-Myc knockdown groups; secondly, to verify the effect of knocking down Gsk3β or c-Myc on the growth of xenograft-tumors and reveal the mechanism; finally, to demonstrate the 100-day Gompertz growth trajectory, which is a complete growth process with two phases and three stages. METHODS The 18 male specific-pathogen-free (SPF) BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into three groups and different interventions were performed to establish the non-target control, Gsk3β knockdown, and c-Myc knockdown groups. The volumes of the xenograft-tumors were measured from day 14 to day 30 after transplantation. The first 30-days and the whole 100-days of Gompertz growth trajectories of the xenograft-tumors were obtained respectively, and the growth assessment indicators of each group were calculated based on the parameters of the Gompertz model. RESULTS 1) The Gompertz model can accurately track the growth trajectories of xenograft-tumors in the non-target control, Gsk3β knockdown, and c-Myc knockdown groups; 2) knocking down Gsk3β or c-Myc can inhibit the growth of xenograft-tumors. It is the combined effect of growth-promoting factor, growth inhibitory factor, and the delay of angiogenesis, of which the delay of angiogenesis plays a decisive role; 3) the 100-day Gompertz growth trajectory can provide complete information about the two phases and three stages of xenograft-tumor growth. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that nude mouse trials be extended from 30 days (currently widely accepted) to 100 days. CONCLUSIONS The Gompertz model can well reveal the growth pattern of the human-liver-cancer xenograft-tumors in nude mice. Combined with the growth assessment indicators obtained from the Gompertz model parameters, one can further clarify the mechanism that affects the growth of xenograft-tumors. The Gompertz tracking of the growth trajectories of the human-liver-cancer xenograft-tumors in nude mice has broad application prospects in the fields of basic research, drug verification, and clinical treatment, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Ping Gao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Chao Tian
- School of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Yang Sheng
- School of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
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8
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Torti SV, Torti FM. Iron: The cancer connection. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 75:100860. [PMID: 32340745 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron plays an essential role in normal biological processes: The generation of cellular energy, oxygen transport, DNA synthesis and repair are all processes that require iron-coordinated proteins, either as elemental iron, heme or iron-sulfur clusters. As a transition metal with two major biological oxidation states, iron is also a critical intermediate in the generation of reactive oxygen species that can damage cellular structures and contribute to both aging and cancer. In this review, we focus on experimental and epidemiologic evidence that links iron and cancer, as well as strategies that have been proposed to either reduce or increase cellular iron for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy V Torti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Frank M Torti
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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The Role of Deferoxamine in Irradiated Breast Reconstruction: A Study of Oncologic Safety. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 143:1666-1676. [PMID: 30907808 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000005647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy plays an essential role in the oncologic management of breast cancer. However, patients who undergo radiotherapy experience significantly more wound complications during the reconstructive process. Deferoxamine has immense potential to up-regulate angiogenesis and improve reconstructive outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of deferoxamine on breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro, to delineate oncologic safety concerns regarding the use of deferoxamine as a regenerative therapeutic. METHODS The dose-dependent effect of radiation and deferoxamine on two triple-negative breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468) was determined by means of MTS (percentage cell viability) and tumorsphere (sphere number) analysis. Radiation therapy and deferoxamine were delivered both individually and in combination, and all experiments were completed in triplicate. Intracellular iron, nuclear factor-κB localization, and apoptosis/necrosis assays were performed to delineate mechanism. Analysis of variance statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (p < 0.05). RESULTS For both cell lines, percentage viability and sphere number significantly decreased following exposure to 10 Gy of radiation. Surprisingly, the administration of 25 µM deferoxamine also significantly decreased each metric. The administration of deferoxamine (100 µM) in combination with radiation (10 Gy) resulted in significantly reduced percentage viability and sphere number compared with the administration of radiation alone. Deferoxamine treatment decreased intracellular iron, suppressed nuclear factor-κB activation, and induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Radiation and deferoxamine significantly decrease breast cancer proliferation when delivered independently and in combination, suggesting deferoxamine may be safely used to facilitate improved reconstructive outcomes among triple-negative breast cancer survivors. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, V.
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10
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Saha P, Yeoh BS, Xiao X, Golonka RM, Kumarasamy S, Vijay-Kumar M. Enterobactin, an iron chelating bacterial siderophore, arrests cancer cell proliferation. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:71-81. [PMID: 31228465 PMCID: PMC6733644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for many biological functions, including being a cofactor for enzymes involved in cell proliferation. In line, it has been shown that cancer cells can perturb their iron metabolism towards retaining an abundant iron supply for growth and survival. Accordingly, it has been suggested that iron deprivation through the use of iron chelators could attenuate cancer progression. While they have exhibited anti-tumor properties in vitro, the current therapeutic iron chelators are inadequate due to their low efficacy. Therefore, we investigated whether the bacterial catecholate-type siderophore, enterobactin (Ent), could be used as a potent anti-cancer agent given its strong iron chelation property. We demonstrated that iron-free Ent can exert cytotoxic effects specifically towards monocyte-related tumor cell lines (RAW264.7 and J774A.1), but not primary cells, i.e. bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), through two mechanisms. First, we observed that RAW264.7 and J774A.1 cells preserve a bountiful intracellular labile iron pool (LIP), whose homeostasis can be disrupted by Ent. This may be due, in part, to the lower levels of lipocalin 2 (Lcn2; an Ent-binding protein) in these cell lines, whereas the higher levels of Lcn2 in BMDMs could prevent Ent from hindering their LIP. Secondly, we observed that Ent could dose-dependently impede reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the mitochondria. Such disruption in LIP balance and mitochondrial function may in turn promote cancer cell apoptosis. Collectively, our study highlights Ent as an anti-cancer siderophore, which can be exploited as an unique agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piu Saha
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Graduate Program in Immunology & Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xia Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rachel M Golonka
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Sivarajan Kumarasamy
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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11
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Wang J, Wang S, Sun P, Cao F, Li H, Sun J, Peng M, Liu W, Shi P. Iron depletion participates in the suppression of cell proliferation induced by lipin1 overexpression. Metallomics 2019; 10:1307-1314. [PMID: 30141807 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00077h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipin1 participates in numerous cellular processes, including in the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol and as a co-transcriptional regulator. Iron is also essential in various critical biological processes. Previous studies have shown that compared to normal tissue cells, lipin1 expression and iron metabolism are abnormal in cancer cells. However, the involvement of lipin1 in the regulation of iron metabolism is unknown. In this study, we compared the contents of eight metal ions (potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, iron and copper) in human hepatoma carcinoma BEL7402 control cells as well as stable cells overexpressing lipin1 by using ICP-AES. Our results showed that only intracellular iron content was significantly decreased by lipin1 overexpression. Meanwhile, we observed that lipin1 overexpression could inhibit cell proliferation, similar to iron chelator deferoxamine. Western blotting showed that the up-regulation of p53-p21-p27 elicited cell cycle G0/G1 arrest in the stable cells overexpressing lipin1. Conversely, after lipin1 was down regulated with siRNA, we found that cell proliferation was promoted, accompanied by an increase in iron content, and the downregulation of p53 and p21. Our data indicate that lipin1 overexpression may cause reduction of intracellular iron content, which could activate the p53-p21-p27 signaling pathways, leading to cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in the hepatic carcinoma cells. Subsequently, we identified the putative cause for the decrease of the intracellular iron content induced by lipin1 overexpression. Our results suggested that the intracellular iron reduction was due to the increase in the expression of ferroportin, an iron export protein in the stable cells overexpressing lipin1. In contrast, after transfection with lipin1 siRNA, the decreased expression of ferroportin contributed to an increase in the iron content in BEL7402 cells. It was further confirmed that the intracellular iron content was increased after ferroportin was knocked down by siRNA in BEL7402 cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate for the first time that lipin1 participates in the regulation of iron metabolism in human hepatic carcinoma cells. This suggests that lipin1 may play an important protective role in inhibiting the development of cancer through the reduction of iron content in tumors, which further demonstrates that iron reduction could be a potential strategy of cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Merlot AM, Kalinowski DS, Kovacevic Z, Jansson PJ, Sahni S, Huang MLH, Lane DJ, Lok H, Richardson DR. Exploiting Cancer Metal Metabolism using Anti-Cancer Metal- Binding Agents. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:302-322. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170705120809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metals are vital cellular elements necessary for multiple indispensable biological processes of living organisms, including energy transduction and cell proliferation. Interestingly, alterations in metal levels and also changes in the expression of proteins involved in metal metabolism have been demonstrated in a variety of cancers. Considering this and the important role of metals for cell growth, the development of drugs that sequester metals has become an attractive target for the development of novel anti-cancer agents. Interest in this field has surged with the design and development of new generations of chelators of the thiosemicarbazone class. These ligands have shown potent anticancer and anti-metastatic activity in vitro and in vivo. Due to their efficacy and safe toxicological assessment, some of these agents have recently entered multi-center clinical trials as therapeutics for advanced and resistant tumors. This review highlights the role and changes in homeostasis of metals in cancer and emphasizes the pre-clinical development and clinical assessment of metal ion-binding agents, namely, thiosemicarbazones, as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M. Merlot
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Danuta S. Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J. Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael L.-H. Huang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Darius J.R. Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Hiu Lok
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Des R. Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Bian Z, Hann HW, Ye Z, Yin C, Wang Y, Fang W, Wan S, Wang C, Tao K. Ferritin level prospectively predicts hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3499-3508. [PMID: 30127954 PMCID: PMC6096080 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have detected a higher level of ferritin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but a potential causal association between serum ferritin level and hepatocarcinogenesis remains to be clarified. Using a well-established prospective cohort and longitudinally collected serial blood samples, the association between baseline ferritin levels and HCC risk were evaluated in 1,152 patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), a major risk factor for HCC. The association was assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression model using univariate and multivariate analyses and longitudinal analysis. It was demonstrated that HBV patients who developed HCC had a significantly higher baseline ferritin level than those who remained cancer-free (188.00 vs. 108.00 ng/ml, P<0.0001). The patients with a high ferritin level (≥200 ng/ml) had 2.43-fold increased risk of HCC compared to those with lower ferritin levels [hazard ratio (HR), 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.63–3.63]. A significant trend of increasing HRs along with elevated ferritin levels was observed (P for trend <0.0001). The association was still significant after multivariate adjustment. Incorporating ferritin into the α-fetoprotein (AFP) model significantly improved the performance of HCC prediction (the area under the curve from 0.74 to 0.77, P=0.003). Longitudinal analysis showed that the average ferritin level in HBV patients who developed HCC was persistently higher than in those who were cancer-free during follow-up. HCC risk reached a peak at approximately the fifth year after baseline ferritin detection. Moreover, stratified analyses showed that the association was noted in both males and females, and was prominent in patients with a low AFP value. In short, serum ferritin level could independently predict the risk of HBV-related HCC and may have a complementary role in AFP-based HCC diagnosis. Future studies are warranted to validate these findings and test its clinical applicability in HCC prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyuan Bian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Hie-Won Hann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Liver Disease Prevention Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Zhong Ye
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Chun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Shaogui Wan
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Chun Wang
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Kaishan Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Ikhena DE, Liu S, Kujawa S, Esencan E, Coon JS, Robins J, Bulun SE, Yin P. RANKL/RANK Pathway and Its Inhibitor RANK-Fc in Uterine Leiomyoma Growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:1842-1849. [PMID: 29741640 PMCID: PMC6276708 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Context Uterine leiomyomas are the most common type of gynecologic tumor in women. Objective To determine the role of the cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-Β ligand (RANKL); its receptor, receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-Β (RANK); and the RANKL/RANK pathway inhibitor RANK-Fc in leiomyoma growth. Design Messenger RNA (mRNA) or protein levels of RANKL, RANK, and proliferation markers cyclin D1 and Ki67 were assessed in various leiomyoma tissues and cell populations. Human xenograft experiments were performed to determine the effects of RANK-Fc on leiomyoma growth in vivo. Setting Research laboratory. Patients Twenty-four regularly cycling premenopausal women (age 28 to 49 years) who were not receiving hormone therapy. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measure Tumor growth in a murine xenograft model following targeting of the RANKL/RANK pathway with RANK-Fc. Results RANKL mRNA levels in leiomyoma were significantly higher than those in myometrial tissues. The highest RANK levels were found in the leiomyoma stem cell population, which is deficient in progesterone receptor (PR). Conversely, the highest RANKL levels were found in the PR-rich leiomyoma intermediate cell (LIC) population. R5020, a PR agonist, specifically increased RANKL expression in LICs. RANK-Fc blocked RANKL-induced expression of the proliferative gene cyclin D1. Treatment with RANK-Fc also significantly decreased tumor growth in vivo and diminished the expression of proliferation marker Ki67 in tumors (P < 0.01; n = 4). Conclusions Treatment with the RANKL/RANK pathway inhibitor RANK-Fc significantly decreased human leiomyoma cell proliferation and tumor growth. This suggests that the RANKL/RANK pathway could serve as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of uterine leiomyoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Ikhena
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shimeng Liu
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stacy Kujawa
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ecem Esencan
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John S Coon
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jared Robins
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Serdar E Bulun
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ping Yin
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Lipid accumulation in human breast cancer cells injured by iron depletors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:75. [PMID: 29615075 PMCID: PMC5883539 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Current insights into the effects of iron deficiency in tumour cells are not commensurate with the importance of iron in cell metabolism. Studies have predominantly focused on the effects of oxygen or glucose scarcity in tumour cells, while attributing insufficient emphasis to the inadequate supply of iron in hypoxic regions. Cellular responses to iron deficiency and hypoxia are interlinked and may strongly affect tumour metabolism. Methods We examined the morphological, proteomic, and metabolic effects induced by two iron chelators—deferoxamine (DFO) and di-2-pyridylketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT)—on MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-157 breast cancer cells. Results These chelators induced a cytoplasmic massive vacuolation and accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs), eventually followed by implosive, non-autophagic, and non-apoptotic death similar to methuosis. Vacuoles and LDs are generated by expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) based on extracellular fluid import, which includes unsaturated fatty acids that accumulate in LDs. Typical physiological phenomena associated with hypoxia are observed, such as inhibition of translation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolic remodelling. These survival-oriented changes are associated with a greater expression of epithelial/mesenchymal transcription markers. Conclusions Iron starvation induces a hypoxia-like program able to scavenge nutrients from the extracellular environment, and cells assume a hypertrophic phenotype. Such survival strategy is accompanied by the ER-dependent massive cytoplasmic vacuolization, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and LD accumulation and then evolves into cell death. LDs containing a greater proportion of unsaturated lipids are released as a consequence of cell death. The consequence of the disruption of iron metabolism in tumour tissue and the effects of LDs on intercellular communication, cancer–inflammation axis, and immunity remain to be explored. Considering the potential benefits, these are crucial subjects for future mechanistic and clinical studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0737-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Ijiri M, Fujiya M, Konishi H, Tanaka H, Ueno N, Kashima S, Moriichi K, Sasajima J, Ikuta K, Okumura T. Ferrichrome identified from Lactobacillus casei ATCC334 induces apoptosis through its iron-binding site in gastric cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2017. [PMID: 28639907 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317711311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrichrome is known to be a siderophore, but it was recently identified as a tumor-suppressive molecule derived from Lactobacillus casei ATCC334 ( L. casei). In the present study, we investigated the effects of ferrichrome in gastric cancer cells. Cell lines and xenograft models treated with ferrichrome demonstrated growth suppression. The expression levels of cleaved poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase, and cleaved caspase-9 were increased by ferrichrome treatment. Although the tumor-suppressive effects of ferrichrome were almost completely diminished by the iron chelation, the reduction in the intracellular iron by ferrichrome did not correlate with its tumor-suppressive effects. An exhaustive docking simulation indicated that iron-free ferrichrome can make stable conformations with various mammalian molecules, including transporters and receptors. In conclusion, probiotic-derived ferrichrome induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. The iron binding site of ferrichrome is the structure responsible for its tumor suppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Ijiri
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Fujiya
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Konishi
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- 2 Department of Legal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ueno
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Shin Kashima
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Moriichi
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Junpei Sasajima
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ikuta
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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Lipocalin-2 and iron trafficking in the tumor microenvironment. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:146-156. [PMID: 28342790 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for virtually all organisms. It facilitates cell proliferation and growth but also contributes to major hallmarks of cancer such as tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. Often, iron handling of tumor cells is disturbed, with altered iron acquisition, efflux, and storage. Targeting perturbed iron metabolic pathways might open opportunities towards novel approaches in cancer treatment. It is becoming clear that cells of the tumor microenvironment such as macrophages contribute to tumor progression. Since macrophages evolved a multitude of mechanisms to sequester, transport, store, and release iron it can be speculated that tumor cells educate them to supply iron to support tumor growth. Recent evidence supports the existence of transferrin-independent iron transport mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment, which points to local iron transport proteins such as lipocalin-2 and/or low molecular weight iron-trafficking substances such as siderophores. We hypothesize that tumor cells educate immune cells, i.e. macrophages in their neighborhood to make them delivering iron for the benefit of cancer progression. In particular, we pay attention to recent developments, pointing to lipocalin-2 and siderophores as alternative iron transport molecules in the tumor microenvironment.
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Gokarn K, Sarangdhar V, Pal RB. Effect of microbial siderophores on mammalian non-malignant and malignant cell lines. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:145. [PMID: 28274224 PMCID: PMC5343307 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1657-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is a vital nutrient for all cells, and malignant cells have a higher requirement for the metal due to their rapid multiplication. Bacterial siderophores can be used to reduce free ferric ion concentration from the cellular environment. METHODS In the present study, we have evaluated effect of three siderophores - exochelin-MS, mycobactin S and deferoxamine B on the proliferation of mammalian cell lines using MTT assay. RESULTS These siderophores caused a significant decrease in the viability of malignant cells, without significantly affecting non-malignant cells. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, we suggest that iron-chelation therapy could be explored as an adjunctive therapeutic option against cancer along with other therapies.
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Yamamoto N, Yamasaki T, Takami T, Uchida K, Fujisawa K, Matsumoto T, Saeki I, Terai S, Sakaida I. Deferasirox, an oral iron chelator, prevents hepatocarcinogenesis and adverse effects of sorafenib. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 58:202-9. [PMID: 27257345 PMCID: PMC4865599 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sorafenib is expected to have a chemopreventive effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence, there are limitations to its use because of adverse effects, including effects on liver function. We have reported that the iron chelator, deferoxamine can prevent liver fibrosis and preneoplastic lesions. We investigated the influence of administering a new oral iron chelator, deferasirox (DFX), on the effects of sorafenib. We used the choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet-induced rat liver fibrosis and HCC model. We divided rats into four groups: CDAA diet only (control group), CDAA diet with sorafenib (sorafenib group), CDAA diet with DFX (DFX group), and CDAA diet with DFX and sorafenib (DFX + sorafenib group). Liver fibrosis and development of preneoplastic lesions were assessed. In addition, we assessed adverse effects such as changes in body and liver weight, skin damage (eruption, dryness, and hair loss), which is defined as hand-foot skin syndrome, in the sorafenib and DFX + sorafenib groups. The combination of DFX + sorafenib markedly prevented liver fibrosis and preneoplastic lesions better than the other treatments. Furthermore, the combination therapy significantly decreased adverse effects compared with the sorafenib group. In conclusion, the combination therapy with DFX and sorafenib may be a useful adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence after curative treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan; Yamaguchi University Health Administration Center, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan; Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Taro Takami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Koichi Uchida
- Department of Human Nutrition Faculty of Nursing and Human Nutrition, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, 3-2-1 Sakurabatake, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujisawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan; Center of Research and Education for Regenerative Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan; Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Issei Saeki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Isao Sakaida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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Donneys A, Nelson NS, Perosky JE, Polyatskaya Y, Rodriguez JJ, Figueredo C, Vasseli CA, Ratliff HC, Deshpande SS, Kozloff KM, Buchman SR. Prevention of radiation-induced bone pathology through combined pharmacologic cytoprotection and angiogenic stimulation. Bone 2016; 84:245-252. [PMID: 26723578 PMCID: PMC4776634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic fractures and associated non-unions arising in previously irradiated bone are severely debilitating diseases. Although radiation is known to have deleterious effects on healthy tissue cellularity and vascularity, no clinically accepted pharmacologic interventions currently exist to target these destructive mechanisms within osseous tissues. We utilized amifostine-a cellular radioprotectant-and deferoxamine-an angiogenic stimulant-to simultaneously target the cellular and vascular niches within irradiated bone in a rat model of mandibular fracture repair following irradiation. Rats treated with combined therapy were compared to those undergoing treatment with singular amifostine or deferoxamine therapy, nontreated/irradiated animals (XFx) and non-treated/non-irradiated animals (Fx). 3D angiographic modeling, histology, Bone Mineral Density Distribution and mechanical metrics were utilized to assess therapeutic efficacy. We observed diminished metrics for all outcomes when comparing XFx to Fx alone, indicating the damaging effects of radiation. Across all outcomes, only the combined treatment group improved upon XFx levels, normalized all metrics to Fx levels, and was consistently as good as, or superior to the other treatment options (p<0.05). Collectively, our data demonstrate that pharmacologically targeting the cellular and vascular environments within irradiated bone prevents bone injury and enhances fracture healing.
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21
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Iron chelator-induced apoptosis via the ER stress pathway in gastric cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9709-19. [PMID: 26803514 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4878-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many reports have shown the anticancer effects of iron deficient on cancer cells, but the effects of iron-chelators on gastric cancer have not been clearly elucidated. Recently, we reported that iron chelators induced an antiproliferative effect in human malignant lymphoma and myeloid leukemia cells. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor activity of these two iron-chelating agents, deferoxamine (DFO) and deferasirox (DFX), with gastric cancer cell lines, and their apoptosis-inducing effects as the potential mechanism. We found that iron chelators displayed significant antiproliferative activity in human gastric cancer cell lines, which may be attributed to their induction of G1 phase arrest and apoptosis. We also found that iron chelators induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, resulting in the activation of both c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress apoptotic pathways in gastric cancer cells. Taken together, our data suggest that iron chelators induced apoptosis in gastric cancer, involving ROS formation ER stress and JNK activation.
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22
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Power Coombs MR, Grant T, Greenshields AL, Arsenault DJ, Holbein BE, Hoskin DW. Inhibitory effect of iron withdrawal by chelation on the growth of human and murine mammary carcinoma and fibrosarcoma cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2015. [PMID: 26210486 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Since iron uptake is essential for cell growth, rapidly dividing cancer cells are sensitive to iron depletion. To explore the effect of iron withdrawal on cancer cell growth, mouse and human mammary carcinoma cells (4T1 and MDA-MB-468, respectively) and mouse and human fibrosarcoma cells (L929 and HT1080, respectively) were cultured in the absence or presence of DIBI, a novel iron-chelating polymer containing hydroxypyridinone iron-ligand functionality. Cell growth was measured by a colorimetric assay for cell metabolic activity. DIBI-treated 4T1, MDA-MB-468, L929 and HT1080 cells, as well as their normal counterparts, showed a dose- and time-dependent reduction in growth that was selective for human cancer cells and mouse fibrosarcoma cells. The inhibitory effect of DIBI on fibrosarcoma and mammary carcinoma cell growth was reversed by addition of exogenous iron in the form of iron (III) citrate, confirming the iron selectivity of DIBI and that its inhibitory activity was iron-related. Fibrosarcoma and mammary carcinoma cell growth inhibition by DIBI was associated with S-phase cell cycle arrest and low to moderate levels of cell death by apoptosis. Consistent with apoptosis induction following DIBI-mediated iron withdrawal, fibrosarcoma and mammary carcinoma cells exhibited mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. A comparison of DIBI to other iron chelators showed that DIBI was superior to deferiprone and similar to or better than deferoxamine for inhibition of fibrosarcoma and mammary carcinoma cell growth. These findings suggest that iron withdrawal from the tumor microenvironment with a selective and potent iron chelator such as DIBI may prevent or inhibit tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taryn Grant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Daniel J Arsenault
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - David W Hoskin
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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23
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Donneys A, Nelson NS, Page EE, Deshpande SS, Felice PA, Tchanque-Fossuo CN, Spiegel JP, Buchman SR. Targeting angiogenesis as a therapeutic means to reinforce osteocyte survival and prevent nonunions in the aftermath of radiotherapy. Head Neck 2014; 37:1261-7. [PMID: 24801669 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy (XRT) exerts detrimental collateral effects on bone tissue through mechanisms of vascular damage and impediments to osteocytes, ultimately predisposing patients to the debilitating problems of late pathologic fractures and nonunions. We posit that angiogenic therapy will reverse these pathologic effects in a rat model of radiated fracture healing. METHODS Three groups of rats underwent mandibular osteotomy. Radiated groups received a fractionated 35-Gy dose before surgery. The deferoxamine (DFO) group received local injections postoperatively. A 40-day healing period was allowed before histology. Analysis of variance (ANOVA; p < .05) was used for group comparisons. RESULTS Radiated fractures revealed a significantly decreased osteocyte count and corresponding increase in empty lacunae when compared to nonradiated fractures (p = .001). With the addition of DFO, these differences were not appreciated. Further, a 42% increase in bony unions was observed after DFO therapy. CONCLUSION Targeting angiogenesis is a useful means for promoting osteocyte survival and preventing bone pathology after XRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Donneys
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Plastic Surgery Section, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Noah S Nelson
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Plastic Surgery Section, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Erin E Page
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Plastic Surgery Section, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sagar S Deshpande
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Plastic Surgery Section, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Peter A Felice
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Plastic Surgery Section, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of General Surgery, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | | | - Joshua P Spiegel
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Plastic Surgery Section, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven R Buchman
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Plastic Surgery Section, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Zaitsu J, Yamasaki T, Saeki I, Harima Y, Iwamoto T, Harima Y, Matsumoto T, Urata Y, Hidaka I, Marumoto Y, Ishikawa T, Takami T, Yamamoto N, Kaino S, Uchida K, Terai S, Sakaida I. Serum transferrin as a predictor of prognosis for hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:481-90. [PMID: 23607437 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM We recently reported that the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) is efficacious in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Iron regulation may thus have an important impact in HCC therapy. Because transferrin is a native chelator that regulates iron homeostasis, it may act as an anticancer agent in a similar manner as DFO. The objective of this study was to evaluate serum transferrin as a prognostic predictor in advanced HCC patients undergoing hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC). METHODS We retrospectively studied 44 patients receiving HAIC and analyzed various parameters for their possible use as prognostic predictors. RESULTS The 1-, 2- and 3-year cumulative survival rates were 36.4%, 18.2% and 8.5%, respectively, and the median survival time (MST) was 7.0 months. The survival rates of patients who had serum transferrin of 190 mg/dL or more (MST, 12.0 months) were significantly better than those of patients who had serum transferrin of less than 190 mg/dL (MST, 4.9 months). Multivariate analysis identified serum transferrin of 190 mg/dL or more (hazard ratio [HR], 0.282; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.132-0.603; P = 0.001) and Child-Pugh score B (HR, 1.956; 95% CI, 1.034-3.700; P = 0.039) as independent prognostic predictors. There was a significant correlation between serum transferrin level and therapeutic effect (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Serum transferrin could be useful as a prognostic predictor in advanced HCC patients before HAIC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Zaitsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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25
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Felice PA, Ahsan S, Donneys A, Deshpande SS, Nelson NS, Buchman SR. Deferoxamine administration delivers translational optimization of distraction osteogenesis in the irradiated mandible. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 132:542e-548e. [PMID: 24076701 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e31829fe548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors' laboratory has previously demonstrated that deferoxamine promotes angiogenesis and bone repair in the setting of radiation therapy coupled with distraction osteogenesis. However, clinically relevant effects of deferoxamine administration on union rate and micro-computed tomographic and biomechanical parameters are unknown. The authors posit that administration of deferoxamine will increase union rate, mineralization, and strength of the regenerate in an irradiated distraction osteogenesis model. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: distraction osteogenesis-control, distraction osteogenesis-radiation therapy, and distraction osteogenesis-radiation therapy-deferoxamine. All animals underwent an osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis across a 5.1-mm distraction gap. Irradiated animals received 35-Gy human-equivalent radiation therapy 2 weeks before surgery, and deferoxamine was injected postoperatively in the regenerate site of treatment animals. Animals were killed on postoperative day 40, and mandibles were harvested to determine rates of bony union and micro-computed tomographic and biomechanical parameters. RESULTS Compared with irradiated mandibles, deferoxamine-treated mandibles exhibited a higher union rate (11 percent versus 92 percent, respectively). Across micro-computed tomographic and biomechanical parameters, significant diminutions were observed with administration of radiation therapy, whereas deferoxamine therapy resulted in significant restoration to levels of controls, with select metrics exhibiting significant increases even beyond controls. CONCLUSIONS The authors' data confirm that deferoxamine restores clinically relevant metrics of bony union and micro-computed tomographic and biomechanical parameters in a model of irradiated distraction osteogenesis in the murine mandible. Their findings support a potential use for deferoxamine in treatment protocols to allow predictable and reliable use of distraction osteogenesis as a viable reconstructive option in patients with head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Felice
- Ann Arbor, Mich.; and Columbia, S.C. From the Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Plastic Surgery Section, University of Michigan; and the Department of Surgery, University of South Carolina School of Medicine
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26
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Beguin Y, Aapro M, Ludwig H, Mizzen L, Osterborg A. Epidemiological and nonclinical studies investigating effects of iron in carcinogenesis--a critical review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 89:1-15. [PMID: 24275533 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and tolerability of intravenous (i.v.) iron in managing cancer-related anemia and iron deficiency has been clinically evaluated and reviewed recently. However, long-term data in cancer patients are not available; yet, long-term i.v. iron treatment in hemodialysis patients is not associated with increased cancer risk. This review summarizes epidemiological and nonclinical data on the role of iron in carcinogenesis. In humans, epidemiological data suggest correlations between certain cancers and increased iron exposure or iron overload. Nonclinical models that investigated whether iron can enhance carcinogenesis provide only limited evidence relevant for cancer patients since they were typically based on high iron doses as well as injection routes and iron formulations which are not used in the clinical setting. Nevertheless, in the absence of long-term outcome data from prospectively defined trials in i.v. iron-treated cancer patients, iron supplementation should be limited to periods of concomitant anti-tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heinz Ludwig
- Center for Oncology and Haematology, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Anders Osterborg
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Deferoxamine restores callus size, mineralization, and mechanical strength in fracture healing after radiotherapy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131:711e-719e. [PMID: 23629110 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3182865c57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic augmentation of fracture-site angiogenesis with deferoxamine has proven to increase vascularity, callus size, and mineralization in long-bone fracture models. The authors posit that the addition of deferoxamine would enhance pathologic fracture healing in the setting of radiotherapy in a model where nonunions are the most common outcome. METHODS Thirty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. Fracture, irradiated fracture, and irradiated fracture plus deferoxamine. The irradiated fracture and irradiated fracture plus deferoxamine groups received a human equivalent dose of radiotherapy [7 Gy/day for 5 days, (35 Gy)] 2 weeks before mandibular osteotomy and external fixation. The irradiated fracture plus deferoxamine group received injections of deferoxamine into the fracture callus after surgery. After a 40-day healing period, mandibles were dissected, clinically assessed for bony union, imaged with micro-computed tomography, and tension tested to failure. RESULTS Compared with irradiated fractures, metrics of callus size, mineralization, and strength in deferoxamine-treated mandibles were significantly increased. These metrics were restored to a level demonstrating no statistical difference from control fractures. In addition, the authors observed an increased rate of achieving bony unions in the irradiated fracture plus deferoxamine-treated group when compared with irradiated fracture (67 percent and 20 percent, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The authors' data demonstrate nearly total restoration of callus size, mineralization, and biomechanical strength, and a threefold increase in the rate of union with the use of deferoxamine. The authors' results suggest that the administration of deferoxamine may have the potential for clinical translation as a new treatment paradigm for radiation-induced pathologic fractures.
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Merlot AM, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Novel chelators for cancer treatment: where are we now? Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:973-1006. [PMID: 22424293 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Under normal circumstances, cellular iron levels are tightly regulated due to the potential toxic effects of this metal ion. There is evidence that tumors possess altered iron homeostasis, which is mediated by the perturbed expression of iron-related proteins, for example, transferrin receptor 1, ferritin and ferroportin 1. The de-regulation of iron homeostasis in cancer cells reveals a particular vulnerability to iron-depletion using iron chelators. In this review, we examine the absorption of iron from the gut; its transport, metabolism, and homeostasis in mammals; and the molecular pathways involved. Additionally, evidence for alterations in iron processing in cancer are described along with the perturbations in other biologically important transition metal ions, for example, copper(II) and zinc(II). These changes can be therapeutically manipulated by the use of novel chelators that have recently been shown to be highly effective in terms of inhibiting tumor growth. RECENT ADVANCES Such chelators include those of the thiosemicarbazone class that were originally thought to target only ribonucleotide reductase, but are now known to have multiple effects, including the generation of cytotoxic radicals. CRITICAL ISSUES Several chelators have shown marked anti-tumor activity in vivo against a variety of solid tumors. An important aspect is the toxicology and the efficacy of these agents in clinical trials. FUTURE DIRECTIONS As part of the process of the clinical assessment of the new chelators, an extensive toxicological assessment in multiple animal models is essential for designing appropriate dosing protocols in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Merlot
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Donneys A, Weiss DM, Deshpande SS, Ahsan S, Tchanque-Fossuo CN, Sarhaddi D, Levi B, Goldstein SA, Buchman SR. Localized deferoxamine injection augments vascularity and improves bony union in pathologic fracture healing after radiotherapy. Bone 2013; 52:318-25. [PMID: 23085084 PMCID: PMC3513581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medically based efforts and alternative treatment strategies to prevent or remediate the corrosive effects of radiotherapy on pathologic fracture healing have failed to produce clear and convincing evidence of success. Establishing an effective pharmacologic option to prevent or treat the development of non-unions in this setting could have immense therapeutic potential. Experimental studies have shown that deferoxamine (DFO), an iron-chelating agent, bolsters vascularity and subsequently enhances normal fracture healing when injected locally into a fracture callus in long bone animal models. Since radiotherapy is known to impede angiogenesis, we hypothesized that the pharmacologic addition of DFO would serve to mitigate the effects of radiotherapy on new vessel formation in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro investigation of angiogenesis was conducted utilizing HUVEC cells in Matrigel. Endothelial tubule formation assays were divided into four groups: Control, Radiated, Radiated+Low-Dose DFO and Radiated+High-Dose DFO. Tubule formation was quantified microscopically and video recorded for the four groups simultaneously during the experiment. In vivo, three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats underwent external fixator placement and fracture osteotomy of the left mandible. Two groups received pre-operative fractionated radiotherapy, and one of these groups was treated with DFO after fracture repair. After 40 days, the animals were perfused and imaged with micro-CT to calculate vascular radiomorphometrics. RESULTS In vitro, endothelial tubule formation assays demonstrated that DFO mitigated the deleterious effects of radiation on angiogenesis. Further, high-dose DFO cultures appeared to organize within 2h of incubation and achieved a robust network that was visibly superior to all other experimental groups in an accelerated fashion. In vivo, animals subjected to a human equivalent dose of radiotherapy (HEDR) and left mandibular fracture demonstrated quantifiably diminished μCT metrics of vascular density, as well as a 75% incidence of associated non-unions. The addition of DFO in this setting markedly improved vascularity as demonstrated with 3D angiographic modeling. In addition, we observed an increased incidence of bony unions in the DFO treated group when compared to radiated fractures without treatment (67% vs. 25% respectively). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that selectively targeting angiogenesis with localized DFO injections is sufficient to remediate the associated severe vascular diminution resulting from a HEDR. Perhaps the most consequential and clinically relevant finding was the ability to reduce the incidence of non-unions in a model where fracture healing was not routinely observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Donneys
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniela M. Weiss
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sagar S. Deshpande
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Salman Ahsan
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Catherine N. Tchanque-Fossuo
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Deniz Sarhaddi
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven A. Goldstein
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven R. Buchman
- Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Fragatou S, Tsourveloudis I, Manesis G. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a thalassemia unit. Hemoglobin 2011; 34:221-6. [PMID: 20524812 DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2010.485071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), following liver cirrhosis as a complication of chronic hepatitis B or C viruses (HBV or HCV)and iron overload, has been reported in thalassemia patients. This study assessed HCC incidences, the role of iron and possible antitumor activity of chelators in 57 thalassemia major (TM) and nine thalassemia intermedia (TI) patients using deferoxamine (DFO) therapy. Antibodies against HCV were detected in 23/57 (40.4%) TM patients, chronic HCV and cirrhosis were diagnosed in 13/23 (56.5%), 7/12 did not respond to antiviral therapy and 2/7 progressed to HCC (incidence 2/57, 3.5%). Three (33.3%) TI patients with liver siderosis and fibrosis and late introduction of iron chelation developed HCC without a history of hepatitis. The incidence was higher in TI (p = 0.032). The main risk factor for HCC was HCV infection in TM patients but it was iron activity in TI patients. Iron chelation with DFO appeared to play a protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soso Fragatou
- Thalassaemia Unit, General Athens Hospital G. Gennimatas, Athens, Greece.
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Ishikawa H, Ishi K, Serna VA, Kakazu R, Bulun SE, Kurita T. Progesterone is essential for maintenance and growth of uterine leiomyoma. Endocrinology 2010; 151:2433-42. [PMID: 20375184 PMCID: PMC2875812 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomata (ULs) represent the most common tumor in women and can cause abnormal uterine bleeding, large pelvic masses, and recurrent pregnancy loss. Although the dependency of UL growth on ovarian steroids is well established, the relative contributions of 17beta-estradiol and progesterone are yet to be clarified. Conventionally, estradiol has been considered the primary stimulus for UL growth, and studies with cell culture and animal models support this concept. In contrast, no research model has clearly demonstrated a requirement of progesterone in UL growth despite accumulating clinical evidence for the essential role of progesterone in this tumor. To elucidate the functions of ovarian steroids in UL, we established a xenograft model reflecting characteristics of these tumors by grafting human UL tissue beneath the renal capsule of immunodeficient mice. Leiomyoma xenografts increased in size in response to estradiol plus progesterone through cell proliferation and volume increase in cellular and extracellular components. The xenograft growth induced by estradiol plus progesterone was blocked by the antiprogestin RU486. Furthermore, the volume of established UL xenografts decreased significantly after progesterone withdrawal. Surprisingly, treatment with estradiol alone neither increased nor maintained the tumor size. Although not mitogenic by itself, estradiol induced expression of progesterone receptor and supported progesterone action on leiomyoma xenografts. Taken together, our findings define that volume maintenance and growth of human UL are progesterone dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4th Floor, Suite 4-127, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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32
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Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for the growth and function of all cells. It is, therefore, an attractive target for chemotherapeutic compounds. Numerous studies in vitro and in vivo provide evidence that iron chelators may be effective antitumor agents. Lipophilic iron chelators that are readily cell permeable and can bind intracellular iron stores may selectively kill cancer cells without damaging normal cells. In this review we discuss the role of iron in cellular processes and how these processes differ between normal and neoplastic cells. We also review the effects on normal and cancer cell growth of several lipophilic iron chelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M B Pahl
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Department of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Kiessling MK, Klemke CD, Kaminski MM, Galani IE, Krammer PH, Gülow K. Inhibition of constitutively activated nuclear factor-kappaB induces reactive oxygen species- and iron-dependent cell death in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2365-74. [PMID: 19258503 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant signaling of the nuclear facotr (NF-kappaB) pathway has been identified as a mediator of survival and apoptosis resistance in leukemias and lymphomas. Here, we report that cell death of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cell lines induced by inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway is independent of caspases or classic death receptors. We found that free intracellular iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the main mediators of this cell death. Antioxidants such as N-Acetyl-l-cysteine and glutathione or the iron chelator desferrioxamine effectively block cell death in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cell lines or primary T cells from Sézary patients. We show that inhibition of constitutively active NF-kappaB causes down-regulation of ferritin heavy chain (FHC) that leads to an increase of free intracellular iron, which, in turn, induces massive generation of ROS. Furthermore, direct down-regulation of FHC by siRNA caused a ROS-dependent cell death. Finally, high concentrations of ROS induce cell death of malignant T cells. In contrast, T cells isolated from healthy donors do not display down-regulation of FHC and, therefore, do not show an increase in iron and cell death upon NF-kappaB inhibition. In addition, in a murine T-cell lymphoma model, we show that inhibition of NF-kappaB and subsequent down-regulation of FHC significantly delays tumor growth in vivo. Thus, our results promote FHC as a potential target for effective therapy in lymphomas with aberrant NF-kappaB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Kiessling
- Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Robinson MK, Shaller C, Garmestani K, Plascjak PS, Hodge KM, Yuan QA, Marks JD, Waldmann TA, Brechbiel MW, Adams GP. Effective treatment of established human breast tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice with a single dose of the alpha-emitting radioisotope astatine-211 conjugated to anti-HER2/neu diabodies. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:875-82. [PMID: 18245551 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful radioimmunotherapy strategies depend on selecting radioisotopes with physical properties complementary to the biological properties of the targeting vehicle. Small, engineered antitumor antibody fragments are capable of rapid, highly specific tumor targeting in immunodeficient mouse models. We hypothesized that the C6.5 diabody, a noncovalent anti-HER2 single-chain Fv dimer, would be an ideal radioisotope carrier for the radioimmunotherapy of established tumors using the short-lived alpha-emitting radioisotope (211)At. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunodeficient nude mice bearing established HER2/neu-positive MDA-MB-361/DYT2 tumors treated with N-succinimidyl N-(4-[(211)At]astatophenethyl)succinamate ((211)At-SAPS)-C6.5 diabody. Additional cohorts of mice were treated with (211)At-SAPS T84.66 diabody targeting the carcinoembryonic antigen or (211)At-SAPS on a diabody specific for the Müllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor, which is minimally expressed on this tumor cell line. RESULTS A single i.v. injection of (211)At-SAPS C6.5 diabody led to a 30-day delay in tumor growth when a 20 muCi dose was administered and a 57-day delay in tumor growth (60% tumor-free after 1 year) when a 45 muCi dose was used. Treatment of mice bearing the same tumors with (211)At-SAPS T84.66 diabody at the same doses led to a delay in tumor growth, but no complete responses, likely due to substantially lower expression of this antigen on the MDA-MB-361/DYT2 tumors. In contrast, a dose of 20 muCi of (211)At-SAPS on the anti-Müllerian-inhibiting substance type II receptor diabody did not affect tumor growth rate, demonstrating specificity of the therapeutic effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that diabody molecules can be effective agents for targeted radioimmunotherapy of solid tumors using powerful, short-lived alpha-emitting radioisotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Robinson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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35
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Arantes JM, Pedrosa ML, Martins HR, Veloso VM, de Lana M, Bahia MT, Tafuri WL, Carneiro CM. Trypanosoma cruzi: treatment with the iron chelator desferrioxamine reduces parasitemia and mortality in experimentally infected mice. Exp Parasitol 2007; 117:43-50. [PMID: 17521632 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of prolonged treatment with iron chelator (desferrioxamine) on the development of infection in mice inoculated with Y Trypanosoma cruzi were determined. Infected/treated mice presented lower levels of parasitemia and reduced mortality rate compared with infected/non-treated animals. The five out of twenty infected/treated mice that survived the acute phase of infection showed negative hemoculture and positive ELISA in the acute and chronic phases and positive PCR in the acute phase: in the chronic phase, three of the animals presented negative PCR. The single surviving infected/non-treated animal exhibited positive hemoculture, PCR and ELISA in both phases of infection. Infected groups presented lower levels of iron in the liver compared with treated/non-infected or non-treated/non-infected animals. The serum iron levels of the infected/non-treated group were higher on the 21st day post-infection in comparison with control and infected/treated groups. These results suggest that decrease of iron in the host leads to T. cruzi infection attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerusa Marilda Arantes
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Rua Costa Sena 171, 35 400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
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36
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Sher YP, Chou CC, Chou RH, Wu HM, Wayne Chang WS, Chen CH, Yang PC, Wu CW, Yu CL, Peck K. Human kallikrein 8 protease confers a favorable clinical outcome in non-small cell lung cancer by suppressing tumor cell invasiveness. Cancer Res 2007; 66:11763-70. [PMID: 17178872 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human kallikrein 8 (KLK8) gene, a member of the human tissue kallikrein gene family, encodes a serine protease. The KLK8 protein (hK8) is known to be a favorable prognostic marker in ovarian cancer, but the biological basis of this is not understood. We found that overexpressing the KLK8 gene in highly invasive lung cancer cell lines suppresses their invasiveness. This role in invasiveness was further confirmed by the fact that inhibition of endogenous KLK8 expression with a specific short hairpin RNA reduced cancer cell invasiveness. In situ degradation and cell adhesion assays showed that proteins produced from KLK8 splice variants modify the extracellular microenvironment by cleaving fibronectin. DNA microarray experiments and staining of cells for actin filaments revealed that the degradation of fibronectin by hK8 suppresses integrin signaling and retards cancer cell motility by inhibiting actin polymerization. In addition, studies in a mouse model coupled with the detection of circulating tumor cells by quantitative PCR for the human Alu sequence showed that KLK8 suppresses tumor growth and invasion in vivo. Finally, studies of clinical specimens from patients with non-small cell lung cancer showed that the time to postoperative recurrence was longer for early-stage patients (stages I and II) with high KLK8 expression (mean, 49.9 months) than for patients with low KLK8 expression (mean, 22.9 months). Collectively, these findings show that KLK8 expression confers a favorable clinical outcome in non-small cell lung cancer by suppressing tumor cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Pyng Sher
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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37
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Ohgari Y, Nakayasu Y, Kitajima S, Sawamoto M, Mori H, Shimokawa O, Matsui H, Taketani S. Mechanisms involved in δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced photosensitivity of tumor cells: Relation of ferrochelatase and uptake of ALA to the accumulation of protoporphyrin. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 71:42-9. [PMID: 16288996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 10/01/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced accumulation of protoporphyrin IX is a useful approach to the early detection and treatment of cancers. To investigate the role of ferrochelatase in the accumulation of protoporphyrin, we first made mouse fibroblast Balb/3T3 cells highly expressing ferrochelatase and examined the ALA-induced photo-damage as well as the accumulation of porphyrin in the cells. When the ferrochelatase-transfected cells were treated with ALA and then exposed to visible light, they became resistant to the light without accumulating porphyrins, with a concomitant increase in the formation of heme. The accumulation of protoporphyrin was also abolished in human erythroleukemia K562 cells stably expressing mouse ferrochelatase. When mouse fibrosarcoma MethA cells, mouse fibroblast L929 cells and Balb/3T3 cells were treated with ALA, the greatest accumulation of protoporphyrin and the greatest level of cell death in response to the light were observed in MethA cells. The expression level of ferrochelatase was the lowest in MethA cells, while that of porphobilinogen deaminase was similar among all three cell lines. Moreover, an iron-chelator, desferrioxamine, which sequesters iron preventing the ferrochelatase reaction, enhanced the photo-damage as well as the accumulation of protoporphyrin in ALA-treated L929 cells. Thus, the light-induced cell death was tightly coupled with the accumulation of protoporphyrin caused by a decrease in ferrochelatase. Finally, we examined the uptake of ALA by MethA, L929 and Balb/3T3 cells. The extent of the uptake by MethA and L929 cells was greater, indicating a greater accumulation of protoporphyrin than in the Balb/3T3 cells. Taken together, not only the low level of ferrochelatase but also the augmented uptake of ALA contributes to the ALA-induced accumulation of protoporphyrin IX and subsequent photo-damage in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Ohgari
- Department of Biotechnology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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38
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Torti SV, Ma R, Venditto VJ, Torti FM, Planalp RP, Brechbiel MW. Preliminary evaluation of the cytotoxicity of a series of tris-2-aminoethylamine (Tren) based hexadentate heterocyclic donor agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5961-7. [PMID: 16115775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tachpyridine is a cytotoxic metal chelator with potential anti-tumor activity. The synthesis and evaluation of a set of derivatives of the related hexadentate heterocyclic donor agents tris-2-aminoethylamine (tren) and tris[N-(2-pyridylmethylene)-2-aminoethyl]amine (trenpyr) was performed to compare their cytotoxic activity to tachpyridine in HeLa tumor cells. Methyl groups were added to the pyridyl ring of trenpyr, and the effects of alkyl group substitution on cell survival were assessed. Profound cytotoxicity was observed and IC50 data were obtained in ascending order from those compounds substituted with a methyl group at the 3-, 4-, or 5-position and lastly by the 6-methyl derivative. These results suggest that analogous derivatives with substitution at the 3-position of the pyridyl ring deserve further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy V Torti
- Department of Biochemistry, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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39
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Turner J, Koumenis C, Kute TE, Planalp RP, Brechbiel MW, Beardsley D, Cody B, Brown KD, Torti FM, Torti SV. Tachpyridine, a metal chelator, induces G2 cell-cycle arrest, activates checkpoint kinases, and sensitizes cells to ionizing radiation. Blood 2005; 106:3191-9. [PMID: 16014567 PMCID: PMC1895322 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is critical for cell growth and proliferation. Iron chelators are being explored for a number of clinical applications, including the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, heart disease, and cancer. To uncover mechanisms of action of tachpyridine, a chelator currently undergoing preclinical evaluation as an anticancer agent, cell-cycle analysis was performed. Tachpyridine arrested cells at G2, a radiosensitive phase of the cell cycle, and enhanced the sensitivity of cancer cells but not nontransformed cells to ionizing radiation. G2 arrest was p53 independent and was accompanied by activation of the checkpoint kinases CHK1 and CHK2. G2 arrest was blocked by UCN-01, a CHK1 inhibitor, but proceeded in CHK2 knock-out cells, indicating a critical role for CHK1 in G2 arrest. Tachpyridine-induced cell-cycle arrest was abrogated in cells treated with caffeine, an inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated/ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATM/ATR) kinases. Further, G2 arrest proceeded in ATM-deficient cells but was blocked in ATR-deficient cells, implicating ATR as the proximal kinase in tachpyridine-mediated G2 arrest. Collectively, our results suggest that iron chelators may function as antitumor and radioenhancing agents and uncover a previously unexplored activity of iron chelators in activation of ATR and checkpoint kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolyn Turner
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University Health Scieces, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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40
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Regis G, Bosticardo M, Conti L, De Angelis S, Boselli D, Tomaino B, Bernabei P, Giovarelli M, Novelli F. Iron regulates T-lymphocyte sensitivity to the IFN-gamma/STAT1 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Blood 2005; 105:3214-21. [PMID: 15626737 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The refractoriness of T cells to the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) pathway, which shields them from the antiproliferative effect of IFN-gamma, is attributed mainly to down-regulation of the IFN-gammaR2 signaling chain. However, the mechanisms responsible for this down-regulation are unclear. Here we show that iron uptake mediated by the transferrin receptor (TfR) delivers a signal that leads to IFN-gammaR2 internalization and thus plays an essential role in attenuating activation of the IFN-gamma/STAT1 pathway in human T lymphocytes. The effect of iron on IFN-gammaR2 internalization was specific as it did not affect expression of the IFN-gammaR1 binding chain. Deferoxamine (DFO), an iron-chelating agent, up-regulated IFN-gammaR2 surface expression and reinstated IFN-gamma/STAT1 activation in proliferating T lymphocytes. Resistance of malignant T cells to the antiproliferative effect of IFN-gamma in vitro was abrogated by addition of DFO. Conversely, iron inhibited IFN-gamma-induced apoptosis in malignant T cells in serum-free conditions. In combination but not individually, DFO and IFN-gamma strongly inhibited growth of human malignant T cells in an in vivo severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model. These data provide valuable insights for novel therapeutic approaches aimed at reinstating the IFN-gamma/STAT1 apoptotic signaling pathway in autoreactive or neoplastic T cells by means of iron chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Regis
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, CERMS, San Giovanni Battista Hospital-Molinette, Via Santena 5, I-10126 Turin, Italy
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Abstract
Cell replication is tightly controlled in normal tissues and aberrant during disease progression, such as in tumorigenesis. The replication of cells can be divided into four distinct phases: Gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), gap 2 (G2), and mitosis (M). The progression from one phase to the next is intricately regulated and has many "checkpoints" that take into account cellular status and environmental cues. Among the modulators of cell cycle progression are specific nutrients, which function as energy sources or regulate the production and/or function of proteins needed to advance cells through a replicative cycle. In this review, we focus on the roles of specific nutrients (vitamin A, vitamin D, iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, zinc, and glucose) in the control of cell cycle progression and discuss how insights into the mechanisms by which these nutrients modulate this process can be and have been used to control aberrant cell growth in the treatment of prevalent pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Bohnsack
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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42
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Adams GP, Shaller CC, Dadachova E, Simmons HH, Horak EM, Tesfaye A, Klein-Szanto AJP, Marks JD, Brechbiel MW, Weiner LM. A Single Treatment of Yttrium-90-labeled CHX-A″–C6.5 Diabody Inhibits the Growth of Established Human Tumor Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6200-6. [PMID: 15342405 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor diabody molecules are noncovalent single-chain Fv dimers that recapitulate the divalent binding properties of native IgG antibodies. Diabodies are capable of substantial accumulation in tumor xenografts expressing relevant antigens in immunodeficient mouse models. With a Mr of approximately 55,000, diabodies are rapidly cleared from the circulation, resulting in tumor-to-blood ratios that significantly exceed those achieved early after the administration of monoclonal antibodies. We have evaluated the therapeutic potential of the beta-emitting isotope yttrium-90 (t1/2, 64 hours) conjugated to the C6.5K-A diabody that specifically targets the HER2/neu human tumor-associated antigen. We have found that a single intravenous dose of 150 microCi (200 microg) 90Y-CHX-A"-C6.5K-A diabody substantially inhibits the growth rates of established MDA-361/DYT2 human breast tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice. In contrast, 300 microCi (300 microg) 90Y-CHX-A"-C6.5K-A diabody resulted in only a minor delay in the growth of SK-OV-3 human ovarian cancer xenografts. The maximum tolerated dose was also dependent on the tumor xenograft model used. These studies indicate that genetically engineered antitumor diabody molecules can be used as effective vehicles for radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Adams
- Divison of Medical Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA.
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43
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Dayani PN, Bishop MC, Black K, Zeltzer PM. Desferoxamine (DFO)--mediated iron chelation: rationale for a novel approach to therapy for brain cancer. J Neurooncol 2004; 67:367-77. [PMID: 15164994 DOI: 10.1023/b:neon.0000024238.21349.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is crucial to normal cell metabolism, and its deficiency or excess is associated with numerous disease states. The association of increased iron load with cancer may be due to several factors including free radical production, reduction of the body's protective mechanism to combat oxidative stress, inhibition of immune systems, inhibition of essential nutrient functions, facilitation of cancer growth, suppression of antitumor actions of macrophages, and lowering of the ratio of T4-T8 positive lymphocytes. Antiproliferative effects of desferoxamine (DFO) both in vitro and in vivo are mediated by an intracellular pool of iron that is necessary for DNA synthesis rather than prevention of iron uptake from transferrin. Several clinical studies have shown it to have antitumor activity in the treatment of neuroblastoma, leukemia, bladder carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Human neural tumor cells are susceptible to the effects of DFO. Continued study of DFO is necessary to further elucidate its antineoplastic profile and its use as an adjunct to current chemotherapy regimens. Given the lack of satisfactory treatment of central nervous system neoplasms, DFO could serve as an important tool in the management of such cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya N Dayani
- Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
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44
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Thirunavukkarasu C, Sakthisekaran D. Effect of dietary selenite on N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced and phenobarbital promoted multistage hepatocarcinogenesis in rat: reflection in some minerals. Biomed Pharmacother 2003; 57:416-21. [PMID: 14652167 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2003.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se), a dietary micronutrient, plays a vital role in cancer chemotherapy in many organs including the liver. We have studied the relationship between some minerals, which are essential in normal functioning of cells and anticancer effect of Se in N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) induced and phenobarbital (PB) promoted multistage hepatocarcinogenesis. Se (4 ppm through drinking water; as sodium selenite) was given to animals throughout the study, before initiation and during promotion phase of hepatocarcinogenesis, in a defined experimental protocol. Se, sodium, potassium, calcium and iron were measured either in hepatoma, or surrounding liver tissue or whole liver tissue and serum of experimental animals. DEN and PB treatment significantly (P < 0.001) increased potassium, calcium and iron levels in serum, while it decreased (P < 0.001) the Se and sodium levels when compared with control rats. We have also observed significantly increased (P < 0.001) sodium, calcium and iron levels in hepatoma and surrounding liver tissue, whereas, Se, and potassium level was found to be decreased (P < 0.001) when compared with control rats. Supplementation of selenite throughout the study, before initiation and during promotion stage significantly alters the above mineral content. Results showed that the most significant beneficial effect of selenium during hepatocarcinogenesis was exerted potentially in long-term continuous and/or before the initiation phase of carcinogenicity, rather than in the promotion phase. The present and previous results from our laboratory suggest that sub-optimal intake of a single trace mineral can have broad effects on chemotherapy, providing a framework for understanding the multiple beneficial effects of selenium in cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post-Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, 600 113, Chennai, India.
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45
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Safdar M, Khan A. Incidence, Epidemiology and Prevention of Cancer and Management of Cancer Patients-an Overview. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2003. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2003.429.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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46
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Simonart T, Boelaert JR, Andrei G, Clercq ED, Snoeck R. Iron withdrawal strategies fail to prevent the growth of SiHa-induced tumors in mice. Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90:91-5. [PMID: 12821347 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-8258(03)00226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cervical carcinoma is a human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancer for which treatment options still mainly rely on surgical procedures, with or without adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. We have previously shown that the chemically unrelated iron chelators desferrioxamine and deferiprone inhibit the growth and induce the apoptosis of HPV-positive cervical carcinoma cell lines, suggesting that iron chelators may represent a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of cervical carcinoma. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of iron deprivation on the growth of human cervical carcinoma xenografts in athymic nude mice. METHODS Nude mice (nu/nu) of BALB/c background were treated with iron chelators [desferrioxamine (DFO), deferiprone (L1), or starch-DFO conjugate] or were fed with an iron-poor diet 6 weeks prior to subcutaneous injection of Si-Ha cells. These treatments were continued for 5 weeks after injection of the tumor cells. Treatment with the maximum tolerated doses of DFO, L1, or starch-DFO conjugate induced no significant iron deprivation in non-iron-overloaded mice, while an iron-poor diet led to a dramatic decrease in serum iron, transferrin iron saturation, and ferritin levels. However, neither iron chelators nor an iron-poor diet could significantly inhibit tumor growth. CONCLUSION Despite a potent antitumor effect in vitro, iron chelators fail to prevent the growth of cervical carcinoma xenografts in mice. On the basis of these results, clinical trials with iron chelators in patients with cervical carcinoma appear inappropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Simonart
- Department of Dermatology, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
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47
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Chong HS, Torti FM, Torti SV, Brechbiel MW. Synthesis of 1,3,5-cis,cis-triaminocyclohexane N-pyridyl derivatives as potential antitumor agents. J Org Chem 2002; 67:8072-8. [PMID: 12423134 DOI: 10.1021/jo0204911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Iron deprivation has been previously proven to be a promising strategy in treating tumor cells. A series of cis,cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane N-pyridyl derivatives as iron-depleting antitumor agents were prepared. Cytotoxic activity of these derivatives was evaluated in the HeLa cancer cell line. Among the tested derivatives, N-ethyl-N,N',N"-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)-cis,cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane (17) exhibited potent cytotoxicity against this cancer cell line. On the basis of the structure of 17, a bifunctional iron chelator 24 was designed and prepared. Bifunctional agent 24 possessing a maleimide linker that is functional for conjugation to thiolated monoclonal antibodies is a promising lead compound for development of antitumor conjugates for antibody-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-soon Chong
- Chemistry Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Yoon G, Kim HJ, Yoon YS, Cho H, Lim IK, Lee JH. Iron chelation-induced senescence-like growth arrest in hepatocyte cell lines: association of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1)-mediated p27Kip1 expression. Biochem J 2002; 366:613-21. [PMID: 11945174 PMCID: PMC1222780 DOI: 10.1042/bj20011445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2001] [Revised: 03/06/2002] [Accepted: 04/11/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for cellular proliferation in all organisms. When deprived of iron, the growth of cells is invariably inhibited. However, the mechanism involved remains largely unclear. In the present study, we have observed that subcytotoxic concentrations of desferroxamine mesylate (DFO), an iron chelator, specifically inhibited the transition from G1 to S-phase of Chang cells, a hepatocyte cell line. This was accompanied by the appearance of senescent biomarkers, such as enlarged and flattened cell morphology, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity and reduced expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Concomitantly, p27Kip1 (where Kip is kinase-inhibitory protein) was induced markedly, whereas other negative cell-cycle regulators, such as p21Cip1 (where Cip is cyclin-dependent kinase-interacting protein), p15INK4B and p16INK4A (where INK is inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 4), were not, implying its association in the G1 arrest. Furthermore, the induction of p27Kip1 was accompanied by an increased level of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) mRNA. When neutralized with an anti-(TGF-beta1) antibody, p27Kip1 induction was completely abolished, indicating that TGF-beta1 is the major inducer of p27Kip1. Finally, DFO-induced senescence-like arrest was found to be independent of p53, since cell-cycle arrest was still observed with two p53-negative cell lines, Huh7 and Hep3B cells. In conclusion, DFO induced senescence-like G1 arrest in hepatocyte cell lines and this was associated with the induction of p27Kip1 through TGF-beta1, but was independent of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyesoon Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Wonchon-Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon 442-749, South Korea.
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Simonart T, Boelaert JR, Andrei G, van den Oord JJ, Degraef C, Hermans P, Noel JC, Van Vooren JP, Heenen M, De Clercq E, Snoeck R. Desferrioxamine enhances AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma tumor development in a xenograft model. Int J Cancer 2002; 100:140-3. [PMID: 12115561 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Iron is suspected to be involved in the induction and/or progression of various human tumors. More particularly, we have previously shown that iron may be involved in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). We have also shown that the iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) has a potent anti-KS activity in vitro, suggesting that it may represent a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of KS. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of DFO on the growth of human KS xenografts in immunodeficient mice. Unexpectedly, we found that mice treated with DFO (400 mg/kg, 3 times weekly) (n = 30) exhibited a marked enhancement of tumor growth compared with control mice (n = 33) (230 +/- 134 mm(2) versus 143 +/- 70 mm p < 0.01). No enhancement of tumor growth was seen in mice treated with iron-saturated DFO. At least 2 findings suggest that this paradoxic pro-KS activity occurred independently of mice iron stores. First, treatment with DFO had only a marginal effect on ferritin and hematocrit levels. Second, induction of effective iron depletion by an iron-poor diet (6.7 mg iron/kg diet) (n = 23) did not have a deleterious effect on the growth of the KS xenografts. The lesions obtained from the DFO-treated animals exhibited a significantly decreased apoptotic index (p < 0.05), indicating that some antiapoptotic mechanism induced by DFO may be operating in vivo to favour tumor growth. In conclusion, our data show that DFO has a stimulatory effect on KS growth in immunodeficient mice, suggesting that this drug is not indicated in patients with KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Simonart
- Department of Renal and Infectious Diseases, Erasme University, Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
A wide variety of studies in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials have demonstrated that the chelator currently used to treat iron overload disease, desferrioxamine, has anti-proliferative effects against both leukemia and neuroblastoma. However, the efficacy of desferrioxamine is severely limited due to its poor ability to permeate cell membranes and chelate intracellular iron pools. These studies have led to the development of other iron chelators that are far more effective than desferrioxamine. Some of these chelators such as 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (Triapine) have entered phase I clinical trials, while other chelators such as 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone or tachpyridine require evaluation in animal models. The high anti-tumor activity observed with these ligands certainly suggests further development of chelators as anti-cancer agents is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Richardson
- The Iron Metabolism and Chelation Group, The Heart Research Institute, 145 Missenden Road, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia.
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