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Tanaka-Okamoto M, Hanzawa K, Mukai M, Takahashi H, Ohue M, Miyamoto Y. Correlation of serum sialyl Tn antigen values determined by immunoassay and SRM based method. Anal Biochem 2017; 544:42-48. [PMID: 29273237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified four glycan tumor marker candidates using a HPLC-based method. One candidate was sialyl Tn (STN), NeuAcα2-6-GalNAc. In this study, glycans were prepared from sera by hydrazine treatment followed by fluorescent labeling with aminopyridine. Pyridylaminated-STN levels of 147 gastric cancer, 85 pancreatic cancer and 10 cholangiocarcinoma patients together with 102 normal controls were accurately quantified using HPLC separation followed by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) assay, which used a stable isotope, tetradeuterium-labeled pyridylamino glycan as an internal standard. Additionally, STN values were also quantified using conventional competitive inhibition radioimmunoassay (RIA). The two STN levels determined by RIA and SRM gave a similar distribution pattern in sera. STN levels were increased in sera from cancer patients compared to those from normal controls. Moreover, the STN levels in sera of cancer patients determined by the two different assay procedures showed a good correlation (i.e., correlation coefficient >0.9). Our results suggest it may be better to determine STN levels using SRM instead of RIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Tanaka-Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Ken Hanzawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Mikio Mukai
- Department of Medical Checkup, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohue
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-8567, Japan.
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Abstract
Activation of an aberrant glycosylation pathway in cancer cells can lead to expression of the onco-foetal sialyl-Tn (sTn) antigen. STn is a truncated O-glycan containing a sialic acid α-2,6 linked to GalNAc α-O-Ser/Thr and is associated with an adverse outcome and poor prognosis in cancer patients. The biosynthesis of the sTn antigen has been linked to the expression of the sialytransferase ST6GalNAc1, and also to mutations in and loss of heterozygosity of the COSMC gene. sTn neo- or over-expression occurs in many types of epithelial cancer including gastric, colon, breast, lung, oesophageal, prostate and endometrial cancer. sTn is believed to be carried by a variety of glycoproteins and may influence protein function and be involved in tumour development. This review discusses how the role of sTn in cancer development and tumour cell invasiveness might be organ specific and occur through different mechanisms depending on each cancer type or subtype. As the sTn-antigen is expressed early in carcinogenesis targeting sTn in cancer may enable the targeting of tumours from the earliest stage.
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Campos D, Freitas D, Gomes J, Magalhães A, Steentoft C, Gomes C, Vester-Christensen MB, Ferreira JA, Afonso LP, Santos LL, Pinto de Sousa J, Mandel U, Clausen H, Vakhrushev SY, Reis CA. Probing the O-glycoproteome of gastric cancer cell lines for biomarker discovery. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1616-29. [PMID: 25813380 PMCID: PMC4458724 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.046862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating O-glycoproteins shed from cancer cells represent important serum biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. We have recently shown that selective detection of cancer-associated aberrant glycoforms of circulating O-glycoprotein biomarkers can increase specificity of cancer biomarker assays. However, the current knowledge of secreted and circulating O-glycoproteins is limited. Here, we used the COSMC KO "SimpleCell" (SC) strategy to characterize the O-glycoproteome of two gastric cancer SimpleCell lines (AGS, MKN45) as well as a gastric cell line (KATO III) which naturally expresses at least partially truncated O-glycans. Overall, we identified 499 O-glycoproteins and 1236 O-glycosites in gastric cancer SimpleCells, and a total 47 O-glycoproteins and 73 O-glycosites in the KATO III cell line. We next modified the glycoproteomic strategy to apply it to pools of sera from gastric cancer and healthy individuals to identify circulating O-glycoproteins with the STn glycoform. We identified 37 O-glycoproteins in the pool of cancer sera, and only nine of these were also found in sera from healthy individuals. Two identified candidate O-glycoprotein biomarkers (CD44 and GalNAc-T5) circulating with the STn glycoform were further validated as being expressed in gastric cancer tissue. A proximity ligation assay was used to show that CD44 was expressed with the STn glycoform in gastric cancer tissues. The study provides a discovery strategy for aberrantly glycosylated O-glycoproteins and a set of O-glycoprotein candidates with biomarker potential in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Campos
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; §IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Freitas
- §IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Gomes
- §IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Magalhães
- §IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catharina Steentoft
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Catarina Gomes
- §IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Malene B Vester-Christensen
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- ¶Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; ‖QOPNA, Department of Chemistry of the University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luis P Afonso
- **Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio L Santos
- ¶Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Pinto de Sousa
- ‡‡Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ulla Mandel
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
| | - Celso A Reis
- §IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ‡‡Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; §§Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, ICBAS, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Shimada H, Noie T, Ohashi M, Oba K, Takahashi Y. Clinical significance of serum tumor markers for gastric cancer: a systematic review of literature by the Task Force of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Gastric Cancer 2014; 17:26-33. [PMID: 23572188 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-013-0259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to evaluate the clinical significance of serum tumor markers, particularly CEA, CA19-9, and CA72-4, in patients with gastric cancer. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE with the keywords "gastric cancer" and "tumor marker," to select 4,925 relevant reports published before the end of November 2012. A total of 187 publications contained data for CEA and CA19-9, and 19 publications contained data related to all three tumor markers. The positive rates were 21.1 % for CEA, 27.8 % for CA19-9, and 30.0 % for CA72-4. These three markers were significantly associated with tumor stage and patient survival. Serum markers are not useful for early cancer, but they are useful for detecting recurrence and distant metastasis, predicting patient survival, and monitoring after surgery. Tumor marker monitoring may be useful for patients after surgery because the positive conversion of tumor markers usually occurs 2-3 months before imaging abnormalities. Among other tumor markers, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is useful for detecting and predicting liver metastases. Moreover, CA125 and sialyl Tn antigens (STN) are useful for detecting peritoneal metastases. Although no prospective trial has yet been completed to evaluate the clinical significance of these serum markers, this literature survey suggests that combinations of CEA, CA19-9, and CA72-4 are the most effective ways for staging before surgery or chemotherapy. In particular, monitoring tumor markers that were elevated before surgery or chemotherapy could be useful for detection of recurrence or evaluation of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Shimada
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan,
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Cai H, Sun ZY, Huang ZH, Shi L, Zhao YF, Kunz H, Li YM. Fully Synthetic Self-Adjuvanting Thioether-Conjugated GlycopeptideLipopeptide Antitumor Vaccines for the Induction of Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity against Tumor Cells. Chemistry 2012; 19:1962-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Julien S, Videira PA, Delannoy P. Sialyl-tn in cancer: (how) did we miss the target? Biomolecules 2012; 2:435-66. [PMID: 24970145 PMCID: PMC4030860 DOI: 10.3390/biom2040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialyl-Tn antigen (STn) is a short O-glycan containing a sialic acid residue α2,6-linked to GalNAcα-O-Ser/Thr. The biosynthesis of STn is mediated by a specific sialyltransferase termed ST6GalNAc I, which competes with O-glycans elongating glycosyltransferases and prevents cancer cells from exhibiting longer O-glycans. While weakly expressed by fetal and normal adult tissues, STn is expressed by more than 80% of human carcinomas and in all cases, STn detection is associated with adverse outcome and decreased overall survival for the patients. Because of its pan-carcinoma expression associated with an adverse outcome, an anti-cancer vaccine, named Theratope, has been designed towards the STn epitope. In spite of the great enthusiasm around this immunotherapy, Theratope failed on Phase III clinical trial. However, in lieu of missing this target, one should consider to revise the Theratope design and the actual facts. In this review, we highlight the many lessons that can be learned from this failure from the immunological standpoint, as well as from the drug design and formulation and patient selection. Moreover, an irrefutable knowledge is arising from novel immunotherapies targeting other carbohydrate antigens and STn carrier proteins, such as MUC1, that will warrantee the future development of more successful anti-STn immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Julien
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Paula A Videira
- CEDOC, Departamento de Imunologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Philippe Delannoy
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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THERKILDSEN MARIANNEHAMILTON. Epithelial salivary gland tumours. An immunohistological and prognostic investigation. APMIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.1999.tb05379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Strategies for treating liver metastasis from gastric cancer. Surg Today 2010; 40:287-94. [PMID: 20339981 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-009-4152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with liver metastasis from gastric cancer is dismal. This article reviews the characteristics of gastric cancer metastasizing to the liver, and multimodality of treatments. Differentiated adenocarcinoma, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with a medullary growth pattern, and special types, including endocrine carcinoma and hepatoid carcinoma, are likely to metastasize to the liver. The overexpression of growth factors or adhesion molecules is clinically significant for liver metastasis. Surgery for liver metastases arising from gastric adenocarcinoma is reasonable if a complete resection seems feasible after careful preoperative staging. A hepatic resection should always be considered as an option for gastric cancer patients with hepatic metastases. Newer generation cytotoxic agents such as S-1, irinotecan, and taxanes show promising activity for patients with metastases. Adjuvant chemotherapy or molecular targeted therapy will provide significant benefits to patients in the future.
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Westerlind U, Hobel A, Gaidzik N, Schmitt E, Kunz H. Synthetic vaccines consisting of tumor-associated MUC1 glycopeptide antigens and a T-cell epitope for the induction of a highly specific humoral immune response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:7551-6. [PMID: 18704911 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Westerlind
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Westerlind U, Hobel A, Gaidzik N, Schmitt E, Kunz H. Synthetische Vakzine aus tumorassoziierten MUC1-Glycopeptidantigenen und einem T-Zellepitop für die Induzierung einer hochspezifischen humoralen Immunantwort. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Brockhausen I. Glycodynamics of Mucin Biosynthesis in Gastrointestinal Tumor Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 535:163-88. [PMID: 14714895 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0065-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins found in the secretions and on the surfaces of cancer cells include mucins and mucin-like glycoproteins. These molecules have been shown to carry antigens that are characteristically expressed on cancer cells, including Tn and T antigens and Lewis epitopes. The structures of O-glycans are often abnormal in gastrointestinal tumors, or else are present in abnormal amounts, and these structures greatly contribute to the phenotype and biology of cancer cells. It has been shown that glycans of cancer cells have functional importance in cell adhesion, invasion and metastasis. The possible mechanisms leading to these cancer-specific changes in carbohydrate structures (termed glycodynamics) involve altered mRNA expression and catalytic activities of glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases found in tissues and cells of gastrointestinal tumors. In a number of cases it has been possible to correlate enzyme changes with oligosaccharide structures. Different mechanisms have been suggested leading to the synthesis of cancer-specific Lewis, T and Tn antigens, but the regulation of cancer mucin antigens generally appears to be very complex and is poorly understood. The expression levels of specific mucin antigens and enzymes in gastro-intestinal tumors have diagnostic as well as prognostic value. These antigens also have potential for cancer immunotherapy. However, we first need to unravel the complexity of the control of glycosylation in cancer cells. Most importantly, studies of the functional implications of the glycodynamics in cancer cells, as related to cell adhesion and impact on the immune system will provide promising directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Medicine, and Human Mobility Research Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
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Nakagoe T, Sawai T, Tsuji T, Jibiki M, Nanashima A, Yamaguchi H, Yasutake T, Ayabe H, Arisawa K, Ishikawa H. Pre-operative serum levels of sialyl Tn antigen predict liver metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2001; 27:731-9. [PMID: 11735169 DOI: 10.1053/ejso.2001.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To clarify the prognostic value of preoperative serum levels of sialyl Tn antigen (STN) for survival of gastric cancer patients. METHODS Pre-operative serum levels of STN, sialyl Lewis(a)antigen (CA19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were examined in 180 patients who underwent resection of gastric cancer. Patients were divided into high and low antigen groups on the basis of a selected diagnostic-based cut-off value. Correlation between high antigen serum levels, established clinicopathologic factors and prognosis was examined by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients (15.6%) were classified as high STN; 37 (20.6%) as high CA19-9; and 33 (18.3%) as high CEA. The survival time of the high STN, CA19-9 or CEA group was shorter than that of the respective low-antigen group (P<0.0001, P=0.0008 or P=0.0002, respectively). Patients with stage III/IV tumours with high STN had a shorter survival time that those with low STN (P=0.0004). Cox's regression with multiple covariates showed that high serum STN is an independent factor predicting a worse outcome in gastric cancer patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that high serum STN is an independent predictor for the development of liver metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Pre-operative high serum levels of STN predict both liver metastasis and poor prognosis after resection for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakagoe
- First Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Sasebo, Japan.
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Abstract
Glycoproteins with O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate chains of complex structures and functions are found in secretions and on the cell surfaces of cancer cells. The structures of O-glycans are often unusual or abnormal in cancer, and greatly contribute to the phenotype and biology of cancer cells. Some of the mechanisms of changes in O-glycosylation pathways have been determined in cancer model systems. However, O-glycan biosynthesis is a complex process that is still poorly understood. The glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases that synthesize O-glycans appear to exist as families of related enzymes of which individual members are expressed in a tissue- and growth-specific fashion. Studies of their regulation in cancer may reveal the connection between cancerous transformation and glycosylation which may help to understand and control the abnormal biology of tumor cells. Cancer diagnosis may be based on the appearance of certain glycosylated epitopes, and therapeutic avenues have been designed to attack cancer cells via their glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Brockhausen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Oncology Research, Toronto Hospital, 67 College Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
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Terashima S, Takano Y, Ohori T, Kanno T, Kimura T, Motoki R, Kawaguchi T. Sialyl-Tn antigen as a useful predictor of poor prognosis in patients with advanced stomach cancer. Surg Today 1998; 28:682-6. [PMID: 9697259 DOI: 10.1007/bf02484612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sialyl-Tn antigen (STn) expression was studied immunohistochemically in 211 primary advanced gastric carcinomas. The overall rate of positive STn staining was 17% (35/211), and positive STn staining was found not to be correlated with tumor size, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, liver metastasis, or peritoneal metastasis. However, patients with tumors that were immunoreactive for STn demonstrated significantly lower survival (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that STn staining was an independent prognostic factor. From these findings we conclude that careful followup and intense postoperative therapy are required for patients with advanced gastric cancer who have positive immunoreactivity for STn.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Terashima
- First Department of Surgery, Fukushima Medical School, Japan
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Nakata B, Chung KHYS, Muguruma K, Yamashita Y, Inoue T, Matsuoka T, Onoda N, Kato Y, Sakurai M, Sowa M. Changes in tumor marker levels as a predictor of chemotherapeutic effect in patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980701)83:1<19::aid-cncr3>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite gastric cancer being common, its prognosis has not been improved significantly in recent years. Now, greater insight has been gained into the biological properties of tumour cells, how they become malignant and what mechanisms they may use to invade and metastasize. This involves tumour-associated protease systems, loss or mutation of adhesion molecules and changes in genetics. The view of gastric cancer is changing: it is not only a solid tumour but also exhibits a minimal residual disease component even in the early stages of disease. Such biological tumour characteristics may provide new prognostic factors and also potential new therapeutic options. METHODS This is an update of prognostic factors in gastric cancer, emphasizing new biological features, some of which have been investigated by this group over the past few years. Current results are discussed in the light of 212 references obtained from the Medline database from 1979 to 1997. RESULTS There is high probability that some of the factors reviewed, such as c-erbB-2, individual course and phenotyping of disseminated tumour cells will become significant new prognostic variables. This is true also, to a lesser extent, of cathepsin D, matrix metalloproteinase 2 combined with activators or tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2, CD44, E-cadherin, p53 and cripto. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), a member of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system, can already be defined as an established new prognostic factor in gastric cancer. CONCLUSION PAI-1 should be considered prognostically in addition to established tumour classifications. Moreover, the uPA system is a target for future therapeutic concepts. Further analysis of factors describing tumour biology should lead to new, functionally orientated, tumour classifications in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Allgayer
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Germany
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Nanashima A, Nakagoe T, Sawai T, Nakamura S, Yamaguchi H, Yasutake T, Kusano H, Ayabe H. Different expressions of sialyl Tn antigen between polypoid and flat-type early colorectal cancers. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40:S37-42. [PMID: 9378010 DOI: 10.1007/bf02062018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sialyl Tn (STn) antigen is a cancer-associated carbohydrate antigen expressed in cancers of the digestive tract. We compared the proportion of specimens of flat-type colorectal cancers expressing STn with that of polypoid cancers, by examining the immunohistochemical reactivity of STn in various morphologic types of early and advanced colorectal cancers. METHODS A total of 111 biopsies from the colorectal area were examined for STn expression, including 11 adenomas, 58 early cancers, and 42 advanced cancers. Each section was stained immunohistochemically for STn antigen. In each section, we examined STn expression in the cancer area, adjacent mucosa, and normal epithelium. RESULTS STn expression was detected in 90.9 percent of adenomas, 36.2 percent of early cancers (T1), 64.3 percent of advanced cancers (>T1), and 52 percent of mucosa adjacent to cancer. The morphology of cancer tissue did not influence the number of specimens exhibiting STn antigen expression in mucosa adjacent to cancer cells. STn antigen was rarely expressed in flat or depressed-type early cancers (T1; 7.1 percent), and the expression was higher in moderately than in well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. In advanced cancers (>T1), a similar proportion of protruding and small ulcerative cancers expressed STn. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the low expression of STn antigen in flat-type cancers may be the result of different mechanisms of cellular transformation during carcinogenesis from the usual adenoma-carcinoma sequence in colorectal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nanashima
- First Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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20
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Abstract
Tumour development is usually associated with changes in cell surface carbohydrates. These are often divided into changes related to terminal carbohydrate structures, which include incomplete synthesis and modification of normally existing carbohydrates, and changes in the carbohydrate core structure. The latter includes chain elongation of both glycolipids and proteins, increased branching of carbohydrates in N-linked glycoproteins, and blocked synthesis of carbohydrates in O-linked mucin-like glycoproteins. In mature organisms, expression of distinct carbohydrates is restricted to specific cell types; within a given tissue, variation in expression may be related to cell maturation. Tumour-associated carbohydrate structures often reflect a certain stage of cellular development; most of these moieties are structures normally found in other adult or embryonic tissues. There is no unique tumour carbohydrate structure, since certain structures which are tumour-related in one organ may be normal constituents of other tissues. Tumour-associated carbohydrate changes have been used in the diagnosis of human cancers. Recently, however, it has been demonstrated that the expression of some carbohydrate structures is associated with prognosis. Tn, sialyl-Tn, and T are cell membrane-bound mucin-like carbohydrate structures that may be expressed in tumours due to blocked synthesis of the core carbohydrate chain of mucin-like structures. Their expression is strongly associated with prognosis in certain tumours, but the biological relationship between their expression and tumour progression is at present unknown. The blood group-related carbohydrate structures Le(x), sialyl-Le(x), ABH, and Le(y) are examples of terminal carbohydrate structures which are related to tumour prognosis. These structures are of increasing interest since they may function as adhesion molecules; adhesion of tumour cells to endothelial cells of blood vessels may be mediated by an interaction between sialosyl-Le(x) and E-selectin and studies indicate that Le(y) is related to cell motility. These findings are now the basis for tumour therapeutic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dabelsteen
- School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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David L, Carneiro F, Sobrinho-Simões M. Sialosyl Tn antigen expression is associated with the prognosis of patients with advanced gastric cancer. Cancer 1996; 78:177-8. [PMID: 8646715 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960701)78:1<177::aid-cncr24>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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22
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Werther JL, Tatematsu M, Klein R, Kurihara M, Kumagai K, Llorens P, Guidugli Neto J, Bodian C, Pertsemlidis D, Yamachika T, Kitou T, Itzkowitz S. Sialosyl-Tn antigen as a marker of gastric cancer progression: an international study. Int J Cancer 1996; 69:193-9. [PMID: 8682587 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960621)69:3<193::aid-ijc8>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sialosyl-Tn, a mucin-associated carbohydrate antigen, is not expressed by normal mucus-producing cells of the stomach but becomes expressed in metaplastic, pre-malignant and malignant gastric tissues. Reports vary as to the frequency of STn expression and its prognostic role in gastric cancer. To determine whether these differences might be due to inter-country variations in gastric cancer biology, we immunohistochemically analyzed 340 gastric cancers from 2 countries at high-risk (high incidence) for gastric cancer (Japan and Chile), one with intermediate risk (Brazil) and one with low-risk (USA). Expression of STn was correlated with clinico-pathological features of the tumors and with cancer-related survival. Regardless of country, the frequency of STn-positive tumors was lower in non-invasive ("early") than in advanced gastric cancer. Consequently, high-risk countries where early gastric cancer is more common demonstrated a lower overall frequency of STn-positive tumors. In all 4 countries, STn expression directly correlated with depth of invasion, stage, and lymph node involvement. In addition, STn expression correlated with a poor prognosis in all 4 countries, but the effect of STn on survival was not independent of tumor stage. Our findings indicate the need to consider the inherent gastric cancer risk and prevalence of early gastric cancer in the study population when reporting frequency of STn expression in gastric cancer. Regardless of country, however, STn expression is a marker of gastric cancer progression suggesting that cancer-associated mucins play a role in the malignant behavior of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Werther
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, USA
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Chung YS, Yamashita Y, Kato Y, Nakata B, Sawada T, Sowa M. Prognostic significance of T antigen expression in patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer 1996; 77:1768-73. [PMID: 8646672 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960501)77:9<1768::aid-cncr2>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thomsen-Freidenreich (T) antigen, the immediate precursor antigen of the human blood MN system, has been detected in malignant cells, but not in most normal cells in which it is cryptic but can be unmasked by desialylation. In this study, we determined the prognostic significance of T antigen in specimens with gastric carcinoma. METHODS Expression of T antigen was studied immunohistochemically in 157 gastric carcinoma tissue specimens obtained at surgery from the First Department of Surgery, Osaka City University Medical School between 1983 and 1987. RESULTS T antigen expression was detected in 72 of the tumors (45.9%). The staining pattern was inclined to change from a luminal surface type to a cytoplasmic type in accordance with decreasing degree of cell differentiation. The rate of expression of T antigen significantly increased (P < 0.05) with serosal invasion, and was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in patients with hepatic or lymph node metastasis or peritoneal dissemination than in those without such metastasis or dissemination. Furthermore, among patients with Stage III or IV disease, those with T antigen-positive tumors had a significantly poorer prognosis than those with T antigen-negative tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that relationships exist between expression of T antigen and depth of invasion, hepatic metastasis, lymph node metastasis, or peritoneal dissemination, and that T antigen may be a good indicator of the prognosis of patients with gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Chung
- First Department of Surgery, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
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Victorzon M, Nordling S, Nilsson O, Roberts PJ, Haglund C. Sialyl Tn antigen is an independent predictor of outcome in patients with gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 1996; 65:295-300. [PMID: 8575847 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960126)65:3<295::aid-ijc3>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The prognostic value of the immunohistochemical expression of Sialyl Tn antigen (STn) was evaluated in 242 patients with gastric carcinoma. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of gastric adenocarcinomas were stained with the monoclonal antibody C1282, produced by immunization with ovine submaxillary mucin (OSM). Positive immunoreactivity for STn was observed in 149 (62%) patients. The expression of STn did not correlate with stage of disease (TNM), tumour location, presence of lymph-node or distant metastases, histological type, age or gender. STn immunoreactivity correlated strongly with overall survival in univariate analysis. The median survival in the STn-positive group was 21 months, in comparison to 38 months in the STn-negative group. The difference in survival between STn-negative and STn-positive tumours was significant in patients with stage-I cancer, but not in patients with stage-II -III or -IV disease. STn immunoreactivity emerged as an independent prognostic factor in Cox multivariate analysis. It is concluded that the immunohistochemical expression of STn is a good marker in the prediction of survival in patients with stage-I gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victorzon
- Fourth Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Yamada T, Watanabe A, Yamada Y, Shino Y, Tanase M, Yamashita J, Miwa T, Nakano H. Sialosyl Tn antigen expression is associated with the prognosis of patients with advanced gastric cancer. Cancer 1995; 76:1529-36. [PMID: 8635053 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19951101)76:9<1529::aid-cncr2820760905>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have revealed a correlation between sialosyl Tn antigen (STN) and certain clinicopathologic features of various cancers, and that STN is an independent prognostic factor. However, the clinical significance of the expression of STN in gastric cancer has not been reported. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate immunohistochemically the clinical significance of expression of STN in gastric cancer. METHODS The expression of STN in surgically resected specimens of human gastric cancer was evaluated immunohistochemically using a monoclonal antibody (TKH-2), in 60 patients whose serum STN levels were measured and in 54 patients with advanced cancer who had been followed for more than 5 years after gastrectomy. The correlations between the level of STN expression and clinicopathologic factors were analyzed. The staining intensity was graded as follows: (-), less than 5% of the cancer cells expressed STN; (+), 5-50%; (++), more than 50%. RESULTS Sialosyl TN antigen staining was detected mainly on the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm, and in the luminal contents, and 57.2% of the 60 specimens expressed STN, whereas the corresponding value for positive serum levels was 15%. A higher percentage of advanced tumors expressed STN than did the early cases, but the difference was not statistically significant. All cases with strong staining, the (++) cases, were advanced cases either with lymph node metastases or with cancer invading in or beyond the muscle layer proper. The expression of STN appeared to be related to the clinical stage, the extent of cancer invasion, and the presence of lymph node metastases. Sialosyl TN antigen was detected in the serum in less than 6% of the patients whose tumors were (-) or (+) for STN expression, and in 86.7% of the patients whose tumors expressed high levels of STN (++). The estimated 5-year survival in advanced cases (Stage III) was significantly better in those with negative STN expression than in those with positive STN expression (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that STN may be a useful marker associated with the prognosis of patients with advanced gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamada
- First Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University, Japan
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Kakeji Y, Maehara Y, Morita M, Matsukuma A, Furusawa M, Takahashi I, Kusumoto T, Ohno S, Sugimachi K. Correlation between sialyl Tn antigen and lymphatic metastasis in patients with Borrmann type IV gastric carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1995; 71:191-5. [PMID: 7819038 PMCID: PMC2033471 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1995.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of sialyl Tn (STn) antigen in 180 patients with Borrmann type IV gastric carcinomas was examined immunohistochemically. The rate of positive STn staining was 32% (57/180) for the primary tumours, and this positive staining correlated well with tumour extension, lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05) and peritoneal dissemination (P < 0.01). One-third (5/15) of patients with positive STn-staining cancer cells had a high level of serum STn. Lesions with positive STn staining were related to a lower survival rate for the patients (P < 0.05). Proliferative activity of the tumour, as measured by proliferating nuclear antigen (PCNA) labelling percentage and argyrophilic nucleolar organiser region (AgNOR) count, was significantly higher (41.5 +/- 13.0%, 3.78 +/- 0.98) in the STn-positive group than in the STn-negative group (34.2 +/- 13.2%, 3.48 +/- 0.85) (P < 0.01, P < 0.05 respectively). Estimating STn antigen may be useful for predicting the likelihood of lymph node metastasis or peritoneal dissemination and the clinical prognosis for patients with Borrmann type IV gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kakeji
- Department of Gastroenterologic Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
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King MJ. Blood group antigens on human erythrocytes-distribution, structure and possible functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1197:15-44. [PMID: 8155690 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(94)90017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human erythrocyte blood group antigens can be broadly divided into carbohydrates and proteins. The carbohydrate-dependent antigens (e.g., ABH, Lewis, Ii, P1, P-related, T and Tn) are covalently attached to proteins and/or sphingolipids, which are also widely distributed in body fluids, normal tissues and tumors. Blood group gene-specific glycosyltransferase regulate the synthesis of these antigens. Protein-dependent blood group antigens (e.g., MNSs, Gerbich, Rh, Kell, Duffy and Cromer-related) are carried on proteins, glycoproteins and proteins with glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The functions of these molecules on human erythrocytes remain unknown; some of them may be involved in maintaining the erythrocyte shape. This review describes the distribution, structures and probable biological functions of some of these antigens in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J King
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Bristol, UK
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Takahashi I, Maehara Y, Kusumoto T, Kohnoe S, Kakeji Y, Baba H, Sugimachi K. Combined evaluation of preoperative serum sialyl-Tn antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen levels is prognostic for gastric cancer patients. Br J Cancer 1994; 69:163-6. [PMID: 8286201 PMCID: PMC1968791 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1994.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have found that elevation of preoperative serum sialyl-Tn antigen (STN) levels is associated with a poor prognosis for gastric cancer patients, and these high levels remain in the advanced stage of the disease. We have now examined findings with the combined assay of STN and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels with regard to prediction of the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Serum CEA levels and STN levels were determined preoperatively in 349 Japanese patients with gastric cancer. The patients were divided into four groups: (A) the CEA (-) STN (-) group (CEA < or = 5 ng ml-1, STN < or = 45 U ml-1, n = 286); (B) the CEA (-) STN (+) group (CEA < or = 5 ng ml-1, STN > 45 U ml-1, n = 31); (C) the CEA (+) STN (-) group (CEA > 5 ng ml-1, STN < or = 45 U ml-1, n = 17); and (D) the CEA (+) STN (+) group (CEA > 5 ng ml-1, STN > 45 U ml-1, n = 15). Clinicopathological features and the prognosis of these groups were examined. The distribution of two markers showed no significant correlation. The patients in the CEA (+) STN (+) group (group D) had more advanced disease than the patients in CEA (-) STN (-) group (group A); tumour size was larger, serosal invasion was prominent, lymphatic and vascular involvement was frequent and the tumour was more infiltrative. Lymph node metastasis and hepatic metastasis were more common. Total gastrectomy was usually performed, and the non-curative rate was higher. The 5-year survival of patients in the CEA (+) STN (+) (group D) was 14.5 +/- 9.5%, that is lower than that of patients in any other group [CEA (+) STN (-) (group C) 44.1 +/- 12.7% (P < 0.05); CEA (-) STN (+) (group B) 60.1 +/- 9.5% (P > 0.05); CEA (-) STN (-) (group A) 77.6 +/- 9.5% (P < 0.05)]. This combined assay of these markers will aid in estimating the prognosis and selecting appropriate drugs and care for gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Takahashi
- Cancer Center of Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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