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Raos D, Abramović I, Tomić M, Vrtarić A, Kuliš T, Ćorić M, Ulamec M, Katušić Bojanac A, Ježek D, Sinčić N. CNV Hotspots in Testicular Seminoma Tissue and Seminal Plasma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:189. [PMID: 35008352 PMCID: PMC8750740 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminoma (SE) is the most frequent type of testicular tumour, affecting predominantly young men. Early detection and diagnosis of SE could significantly improve life quality and reproductive health after diagnosis and treatment. Copy number variation (CNV) has already been associated with various cancers as well as SE. In this study, we selected four genes (MAGEC2, NANOG, RASSF1A, and KITLG) for CNV analysis in genomic DNA (gDNA), which are located on chromosomes susceptible to gains, and whose aberrant expression was already detected in SE. Furthermore, CNV was analysed in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from seminal plasma. Analysis was performed by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) on gDNA from SE and nonmalignant testicular tissue. Seminal plasma cfDNA from SE patients before and after surgery was analysed, as well as from healthy volunteers. The CNV hotspot in gDNA from SE tissue was detected for the first time in all analysed genes, and for two genes, NANOG and KITLG it was reflected in cfDNA from seminal plasma. Although clinical value is yet to be determined, presented data emphasize a potential use of CNV as a potential SE biomarker from a liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Raos
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.R.); (I.A.); (M.Ć.); (A.K.B.)
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (M.U.)
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Irena Abramović
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.R.); (I.A.); (M.Ć.); (A.K.B.)
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (M.U.)
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Miroslav Tomić
- Department of Urology, University Clinical Hospital Centre “Sestre Milosrdnice”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Alen Vrtarić
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Clinical Hospital Centre “Sestre Milosrdnice”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Tomislav Kuliš
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (M.U.)
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Ćorić
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.R.); (I.A.); (M.Ć.); (A.K.B.)
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Ulamec
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (M.U.)
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Ljudevit Jurak Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Clinical Hospital Centre “Sestre Milosrdnice”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Pathology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Katušić Bojanac
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.R.); (I.A.); (M.Ć.); (A.K.B.)
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Davor Ježek
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nino Sinčić
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.R.); (I.A.); (M.Ć.); (A.K.B.)
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (M.U.)
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Li Y, Lu Q, Wang Y, Ma S. Racial differences in testicular cancer in the United States: descriptive epidemiology. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:284. [PMID: 32252689 PMCID: PMC7137202 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular cancer (TC) is the most common malignancy in young adult men, and in many countries the incidence rates of testicular cancer have been increasing since the middle of the twentieth century. Since disease presentation and tumor progression patterns are often heterogeneous across racial groups, there may be important racial differences in recent TC trends. METHODS In this study, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data on TC patients diagnosed between 1973 and 2015 were analyzed, including the following racial/ethnic groups: non-Hispanic whites (NHW), Hispanic whites (HW), blacks, and Asians and Pacific Islanders (API). Patient characteristics, age-adjusted incidence rates, and survival were compared across racial groups. A multivariate Cox model was used to analyze the survival data of TC patients, in order to evaluate racial differences across several relevant factors, including marital status, age group, histologic type, treatment, stage, and tumor location. RESULTS NHWs had the highest incidence rates, followed by blacks, HWs, and APIs. There were significant survival differences among the racial groups, with NHWs having the highest survival rates and blacks having the lowest. CONCLUSION An analysis of SEER data showed that racial differences existed among TC patients in the United States with respect to patient characteristics, incidence, and survival. The results can be useful to stakeholders interested in reducing the burden of TC morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Center for Applied Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Lu
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Center for Applied Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.
| | - Shuangge Ma
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Sui W, Morrow DC, Bermejo CE, Hellenthal NJ. Trends in Testicular Cancer Survival: A Large Population-based Analysis. Urology 2015; 85:1394-8. [PMID: 26099885 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether discrepancies in testicular cancer outcomes between Caucasians and non-Caucasians are changing over time. Although testicular cancer is more common in Caucasians, studies have shown that other races have worse outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry, we identified 29,803 patients diagnosed with histologically confirmed testicular cancer between 1983 and 2011. Of these, 12,650 patients (42%) had 10-year follow-up data. We stratified the patients by age group, stage, race, and year of diagnosis and assessed 10-year overall and cancer-specific survival in each cohort. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the relative contributions of each stratum to cancer-specific survival. RESULTS Predicted overall 10-year survival of Caucasian patients with testicular cancer increased slightly from 88% to 89% over the period studied, whereas predicted cancer-specific 10-year survival dropped slightly from 94% to 93%. In contrast, non-Caucasian men demonstrated larger changes in 10-year overall (84%-86%) and cancer-specific (88%-91%) survival. On univariate analysis, race was significantly associated with testicular cancer death, with non-Caucasian men being 1.69 times more likely to die of testicular cancer than Caucasians (hazard ratio, 1.33-2.16; 95% confidence interval, <.001). CONCLUSION Historically, non-Caucasian race has been associated with poorer outcomes from testicular cancer. These data show a convergence in cancer-specific survival between racial groups over time, suggesting that diagnostic and treatment discrepancies may be improving for non-Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Sui
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Bassett Healthcare, Cooperstown, NY
| | - David C Morrow
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Bassett Healthcare, Cooperstown, NY
| | - Carlos E Bermejo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Bassett Healthcare, Cooperstown, NY
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Zeron-Medina J, Wang X, Repapi E, Campbell MR, Su D, Castro-Giner F, Davies B, Peterse EF, Sacilotto N, Walker GJ, Terzian T, Tomlinson IP, Box NF, Meinshausen N, De Val S, Bell DA, Bond GL. A polymorphic p53 response element in KIT ligand influences cancer risk and has undergone natural selection. Cell 2013; 155:410-22. [PMID: 24120139 PMCID: PMC4171736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of p53 to regulate transcription is crucial for tumor suppression and implies that inherited polymorphisms in functional p53-binding sites could influence cancer. Here, we identify a polymorphic p53 responsive element and demonstrate its influence on cancer risk using genome-wide data sets of cancer susceptibility loci, genetic variation, p53 occupancy, and p53-binding sites. We uncover a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a functional p53-binding site and establish its influence on the ability of p53 to bind to and regulate transcription of the KITLG gene. The SNP resides in KITLG and associates with one of the largest risks identified among cancer genome-wide association studies. We establish that the SNP has undergone positive selection throughout evolution, signifying a selective benefit, but go on to show that similar SNPs are rare in the genome due to negative selection, indicating that polymorphisms in p53-binding sites are primarily detrimental to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Zeron-Medina
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Xuting Wang
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Emmanouela Repapi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Michelle R. Campbell
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Dan Su
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Francesc Castro-Giner
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Transgenic Technology Research Group, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Elisabeth F.P. Peterse
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Natalia Sacilotto
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Graeme J. Walker
- Skin Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Tamara Terzian
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ian P. Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Neil F. Box
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nicolai Meinshausen
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Sarah De Val
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Douglas A. Bell
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Gareth L. Bond
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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Gilbert D, Rapley E, Shipley J. Testicular germ cell tumours: predisposition genes and the male germ cell niche. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11:278-88. [PMID: 21412254 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) of adults and adolescents are putatively derived from primordial germ cells or gonocytes. Recently reported genome-wide association studies implicate six gene loci that predispose to TGCT development. Remarkably, the functions of proteins encoded by genes within these regions bridge our understanding between the pathways involved in primordial germ cell physiology, male germ cell development and the molecular pathology of TGCTs. Furthermore, this improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying TGCT development and dissemination has clinical relevance for the management of patients with these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Gilbert
- Sussex Cancer Centre, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern Road, Brighton BN2 5BE, East Sussex, UK
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Sun M, Abdollah F, Liberman D, Abdo A, Thuret R, Tian Z, Shariat SF, Montorsi F, Perrotte P, Karakiewicz PI. Racial disparities and socioeconomic status in men diagnosed with testicular germ cell tumors: a survival analysis. Cancer 2011; 117:4277-85. [PMID: 21387261 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports indicated that African-American men with testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) have more aggressive tumor characteristics and less favorable outcomes than other men. The authors of this report evaluated the effects of race and socioeconomic status (SES) on stage distribution, overall mortality (OM), and cancer-specific mortality (CSM) in men with TGCTs. METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify 22,553 men who were diagnosed with TGCTs between 1988 and 2006. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were generated to predict OM and CSM. Covariates of the analyses included race, SES, age, histologic subtype, disease stage, procedure type, SEER registry, and year of diagnosis. The interaction between race and SES also was examined. RESULTS Overall, there were 516 African-American men, 21,090 Caucasian men, and 947 men of other races. African-Americans (14.9%) and individuals with low SES (10.7%) had a higher proportion of distant stage disease. CSM and OM rates were significantly higher for African-American patients and for patients who resided in low SES counties. Multivariate analyses revealed that African-American men and men with low SES were more likely to die of OM and CSM relative to Caucasian men (P < .001) and men with high SES (P < .001), respectively. The interaction between race and SES was not significant. CONCLUSIONS African-American race and low SES appeared to predispose men to more advanced disease stages and to higher OM and CSM rates. These observations may warrant race-specific and/or SES-specific adjustments in the treatment of TGCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Sun
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Rapley EA, Nathanson KL. Predisposition alleles for testicular germ cell tumour. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20:225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Moul JW. Innovations in urology from military medicine. Urol Oncol 2009; 27:551-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hussain SA, Ma YT, Palmer DH, Hutton P, Cullen MH. Biology of testicular germ cell tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009; 8:1659-73. [PMID: 18925857 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.10.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Germ cell tumors are derived from cells of the germ cell lineage and are the most common solid malignancies to affect young Caucasian men between the ages of 15 and 40 years. All testicular germ cell tumors develop from the same precursor lesion, intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified, which in turn is thought to arise from malignant transformation of a primordial germ cell or gonocyte. These tumors are characterized by extreme chemosensitivity and are considered a model for curative disease. In spite of this, a small subset of patients with metastatic disease fail to achieve a complete response with cisplatin-based chemotherapy or relapse from complete remission. Understanding the molecular biology may help the design of new therapies for those patients with a poor prognosis and could also improve the treatment of cancer in general. Current understanding of the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in the etiology of germ cell tumors and the biochemical mechanisms underlying chemotherapy sensitivity and resistance is discussed in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Hussain
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham , UK.
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McIntyre A, Gilbert D, Goddard N, Looijenga L, Shipley J. Genes, chromosomes and the development of testicular germ cell tumors of adolescents and adults. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:547-57. [PMID: 18381640 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) of adults and adolescents are thought to be derived from primordial germ cells or gonocytes. TGCTs develop postpuberty from precursor lesions known as intratubular germ cell neoplasia undifferentiated. The tumors can be divided into two groups based on their histology and clinical behavior; seminomas resemble primordial germ cells or gonocytes and nonseminomas resemble embryonic or extraembryonic tissues at various stages of differentiation. The most undifferentiated form of nonseminoma, embryonal carcinoma, resembles embryonic stem cells in terms of morphology and expression profiling, both mRNAs and microRNAs. Evidence supports both environmental factors and genetic predisposition underlying the development of TGCTs. Various models of development have been proposed and are discussed. In TGCTs, gain of material from the short arm of chromosome 12 is invariable: genes from this region include the proto-oncogene KRAS, which has activating mutations in approximately 10% of tumors or is frequently overexpressed. A number of different approaches to increase the understanding of the development and progression of TGCTs have highlighted the involvement of KIT, RAS/RAF/MAPK, STAT, and PI3K/AKT signaling. We review the role of these signaling pathways in this process and the potential influence of environmental factors in the development of TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan McIntyre
- Molecular Cytogenetics, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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Gajendran VK, Nguyen M, Ellison LM. Testicular cancer patterns in African-American men. Urology 2005; 66:602-5. [PMID: 16140086 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2005.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the testicular cancer incidence, pathologic grade, stage, and survival between African Americans and whites. African Americans had a worse outcome relative to whites with regard to a number of different malignancies. METHODS Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, we extracted all testicular cancer cases among white and African-American males for 1985 to 2000. Baseline demographic data included age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, stage at diagnosis, and histologic type. Survival was examined using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS The incidence of testicular cancer among African Americans was one fourth that observed among whites. However, African-Americans presented with a higher disease stage at diagnosis. African Americans also presented with significantly lower proportions of embryonal cell carcinoma. Overall survival among African-Americans was significantly worse at both 5 and 10 years. When overall survival was adjusted for stage at presentation and histologic type, the observed survival differences disappeared. CONCLUSIONS African Americans appear to present with a higher disease stage than do whites. Observed differences in survival for the African-American group relative to whites appear to be primarily due to delayed presentation. Cultural perceptions of malignancy and understanding of cancer screening may be an important determinant of later presentation. Healthcare access and education issues, rather than inherent biologic differences, appear to be the primary underlying factor for the observed survival differences in African-American males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun K Gajendran
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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Wu X, Groves FD, McLaughlin CC, Jemal A, Martin J, Chen VW. Cancer incidence patterns among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16:309-20. [PMID: 15947883 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-004-4026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine age-specific cancer incidence patterns among adolescents and young adults (ages 15--49). METHOD Cancer incidence data for 1995--1999 from 22 population-based central cancer registries, covering about 47% of the US population, were used. Relative frequencies and average annual age-specific incidence rates per 100,000 person-year were computed for the five-year age groups from age 15--19 years through 45--49 years. Tests of significance for comparison were at a level of p<0.05. RESULTS The age at crossover from a predominance of non-epithelial cancers to a predominance of epithelial cancers during adolescence and young adulthood varied by gender and race. Epithelial cancer became the predominant type of tumor after age 40 years among males while it was the predominant type after age 25 years among females. There was also a shift in the top five cancer types with increasing age, which varied by race and gender. Epithelial cancers of the thyroid, breast, ovary, and cervix uteri started to increase sharply among young women in their 20s while among males epithelial cancers rarely occurred until the early 30s (ages 30--34). Cancers of the female breast, colon and rectum, and lung began to occur at an earlier age and increased more sharply among blacks than among whites. However, the incidence rates of epithelial thyroid and ovarian cancers rose more quickly among whites than blacks. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and soft tissue sarcoma (excluded Kaposi's sarcoma) increased with age among both whites and blacks but the rates were significantly higher among blacks than among whites. Both Kaposi's sarcoma and testicular cancer incidence increased with age and peaked in the early 30s (ages 30--34). The former was significantly higher among blacks than whites while the latter was significantly higher among whites than blacks. Cervical cancer incidence leveled off when white women reached their 30s, but for black women the rate continued to rise with advancing age. Cutaneous melanoma rates were significantly higher among females than among males between the ages of 15 and 39. Conclusion Cancer incidence patterns among adolescents and young adults are distinctive. Specific cancer prevention and control strategies should be targeted accordingly and tailored to their specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Wu
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health Epidemiology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Abstract
The germ-cell tumours are a fascinating group of neoplasms because of their unusual biology and the spectacular therapeutic results that have been obtained in these tumours. Traditionally, this group of neoplasms is presented in an organ-oriented approach. However, recent clinical and experimental data convincingly demonstrate that these neoplasms are one disease with separate entities that can manifest themselves in different anatomical sites. We propose five entities, in which the developmental potential is determined by the maturation stage and imprinting status of the originating germ cell. Recent progress begins to explain the apparent unpredictable development of germ-cell tumours and offers a basis for understanding their exquisite sensitivity to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolter Oosterhuis
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kantarci F, Mihmanli I, Yilmaz MH, Cetinkaya S, Selcuk D, Ogut G. Orchiopexy: a cause of benign testicular lobulation. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2003; 22:1417-1419. [PMID: 14682436 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2003.22.12.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Ultrasonography (US) with a high-frequency (7.5-10-MHz) transducer has become the imaging modality of choice for examination of the scrotum. US examination can provide information valuable for the differential diagnosis of a variety of disease processes involving the scrotum that have similar clinical manifestations (eg, pain, swelling, or presence of mass). The pathologic condition that may be at the origin of such symptoms can vary from testicular torsion to infection to malignancy. The ability of color and power Doppler US to demonstrate testicular perfusion aids in reaching a specific diagnosis in patients with acute scrotal pain. This review covers the anatomy of the scrotum and the scanning protocol for scrotal US, as well as detailed descriptions of disease processes and their US appearances. Newly described conditions such as intratesticular varicoceles and other benign intratesticular cystic lesions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram S Dogra
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe patterns of testicular self-examination (TSE) in a sample of young adult men and to identify factors distinguishing between men who do and do not practice TSE. DESIGN A comparative descriptive design with a convenience sample of 191 adult men aged 18-35 years, recruited from a large industrial complex in the U.S. Midwest. Data were collected during several occupational health fairs held from 1999-2001. METHODS A self-report, 75-item health risk appraisal (HRA) was administered to identify health-related lifestyle habits. Men who did and did not perform TSE regularly were compared using Mann-Whitney U statistics for discrete variables and t tests for continuous data. Discriminant function analysis was used to identify factors allowing prediction of frequent or infrequent TSE performance. FINDINGS Sixty-four percent of 191 participants reported rarely or never performing TSE, and 36% practiced TSE monthly or every few months. Men who infrequently performed TSE were more often African American or Hispanic and had less than a college education. Other significant factors associated with infrequent TSE practice included less satisfaction with current job assignment; less satisfaction with life in general; greater worries interfering with daily life; more serious family problems in dealing with spouse, children, or parents; and reduced availability of people to turn to for support. CONCLUSIONS Demographic and socioeconomic variables were related to TSE knowledge and performance. Further investigation is required to determine why men, especially ethnic minority men, are not performing this important cancer-screening activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Wynd
- University of Akron, 209 Carroll Street, Akron, OH 44325-3701, USA.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- K A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NCI/DCEG/EEB, Bethesda, Maryland 20893-7234, USA.
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19
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Toklu C, Ozen H, Sahin A, Rastadoskouee M, Erdem E. Factors involved in diagnostic delay of testicular cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2000; 31:383-8. [PMID: 10672958 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007134421608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In testicular cancer, which is one of the highly curable cancers, the beneficial effect of early diagnosis on survival has been well accepted for years. This study was planned to determine the probable factors involved in diagnostic delay of testicular cancer. A total of 140 patients with testicular cancer were included in this study. We attempted to find a relationship between the mode of presentation, stage of the tumour, patients' socioeconomic status and the delay in diagnosis. Majority of patients presented with scrotal pain (49.3%). No significant correlation was found between the mode of presentation and stage of the disease (p>0.05). The median time of delay in diagnosis was 5.4 months. The stage at presentation was not influenced by the delay in diagnosis. Similarly the annual income and the educational level of the patients had no significant impact on the delay in diagnosis. No effect of delay in diagnosis on the stage at presentation could be demonstrated in our study. Our results indicate that in this country people are not thoroughly educated about the importance of routine self-examination of the testes. It must also be emphasized that painful testicular masses need to be evaluated carefully to rule out malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Toklu
- Department of Urology, Hacettepe University, School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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BRIDGES PETERJ, SHARIFI ROOHOLLAH, RAZZAQ ASIM, GUINAN PATRICK. DECREASED SURVIVAL OF BLACK AMERICANS WITH TESTICULAR CANCER. J Urol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)63563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PETER J. BRIDGES
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, and the Hektoen Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - ROOHOLLAH SHARIFI
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, and the Hektoen Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - ASIM RAZZAQ
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, and the Hektoen Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - PATRICK GUINAN
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, and the Hektoen Institute, Chicago, Illinois
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21
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DECREASED SURVIVAL OF BLACK AMERICANS WITH TESTICULAR CANCER. J Urol 1998. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199804000-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott I. Zeitlin
- Department of Urology, Brooklyn Veterans Administration Medical Center, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Lawrence S. Hakim
- Department of Urology, Brooklyn Veterans Administration Medical Center, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Arthur R. Crowley
- Department of Urology, Brooklyn Veterans Administration Medical Center, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York
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23
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Abstract
Testis cancer affects 2-3 men per every 100,000 in the United States, making it the most common solid tumor of men in the 20-35-year-old age range. Since the average age of active duty military personnel is included in the age range of those at greatest risk for germ cell testis cancer, it is of pertinent clinical importance to physicians who treat these young patients. The National Naval Medical Center has been using cisplatin-based protocols since the time of their introduction. This study reviews the success of treating these patients and examines the treatment failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kelty
- Department of Urology, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20889-5000, USA
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24
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