1
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Lebedeva NS, Koifman OI. Supramolecular Systems Based on Macrocyclic Compounds with Proteins: Application Prospects. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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2
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Merging Porphyrins with Gold Nanorods: Self Assembly Construct to High Fluorescent Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050872. [PMID: 35269360 PMCID: PMC8912806 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dual probe porphyrin-gold nanorod polyelectrolyte microcapsules were developed to explore the enhancing effects of a plasmonic interface of self-assembled gold nanoparticles in the fluorescence emission from porphyrins loaded into the capsules’ core. An analysis of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) data reports a notable 105–106-fold increase in the maximum detected photon rates from diffraction-limited spots and an overall six-fold increase in fluorescence as averaged over the whole microcapsule area. Large emission enhancements were correlated with decreases in fluorescence lifetimes. The microcapsule’s design proved effective in achieving high fluorescent hybrids and may shed light on new possibilities for advanced materials imaging applications.
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3
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Crous A, Abrahamse H. Aluminium (III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulphonate is an effective photosensitizer for the eradication of lung cancer stem cells. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210148. [PMID: 34527268 PMCID: PMC8424323 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to contribute to the recurrence of lung cancer due to their stem-like nature and the involvement of genetic markers associated with drug efflux, regeneration and metastases. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cost-effective and non-invasive therapeutic application that can act as an alternative therapy for lung cancer when considering CSC involvement. Stem-like cells derived from the A549 lung cancer cell line, positive for CD133, CD56 and CD44 antigen markers, were characterized, intracellular localization of aluminium (III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulphonate (AlPcS4Cl) determined and its anti-cancer PDT effects were evaluated. Results confirmed that isolated cells were stem cell-like and subcellular localization of AlPcS4Cl in integral organelles involved in cell homeostasis supported the destruction of CSC. AlPcS4Cl's effectivity was demonstrated with CSC eradication showing a significant increase in cytotoxicity and cell death via apoptosis, caused by a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. PDT could serve as a palliative treatment for lung cancer and improve prognosis by elimination of lung CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anine Crous
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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4
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Hwang B, Kim TI, Kim H, Jeon S, Choi Y, Kim Y. Ubiquinone-BODIPY nanoparticles for tumor redox-responsive fluorescence imaging and photodynamic activity. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:824-831. [PMID: 33338098 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02529a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Successful applications of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cancer treatment require the development of effective photosensitizers with controllable singlet oxygen generation. Here we report a ubiquinone-BODIPY photosensitizer that self-assembles into nanoparticles (PS-Q-NPs) and undergoes selective activation and deaggregation within the highly reductive intracellular environment of tumor cells. PS-Q-NPs are highly stable in aqueous buffer solution, and exhibit minimal fluorescence and photosensitization due to a rapid non-radiative relaxation process. Upon endocytosis by cancer cells, reduction of the ubiquinone moiety by intracellular glutathione (GSH) triggers the conversion of the aggregated hydrophobic precursor into the active hydrophilic carboxylate derivative PS-A. The conversion results in enhanced fluorescence and therapeutic singlet oxygen generation, portending to its application as an activatable photosensitizer for fluorescence imaging-guided photodynamic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghee Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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5
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Garcia-Sampedro A, Tabero A, Mahamed I, Acedo P. Multimodal use of the porphyrin TMPyP: From cancer therapy to antimicrobial applications. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cationic porphyrin meso-tetra(4-[Formula: see text]-methylpyridyl)porphine (TMPyP) has a high yield of singlet oxygen generation upon light activation and a strong affinity for DNA. These advantageous properties have turned it into a promising photosensitizer for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this review, we have summarized the current state-of-the-art applications of TMPyP for the treatment of cancer as well as its implementation in antimicrobial PDT. The most relevant studies reporting its pharmacokinetics, subcellular localization, mechanism of action, tissue biodistribution and dosimetry are discussed. Combination strategies using TMPyP-PDT together with other photosensitizers and chemotherapeutic agents to achieve synergistic anti-tumor effects and reduce resistance to therapy are also explored. Finally, we have addressed emerging applications of this porphyrin, including nanoparticle-mediated delivery, controlled drug release, biosensing and G-quadruplex stabilization for tumor growth inhibition. Altogether, this work highlights the great potential and versatility that TMPyP can offer in different fields of biomedicine such us cancer treatment or antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Garcia-Sampedro
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Pond Street, NW3 2PG, London, UK
| | - Andrea Tabero
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismahan Mahamed
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Pond Street, NW3 2PG, London, UK
| | - Pilar Acedo
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Pond Street, NW3 2PG, London, UK
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6
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Ghazal B, Kaya EN, Husain A, Ganesan A, Durmuş M, Makhseed S. Biotinylated-cationic zinc(II) phthalocyanine towards photodynamic therapy. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618501158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Targeting biotin receptors in cancer cells can improve specifying of photosensitizers (PSs) for cancer treatment by photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. Consequently, there has been extensive research focusing mainly on the design of PSs with optimized pharmaceutical properties and better targeting toward cancer cells. Herein a tailored mono-biotinylated zinc(II) phthalocyanine (Pc-1) substituted with six phenoxy-bis(triazolyl) substituents has been synthesized. This Pc-1 has been further modified to its cationic version (Pc-2) through quaternizing of the triazole moiety to gain water solubility. Both non-ionic zinc(II) phthalocyanine (Pc-1) and its cationic derivative (Pc-2) were characterized by standard spectroscopic techniques, namely; FT-IR, 1H and [Formula: see text]C NMR, UV-Vis and MALDI-TOF, and by elemental analysis. The photophysical and photochemical properties were evaluated in DMSO for the non-ionic Pc-1 and in both DMSO and water for the cationic Pc-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Ghazal
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
| | - Esra Nur Kaya
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ali Husain
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
| | - Asaithampi Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
| | - Mahmut Durmuş
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Saad Makhseed
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
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7
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Sandland J, Boyle RW. Photosensitizer Antibody–Drug Conjugates: Past, Present, and Future. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:975-993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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8
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Chitgupi U, Lovell JF, Rajendiran V. Assessing Photosensitizer Targeting Using Meso-Tetra(Carboxyphenyl) Porphyrin. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040892. [PMID: 29649139 PMCID: PMC6017280 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesotetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (mTCPP) is a commercially available small molecule fluorophore and photosensitizer with four free carboxylic acid groups. mTCPP can readily be conjugated with amines for facile attachment of functional groups. In this work, we synthesized and assessed tetravalent, lysine-conjugated mTCPP, for its potential applications in targeted imaging and photodynamic therapy. Fmoc-protected d-lysine or l-lysine was conjugated to mTCPP via amide coupling with the epsilon amine group of lysine, followed by Fmoc deprotection. The resulting compounds did not dissolve well in aqueous solvent, but could be solubilized with the assistance of surfactants, including cholic acid. The l-amino acid transporter (LAT1) can uptake diverse neutral l-amino acids. In vitro studies with U87 cells revealed a non-specific uptake of the hydrophobic Fmoc-protected lysine-conjugated mTCPP precursors, but not d- or l-lysine mTCPP. Likewise, only the Fmoc-protected compounds induced substantial phototoxicty in cells following incubation and irradiation with blue light. These experimental results do not provide evidence to suggest that lysine-mTCPP is able to specifically target cancer cells. However, they do highlight mTCPP as a convenient and accessible framework for assessing molecular targeting of photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Chitgupi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Venugopal Rajendiran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, NY 14260, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, India.
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9
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Näkki S, Martinez JO, Evangelopoulos M, Xu W, Lehto VP, Tasciotti E. Chlorin e6 Functionalized Theranostic Multistage Nanovectors Transported by Stem Cells for Effective Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:23441-23449. [PMID: 28640590 PMCID: PMC5565768 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Approaches to achieve site-specific and targeted delivery that provide an effective solution to reduce adverse, off target side effects are urgently needed for cancer therapy. Here, we utilized a Trojan-horse-like strategy to carry photosensitizer Chlorin e6 conjugated porous silicon multistage nanovectors with tumor homing mesenchymal stem cells for targeted photodynamic therapy and diagnosis. The inherent versatility of multistage nanovectors permitted the conjugation of photosensitizers to enable precise cell death induction (60%) upon photodynamic therapy, while simultaneously retaining the loading capacity to load various payloads, such as antitumor drugs and diagnostic nanoparticles. Furthermore, the mesenchymal stem cells that internalized the multistage nanovectors conserved their proliferation patterns and in vitro affinity to migrate and infiltrate breast cancer cells. In vivo administration of the mesenchymal stem cells carrying photosensitizer-conjugated multistage nanovectors in mice bearing a primary breast tumor confirmed their tropism toward cancer sites exhibiting similar targeting kinetics to control cells. In addition, this approach yielded in a > 70% decrease in local tumor cell viability after in vivo photodynamic therapy. In summary, these results show the proof-of-concept of how photosensitizer conjugated multistage nanovectors transported by stem cells can target tumors and be used for effective site-specific cancer therapy while potentially minimizing potential negative side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simo Näkki
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70211, Finland
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jonathan O. Martinez
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Michael Evangelopoulos
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Wujun Xu
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Vesa-Pekka Lehto
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Department of Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6445 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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10
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Mallidi S, Anbil S, Bulin AL, Obaid G, Ichikawa M, Hasan T. Beyond the Barriers of Light Penetration: Strategies, Perspectives and Possibilities for Photodynamic Therapy. Theranostics 2016; 6:2458-2487. [PMID: 27877247 PMCID: PMC5118607 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemistry based treatment modality that involves the generation of cytotoxic species through the interactions of a photosensitizer molecule with light irradiation of an appropriate wavelength. PDT is an approved therapeutic modality for several cancers globally and in several cases has proved to be effective where traditional treatments have failed. The key parameters that determine PDT efficacy are 1. the photosensitizer (nature of the molecules, selectivity, and macroscopic and microscopic localization etc.), 2. light application (wavelength, fluence, fluence rate, irradiation regimes etc.) and 3. the microenvironment (vascularity, hypoxic regions, stromal tissue density, molecular heterogeneity etc.). Over the years, several groups aimed to monitor and manipulate the components of these critical parameters to improve the effectiveness of PDT treatments. However, PDT is still misconstrued to be a surface treatment primarily due to the limited depths of light penetration. In this review, we present the recent advances, strategies and perspectives in PDT approaches, particularly in cancer treatment, that focus on increasing the 'damage zone' beyond the reach of light in the body. This is enabled by a spectrum of approaches that range from innovative photosensitizer excitation strategies, increased specificity of phototoxicity, and biomodulatory approaches that amplify the biotherapeutic effects induced by photodynamic action. Along with the increasing depth of understanding of the underlying physical, chemical and physiological mechanisms, it is anticipated that with the convergence of these strategies, the clinical utility of PDT will be expanded to a powerful modality in the armamentarium for the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivalleesha Mallidi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Sriram Anbil
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815
- The University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Anne-Laure Bulin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Girgis Obaid
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Megumi Ichikawa
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
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11
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Pereira PMR, Korsak B, Sarmento B, Schneider RJ, Fernandes R, Tomé JPC. Antibodies armed with photosensitizers: from chemical synthesis to photobiological applications. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2518-29. [PMID: 25612113 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02334j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Targeting photosensitizers to cancer cells by conjugating them with specific antibodies, able to recognize and bind to tumor-associated antigens, is today one of the most attractive strategies in photodynamic therapy (PDT). This comprehensive review updates on chemical routes available for the preparation of photo-immunoconjugates (PICs), which show dual chemical and biological functionalities: photo-properties of the photosensitizer and the immunoreactivity of the antibody. Moreover, photobiological results obtained with such photo-immunoconjugates using in vitro and in vivo cancer models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M R Pereira
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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12
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Warram JM, de Boer E, Sorace AG, Chung TK, Kim H, Pleijhuis RG, van Dam GM, Rosenthal EL. Antibody-based imaging strategies for cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:809-22. [PMID: 24913898 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although mainly developed for preclinical research and therapeutic use, antibodies have high antigen specificity, which can be used as a courier to selectively deliver a diagnostic probe or therapeutic agent to cancer. It is generally accepted that the optimal antigen for imaging will depend on both the expression in the tumor relative to normal tissue and the homogeneity of expression throughout the tumor mass and between patients. For the purpose of diagnostic imaging, novel antibodies can be developed to target antigens for disease detection, or current FDA-approved antibodies can be repurposed with the covalent addition of an imaging probe. Reuse of therapeutic antibodies for diagnostic purposes reduces translational costs since the safety profile of the antibody is well defined and the agent is already available under conditions suitable for human use. In this review, we will explore a wide range of antibodies and imaging modalities that are being translated to the clinic for cancer identification and surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Warram
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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13
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Li PX, Mu JH, Xiao HL, Li DH. Antitumor effect of photodynamic therapy with a novel targeted photosensitizer on cervical carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:125-32. [PMID: 25376180 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by a novel photosensitizer I (Ps I; {γ-[N-poly(ethyleneglycol)]folic acid}-5,10,15-tris(3-hydroxyphenyl)-20-(4-carboxyphenyl)chlorin), in which chlorin was used as a photoactive unit, folic acid as a tumor‑targeting warhead, and polyethylene glycol as a linker, on cervical carcinoma was studied in vitro and in vivo. Ps I exhibited a considerably higher cellular uptake by HeLa cells than folic acid-free analogue Ps A (tert-butyl N-poly(ethyleneglycol)ethylcarbamate-5,10,15-tris(3-hydroxyphenyl)-20-(4-carboxyphenyl)chlorin), and the cellular uptake by HeLa cells of Ps I could be competitively inhibited by excess folic acid. Moreover, at different time points after the intravenous (i.v.) injection of Ps I and A, Ps I produced a >2-fold higher tumor to normal tissue ratio in tumor-bearing nude mice as compared to Ps A. MTT assay indicated that the HeLa cell proliferation inhibition ratio was increased 34% after Ps I-PDT compared with Ps A-PDT with a photosensitizer concentration of 15.2 µmol/l. Administration of Ps I (7 mg/kg, i.v.) followed by light exposure (80 J/cm2) markedly suppressed the growth of xenograft tumors, and the tumor volume was 10-fold smaller than that of the control group. Tumor growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo had an obvious dependency on the Ps I concentration and irradiation dose. The mode of cell death post-Ps I-PDT was analyzed by flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and electron microscope, and the results suggested that apoptosis was the primary mode of HeLa cell death induced by Ps I-PDT. The results also demonstrated that tumor targeting of Ps I was clearly improved because of the endocytosis mediated by the folate receptor. As a result, Ps I-PDT exhibited higher antitumor activity than Ps A-PDT and has potential as an alternative treatment modality for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, The Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400042, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Hong Mu
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400042, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Lang Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400042, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, The Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400042, P.R. China
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14
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Zhang FL, Huang Q, Liu JY, Huang MD, Xue JP. Molecular-Target-Based Anticancer Photosensitizer: Synthesis and in vitro Photodynamic Activity of Erlotinib-Zinc(II) Phthalocyanine Conjugates. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:312-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Synthesis, bioanalysis and biodistribution of photosensitizer conjugates for photodynamic therapy. Bioanalysis 2014; 5:1099-114. [PMID: 23641699 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered in 1900 by Raab, and has since emerged as a promising tool for treating diseases characterized by unwanted cells or hyperproliferating tissue (e.g., cancer or infectious disease). PDT consists of the light excitation of a photosensitizer (PS) in the presence of O(2) to yield highly reactive oxygen species. In recent years, PDT has been improved by the synthesis of targeted bioconjugates between monoclonal antibodies and PS, and by investigating PS biodistribution and PD. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of major developments in PS-immunoconjugate-based PDT and the bioanalysis of these agents, with a specific emphasis on anticancer and antimicrobial PDT.
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16
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Li D, Li P, Lin H, Jiang Z, Guo L, Li B. A novel chlorin–PEG–folate conjugate with higher water solubility, lower cytotoxicity, better tumor targeting and photodynamic activity. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 127:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Abdelghany S, Schmid D, Deacon J, Jaworski J, Fay F, McLaughlin KM, Gormley J, Burrows JF, Longley DB, Donnelly RF, Scott CJ. Enhanced antitumor activity of the photosensitizer meso-Tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphine tetra tosylate through encapsulation in antibody-targeted chitosan/alginate nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:302-10. [PMID: 23327610 PMCID: PMC3582313 DOI: 10.1021/bm301858a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
meso-Tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphine tetra tosylate (TMP) is a photosensitizer that can be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) to induce cell death through generation of reactive oxygen species in targeted tumor cells. However, TMP is highly hydrophilic, and therefore, its ability to accumulate intracellularly is limited. In this study, a strategy to improve TMP uptake into cells has been investigated by encapsulating the compound in a hydrogel-based chitosan/alginate nanoparticle formulation. Nanoparticles of 560 nm in diameter entrapping 9.1 μg of TMP per mg of formulation were produced and examined in cell-based assays. These particles were endocytosed into human colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells and elicited a more potent photocytotoxic effect than free drug. Antibodies targeting death receptor 5 (DR5), a cell surface apoptosis-inducing receptor up-regulated in various types of cancer and found on HCT116 cells, were then conjugated onto the particles. The conjugated antibodies further enhanced uptake and cytotoxic potency of the nanoparticle. Taken together, these results show that antibody-conjugated chitosan/alginate nanoparticles significantly enhanced the therapeutic effectiveness of entrapped TMP. This novel approach provides a strategy for providing targeted site-specific delivery of TMP and other photosensitizer drugs to treat colorectal tumors using PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif
M. Abdelghany
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Schmid
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Deacon
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Jaworski
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Fay
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty M. McLaughlin
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Julie
A. Gormley
- Fusion Antibodies
Ltd., Springbank Industrial Estate, Pembroke Loop Road,
Belfast, BT17 0QL, United Kingdom
| | - James F. Burrows
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B. Longley
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan F. Donnelly
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Scott
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
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Yoon I, Li JZ, Shim YK. Advance in photosensitizers and light delivery for photodynamic therapy. Clin Endosc 2013; 46:7-23. [PMID: 23423543 PMCID: PMC3572355 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The brief history of photodynamic therapy (PDT) research has been focused on photosensitizers (PSs) and light delivery was introduced recently. The appropriate PSs were developed from the first generation PS Photofrin (QLT) to the second (chlorins or bacteriochlorins derivatives) and third (conjugated PSs on carrier) generations PSs to overcome undesired disadvantages, and to increase selective tumor accumulation and excellent targeting. For the synthesis of new chlorin PSs chlorophyll a is isolated from natural plants or algae, and converted to methyl pheophorbide a (MPa) as an important starting material for further synthesis. MPa has various active functional groups easily modified for the preparation of different kinds of PSs, such as methyl pyropheophorbide a, purpurin-18, purpurinimide, and chlorin e6 derivatives. Combination therapy, such as chemotherapy and photothermal therapy with PDT, is shortly described here. Advanced light delivery system is shown to establish successful clinical applications of PDT. Phtodynamic efficiency of the PSs with light delivery was investigated in vitro and/or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Yoon
- PDT Research Institute, Inje University School of Nano System Engineering, Gimhae, Korea
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20
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Shen XM, Zheng BY, Huang XR, Wang L, Huang JD. The first silicon(iv) phthalocyanine–nucleoside conjugates with high photodynamic activity. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:10398-403. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50910a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Varchi G, Benfenati V, Pistone A, Ballestri M, Sotgiu G, Guerrini A, Dambruoso P, Liscio A, Ventura B. Core–shell poly-methylmethacrylate nanoparticles as effective carriers of electrostatically loaded anionic porphyrin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:760-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25393c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Rizvi I, Dinh TA, Yu W, Chang Y, Sherwood ME, Hasan T. Photoimmunotherapy and irradiance modulation reduce chemotherapy cycles and toxicity in a murine model for ovarian carcinomatosis: perspective and results. Isr J Chem 2012; 52:776-787. [PMID: 23626376 PMCID: PMC3634612 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant toxicities from multiple cycles of chemotherapy often cause delays or early termination of treatment, leading to poor outcomes in ovarian cancer patients. Complementary modalities that potentiate the efficacy of traditional agents with fewer cycles and less toxicity are needed. Photodynamic therapy is a mechanistically-distinct modality that synergizes with chemo and biologic agents. A combination regimen with a clinically relevant chemotherapy cocktail (cisplatin + paclitaxel) and anti-EGFR targeted photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is evaluated in a murine model for ovarian carcinomatosis. Mice received either 1 or 2 chemotherapy cycles followed by PIT with a chlorine6-Erbitux photoimmunoconjugate and 25 J/cm2 light. PIT + 1 cycle of chemotherapy significantly reduced tumor burden, comparable to multiple chemotherapy cycles. Relative to 1 cycle of chemotherapy, the addition of PIT did not cause significant mouse weight loss, whereas 2 cycles of chemotherapy led to a significant reduction in weight. Irradiance-dependence on PIT efficacy was a function of the conjugation chemistry, providing an additional variable for optimization of PIT outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Rizvi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tri A. Dinh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Gillette Center for Gynecologic Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiping Yu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuchiao Chang
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret E. Sherwood
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Abu-Yousif AO, Moor ACE, Zheng X, Savellano MD, Yu W, Selbo PK, Hasan T. Epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted photosensitizer selectively inhibits EGFR signaling and induces targeted phototoxicity in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 321:120-7. [PMID: 22266098 PMCID: PMC3356439 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Targeted photosensitizer delivery to EGFR-expressing cells was achieved in the present study using a high purity, targeted photoimmunoconjugate (PIC). When the PDT agent, benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD) was coupled to an EGFR-targeting antibody (cetuximab), we observed altered cellular localization and selective phototoxicity of EGFR-positive cells, but no phototoxicity of EGFR-negative cells. Cetuximab in the PIC formulation blocked EGF-induced activation of the EGFR and downstream signaling pathways. Our results suggest that photoimmunotargeting is a useful dual strategy for the selective destruction of cancer cells and also exerts the receptor-blocking biological function of the antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan O. Abu-Yousif
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anne C. E. Moor
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark D. Savellano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Weiping Yu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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24
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Hudson R, Boyle RW. Strategies for selective delivery of photodynamic sensitisers to biological targets. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424604000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for increasing the affinity of photodynamic sensitisers for specific tissues, cells and organisms are reviewed. Biological outcomes are evaluated and therapeutic potential assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hudson
- Photobiology & Photomedicine Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ross W. Boyle
- Photobiology & Photomedicine Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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25
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Li D, Diao J, Wang D, Liu J, Zhang J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of folate-porphyrin: a new photosensitizer for targeted photodynamic therapy. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424610002379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel folate-porphyrin conjugate 1 for targeted photodynamic therapy of tumor was designed and synthesized. The results of fluorescence spectroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscope demonstrated that the cellular uptake of conjugate 1 by HeLa cells was 35 times higher than that of precursor porphyrin 3 after 24 h incubation, and that the presence of excessive free folic acid inhibited the cellular uptake of conjugate 1. Cytotoxicity against folate-receptor positive HeLa cells in vitro measured by MTT assay demonstrated that conjugate 1 exhibited much lower dark cytotoxicity but significant photocytotoxicity, with 86.4% of cell growth inhibition ratio after irradiation. However, conjugate 1 induced lower photocytotoxicity for normal cells and folate-receptor negative cells. These results suggest that folate-porphyrin like photosensitizers could induce a potentially useful targeted photodynamic therapy modality for folate-receptor-positive cancer cells due to the folate-receptor mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, the 2nd Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Junlin Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, the 2nd Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jianchang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, the 2nd Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jiaotao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, the 2nd Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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26
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Abstract
The photosensitizing and pharmacokinetic properties of porphyrin-type compounds have been investigated for nearly a century. In the last decade, two porphyrin derivatives were approved in the U.S.A. and in several other countries for the photodynamic treatment of various lesions. An overview of the different mechanisms for preferential porphyrinoid localization in malignant tumors is presented herein. Several uptake pathways are possible for each photosensitizer, which are determined by its structure, mode of delivery and tumor type. Comparisons of the different mechanisms and correlations with the structure of the sensitizer are presented. Current delivery systems for porphyrin sensitizers are described, as well as recent strategies for enhancing their tumor-specificity, including conjugation to a carrier system that selectively targets a tumor-associated receptor or antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Osterloh
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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27
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Sekkat N, van den Bergh H, Nyokong T, Lange N. Like a bolt from the blue: phthalocyanines in biomedical optics. Molecules 2011; 17:98-144. [PMID: 22198535 PMCID: PMC6269082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to compile preclinical and clinical results on phthalocyanines (Pcs) as photosensitizers (PS) for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and contrast agents for fluorescence imaging. Indeed, Pcs are excellent candidates in these fields due to their strong absorbance in the NIR region and high chemical and photo-stability. In particular, this is mostly relevant for their in vivo activation in deeper tissular regions. However, most Pcs present two major limitations, i.e., a strong tendency to aggregate and a low water-solubility. In order to overcome these issues, both chemical tuning and pharmaceutical formulation combined with tumor targeting strategies were applied. These aspects will be developed in this review for the most extensively studied Pcs during the last 25 years, i.e., aluminium-, zinc- and silicon-based Pcs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Sekkat
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne/Geneva, Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Hubert van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Photomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Norbert Lange
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne/Geneva, Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.:+41-22-379-3335; Fax: +41-22-379-6567
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28
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Kameyama N, Matsuda S, Itano O, Ito A, Konno T, Arai T, Ishihara K, Ueda M, Kitagawa Y. Photodynamic therapy using an anti-EGF receptor antibody complexed with verteporfin nanoparticles: a proof of concept study. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:697-704. [PMID: 21861705 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2011.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive optical treatment method in which the topical or systemic delivery of photosensitizing drugs is followed by irradiation with broadband red light. Coupling photosensitizers with a specific antibody may allow this approach to target specific cancers. This study determines the antitumor efficacy of coupling verteporfin (Visudyne(®)), a hydrophobic polyporphryin oligomer, with an antiepidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) antibody. Poly[2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-n-butyl methacrylate-co-p-nitrophenylcarbonyloxyethyl methacrylate] (PMBN) was conjugated with an anti-EGFR antibody and mixed with verteporfin (verteporfin-PMBN-antibody complex). Tumor-bearing mice were intravenously injected with the verteporfin-PMBN-antibody complex or verteporfin plus PMBN without the antibody. Irradiation was conducted at 640 nm with a dose of 75 J/cm(2). The fluorescence intensity in A431 cells in vitro was threefold higher after exposure to verteporfin-PMBN-antibody complex than after exposure to verteporfin-PMBN. In A431 tumor-bearing mice, the intratumor concentration of verteporfin was 9.4 times higher than that of the skin, following administration of the verteporfin-PMBN-antibody complex. Tumor size significantly decreased within 8 days in mice treated with verteporfin-PMBN-antibody complex compared with those treated with verteporfin-PMBN. PDT using a PMBN-verteporfin-antibody complex offers a promising anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kameyama
- Department of Surgery, International Goodwill Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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29
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Sadler S, Persons KS, Jones GB, Ray R. Internalization of a C17α-alkynylestradiol-porphyrin conjugate into estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4638-41. [PMID: 21704522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that expression of nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) in hormone-sensitive breast cancer cells could be harnessed synergistically with the tumor-accumulating effect of porphyrins to selectively deliver estrogen-porphyrin conjugates into breast tumor cells, and preferentially kill tumor cells upon exposure to visible light. In this study we synthesized a conjugate of C(17α)-alkynylestradiol and pyropheophorbide and demonstrated that this conjugate is internalized by ER-positive MCF-7 cells while pyropheophorbide did not, suggesting an ER-mediated uptake and internalization of the conjugate by incipient nuclear ER in MCF-7 cells. This study is a direct demonstration of our hypothesis about ER-mediated internalization of estrogen-porphyrin conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sadler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Bugaj AM. Targeted photodynamic therapy--a promising strategy of tumor treatment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1097-109. [PMID: 21547329 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy is a new promising therapeutic strategy, created to overcome growing problems of contemporary medicine, such as drug toxicity and drug resistance. An emerging modality of this approach is targeted photodynamic therapy (TPDT) with the main aim of improving delivery of photosensitizer to cancer tissue and at the same time enhancing specificity and efficiency of PDT. Depending on the mechanism of targeting, we can divide the strategies of TPDT into "passive", "active" and "activatable", where in the latter case the photosensitizer is activated only in the target tissue. In this review, contemporary strategies of TPDT are described, including new innovative concepts, such as targeting assisted by peptides and aptamers, multifunctional nanoplatforms with navigation by magnetic field or "photodynamic molecular beacons" activatable by enzymes and nucleic acid. The imperative of introducing a new paradigm of PDT, focused on the concepts of heterogeneity and dynamic state of tumor, is also called for.
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31
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Bullous AJ, Alonso CMA, Boyle RW. Photosensitiser–antibody conjugates for photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:721-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00266f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Weiner L, Roth E, Silman I. Targeted oxidation of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase by singlet oxygen. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 87:308-16. [PMID: 21155827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photosensitizer, methylene blue (MB), is a strong reversible inhibitor of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the dark. Under illumination it causes irreversible inactivation. Loss of fluorescence of the singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) trap, 9,10-dimethylanthracene, was retarded in the presence of AChE, and the rate of photo-inactivation was increased in the presence of D(2)O, indicating that inactivation was due to (1)O(2) generated by the photosensitizer. CD revealed slightly reduced far-UV ellipticity, and slightly enhanced binding of an amphiphilic probe, indicating limited unfolding of the photo-oxidized AChE. However, both near-UV ellipticity and intrinsic fluorescence were markedly reduced, suggesting photo-oxidative damage to tryptophans, (Trp) supported by appearance of novel emission peaks ascribed to N'-formylkynurenine and/or kynurenine. Like other partially unfolded forms, the photo-oxidized AChE was sensitive to proteolysis. Photosensitized inactivation produced exclusively chemically cross-linked dimers, whereas irradiation of a partially unfolded state generated higher-order oligomers. The active-site gorge of AChE contains Trp in inhibitor-binding sites that might be targets for photo-oxidation. Indeed, reversible inhibitors retard photo-inactivation, and photo-inactivation destroys their binding sites. An excess of AChE protects paraoxonase from photo-inactivation by sequestering the photosensitizer. Affinity photo-oxidation of AChE by MB thus provides a valuable model for studying site-specific photo-inactivation of enzymes in both fundamental and clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Weiner
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, Israel.
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33
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Fadel M, Kassab K, Youssef T. Photodynamic efficacy of hypericin targeted by two delivery techniques to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Lasers Med Sci 2010; 25:675-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-010-0787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Alonso CMA, Palumbo A, Bullous AJ, Pretto F, Neri D, Boyle RW. Site-Specific and Stoichiometric Conjugation of Cationic Porphyrins to Antiangiogenic Monoclonal Antibodies. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:302-13. [DOI: 10.1021/bc9003537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. A. Alonso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX, Kingston-upon-Hull, United Kingdom, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, HCI G396, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Palumbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX, Kingston-upon-Hull, United Kingdom, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, HCI G396, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aaron J. Bullous
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX, Kingston-upon-Hull, United Kingdom, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, HCI G396, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Pretto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX, Kingston-upon-Hull, United Kingdom, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, HCI G396, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX, Kingston-upon-Hull, United Kingdom, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, HCI G396, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ross W. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX, Kingston-upon-Hull, United Kingdom, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, HCI G396, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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Tada-Oikawa S, Oikawa S, Hirayama J, Hirakawa K, Kawanishi S. DNA Damage and Apoptosis Induced by Photosensitization of 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis (N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphyrinviaSinglet Oxygen Generation. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1391-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Kwitniewski M, Juzeniene A, Ma LW, Glosnicka R, Graczyk A, Moan J. Diamino acid derivatives of PpIX as potential photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of squamous cell carcinoma and prostate cancer: In vitro studies. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 94:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Jiang FL, Poon CT, Wong WK, Koon HK, Mak NK, Choi CY, Kwong DWJ, Liu Y. An Amphiphilic Bisporphyrin and Its YbIII Complex: Development of a Bifunctional Photodynamic Therapeutic and Near-Infrared Tumor-Imaging Agent. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1034-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Bhatti M, Yahioglu G, Milgrom LR, Garcia-Maya M, Chester KA, Deonarain MP. Targeted photodynamic therapy with multiply-loaded recombinant antibody fragments. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1155-63. [PMID: 17973256 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer is limited by inefficiencies involved in specifically targeting photosensitizers to tumors. Although antibodies are being explored as targeting vehicles, they present significant challenges, particularly in terms of pharmacokinetics and drug-coupling. We describe here a novel and effective system to covalently attach multiple photosensitizer molecules (both preclinical, pyropheophorbide-a and clinically approved, verteporfin photosensitizers) to single-chain Fvs. Further, we demonstrate that not only do the resulting photoimmunoconjugates retain photophysical functionality, they are more potent than either free photosensitizer, effectively killing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. For example, treatment of human breast cancer xenografts with a photoimmunoconjugate comprising an anti-HER-2 scFv linked to 8-10 molecules of pyropheophorbide-a leads to significant tumor regression. These results give an insight into the important features that make scFvs good carriers for PDT drugs and provide proof of concept of our unique approach to targeted photodynamic therapy (tPDT). This promises to significantly improve on current photodynamic therapies for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Bhatti
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, United Kingdom
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39
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality for the selective destruction of cancerous and nonneoplastic pathologies that involves the simultaneous presence of light, oxygen and a light-activatable chemical called a photosensitizer (PS) to achieve a cytotoxic effect. The photophysics and mechanisms of cell killing by PDT have been extensively studied in recent years, and PDT has received regulatory approval for the treatment of a number of diseases worldwide. As the application of this treatment modality expands with regard to both anatomical sites and disease stages, it will be important to develop strategies for enhancing PDT outcomes. This article focuses on two broad approaches for PDT enhancement: (1) mechanism-based combination treatments in which PDT and a second modality can be designed to either increase the susceptibility of tumor cells to PDT or nullify the treatment outcome-mitigating molecular responses triggered by PDT of tumors, and (2) the more recent approaches of PS targeting, either by specific cellular function-sensitive linkages or via conjugation to macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Verma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Abstract
For the treatment of tumours and other proliferative conditions, widespread uptake of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has to some extent been hindered by its inability to target specifically photosensitisers (PSs) to localised lesions in the body. PSs may be deposited in the skin, leading to painful and disfiguring photosensitivity, sometimes for weeks after initial treatment. Targeting PSs specifically could not only avoid such side-effects, it could greatly improve PDT's therapeutic margin. This review describes photoimmunoconjugates (PICs) produced via successful combination of PSs with recombinant monoclonal antibody fragments (sc-Fvs). PICs can not only target specifically and destroy tumour cells in vitro and in vivo, but counter-intuitively, it is possible to conjugate many more PSs to an sc-Fv than to the much larger parent monoclonal antibody. The general utility of PICs is demonstrated by significant improvements to the potency and selectivity of already existing PSs. Furthermore, critical features of sc-Fvs are discussed that enable them to make effective PICs. This has implications for the future engineering of scFv carriers for PDT, in order to control the number and function of the PSs that can be coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel R Milgrom
- Department of Life Sciences, Biochemistry Building, Imperial College London, UK.
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41
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Swamy N, Purohit A, Fernandez-Gacio A, Jones GB, Ray R. Nuclear estrogen receptor targeted photodynamic therapy: selective uptake and killing of MCF-7 breast cancer cells by a C17alpha-alkynylestradiol-porphyrin conjugate. J Cell Biochem 2007; 99:966-77. [PMID: 16741968 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that over-expression of estrogen receptor (ER) in hormone-sensitive breast cancer could be harnessed synergistically with the tumor-migrating effect of porphyrins to selectively deliver estrogen-porphyrin conjugates into breast tumor cells, and preferentially kill the tumor cells upon exposure to red light. In the present work we synthesized four (4) conjugates of C17-alpha-alkynylestradiol and chlorin e6-dimethyl ester with varying tether lengths, and showed that all these conjugates specifically bound to recombinant ER alpha. In a cellular uptake assay with ER-positive MCF-7 and ER-negative MDA-MB 231 human breast cancer cell-lines, we observed that one such conjugate (E17-POR, XIV) was selectively taken up in a dose-dependent and saturable manner by MCF-7 cells, but not by MDA-MB 231 cells. Furthermore, MCF-7 cells, but not MDA-MB 231 cells, were selectively and efficiently killed by exposure to red light after incubation with E17-POR. Therefore, the combination approach, including drug and process modalities has the potential to be applied clinically for hormone-sensitive cancers in organs where ER is significantly expressed. This could potentially be carried out either as monotherapy involving a photo-induced selective destruction of tumor cells and/or adjuvant therapy in post-surgical treatment for the destruction of residual cancer cells in tissues surrounding the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha Swamy
- Bioorganic Chemistry and Structural Biology, Section in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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42
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Borbas KE, Mroz P, Hamblin MR, Lindsey JS. Bioconjugatable porphyrins bearing a compact swallowtail motif for water solubility. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 17:638-53. [PMID: 16704201 PMCID: PMC3072562 DOI: 10.1021/bc050337w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A broad range of applications requires access to water-soluble, bioconjugatable porphyrins. Branched alkyl groups attached at the branching site to the porphyrin meso position are known to impart high organic solubility. Such "swallowtail" motifs bearing a polar group (hydroxy, dihydroxyphosphoryl, dihydroxyphosphoryloxy) at the terminus of each branch have now been incorporated at a meso site in trans-AB-porphyrins. The incorporation of the swallowtail motif relies on rational synthetic methods whereby a 1,9-bis(N-propylimino)dipyrromethane (bearing a bioconjugatable tether at the 5-position) is condensed with a dipyrromethane (bearing a protected 1,5-dihydroxypent-3-yl unit at the 5-position). The two hydroxy groups in the swallowtail motif of each of the resulting zinc porphyrins can be transformed to the corresponding diphosphate or diphosphonate product. A 4-(carboxymethyloxy)phenyl group provides the bioconjugatable tether. The six such porphyrins reported here are highly water-soluble (> or =20 mM at room temperature in water at pH 7) as determined by visual inspection, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, or 1H NMR spectroscopy. Covalent attachment was carried out in aqueous solution with the unprotected porphyrin diphosphonate and a monoclonal antibody against the T-cell receptor CD3epsilon. The resulting conjugate performed comparably to a commercially available fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled antibody with Jurkat cells in flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy assays. Taken together, this work enables preparation of useful quantities of water-soluble, bioconjugatable porphyrins in a compact architecture for applications in the life sciences.
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43
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Fabbrini M, Trachsel E, Soldani P, Bindi S, Alessi P, Bracci L, Kosmehl H, Zardi L, Neri D, Neri P. Selective occlusion of tumor blood vessels by targeted delivery of an antibody-photosensitizer conjugate. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:1805-13. [PMID: 16217760 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The irregular vasculature and high interstitial pressure of solid tumors hinder the delivery of cytotoxic agents to cancer cells. As a consequence, the doses of chemotherapy necessary to achieve complete tumor eradication are associated with unacceptably high toxicities. The selective thrombosis of tumor blood vessels has been postulated as an alternative avenue for combating cancer, depriving tumors of nutrients and oxygen and causing an avalanche of tumor cell deaths. The human antibody L19, specific to the EDB domain of fibronectin, a marker of angiogenesis, is capable of selective in vivo localization around tumor blood vessels and is thus a suitable agent for delivering toxic payloads to the tumor neovasculature. Here we show that a chemical conjugate of the L19 antibody with the photosensitizer bis(triethanolamine)Sn(IV) chlorin e(6), after intravenous injection and irradiation with red light, caused an arrest of tumor growth in mice with subcutaneous tumors. By contrast, a photosensitizer conjugate obtained with an antibody of identical pharmacokinetic properties but irrelevant specificity did not exhibit a significant therapeutic effect. These results confirm that vascular targeting strategies, aimed at the selective occlusion/disruption of tumor blood vessels, have a significant anticancer therapeutic potential and encourage the use of antibody-photosensitizer conjugates for the therapy of superficial tumors and possibly other angiogenesis-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Fabbrini
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging modality for the treatment of various neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathologies. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS PDT usually occurs when reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from light-activated chemicals (photosensitizer, PS) destroy the target. For non-dermatologic applications the PS are delivered systemically and accumulate, at different concentrations, in most organs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Typically there is a modest enhanced accumulation of the PS in tumor tissues, providing a first level of selectivity. Additional selectivity is provided by the confined illumination of the target area with the appropriate wavelength of light. For the treatment of pathologies in complex anatomical sites, such as in the peritoneal cavity, where restricted illumination is difficult; improved targeting of the PS is necessary to prevent damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. This article will focus on targeted PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Solban
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Jensen TJ, Fronczek FR, Hammer RP, Vicente MGH. Synthesis and Characterization of Positively Charged Porphyrin−Peptide Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2005; 16:852-63. [PMID: 16029027 DOI: 10.1021/bc050057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The total syntheses of 14 porphyrin conjugates containing one to four positively charged amino acids and two distinct linkers are described. All conjugates were fully characterized using spectroscopic methods, and the X-ray structure of a porphyrin isothiocyanate precursor was obtained. In vitro studies using HEp2 cells show that these conjugates have low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 250 microM) and that the extent of their cellular uptake depends significantly on the number, nature, and sequence of amino acids in the peptide, and on the presence of a centrally chelated metal ion. Metal-free conjugates bearing three consecutive arginine residues accumulated the most within cells. On the other hand, the preferential sites of subcellular localization were found to be independent from the number, nature, and sequence of amino acids in the conjugate, the linker, and coordinated metal ion; it is suggested, based on theoretical calculations, that the peptides in these conjugates fold over the porphyrin macrocycle in order to maximize intramolecular hydrophobic interactions.
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46
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Hudson R, Carcenac M, Smith K, Madden L, Clarke OJ, Pèlegrin A, Greenman J, Boyle RW. The development and characterisation of porphyrin isothiocyanate-monoclonal antibody conjugates for photoimmunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1442-9. [PMID: 15812551 PMCID: PMC2362018 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising approach to increase the specificity of photosensitisers used in photodynamic therapy has been through conjugation to monoclonal antibodies (MAb) directed against tumour-associated antigens. Many of the conjugations performed to date have relied on the activated ester method, which can lead to impure conjugate preparations and antibody crosslinking. Here, we report the development of photosensitiser–MAb conjugates utilising two porphyrin isothiocyanates. The presence of a single reactive isothiocyanate allowed facile conjugation to MAb FSP 77 and 17.1A directed against internalising antigens, and MAb 35A7 that binds to a non-internalising antigen. The photosensitiser–MAb conjugates substituted with 1–3 mol of photosensitiser were characterised in vitro. No appreciable loss of immunoreactivity was observed and binding specificity was comparable to that of the unconjugated MAb. Substitution with photosensitiser had a minimal effect on antibody biodistribution in vivo for the majority of the conjugates, although a decreased serum half-life was observed using a cationic photosensitiser at the higher loading ratios. Tumour-to-normal tissue ratios as high as 33.5 were observed using MAb 35A7 conjugates. The internalising conjugate showed a higher level of phototoxicity as compared with the non-internalising reagent, using a cell line engineered to express both target antigens. These data demonstrate the applicability of the isothiocyanate group for the development of high-quality conjugates, and the use of internalising MAb to significantly increase the photodynamic efficiency of conjugates during photoimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, Clinical Biosciences Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK
| | - M Carcenac
- CRLC Val d’Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, France
| | - K Smith
- Postgraduate Medical School, Clinical Biosciences Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK
| | - L Madden
- Postgraduate Medical School, Clinical Biosciences Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK
| | - O J Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Clinical Biosciences Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK
| | - A Pèlegrin
- CRLC Val d’Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, France
| | - J Greenman
- Postgraduate Medical School, Clinical Biosciences Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK
| | - R W Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, Clinical Biosciences Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Clinical Biosciences Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK. E-mail:
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47
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Solban N, Ortel B, Pogue B, Hasan T. Targeted optical imaging and photodynamic therapy. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2005:229-58. [PMID: 15524219 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-26809-x_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Solban
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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48
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Stylli SS, Howes M, MacGregor L, Rajendra P, Kaye AH. Photodynamic therapy of brain tumours: evaluation of porphyrin uptake versus clinical outcome. J Clin Neurosci 2004; 11:584-96. [PMID: 15261226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether the level of the photosensitizer haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) uptake measured in tissue samples taken from brain tumour patients was associated with survival post-treatment with photodynamic therapy (PDT). The mean HpD uptake in tumour tissue was significantly higher in glioblastoma multiforme than anaplastic astrocytoma. Recurrent tumours had a higher mean uptake compared to primary tumours, which was evident in all grades of tumour. Among patients with GBM, there was a significant association between greater HpD uptake and survival (HR = 0.26 [0.12, 0.59], p = 0.001). There was also some evidence of a weak association between greater HpD uptake and survival among patients with AA, although the result was inconclusive (HR = 0.73 [0.32, 1.71], p = 0.472).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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49
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Walker I, Vernon DI, Brown SB. The solid-phase conjugation of purpurin-18 with a synthetic targeting peptide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:441-3. [PMID: 14698177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that efficient site-specific coupling of the highly active photodynamic therapy sensitiser purpurin-18 to the synthetic targeting peptide G-G-V-K-R-K-K-K-P-G-Y-G can be achieved with greater than 85% purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Walker
- Centre for Photobiology and Photodynamic Therapy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
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50
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Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the feasibility of conjugation of verteporfin (Visudyne, Parkedale Pharmaceuticals, Rochester, Minnesota, USA) to antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor. DESIGN Experimental study. METHODS Rabbit antimouse vascular endothelial growth factor polyclonal antibody was conjugated to verteporfin. Fluorescence excitation-emission spectra of verteporfin and conjugate were examined. Vascular endothelial growth factor-expressing murine endothelial cells were incubated with saline, verteporfin, or conjugate, followed by laser exposure or no laser exposure. Cell viability at 1 and 24 hours was assessed via trypan blue exclusion. Results were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance with replication and the Bonferroni multiple comparison test. RESULTS The fluorescence excitation-emission spectrum of the conjugate was similar to that of verteporfin. After laser exposure, cell viability in conjugate-treated cells was reduced to 6% at 1 hour (P <.0001) and to 4% at 24 hours (P <.0001), compared with approximately 40% in nonlaser-exposed, conjugate-treated cells. The cytotoxicity in the conjugate-treated cells was higher than in verteporfin-treated cells exposed to laser, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS The conjugation of verteporfin to polyclonal antibody is possible without the loss of its photosensitizing properties. Conjugated verteporfin destroys cellular targets at least as effectively as verteporfin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- George L Mayo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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