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Seales CL, Puri D, Yodkhunnatham N, Pandit K, Yuen K, Murray S, Smitham J, Lafin JT, Bagrodia A. Advancing GCT Management: A Review of miR-371a-3p and Other miRNAs in Comparison to Traditional Serum Tumor Markers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1379. [PMID: 38611057 PMCID: PMC11010994 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs, short non-protein coding RNAs, are overexpressed in GCTs. Circulating levels of germ cell tumor (GCT)-associated miRNAs, such as miR-371a-3p, can be utilized as efficient and cost-effective alternatives in diagnosing and managing patients presenting with GCTs. This quality of miRNAs has demonstrated favorable performance characteristics as a reliable blood-based biomarker with high diagnostic accuracy compared to current serum tumor markers (STMs), including α-fetoprotein (AFP), beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The conventional STMs exhibit limited specificity and sensitivity. Potential clinical implications of miRNAs include impact on de-escalating or intensifying treatment, detecting recurrence at earlier stages, and lessening the necessity of cross-sectional imaging or invasive tissue biopsy for non-teratomatous GCTs. Here, we also highlight the outstanding issues that must be addressed prior to clinical implementation. Standards for measuring circulating miRNAs and determining ideal cutoff values are essential for integration into current clinical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L. Seales
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA;
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (D.P.); (N.Y.); (K.P.); (K.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Dhruv Puri
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (D.P.); (N.Y.); (K.P.); (K.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Nuphat Yodkhunnatham
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (D.P.); (N.Y.); (K.P.); (K.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Kshitij Pandit
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (D.P.); (N.Y.); (K.P.); (K.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Kit Yuen
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (D.P.); (N.Y.); (K.P.); (K.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Sarah Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Jane Smitham
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (D.P.); (N.Y.); (K.P.); (K.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - John T. Lafin
- Department of Urology, University Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Aditya Bagrodia
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (D.P.); (N.Y.); (K.P.); (K.Y.); (J.S.)
- Department of Urology, University Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
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2
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Tsatsakis A, Oikonomopoulou T, Nikolouzakis TK, Vakonaki E, Tzatzarakis M, Flamourakis M, Renieri E, Fragkiadaki P, Iliaki E, Bachlitzanaki M, Karzi V, Katsikantami I, Kakridonis F, Hatzidaki E, Tolia M, Svistunov AA, Spandidos DA, Nikitovic D, Tsiaoussis J, Berdiaki A. Role of telomere length in human carcinogenesis (Review). Int J Oncol 2023; 63:78. [PMID: 37232367 PMCID: PMC10552730 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is considered the most important clinical, social and economic issue regarding cause‑specific disability‑adjusted life years among all human pathologies. Exogenous, endogenous and individual factors, including genetic predisposition, participate in cancer triggering. Telomeres are specific DNA structures positioned at the end of chromosomes and consist of repetitive nucleotide sequences, which, together with shelterin proteins, facilitate the maintenance of chromosome stability, while protecting them from genomic erosion. Even though the connection between telomere status and carcinogenesis has been identified, the absence of a universal or even a cancer‑specific trend renders consent even more complex. It is indicative that both short and long telomere lengths have been associated with a high risk of cancer incidence. When evaluating risk associations between cancer and telomere length, a disparity appears to emerge. Even though shorter telomeres have been adopted as a marker of poorer health status and an older biological age, longer telomeres due to increased cell growth potential are associated with the acquirement of cancer‑initiating somatic mutations. Therefore, the present review aimed to comprehensively present the multifaceted pattern of telomere length and cancer incidence association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
| | - Tatiana Oikonomopoulou
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
| | - Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
| | - Manolis Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
| | | | - Elisavet Renieri
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
| | | | - Evaggelia Iliaki
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion
| | - Maria Bachlitzanaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Venizeleion General Hospital of Heraklion, 71409 Heraklion
| | - Vasiliki Karzi
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
| | - Ioanna Katsikantami
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
| | - Fotios Kakridonis
- Department of Spine Surgery and Scoliosis, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens
| | - Eleftheria Hatzidaki
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion
| | - Maria Tolia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Andrey A. Svistunov
- Department of Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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3
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Kruger E, Toraih EA, Hussein MH, Shehata SA, Waheed A, Fawzy MS, Kandil E. Thyroid Carcinoma: A Review for 25 Years of Environmental Risk Factors Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246172. [PMID: 36551665 PMCID: PMC9777404 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors are established contributors to thyroid carcinomas. Due to their known ability to cause cancer, exposure to several organic and inorganic chemical toxicants and radiation from nuclear weapons, fallout, or medical radiation poses a threat to global public health. Halogenated substances like organochlorines and pesticides can interfere with thyroid function. Like phthalates and bisphenolates, polychlorinated biphenyls and their metabolites, along with polybrominated diethyl ethers, impact thyroid hormones biosynthesis, transport, binding to target organs, and impair thyroid function. A deeper understanding of environmental exposure is crucial for managing and preventing thyroid cancer. This review aims to investigate the relationship between environmental factors and the development of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kruger
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Eman A. Toraih
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: (E.A.T.); (M.S.F.)
| | - Mohammad H. Hussein
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shaimaa A. Shehata
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Amani Waheed
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Manal S. Fawzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 1321, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (E.A.T.); (M.S.F.)
| | - Emad Kandil
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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4
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Sipilä LJ, Seppä K, Aavikko M, Ravantti J, Heikkinen S, Aaltonen LA, Pitkäniemi J. Sex-specific familial aggregation of cancers in Finland. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15126. [PMID: 36068325 PMCID: PMC9448814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the effect of sex on the occurrence of cancers has been studied extensively, it remains unclear whether sex modifies familial aggregation of cancers. We explored sex-specific familial aggregation of cancers in a large population-based historical cohort study. We combined cancer and population registry data, inferring familial relationships from birth municipality-surname-sex (MNS) combinations. Our data consisted of 391,529 incident primary cancers in 377,210 individuals with 319,872 different MNS combinations. Cumulative sex-specific numbers of cancers were compared to expected cumulative incidence. Familial cancer risks were similar between the sexes in our population-wide analysis. Families with concordant cancer in both sexes exhibited similar sex-specific cancer risks. However, some families had exceptionally high sex-specific cumulative cancer incidence. We identified six families with exceptionally strong aggregation in males: three families with thyroid cancer (ratio between observed and expected incidence 184.6; 95% credible interval (95% CI) 33.1–1012.7, 173.4 (95% CI 65.4–374.3), and 161.4 (95% CI 29.6–785.7), one with stomach (ratio 14.4 (95% CI 6.9–37.2)), colon (ratio 15.5 (95% CI 5.7–56.3)) cancers and one with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (ratio 33.5 (95% CI 17.2–207.6)). Our results imply that familial aggregation of cancers shows no sex-specific preference. However, the atypical sex-specific aggregation of stomach cancer, colon cancer, thyroid cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in certain families is difficult to fully explain with present knowledge of possible causes, and could yield useful knowledge if explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri J Sipilä
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, PO Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, PO Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Cancer Registry, Unioninkatu 22, 00130, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karri Seppä
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Unioninkatu 22, 00130, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mervi Aavikko
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, PO Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, PO Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Ravantti
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, PO Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, PO Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Heikkinen
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Unioninkatu 22, 00130, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri A Aaltonen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, PO Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, PO Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Pitkäniemi
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Unioninkatu 22, 00130, Helsinki, Finland. .,Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences (Health Sciences), Tampere University, Tampere, Finland. .,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Finnish Cancer Registry, Unioninkatu 22, 00130, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kamani T, Charkhchi P, Zahedi A, Akbari MR. Genetic susceptibility to hereditary non-medullary thyroid cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2022; 20:9. [PMID: 35255942 PMCID: PMC8900298 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-022-00215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-medullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer. With the increasing incidence of NMTC in recent years, the familial form of the disease has also become more common than previously reported, accounting for 5-15% of NMTC cases. Familial NMTC is further classified as non-syndromic and the less common syndromic FNMTC. Although syndromic NMTC has well-known genetic risk factors, the gene(s) responsible for the vast majority of non-syndromic FNMTC cases are yet to be identified. To date, several candidate genes have been identified as susceptibility genes in hereditary NMTC. This review summarizes genetic predisposition to non-medullary thyroid cancer and expands on the role of genetic variants in thyroid cancer tumorigenesis and the level of penetrance of NMTC-susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kamani
- Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, 76 Grenville St. Room 6421, Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada
| | - Parsa Charkhchi
- Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, 76 Grenville St. Room 6421, Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada
| | - Afshan Zahedi
- Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, 76 Grenville St. Room 6421, Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada
| | - Mohammad R Akbari
- Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, 76 Grenville St. Room 6421, Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.
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6
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Guan BZ, Parmigiani G, Braun D, Trippa L. PREDICTION OF HEREDITARY CANCERS USING NEURAL NETWORKS. Ann Appl Stat 2022; 16:495-520. [PMID: 37873507 PMCID: PMC10593124 DOI: 10.1214/21-aoas1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Family history is a major risk factor for many types of cancer. Mendelian risk prediction models translate family histories into cancer risk predictions, based on knowledge of cancer susceptibility genes. These models are widely used in clinical practice to help identify high-risk individuals. Mendelian models leverage the entire family history, but they rely on many assumptions about cancer susceptibility genes that are either unrealistic or challenging to validate, due to low mutation prevalence. Training more flexible models, such as neural networks, on large databases of pedigrees can potentially lead to accuracy gains. In this paper we develop a framework to apply neural networks to family history data and investigate their ability to learn inherited susceptibility to cancer. While there is an extensive literature on neural networks and their state-of-the-art performance in many tasks, there is little work applying them to family history data. We propose adaptations of fully-connected neural networks and convolutional neural networks to pedigrees. In data simulated under Mendelian inheritance, we demonstrate that our proposed neural network models are able to achieve nearly optimal prediction performance. Moreover, when the observed family history includes misreported cancer diagnoses, neural networks are able to outperform the Mendelian BRCAPRO model embedding the correct inheritance laws. Using a large dataset of over 200,000 family histories, the Risk Service cohort, we train prediction models for future risk of breast cancer. We validate the models using data from the Cancer Genetics Network.
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Affiliation(s)
- By Zoe Guan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | | | - Danielle Braun
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Lorenzo Trippa
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
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7
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Raos D, Abramović I, Tomić M, Vrtarić A, Kuliš T, Ćorić M, Ulamec M, Katušić Bojanac A, Ježek D, Sinčić N. CNV Hotspots in Testicular Seminoma Tissue and Seminal Plasma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:189. [PMID: 35008352 PMCID: PMC8750740 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminoma (SE) is the most frequent type of testicular tumour, affecting predominantly young men. Early detection and diagnosis of SE could significantly improve life quality and reproductive health after diagnosis and treatment. Copy number variation (CNV) has already been associated with various cancers as well as SE. In this study, we selected four genes (MAGEC2, NANOG, RASSF1A, and KITLG) for CNV analysis in genomic DNA (gDNA), which are located on chromosomes susceptible to gains, and whose aberrant expression was already detected in SE. Furthermore, CNV was analysed in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from seminal plasma. Analysis was performed by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) on gDNA from SE and nonmalignant testicular tissue. Seminal plasma cfDNA from SE patients before and after surgery was analysed, as well as from healthy volunteers. The CNV hotspot in gDNA from SE tissue was detected for the first time in all analysed genes, and for two genes, NANOG and KITLG it was reflected in cfDNA from seminal plasma. Although clinical value is yet to be determined, presented data emphasize a potential use of CNV as a potential SE biomarker from a liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Raos
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.R.); (I.A.); (M.Ć.); (A.K.B.)
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (M.U.)
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Irena Abramović
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.R.); (I.A.); (M.Ć.); (A.K.B.)
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (M.U.)
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Miroslav Tomić
- Department of Urology, University Clinical Hospital Centre “Sestre Milosrdnice”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Alen Vrtarić
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Clinical Hospital Centre “Sestre Milosrdnice”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Tomislav Kuliš
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (M.U.)
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Ćorić
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.R.); (I.A.); (M.Ć.); (A.K.B.)
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Ulamec
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (M.U.)
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Ljudevit Jurak Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Clinical Hospital Centre “Sestre Milosrdnice”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Pathology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Katušić Bojanac
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.R.); (I.A.); (M.Ć.); (A.K.B.)
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Davor Ježek
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nino Sinčić
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.R.); (I.A.); (M.Ć.); (A.K.B.)
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.K.); (M.U.)
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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8
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Pemov A, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Kim J, Koutros S, Douthitt B, Jones K, Zhu B, Baris D, Schwenn M, Johnson A, Karagas MR, Carter BD, McCullough ML, Landi MT, Freedman ND, Albanes D, Silverman DT, Rothman N, Caporaso NE, Greene MH, Fraumeni JF, Stewart DR. Identification of Genetic Risk Factors for Familial Urinary Bladder Cancer: An Exome Sequencing Study. JCO Precis Oncol 2021; 5:PO.21.00115. [PMID: 34964002 PMCID: PMC8710334 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have shown an approximately two-fold elevation in the relative risk of urinary bladder cancer (UBC) among people with a family history that could not be entirely explained by shared environmental exposures, thus suggesting a genetic component in its predisposition. Multiple genome-wide association studies and recent gene panel sequencing studies identified several genetic loci that are associated with UBC risk; however, the list of UBC-associated variants and genes is incomplete. MATERIALS AND METHODS We exome sequenced eight patients from three multiplex UBC pedigrees and a group of 77 unrelated familial UBC cases matched to 241 cancer-free controls. In addition, we examined pathogenic germline variation in 444 candidate genes in 392 The Cancer Genome Atlas UBC cases. RESULTS In the pedigrees, segregating variants were family-specific although the identified genes clustered in common pathways, most notably DNA repair (MLH1 and MSH2) and cellular metabolism (IDH1 and ME1). In the familial UBC group, the proportion of pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants was significantly higher in cases compared with controls (P = .003). Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variant load was also significantly increased in genes involved in cilia biogenesis (P = .001). In addition, a pathogenic variant in CHEK2 (NM_007194.4:c.1100del; p.T367Mfs*15) was over-represented in cases (variant frequency = 2.6%; 95% CI, 0.71 to 6.52) compared with controls (variant frequency = 0.21%; 95% CI, 0.01 to 1.15), but was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION These results point to a complex polygenic predisposition to UBC. Despite heterogeneity, the genes cluster in several biologically relevant pathways and processes, for example, DNA repair, cilia biogenesis, and cellular metabolism. Larger studies are required to determine the importance of CHEK2 in UBC etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pemov
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Talia Wegman-Ostrosky
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jung Kim
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stella Koutros
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Brenna Douthitt
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kristine Jones
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Bin Zhu
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Dalsu Baris
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Brian D. Carter
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Integrative Tumor Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Neal D. Freedman
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Debra T. Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Neil E. Caporaso
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark H. Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joseph F. Fraumeni
- Office of the Director, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Douglas R. Stewart
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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9
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Benafif S, Ni Raghallaigh H, McHugh J, Eeles R. Genetics of prostate cancer and its utility in treatment and screening. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 108:147-199. [PMID: 34844712 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer heritability is attributed to a combination of rare, moderate to highly penetrant genetic variants as well as commonly occurring variants conferring modest risks [single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)]. Some of the former type of variants (e.g., BRCA2 mutations) predispose particularly to aggressive prostate cancer and confer poorer prognoses compared to men who do not carry mutations. Molecularly targeted treatments such as PARP inhibitors have improved outcomes in men carrying somatic and/or germline DNA repair gene mutations. Ongoing clinical trials are exploring other molecular targeted approaches based on prostate cancer somatic alterations. Genome wide association studies have identified >250 loci that associate with prostate cancer risk. Multi-ancestry analyses have identified shared as well as population specific risk SNPs. Prostate cancer risk SNPs can be used to estimate a polygenic risk score (PRS) to determine an individual's genetic risk of prostate cancer. The odds ratio of prostate cancer development in men whose PRS lies in the top 1% of the risk profile ranges from 9 to 11. Ongoing studies are investigating the utility of a prostate cancer PRS to target population screening to those at highest risk. With the advent of personalized medicine and development of DNA sequencing technologies, access to clinical genetic testing is increasing, and oncology guidelines from bodies such as NCCN and ESMO have been updated to provide criteria for germline testing of "at risk" healthy men as well as those with prostate cancer. Both germline and somatic prostate cancer research have significantly evolved in the past decade and will lead to further development of precision medicine approaches to prostate cancer treatment as well as potentially developing precision population screening models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Benafif
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | - J McHugh
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - R Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Familial Risks and Proportions Describing Population Landscape of Familial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174385. [PMID: 34503195 PMCID: PMC8430802 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Familial cancer can be defined through the occurrence of the same cancer in two or more family members. Hereditary cancer is a narrower definition of high-risk familial aggregation through identified predisposing genes. The absence of correlation between spouses for risk of most cancers, particularly those not related to tobacco smoking or solar exposure, suggests that familial cancers are mainly due to genetic causes. The aim of the present study was to define the frequency and increased risk for familial cancer. Data on 31 of the most common cancers were obtained from the Swedish Family-Cancer Database and familial relative risks (SIRs) were estimated between persons with or without family history of the same cancer in first-degree relatives. Practically all cancers showed a familial risk, with an SIR most commonly around two, or a doubling of the risk because of family history. Abstract Background: Familial cancer can be defined through the occurrence of the same cancer in two or more family members. We describe a nationwide landscape of familial cancer, including its frequency and the risk that it conveys, by using the largest family database in the world with complete family structures and medically confirmed cancers. Patients/methods: We employed standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) to estimate familial risks for concordant cancer among first-degree relatives using the Swedish Cancer Registry from years 1958 through 2016. Results: Cancer risks in a 20–84 year old population conferred by affected parents or siblings were about two-fold compared to the risk for individuals with unaffected relatives. For small intestinal, testicular, thyroid and bone cancers and Hodgkin disease, risks were higher, five-to-eight-fold. Novel familial associations included adult bone, lip, pharyngeal, and connective tissue cancers. Familial cancers were found in 13.2% of families with cancer; for prostate cancer, the proportion was 26.4%. High-risk families accounted for 6.6% of all cancer families. Discussion/Conclusion: High-risk family history should be exceedingly considered for management, including targeted genetic testing. For the major proportion of familial clustering, where genetic testing may not be feasible, medical and behavioral intervention should be indicated for the patient and their family members, including screening recommendations and avoidance of carcinogenic exposure.
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11
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Germ-line mutations in WDR77 predispose to familial papillary thyroid cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026327118. [PMID: 34326253 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026327118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inheritance of predisposition to nonsyndromic familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer (FNMTC) remains unclear. Here, we report six individuals with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in two unrelated nonsyndromic FNMTC families. Whole-exome sequencing revealed two germ-line loss-of-function variants occurring within a 28-bp fragment of WDR77, which encodes a core member of a transmethylase complex formed with the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 that is responsible for histone H4 arginine 3 dimethylation (H4R3me2) in frogs and mammals. To date, the association of WDR77 with susceptibility to cancer in humans is unknown. A very rare heterozygous missense mutation (R198H) in WDR77 exon 6 was identified in one family of three affected siblings. A heterozygous splice-site mutation (c.619+1G > C) at the 5' end of intron 6 is present in three affected members from another family. The R198H variant impairs the interaction of WDR77 with PRMT5, and the splice-site mutation causes exon 6 skipping and results in a marked decrease in mutant messenger RNA, accompanied by obviously reduced H4R3me2 levels in mutation carriers. Knockdown of WDR77 results in increased growth of thyroid cancer cells. Whole-transcriptome analysis of WDR77 mutant patient-derived thyroid tissue showed changes in pathways enriched in the processes of cell cycle promotion and apoptosis inhibition. In summary, we report WDR77 mutations predisposing patients to nonsyndromic familial PTC and link germ-line WDR77 variants to human malignant disease.
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12
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Tsai CW, Chang WS, Xu Y, Huang M, Bau DT, Gu J. Associations of genetically predicted circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 with bladder cancer risk. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:726-733. [PMID: 34293213 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) play important roles in carcinogenesis. The associations of circulating IGF-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) with the risks of bladder cancer remain unclear. In this large case control study of 2011 bladder cancer cases and 2369 heathy controls, we assessed the associations of circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 with bladder cancer risks using a Mendelian randomization approach, which uses genetic variants as instruments to study causal relationship between risk factors and diseases. We first constructed a weighted genetic risk score (GRS) predictive of circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 using 413 genome-wide association study-identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with IGF-1 and four SNPs with IGFBP-3, respectively. We found that higher GRS for IGF-1 was associated with a significantly reduced bladder cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] = 0.66 per SD increase, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.82, p < 0.001). We then used a summary statistics-based MR method, inverse-variance weighting (IVW), and found a similar risk estimate (OR = 0.67 per SD increase, 95% CI = 0.54-0.83, p < 0.001). When we categorized individuals into high and low IGF-1 groups using the median GRS value in the controls, the high GRS group had a 21% reduced bladder cancer risk (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.70-0.89) compared to the low GRS group. Genetically predicted circulating IGFBP-3 was not associated with bladder cancer risk. In conclusion, our data demonstrated for the first time a strong inverse relationship between circulating IGF-1 level and bladder cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wen-Shin Chang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yifan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maosheng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Da-Tian Bau
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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13
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Souaid T, Hindy JR, Diab E, Kourie HR. Are there monogenic hereditary forms of bladder cancer or only genetic susceptibilities? Pharmacogenomics 2021; 22:619-628. [PMID: 34044612 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2020-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common cancer involving the urinary system and the ninth most common cancer worldwide. Tobacco smoking is the most important environmental risk factor of BC. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms have been validated by genome-wide association studies as genetic risk factors for BC. However, the identification of DNA mismatch-repair genes, including MSH2 in Lynch syndrome and MUTYH in MUTYH-associated polyposis, raises the possibility of monogenic hereditary forms of BC. Moreover, other genetic mutations may play a key role in familial and hereditary transmissions of BC. Therefore, the aim of this review is to focus on the major hereditary syndromes involved in the development of BC and to report BC genetic susceptibilities established with genome-wide significance level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Souaid
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joya-Rita Hindy
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ernest Diab
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hampig Raphael Kourie
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Oncology department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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14
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Abstract
Improvements in DNA sequencing technology and discoveries made by large scale genome-wide association studies have led to enormous insight into the role of genetic variation in prostate cancer risk. High-risk prostate cancer risk predisposition genes exist in addition to common germline variants conferring low-moderate risk, which together account for over a third of familial prostate cancer risk. Identifying men with additional risk factors such as genetic variants or a positive family history is of clinical importance, as men with such risk factors have a higher incidence of prostate cancer with some evidence to suggest diagnosis at a younger age and poorer outcomes. The medical community remains in disagreement on the benefits of a population prostate cancer screening programme reliant on PSA testing. A reduction in mortality has been demonstrated in many studies, but at the cost of significant amounts of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Developing targeted screening strategies for high-risk men is currently the subject of investigation in a number of prospective studies. At present, approximately 38% of the familial risk of PrCa can be explained based on published SNPs, with men in the top 1% of the risk profile having a 5.71-fold increase in risk of developing cancer compared with controls. With approximately 170 prostate cancer susceptibility loci now identified in European populations, there is scope to explore the clinical utility of genetic testing and genetic-risk scores in prostate cancer screening and risk stratification, with such data in non-European populations eagerly awaited. This review will focus on both the rare and common germline genetic variation involved in hereditary and familial prostate cancer, and discuss ongoing research in exploring the role of targeted screening in this high-risk group of men.
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15
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Kassem N, Stout LA, Hunter C, Schneider B, Radovich M. Precision Prevention: The Current State and Future of Genomically Guided Cancer Prevention. JCO Precis Oncol 2020; 4:96-108. [PMID: 35050732 DOI: 10.1200/po.19.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of cancer-predisposing germline variants has potentially substantial clinical impact for patients and their families. Although management guidelines have been proposed for some genes, guidelines for other genes are lacking. This review focuses on the current surveillance and management guidelines for the most common hereditary cancer syndromes and discusses some of the most pivotal studies supporting the available guidelines. We also highlight the gaps in the identification of germline carriers, the cascade testing of at-risk relatives, and the challenges impeding the proper follow-up and optimal management of pathogenic germline carriers. The anticipated surge in the number of identified germline carriers, deficient management guidelines, poor cascade testing uptake, and long-term follow-up necessitate the development of multidisciplinary clinics as an obligatory step toward the improvement of cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Kassem
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Health Precision Genomics, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Leigh Anne Stout
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Health Precision Genomics, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Cynthia Hunter
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Health Precision Genomics, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Bryan Schneider
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Health Precision Genomics, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Milan Radovich
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Health Precision Genomics, Indianapolis, IN
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16
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Chen M, Xu Y, Xu J, Chancoco H, Gu J. Leukocyte Telomere Length and Bladder Cancer Risk: A Large Case–Control Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 30:203-209. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Hoshi S, Bilim V, Hoshi K, Sasagawa I, Otake K, Chiba D, Suenaga S, Konno M, Katsumata Y, Morozumi K, Takemoto J, Numahata K, Ito K. Familial testicular germ cell tumors in two brothers. IJU Case Rep 2020; 3:100-102. [PMID: 32743483 PMCID: PMC7292156 DOI: 10.1002/iju5.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Two percent of testicular germ cell tumors occur in family clusters. Here, we report metachronous testicular germ cell tumors in two brothers. CASE PRESENTATION An elder brother was diagnosed at the age of 30 years old and the pathological diagnosis was mixed testicular germ cell tumor. A tumor in the younger brother was suspected during testicular self-examination. It was confirmed by ultrasound examination at the age of 30 years old, 3 years and 6 months after the diagnosis of the testicular tumor in elder brother. The pathological diagnosis was pure seminoma. Both brothers had stage 1 testicular germ cell tumors and no recurrence was observed during the follow-up period of 4 years and 4 months and 10 months, respectively. CONCLUSION Various histological types of tumor can occur in members of one family. Besides genetic predisposition, shared diet, environmental exposure and other factors can contribute to the familial testicular cancer. Testicular self-examination is recommended for family members of a person with testicular germ cell tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senji Hoshi
- Department of UrologyYamagata Tokushukai HospitalYamagataJapan
| | - Vladimir Bilim
- Department of UrologyKameda Daiichi HospitalNiigataJapan
| | - Kiyotsugu Hoshi
- Department of UrologyYamagata Tokushukai HospitalYamagataJapan
| | - Isoji Sasagawa
- Department of UrologyYamagata Tokushukai HospitalYamagataJapan
| | - Kotarou Otake
- Department of UrologyYamagata Prefectural Central HospitalYamagataJapan
| | - Daigo Chiba
- Department of UrologyYamagata Prefectural Central HospitalYamagataJapan
| | - Shinta Suenaga
- Department of UrologyYamagata Prefectural Central HospitalYamagataJapan
| | - Masahito Konno
- Department of UrologyYamagata Prefectural Central HospitalYamagataJapan
| | - Yuki Katsumata
- Department of UrologyYamagata Prefectural Central HospitalYamagataJapan
| | - Kento Morozumi
- Department of UrologyYamagata Prefectural Central HospitalYamagataJapan
| | - Jun Takemoto
- Department of UrologyYamagata Prefectural Central HospitalYamagataJapan
| | - Kenji Numahata
- Department of UrologyYamagata Prefectural Central HospitalYamagataJapan
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18
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Madanat-Harjuoja LM, Pitkäniemi J, Hirvonen E, Malila N, Diller LR. Linking population-based registries to identify familial cancer risk in childhood cancer. Cancer 2020; 126:3076-3083. [PMID: 32315449 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linked population-based registries provide a unique source for identification of new family cancer syndromes and for elucidating risk of early-onset cancer in close relatives of cancer patients. METHODS Using the Finnish Cancer Registry, we identified 9078 probands who had been diagnosed with cancer at <21 years of age between 1970 and 2012. Siblings, offspring, parents, nephews, and nieces of probands were identified from the Population Registry. Childhood and young adult (ChYA) cancer diagnoses (age 0-39 years) in relatives were identified by linking to the Finnish Cancer Registry. The relative risk of ChYA cancer in family members of probands was estimated using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). RESULTS Among 58,010 family members of the 9078 probands, 363 ChYA cancers were diagnosed, 324 of which were expected (SIR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.01-1.24). The risk of ChYA cancer was elevated both in offspring (SIR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.51-3.24) and in siblings (SIR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.36). Offspring of probands with retinoblastoma were at highest risk (SIR, 75.85; 95% CI, 32.75-149.45); risks were also elevated for siblings of probands with lymphoma (SIR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.14-2.25). Known cancer predisposition syndromes were observed in 29 (66%) of 44 sibling pairs with cancers diagnosed at <21 years of age and in 20% of the 135 families with a childhood cancer proband whose sibling was diagnosed with a young adult malignancy. CONCLUSION Linked population-based registry data indicate a modestly increased risk of ChYA in relatives of children with cancer. Some of the observed cancer clusters in the cohort suggest novel patterns and familial cancer syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Maria Madanat-Harjuoja
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Finnish Cancer Registry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Pitkäniemi
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Social Sciences (Health Sciences), Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,School of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Nea Malila
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lisa R Diller
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified at least 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) risk. Most of these SNPs are common variants with small to moderate effect sizes. Here we assessed the combined genetic effects of these variants on PTC risk by using summarized GWAS results to build polygenic risk score (PRS) models in three PTC study groups from Ohio (1,544 patients and 1,593 controls), Iceland (723 patients and 129,556 controls), and the United Kingdom (534 patients and 407,945 controls). A PRS based on the 10 established PTC SNPs showed a stronger predictive power compared with the clinical factors model, with a minimum increase of area under the receiver-operating curve of 5.4 percentage points (P ≤ 1.0 × 10-9). Adding an extended PRS based on 592,475 common variants did not significantly improve the prediction power compared with the 10-SNP model, suggesting that most of the remaining undiscovered genetic risk in thyroid cancer is due to rare, moderate- to high-penetrance variants rather than to common low-penetrance variants. Based on the 10-SNP PRS, individuals in the top decile group of PRSs have a close to sevenfold greater risk (95% CI, 5.4-8.8) compared with the bottom decile group. In conclusion, PRSs based on a small number of common germline variants emphasize the importance of heritable low-penetrance markers in PTC.
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20
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Comiskey DF, He H, Liyanarachchi S, Sheikh MS, Genutis LK, Hendrickson IV, Yu L, Brock PL, de la Chapelle A. Variants in LRRC34 reveal distinct mechanisms for predisposition to papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Med Genet 2020; 57:519-527. [PMID: 32051256 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) demonstrates high heritability and a low somatic mutation burden relative to other cancers. Therefore, the genetic risk predisposing to PTC is likely due to a combination of low penetrance variants. A recent genome-wide association study revealed the association of PTC with a missense variant, rs6793295, at 3q26 in a gene called Leucine Repeat Rich Containing 34 (LRRC34). METHODS We report the mechanisms of PTC risk at 3q26 using a combination of overexpression, mass spectroscopy, knockdown, transcriptome profiling, migration assays and genetic analysis. RESULTS We observed differential binding of wild-type and missense LRRC34 to RANBP1. Overexpression of missense LRRC34 reduced RanGTP levels and increased apoptosis. We also identified a second linkage disequilibrium (LD) block upstream of LRRC34 containing regulatory variants with allele-specific expression. Transcriptome profiling of LRRC34 knockdown cells showed changes in genes involved with cellular movement. LRRC34 knockdown reduced the migration of thyroid cancer cell lines. Lastly, we assessed the relative contribution of PTC risk from each locus using haplotype analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates two separate mechanisms, one in G protein signalling and the other in transcriptional control, dictating PTC risk at 3q26 using both biochemical and genetic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Forrest Comiskey
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Huiling He
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sandya Liyanarachchi
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mehek S Sheikh
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Luke K Genutis
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Isabella V Hendrickson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Pamela L Brock
- Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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21
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Glycan Analysis as Biomarkers for Testicular Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9040156. [PMID: 31652641 PMCID: PMC6963830 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force does not recommend routine screening for testicular cancer (TC) in asymptomatic men, essentially because serological testicular cancer (TC) biomarkers are not reliable. The main reason is that two of the most important TC biomarkers, α-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), are not produced solely due to TC. Moreover, up to 40% of patients with TC do not have elevated serological biomarkers, which is why serial imaging with CT is the chief means of monitoring progress. On the other hand, exposure to radiation can lead to an increased risk of secondary malignancies. This review provides the first comprehensive account of the applicability of protein glycoprofiling as a promising biomarker for TC with applications in disease diagnostics, monitoring and recurrence evaluation. The review first deals with the description and classification of TC. Secondly, the limitations of current TC biomarkers such as hCG, AFP and lactate dehydrogenase are provided together with an extensive overview of the glycosylation of hCG and AFP related to TC. The final part of the review summarises the potential of glycan changes on either hCG and AFP as TC biomarkers for diagnostics and prognostics purposes, and for disease recurrence evaluation. Finally, an analysis of glycans in serum and tissues as TC biomarkers is also provided.
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22
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Wang Y, Liyanarachchi S, Miller KE, Nieminen TT, Comiskey DF, Li W, Brock P, Symer DE, Akagi K, DeLap KE, He H, Koboldt DC, de la Chapelle A. Identification of Rare Variants Predisposing to Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2019; 29:946-955. [PMID: 30957677 PMCID: PMC6648188 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Familial non-medullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) accounts for a relatively small proportion of thyroid cancer cases, but it displays strong genetic predisposition. So far, only a few NMTC susceptible genes and low-penetrance variants contributing to NMTC have been described. This study aimed to identify rare germline variants that may predispose individuals to NMTC by sequencing a cohort of 17 NMTC families. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing and genome-wide linkage analysis were performed in 17 NMTC families. MendelScan and BasePlayer were applied to screen germline variants followed by customized filtering. The remaining candidate variants were subsequently validated by Sanger sequencing. A panel of 277 known cancer predisposition genes was also screened in these families. Results: A total of 41 rare coding candidate variants in 40 genes identified by whole-genome sequencing are reported, including 24 missense, five frameshift, five splice change, and seven nonsense variants. Sanger sequencing confirmed all 41 rare variants and proved their co-segregation with NMTC in the extended pedigrees. In silico functional analysis of the candidate genes using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed that cancer was the top category of "Diseases and Disorders." Additionally, a targeted search displayed six variants in known cancer predisposition genes, including one frameshift variant and five missense variants. Conclusions: The data identify rare germline variants that may play important roles in NMTC predisposition. It is proposed that in future research including functional characterization, these variants and genes be considered primary candidates for thyroid cancer predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Wang
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sandya Liyanarachchi
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Katherine E. Miller
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Taina T. Nieminen
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Daniel F. Comiskey
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wei Li
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Pamela Brock
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - David E. Symer
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Keiko Akagi
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Katherine E. DeLap
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Huiling He
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Daniel C. Koboldt
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Address correspondence to: Albert de la Chapelle, MD, PhD, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 804 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
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Heikkinen SMM, Madanat-Harjuoja LM, Seppä KJM, Rantanen ME, Hirvonen EM, Malila NK, Pitkäniemi JM. Familial aggregation of early-onset cancers. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1791-1799. [PMID: 31199509 PMCID: PMC7027840 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This registry‐linkage study evaluates familial aggregation of cancer among relatives of a population‐based series of early‐onset (≤40 years) cancer patients in Finland. A cohort of 376,762 relatives of early‐onset cancer patients diagnosed between 1970 and 2012 in 40,538 families was identified. Familial aggregation of early‐onset breast, colorectal, brain and other central nervous system (CNS) cancer and melanoma was explored by standardized incidence ratios (SIR), stratified by relatedness. Gender‐, age‐ and period‐specific population cancer incidences were used as reference. Cumulative risks for siblings and offspring of the proband up to age ≤40 years were also estimated. Almost all early‐onset cancers were sporadic (98% or more). Among first‐degree relatives, SIR was largest in colorectal cancer (14, 95% confidence interval 9.72–18), and lowest in melanoma (1.93, 1.05–3.23). Highest relative‐specific SIRs were observed for siblings in families, where also parent had concordant cancer, 90 (43–165) for colorectal cancer and 29 (11–64) for CNS cancer. In spouses, all SIRs were at population level. Cumulative risk of colorectal cancer by age 41 was 0.98% in siblings and 0.10% in population, while in breast cancer the corresponding risks were 2.05% and 0.56%. In conclusion, early‐onset cancers are mainly sporadic. Findings support high familial aggregation in early‐onset colorectal and CNS cancers. Familial aggregation in multiplex families with CNS cancers was mainly attributed to neurofibromatosis and in colorectal cancer to FAP‐ and HNPCC‐syndromes. The pattern of familial aggregation of early‐onset breast cancer could be seen to support very early exposure to environmental factors and/or rare genetic factors. What's new? The tendency for certain cancer types to cluster in families generally is explained by shared environmental exposures or inherited mutations. In particular, early‐onset cancer, diagnosed between ages 0 and 40, is considered indicative of familial factors. Here, investigation of cancer risk among more than 376,760 relatives of probands, or individuals with early‐onset cancer, shows that the likelihood of early‐onset cancer affecting even just one other relative in addition to the proband is exceedingly rare. Nearly all early‐onset cancers in the study population were sporadic. Estimated cumulative risks observed for specific cancers may prove useful in the context of genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna M M Heikkinen
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura-Maria Madanat-Harjuoja
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Karri J M Seppä
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti E Rantanen
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elli M Hirvonen
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nea K Malila
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne M Pitkäniemi
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Abstract
Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy among men between 14 and 44 years of age, and its incidence has risen over the past two decades in Western countries. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of testicular cancer, for which cryptorchidism is the most common risk factor. Progress has been made in our understanding of the disease since the initial description of carcinoma in situ of the testis in 1972 (now referred to as germ cell neoplasia in situ), which has led to improved treatment options. The combination of surgery and cisplatin-based chemotherapy has resulted in a cure rate of >90% in patients with testicular cancer, although some patients become refractory to chemotherapy or have a late relapse; an improved understanding of the molecular determinants underlying tumour sensitivity and resistance may lead to the development of novel therapies for these patients. This Primer provides an overview of the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis and current treatment guidelines for testicular cancer, with a focus on germ cell tumours. We also outline areas for future research and what to expect in the next decade for testicular cancer.
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25
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Jacobs ET, Gupta S, Baron JA, Cross AJ, Lieberman DA, Murphy G, Martínez ME. Family history of colorectal cancer in first-degree relatives and metachronous colorectal adenoma. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113:899-905. [PMID: 29463834 PMCID: PMC8283793 DOI: 10.1038/s41395-018-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about the relationship between having a first-degree relative (FDR) with colorectal cancer (CRC) and risk for metachronous colorectal adenoma (CRA) following polypectomy. METHODS We pooled data from seven prospective studies of 7697 patients with previously resected CRAs to quantify the relationship between having a FDR with CRC and risk for metachronous adenoma. RESULTS Compared with having no family history of CRC, a positive family history in any FDR was significantly associated with increased odds of developing any metachronous CRA (OR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.01-1.29). Higher odds of CRA were observed among individuals with an affected mother (OR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.05-1.53) or sibling (OR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.11-1.62) as compared with those without, whereas no association was shown for individuals with an affected father. Odds of having a metachronous CRA increased with number of affected FDRs, with ORs (95% CIs) of 1.07 (0.93-1.23) for one relative and 1.39 (1.02-1.91) for two or more. Younger age of diagnosis of a sibling was associated with higher odds of metachronous CRA, with ORs (95% CIs) of 1.66 (1.08-2.56) for diagnosis at <54 years; 1.34 (0.89-2.03) for 55-64 years; and 1.10 (0.70-1.72) for >65 years (p-trend = 0.008). Although limited by sample size, results for advanced metachronous CRA were similar to those for any metachronous CRA. CONCLUSIONS A family history of CRC is related to a modestly increased odds of metachronous CRA. Future research should explore whether having a FDR with CRC, particularly at a young age, should have a role in risk stratification for surveillance colonoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Jacobs
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA. Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Veteran Affairs San Diego System, San Diego, CA, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and the Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Imperial College London, London, UK. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA. Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Veteran Affairs San Diego System, San Diego, CA, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and the Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Imperial College London, London, UK. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samir Gupta
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA. Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Veteran Affairs San Diego System, San Diego, CA, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and the Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Imperial College London, London, UK. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA. Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Veteran Affairs San Diego System, San Diego, CA, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and the Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Imperial College London, London, UK. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John A Baron
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA. Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Veteran Affairs San Diego System, San Diego, CA, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and the Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Imperial College London, London, UK. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda J Cross
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA. Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Veteran Affairs San Diego System, San Diego, CA, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and the Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Imperial College London, London, UK. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A Lieberman
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA. Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Veteran Affairs San Diego System, San Diego, CA, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and the Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Imperial College London, London, UK. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gwen Murphy
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA. Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Veteran Affairs San Diego System, San Diego, CA, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and the Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Imperial College London, London, UK. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - María Elena Martínez
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA. Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Veteran Affairs San Diego System, San Diego, CA, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and the Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Imperial College London, London, UK. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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In H, Langdon-Embry M, Gordon L, Schechter CB, Wylie-Rosett J, Castle PE, Margaret Kemeny M, Rapkin BD. Can a gastric cancer risk survey identify high-risk patients for endoscopic screening? A pilot study. J Surg Res 2018; 227:246-256. [PMID: 29622399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A questionnaire that distinguishes how variability in gastric cancer prevalence is associated with ethnicity/birth country/immigration/cultural diet along with known risk factors may improve targeting populations for gastric cancer screening in the United States. METHODS Existing literature was used to identify the item pool. Cluster analysis, focus groups, and cognitive interviewing were used to reduce collinear items and refine the questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine which items distinguished gastric cancer cases from the primary care and community controls. RESULTS The results of analysis of data from 40 cases and 100 controls (primary care = 47; community = 53) were used to reduce the 227 item pool to 12 items. After ranking these variables using model bootstrapping, a logistic regression model using the highest ranked eight variables was chosen as the final model. Older age, foreign nativity, daily consumption of cultural food at ages 15-18, less than high-school education, and greater acculturation were significantly associated with being a gastric cancer case compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS An eight-item survey that addresses gastric cancer risk factors, ethnicity, cultural habits, and immigration patterns has potential to identify high-risk persons from multicultural areas within the US, who might benefit from endoscopic screening for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haejin In
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Bronx, New York; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Bronx, New York.
| | - Marisa Langdon-Embry
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Bronx, New York
| | - Lauren Gordon
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Bronx, New York
| | - Clyde B Schechter
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Bronx, New York; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Family and Social Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Judith Wylie-Rosett
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Bronx, New York
| | - Philip E Castle
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Bruce D Rapkin
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Bronx, New York
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27
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Epigenetics and testicular germ cell tumors. Gene 2018; 661:22-33. [PMID: 29605605 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Phelan A, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Zhang S, Raspollini MR, Cheng M, Kaimakliotis HZ, Koch MO, Cheng L. Inherited forms of bladder cancer: a review of Lynch syndrome and other inherited conditions. Future Oncol 2018; 14:277-290. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors that play a role in the urothelial carcinogenesis have been well characterized. Current research is continuously exploring potential heritable forms of bladder cancer. Lynch syndrome is a well-known inheritable disease that increases the risk for a variety of cancers, including urothelial carcinomas. Screening of patients with known Lynch syndrome is important to evaluate for development of new primary tumors. Further study may provide more information on what level of follow-up each patient needs. Recent data suggest that mismatch repair mutations confer a greater risk for urothelial cancer. Additional large patient series as well as advancement of molecular testing may provide triage for Lynch syndrome patients in regards to the frequency and type of screening best suited for individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Phelan
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Unit of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba, Spain & Champalimaud Clinical Center, Lisbon 1400038, Portugal
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy & Histopathology, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region (Ancona), United Hospitals, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maria R Raspollini
- Histopathology & Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Monica Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hristos Z Kaimakliotis
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael O Koch
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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29
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Non-BRCA familial breast cancer: review of reported pathology and molecular findings. Pathology 2017; 49:363-370. [PMID: 28450088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The majority of women evaluated for a clinical concern of possible hereditary breast cancer syndromes have no identified pathogenic variants in genes predisposing them to breast cancer. Non-BRCA1- or BRCA2-related familial breast cancer, also called 'BRCAX', thus comprises a sizeable proportion of familial breast cancer but it is poorly understood. In this study, we reviewed 14 studies on histopathology and molecular studies of BRCAX to determine if there were differences between 'sporadic' breast cancers and compared to cancers arising in women harbouring variants in known cancer predisposition genes. Across available literature, there was inconsistency on inclusion and exclusion criteria, reported parameters, and use of controls. Cohorts were small, and while several studies reported findings that appeared to distinguish the BRCAX cases from sporadic and/or gene-positive controls, no findings were reported in more than one study. To determine whether the BRCAX families might still contain important genetic subsets awaiting discovery will require prospective ascertainment of a large number of women with familial breast cancer who are screened for all currently established predisposition genes, whose tumours are assessed for multiple parameters in a uniform manner, and in which controls (BRCA1/2+ and non-familial 'sporadic' cases) are collected from the same population.
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30
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Dai J, Shen W, Wen W, Chang J, Wang T, Chen H, Jin G, Ma H, Wu C, Li L, Song F, Zeng Y, Jiang Y, Chen J, Wang C, Zhu M, Zhou W, Du J, Xiang Y, Shu XO, Hu Z, Zhou W, Chen K, Xu J, Jia W, Lin D, Zheng W, Shen H. Estimation of heritability for nine common cancers using data from genome-wide association studies in Chinese population. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:329-336. [PMID: 27668986 PMCID: PMC5536238 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The familial aggregation indicated the inheritance of cancer risk. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified a number of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Following heritability analyses have shown that SNPs could explain a moderate amount of variance for different cancer phenotypes among Caucasians. However, little information was available in Chinese population. We performed a genome-wide complex trait analysis for common cancers at nine anatomical sites in Chinese population (14,629 cancer cases vs. 17,554 controls) and estimated the heritability of these cancers based on the common SNPs. We found that common SNPs explained certain amount of heritability with significance for all nine cancer sites: gastric cancer (20.26%), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (19.86%), colorectal cancer (16.30%), lung cancer (LC) (15.17%), and epithelial ovarian cancer (13.31%), and a similar heritability around 10% for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We found that nearly or less than 25% change was shown when removing the regions expanding 250 kb or 500 kb upward and downward of the GWAS-reported SNPs. We also found strong linear correlations between variance partitioned by each chromosome and chromosomal length only for LC (R2 = 0.641, p = 0.001) and esophageal squamous cell cancer (R2 = 0.633, p = 0.002), which implied us the complex heterogeneity of cancers. These results indicate polygenic genetic architecture of the nine common cancers in Chinese population. Further efforts should be made to discover the hidden heritability of different cancer types among Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanqing Wen
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University of Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jiang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Chen
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengju Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - YiXin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaping Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangbo Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University of Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiping Zhou
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University of Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
It is estimated that up to 2% of renal cell cancer (RCC) clusters in families. Several forms of hereditary RCC have been characterized with specific clinical, histopathological, and genetic features. The most common of these is von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease caused by mutations in the VHL gene and predisposing to clear cell RCC. Predisposition to papillary RCC is present in hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) and hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma (HPRC). Identification of the genetic defects causing these diseases has enlightened the molecular pathogenesis of RCC, and moreover, provided means to improve patient management. Genetic testing enables early diagnosis of the disease, after which individuals at-risk can be guided to regular surveillance. Screening facilitates detection of presymptomatic early tumors broadening treatment options and potentially improving prognosis. Thus, identification of individuals with inherited cancer susceptibility is important as special management of these patients improves disease outcome. The purpose of this review is to provide clues for identification and management of hereditary renal cancer patients in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kiuru
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Riesco-Eizaguirre G, Santisteban P. ENDOCRINE TUMOURS: Advances in the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer: lessons from the cancer genome. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:R203-17. [PMID: 27666535 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy giving rise to one of the most indolent solid cancers, but also one of the most lethal. In recent years, systematic studies of the cancer genome, most importantly those derived from The Cancer Genome Altas (TCGA), have catalogued aberrations in the DNA, chromatin, and RNA of the genomes of thousands of tumors relative to matched normal cellular genomes and have analyzed their epigenetic and protein consequences. Cancer genomics is therefore providing new information on cancer development and behavior, as well as new insights into genetic alterations and molecular pathways. From this genomic perspective, we will review the main advances concerning some essential aspects of the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer such as mutational mechanisms, new cancer genes implicated in tumor initiation and progression, the role of non-coding RNA, and the advent of new susceptibility genes in thyroid cancer predisposition. This look across these genomic and cellular alterations results in the reshaping of the multistep development of thyroid tumors and offers new tools and opportunities for further research and clinical development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garcilaso Riesco-Eizaguirre
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM)Madrid, Spain Servicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Universitario de Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM)Madrid, Spain
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Jendrzejewski J, Liyanarachchi S, Nagy R, Senter L, Wakely PE, Thomas A, Nabhan F, He H, Li W, Sworczak K, Ringel MD, Kirschner LS, de la Chapelle A. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Association Between Germline DNA Variant Markers and Clinical Parameters. Thyroid 2016; 26:1276-84. [PMID: 27342578 PMCID: PMC5036310 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is reported to be highly heritable in epidemiological studies. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered several variants associated with PTC predisposition. It remains unknown whether these variants might contribute to better clinical stratification of PTC patients. METHODS In order to assess the usefulness of germline genetic analyses in the management of PTC patients, the genotypes of five variants (rs965513, rs944289, rs116909374, rs2439302, and rs966423) were determined in 1216 PTC patients and 1416 controls. Additionally, the expression of seven genes located close to GWAS variants (PTCSC3, MBIP, NKX2-1, FOXE1, DIRC3, PTCSC2, and NRG1) were measured in 73 PTC paired tumor/normal tissues, respectively. Next, the association was analyzed between the genotypes of the germline variants and the levels of gene expression with clinical/pathological features such as age, sex, TNM staging, multifocality status, extrathyroidal expansion, and MACIS score. RESULTS The risk allele of rs965513 was associated with larger tumor size (p = 0.025) and extrathyroidal expansion (odd ratio [OR] = 1.29, p = 0.045). The variant rs2439302 showed association with lymph node metastasis (OR = 1.24, p = 0.016), and multifocality status of the tumor (OR = 1.24, p = 0.012). The expression of MBIP was associated with T stage (p = 0.010). MBIP and PTCSC3 displayed lower expression in PTC tissue in males than in females (p = 0.025 and p = 0.036, respectively). NKX2-1 displayed lower expression in patients with N1 stage (p = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS The studied germline risk alleles predisposing to PTC were associated with a more aggressive course of the disease reflected by larger tumor diameter, higher multifocality rate, and more advanced N stage at the time of diagnosis. These results show that germline variants not only predispose to PTC but also might impact its clinical course. However, these associations were only moderate, and further large multi-ethnic studies are required to evaluate the usefulness of these germline variants in the clinical stratification of PTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Jendrzejewski
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sandya Liyanarachchi
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rebecca Nagy
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Leigha Senter
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Paul E. Wakely
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andrew Thomas
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Fadi Nabhan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Huiling He
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wei Li
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Krzysztof Sworczak
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lawrence S. Kirschner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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34
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Wang M, Li Z, Chu H, Lv Q, Ye D, Ding Q, Xu C, Guo J, Du M, Chen J, Song Z, Yin C, Qin C, Gu C, Zhu Y, Xia G, Liu F, Zhang Z, Yuan L, Fu G, Hu Z, Tong N, Shen J, Liu K, Sun J, Sun Y, Li J, Li X, Shen H, Xu J, Shi Y, Zhang Z. Genome-Wide Association Study of Bladder Cancer in a Chinese Cohort Reveals a New Susceptibility Locus at 5q12.3. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3277-84. [PMID: 27206850 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of bladder cancer have identified a number of susceptibility loci in European populations but have yet to uncover the genetic determinants underlying bladder cancer incidence among other ethnicities. Therefore, we performed the first GWAS in a Chinese cohort comprising 3,406 cases of bladder cancer and 4,645 controls. We identified a new susceptibility locus for bladder cancer at 5q12.3, located in the intron of CWC27 (rs2042329), that was significantly associated with disease risk (OR = 1.40; P = 4.61 × 10(-11)). However, rs2042329 was not associated with bladder cancer risk in patients of European descent. The rs2042329 risk allele was also related to significantly increased expression levels of CWC27 mRNA and protein in bladder cancer tissues from Chinese patients. Additional functional analyses suggested that CWC27 played an oncogenic role in bladder cancer by inducing cell proliferation and suppressing apoptosis. In conclusion, the identification of a risk-associated locus at 5q12.3 provides new insights into the inherited susceptibility to bladder cancer in Chinese populations and may help to identify high-risk individuals. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3277-84. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Lv
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanliang Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mulong Du
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijian Song
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changjun Yin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyuan Gu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowei Xia
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengsheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangbo Fu
- Department of Urology, The Huai-An First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Tong
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei Shen
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jielin Sun
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Yinghao Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jue Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingwang Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois.
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. Department of Psychiatry, The First Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China. Institute of Neuropsychiatric Science and Systems Biological Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. Institute of Social Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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35
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Figueroa JD, Middlebrooks CD, Banday AR, Ye Y, Garcia-Closas M, Chatterjee N, Koutros S, Kiemeney LA, Rafnar T, Bishop T, Furberg H, Matullo G, Golka K, Gago-Dominguez M, Taylor JA, Fletcher T, Siddiq A, Cortessis VK, Kooperberg C, Cussenot O, Benhamou S, Prescott J, Porru S, Dinney CP, Malats N, Baris D, Purdue MP, Jacobs EJ, Albanes D, Wang Z, Chung CC, Vermeulen SH, Aben KK, Galesloot TE, Thorleifsson G, Sulem P, Stefansson K, Kiltie AE, Harland M, Teo M, Offit K, Vijai J, Bajorin D, Kopp R, Fiorito G, Guarrera S, Sacerdote C, Selinski S, Hengstler JG, Gerullis H, Ovsiannikov D, Blaszkewicz M, Castelao JE, Calaza M, Martinez ME, Cordeiro P, Xu Z, Panduri V, Kumar R, Gurzau E, Koppova K, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Ljungberg B, Clavel-Chapelon F, Weiderpass E, Krogh V, Dorronsoro M, Travis RC, Tjønneland A, Brennan P, Chang-Claude J, Riboli E, Conti D, Stern MC, Pike MC, Van Den Berg D, Yuan JM, Hohensee C, Jeppson RP, Cancel-Tassin G, Roupret M, Comperat E, Turman C, De Vivo I, Giovannucci E, Hunter DJ, Kraft P, Lindstrom S, Carta A, Pavanello S, Arici C, Mastrangelo G, Kamat AM, Zhang L, Gong Y, Pu X, Hutchinson A, Burdett L, Wheeler WA, Karagas MR, Johnson A, Schned A, Monawar Hosain GM, Schwenn M, Kogevinas M, Tardón A, Serra C, Carrato A, García-Closas R, Lloreta J, Andriole G, Grubb R, Black A, Diver WR, Gapstur SM, Weinstein S, Virtamo J, Haiman CA, Landi MT, Caporaso NE, Fraumeni JF, Vineis P, Wu X, Chanock SJ, Silverman DT, Prokunina-Olsson L, Rothman N. Identification of a novel susceptibility locus at 13q34 and refinement of the 20p12.2 region as a multi-signal locus associated with bladder cancer risk in individuals of European ancestry. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1203-14. [PMID: 26732427 PMCID: PMC4817084 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 15 independent genomic regions associated with bladder cancer risk. In search for additional susceptibility variants, we followed up on four promising single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that had not achieved genome-wide significance in 6911 cases and 11 814 controls (rs6104690, rs4510656, rs5003154 and rs4907479, P < 1 × 10(-6)), using additional data from existing GWAS datasets and targeted genotyping for studies that did not have GWAS data. In a combined analysis, which included data on up to 15 058 cases and 286 270 controls, two SNPs achieved genome-wide statistical significance: rs6104690 in a gene desert at 20p12.2 (P = 2.19 × 10(-11)) and rs4907479 within the MCF2L gene at 13q34 (P = 3.3 × 10(-10)). Imputation and fine-mapping analyses were performed in these two regions for a subset of 5551 bladder cancer cases and 10 242 controls. Analyses at the 13q34 region suggest a single signal marked by rs4907479. In contrast, we detected two signals in the 20p12.2 region-the first signal is marked by rs6104690, and the second signal is marked by two moderately correlated SNPs (r(2) = 0.53), rs6108803 and the previously reported rs62185668. The second 20p12.2 signal is more strongly associated with the risk of muscle-invasive (T2-T4 stage) compared with non-muscle-invasive (Ta, T1 stage) bladder cancer (case-case P ≤ 0.02 for both rs62185668 and rs6108803). Functional analyses are needed to explore the biological mechanisms underlying these novel genetic associations with risk for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonine D Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,
| | - Candace D Middlebrooks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Rouf Banday
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy, Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Klaus Golka
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Servicio Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jack A Taylor
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Epigenetic and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Tony Fletcher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Victoria K Cortessis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- Department of Urology, Tenon, Centre de Recherche sur les Pathologies Prostatiques, Paris, France, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°5, ONCOTYPE-URO, Paris, France
| | - Simone Benhamou
- Institut national de la sante et de la recherche medicale, U946, Foundation Jean Dausset Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, France, Centre National de la Receherche Scientifique, UMR8200, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jennifer Prescott
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Epidemiology
| | - Stefano Porru
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Colin P Dinney
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Núria Malats
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dalsu Baris
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric J Jacobs
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Charles C Chung
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA, Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sita H Vermeulen
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja K Aben
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Anne E Kiltie
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Mark Teo
- Radiotherapy Research Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | | | - Dean Bajorin
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - Ryan Kopp
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giovanni Fiorito
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy, Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Simonetta Guarrera
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy, Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Selinski
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Holger Gerullis
- University Hospital for Urology, Klinikum Oldenburg, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany, Department of Urology, Lukasklinik Neuss, Germany
| | | | - Meinolf Blaszkewicz
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jose Esteban Castelao
- Oncology and Genetics Unit, Complejo Hospitalario, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica (IBI) Orense-Pontevedra-Vigo, Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Vigo-SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel Calaza
- Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Servicio Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Martinez
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Cordeiro
- Department of Urology, Complejo Hospitalario, University of Santiago de Compostela, Servicio Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Zongli Xu
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
| | - Vijayalakshmi Panduri
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Epigenetic and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg; University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - H Bas Bueno-De-Mesquita
- School of Public Health, Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands, Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Börje Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, Villejuif F-94805, France, Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif F-94805, France, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif F-94805, France
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway, Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Miren Dorronsoro
- Health Department, BioDonostia Research Institute, Basque Region, Spain, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg; University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - David Conti
- School of Public Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | - Marianna C Stern
- School of Public Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | | | | | - Jian-Min Yuan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chancellor Hohensee
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca P Jeppson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Geraldine Cancel-Tassin
- Centre de Recherche sur les Pathologies Prostatiques, Paris, France, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°5, ONCOTYPE-URO, Paris, France
| | - Morgan Roupret
- Department of Urology, Pitié-Salpétrière, Centre de Recherche sur les Pathologies Prostatiques, Paris, France, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°5, ONCOTYPE-URO, Paris, France
| | - Eva Comperat
- Department of Pathology, Pitié-Salpétrière, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France, Centre de Recherche sur les Pathologies Prostatiques, Paris, France, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°5, ONCOTYPE-URO, Paris, France
| | | | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition
| | - David J Hunter
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Angela Carta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sofia Pavanello
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cecilia Arici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mastrangelo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liren Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yilei Gong
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xia Pu
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Laurie Burdett
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alan Schned
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | | | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain, Municipal Institute of Medical Research, (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Adonina Tardón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Consol Serra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain, Municipal Institute of Medical Research, (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Reina García-Closas
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Josep Lloreta
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerald Andriole
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA and
| | - Robert Grubb
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA and
| | - Amanda Black
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W Ryan Diver
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neil E Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F Fraumeni
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Zheng H, Wang M, Jiang L, Chu H, Hu J, Ning J, Li B, Wang D, Xu J. BRAF-Activated Long Noncoding RNA Modulates Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Proliferation through Regulating Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor. Cancer Res Treat 2015; 48:698-707. [PMID: 26323637 PMCID: PMC4843736 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2015.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The importance of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tumorigenesis has recently been demonstrated. However, the role of lncRNAs in development of thyroid cancer remains largely unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, expression of three lncRNAs, including BRAF-activated long noncoding RNA (BANCR), papillary thyroid cancer susceptibility candidate 3 (PTCSC3), and noncoding RNA associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and growth arrest (NAMA), was investigated in the current study. RESULTS Of the three lncRNAs (BANCR, PTCSC3, and NAMA), expression of BANCR was significantly up-regulated while PTCSC3 and NAMA were significantly down-regulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) compared to that in normal tissue. BANCR-knockdown in a PTC-derived cell line (IHH-4) resulted in significant suppression of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). BANCR-knockdown also led to inhibition of cell growth and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase through down-regulation of cyclin D1. In addition, BANCR was enriched by polycomb enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), and silencing BANCR led to decreased chromatin recruitment of EZH2, which resulted significantly reduced expression of TSHR. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that BANCR may contribute to the tumorigenesis of PTC through regulation of cyclin D1 and TSHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zheng
- Department of Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated with Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated with Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Lixin Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated with Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Haidi Chu
- Department of Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated with Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jinchen Hu
- Department of Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated with Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jinyao Ning
- Department of Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated with Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Baoyuan Li
- Department of Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated with Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated with Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated with Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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Tomsic J, He H, Akagi K, Liyanarachchi S, Pan Q, Bertani B, Nagy R, Symer DE, Blencowe BJ, de la Chapelle A. A germline mutation in SRRM2, a splicing factor gene, is implicated in papillary thyroid carcinoma predisposition. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10566. [PMID: 26135620 PMCID: PMC4488885 DOI: 10.1038/srep10566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) displays strong but so far largely uncharacterized heritability. Here we studied genetic predisposition in a family with six affected individuals. We genotyped all available family members and conducted whole exome sequencing of blood DNA from two affected individuals. Haplotype analysis and other genetic criteria narrowed our list of candidates to a germline variant in the serine/arginine repetitive matrix 2 gene (SRRM2). This heterozygous variant, c.1037C > T (Ser346Phe or S346F; rs149019598) cosegregated with PTC in the family. It was not found in 138 other PTC families. It was found in 7/1,170 sporadic PTC cases and in 0/1,404 controls (p = 0.004). The encoded protein SRRM2 (also called SRm300) is part of the RNA splicing machinery. To evaluate the possibility that the S346F missense mutation affects alternative splicing, we compared RNA-Seq data in leukocytes from three mutation carriers and three controls. Significant differences in alternative splicing were identified for 1,642 exons, of which a subset of 7 exons was verified experimentally. The results confirmed a higher ratio of inclusion of exons in mutation carriers. These data suggest that the S346F mutation in SRRM2 predisposes to PTC by affecting alternative splicing of unidentified downstream target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerneja Tomsic
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Huiling He
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Keiko Akagi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sandya Liyanarachchi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Qun Pan
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Blake Bertani
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Nagy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David E Symer
- 1] Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America [3] Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- 1] Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada [2] Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Multiple functional variants in long-range enhancer elements contribute to the risk of SNP rs965513 in thyroid cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6128-33. [PMID: 25918370 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506255112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The [A] allele of SNP rs965513 in 9q22 has been consistently shown to be highly associated with increased papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) risk with an odds ratio of ∼1.8 as determined by genome-wide association studies, yet the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Previously, we noted that the expression of two genes in the region, forkhead box E1 (FOXE1) and PTC susceptibility candidate 2 (PTCSC2), is regulated by rs965513 in unaffected thyroid tissue, but the underlying mechanisms were not elucidated. Here, we fine-mapped the 9q22 region in PTC and controls and detected an ∼33-kb linkage disequilibrium block (containing the lead SNP rs965513) that significantly associates with PTC risk. Chromatin characteristics and regulatory element signatures in this block disclosed at least three regulatory elements functioning as enhancers. These enhancers harbor at least four SNPs (rs7864322, rs12352658, rs7847449, and rs10759944) that serve as functional variants. The variant genotypes are associated with differential enhancer activities and/or transcription factor binding activities. Using the chromosome conformation capture methodology, long-range looping interactions of these elements with the promoter region shared by FOXE1 and PTCSC2 in a human papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line (KTC-1) and unaffected thyroid tissue were found. Our results suggest that multiple variants coinherited with the lead SNP and located in long-range enhancers are involved in the transcriptional regulation of FOXE1 and PTCSC2 expression. These results explain the mechanism by which the risk allele of rs965513 predisposes to thyroid cancer.
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McMaster ML, Heimdal KR, Loud JT, Bracci JS, Rosenberg PS, Greene MH. Nontesticular cancers in relatives of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) patients from multiple-case TGCT families. Cancer Med 2015; 4:1069-78. [PMID: 25882629 PMCID: PMC4529345 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) exhibit striking familial aggregation that remains incompletely explained. To improve the phenotypic definition of familial TGCT (FTGCT), we studied an international cohort of multiple-case TGCT families to determine whether first-degree relatives of FTGCT cases are at increased risk of other types of cancer. We identified 1041 first-degree relatives of TGCT cases in 66 multiple-case TGCT families from Norway and 64 from the United States (combined follow-up of 31,556 person-years). We collected data on all cancers (except nonmelanoma skin cancers) reported by the family informant in these relatives, and we attempted to verify all reported cancer diagnoses through medical or cancer registry records. We calculated observed-to-expected (O/E) standardized incidence ratios, together with 95% confidence intervals (CI), for invasive cancers other than TGCT. We found no increase in risk of cancer overall (Norway O/E = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.6–1.1 and United States O/E = 0.9; 95% CI: 0.7–1.3). Site-specific analyses pooled across the two countries revealed a leukemia excess (O/E = 6.5; 95% CI: 3.0–12.3), deficit of female breast cancer (O/E = 0.0; 95% CI: 0.0–0.6) and increased risk of soft tissue sarcoma (O/E = 7.2; 95% CI: 2.0–18.4); in all instances, these results were based on small case numbers and statistically significant only in Norway. While limited by sample size and potential issues relating to completeness of cancer reporting, this study in multiple-case TGCT families does not support the hypothesis that cancers other than testis cancer contribute to the FTGCT phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L McMaster
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-9769.,Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ketil R Heimdal
- Section for Clinical Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer T Loud
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-9769
| | | | - Philip S Rosenberg
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-9769
| | - Mark H Greene
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-9769
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Siołek M, Cybulski C, Gąsior-Perczak D, Kowalik A, Kozak-Klonowska B, Kowalska A, Chłopek M, Kluźniak W, Wokołorczyk D, Pałyga I, Walczyk A, Lizis-Kolus K, Sun P, Lubiński J, Narod SA, Góźdż S. CHEK2 mutations and the risk of papillary thyroid cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:548-52. [PMID: 25583358 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the cell cycle checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) tumor suppressor gene are associated with multi-organ cancer susceptibility including cancers of the breast and prostate. A genetic association between thyroid and breast cancer has been suggested, however little is known about the determinants of this association. To characterize the association of CHEK2 mutations with thyroid cancer, we genotyped 468 unselected patients with papillary thyroid cancer and 468 (matched) cancer-free controls for four founder mutations of CHEK2 (1100delC, IVS2 + 1G>A, del5395 and I157T). We compared the family histories reported by patients with a CHEK2 mutation to those of non-carriers. A CHEK2 mutation was seen in 73 of 468 (15.6%) unselected patients with papillary thyroid cancer, compared to 28 of 460 (6.0%) age- and sex-matched controls (OR 3.3; p < 0.0001). A truncating mutation (IVS2 + 1G>A, 1100delC or del5395) was associated with a higher risk of thyroid cancer (OR = 5.7; p = 0.006), than was the missense mutation I157T (OR = 2.8; p = 0.0001). CHEK2 mutation carriers reported a family history of breast cancer 2.2 times more commonly than non-carriers (16.4% vs.8.1%; p = 0.05). A CHEK2 mutation was found in seven of 11 women (63%) with multiple primary cancers of the breast and thyroid (OR = 10; p = 0.0004). These results suggest that CHEK2 mutations predispose to thyroid cancer, familial aggregations of breast and thyroid cancer and to double primary cancers of the breast and thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Siołek
- Department of Genetics, Holycross Cancer Centre, Kielce, Poland
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Centre, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta Gąsior-Perczak
- Department of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Holycross Cancer Centre, Kielce, Poland
| | - Artur Kowalik
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Centre, Kielce, Poland
| | | | - Aldona Kowalska
- Department of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Holycross Cancer Centre, Kielce, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chłopek
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Centre, Kielce, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kluźniak
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Centre, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dominika Wokołorczyk
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Centre, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Iwona Pałyga
- Department of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Holycross Cancer Centre, Kielce, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Walczyk
- Department of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Holycross Cancer Centre, Kielce, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lizis-Kolus
- Department of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Holycross Cancer Centre, Kielce, Poland
| | - Ping Sun
- Centre for Research on Women's Health, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Lubiński
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Centre, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Steven A Narod
- Centre for Research on Women's Health, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Stanisław Góźdż
- Department of Genetics, Holycross Cancer Centre, Kielce, Poland.,Faculty of Health Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
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42
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Trabert B, Chen J, Devesa SS, Bray F, McGlynn KA. International patterns and trends in testicular cancer incidence, overall and by histologic subtype, 1973-2007. Andrology 2015; 3:4-12. [PMID: 25331326 PMCID: PMC4410839 DOI: 10.1111/andr.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Incidence rates of testicular cancer in Northern European and North American countries have been widely reported, whereas rates in other populations, such as Eastern Europe, Central/South America, Asia, and Africa, have been less frequently evaluated. We examined testicular cancer incidence rates overall and by histologic type by calendar time and birth cohort for selected global populations 1973-2007. Age-standardized incidence rates over succeeding 5-year periods were calculated from volumes 4-9 of Cancer Incidence in Five Continents electronic database (CI5plus) and the newly released CI5X (volume 10) database. Annual percent change over the 35-year period was calculated using weighted least squares regression. Age-period-cohort analyses were performed and observed rates and fitted rate ratios presented by birth cohort. Incidence rates of testicular cancer increased between 1973-1977 and 2003-2007 in most populations evaluated worldwide. Of note, incidence rates in Eastern European countries rose rapidly and approached rates in Northern European countries. Rates in Central and South America also increased and are now intermediate to the high rates among men of European ancestry and low rates among men of Asian or African descent. Some heterogeneity in the trends in seminoma and nonseminoma were observed in Denmark, the United Kingdom, and among US whites, particularly in recent generations, with rapid and uniform increases in the incidence of both histologic types in Slovakia. Reasons for the rising incidence rates among European and American populations remain unexplained; however, changing distributions in the prevalence of risk factors for testicular cancer cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton Trabert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan S. Devesa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Freddie Bray
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Katherine A. McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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He H, Li W, Liyanarachchi S, Jendrzejewski J, Srinivas M, Davuluri RV, Nagy R, de la Chapelle A. Genetic predisposition to papillary thyroid carcinoma: involvement of FOXE1, TSHR, and a novel lincRNA gene, PTCSC2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E164-72. [PMID: 25303483 PMCID: PMC4283026 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT By genome-wide association studies, the risk allele [A] of SNP rs965513 predisposes strongly to papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). It is located in a gene-poor region of 9q22, some 60 kb from the FOXE1 gene. The underlying mechanisms remain to be discovered. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to identify novel transcripts in the 9q22 locus and correlate gene expression levels with the genotypes of rs965513. DESIGN We performed 3' and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends and RT-PCR to detect novel transcripts. One novel transcript was forcibly expressed in a cell line followed by gene expression array analysis. We genotyped rs965513 from PTC patients and measured gene expression levels by real-time RT-PCR in unaffected thyroid tissue and matched tumor. SETTING This was a laboratory-based study using cells from clinical tissue samples and a cancer cell line. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We detected previously uncharacterized transcripts and evaluated the gene expression levels and the correlation with the risk allele of rs965513, age, gender, chronic lymphocyte thyroiditis (CLT), and TSH levels. RESULTS We found a novel long intergenic noncoding RNA gene and named it papillary thyroid cancer susceptibility candidate 2 (PTCSC2). Transcripts of PTCSC2 are down-regulated in PTC tumors. The risk allele [A] of rs965513 was significantly associated with low expression of unspliced PTCSC2, FOXE1, and TSHR in unaffected thyroid tissue. We also observed a significant association of age and CLT with PTCSC2 unspliced transcript levels. The correlation between the rs965513 genotype and the PTCSC2 unspliced transcript levels remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, and CLT. Forced expression of PTCSC2 in the BCPAP cell line affected the expression of a subset of noncoding and coding transcripts with enrichment of genes functionally involved in cell cycle and cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a role for PTCSC2, FOXE1, and TSHR in the predisposition to PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling He
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics (H.H., W.L., S.L., J.J., M.S., R.N., A.d.l.C), and Department of Internal Medicine (R.N.), Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center (R.V.D.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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44
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Koster R, Mitra N, D'Andrea K, Vardhanabhuti S, Chung CC, Wang Z, Loren Erickson R, Vaughn DJ, Litchfield K, Rahman N, Greene MH, McGlynn KA, Turnbull C, Chanock SJ, Nathanson KL, Kanetsky PA. Pathway-based analysis of GWAs data identifies association of sex determination genes with susceptibility to testicular germ cell tumors. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6061-8. [PMID: 24943593 PMCID: PMC4204765 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association (GWA) studies of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) have identified 18 susceptibility loci, some containing genes encoding proteins important in male germ cell development. Deletions of one of these genes, DMRT1, lead to male-to-female sex reversal and are associated with development of gonadoblastoma. To further explore genetic association with TGCT, we undertook a pathway-based analysis of SNP marker associations in the Penn GWAs (349 TGCT cases and 919 controls). We analyzed a custom-built sex determination gene set consisting of 32 genes using three different methods of pathway-based analysis. The sex determination gene set ranked highly compared with canonical gene sets, and it was associated with TGCT (FDRG = 2.28 × 10(-5), FDRM = 0.014 and FDRI = 0.008 for Gene Set Analysis-SNP (GSA-SNP), Meta-Analysis Gene Set Enrichment of Variant Associations (MAGENTA) and Improved Gene Set Enrichment Analysis for Genome-wide Association Study (i-GSEA4GWAS) analysis, respectively). The association remained after removal of DMRT1 from the gene set (FDRG = 0.0002, FDRM = 0.055 and FDRI = 0.009). Using data from the NCI GWA scan (582 TGCT cases and 1056 controls) and UK scan (986 TGCT cases and 4946 controls), we replicated these findings (NCI: FDRG = 0.006, FDRM = 0.014, FDRI = 0.033, and UK: FDRG = 1.04 × 10(-6), FDRM = 0.016, FDRI = 0.025). After removal of DMRT1 from the gene set, the sex determination gene set remains associated with TGCT in the NCI (FDRG = 0.039, FDRM = 0.050 and FDRI = 0.055) and UK scans (FDRG = 3.00 × 10(-5), FDRM = 0.056 and FDRI = 0.044). With the exception of DMRT1, genes in the sex determination gene set have not previously been identified as TGCT susceptibility loci in these GWA scans, demonstrating the complementary nature of a pathway-based approach for genome-wide analysis of TGCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelof Koster
- Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Kurt D'Andrea
- Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Charles C Chung
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services,National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services,National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, Cancer Genome Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - R Loren Erickson
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA and
| | - David J Vaughn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Litchfield
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Nazneen Rahman
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Mark H Greene
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services,National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services,National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clare Turnbull
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services,National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,
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Genetic predisposition for nonmedullary thyroid cancer. Discov Oncol 2014; 6:13-20. [PMID: 25338077 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmedullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) can be sporadic or can occur as a component cancer as part of several well-described hereditary cancer syndromes. NMTC, particularly papillary thyroid cancer, also can occur by itself in families and is often termed familial NMTC or familial papillary thyroid cancer. The occurrence of NMTC in families, along with extensive population-based evidence from patients with sporadic thyroid cancer, together suggest that NMTC has a strong genetic component, only a small proportion of which has been characterized to date. Advances in genetic and genomic technology have rapidly advanced our understanding of the complex nature of NMTC susceptibility, although much remains to be explained. Herein, we describe the current state of knowledge, starting with a brief review of hereditary syndromic causes and moving on to describe recent data using modern genomic approaches to identifying genes involved in the predisposition to NMTC.
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Rafnar T, Sulem P, Thorleifsson G, Vermeulen SH, Helgason H, Saemundsdottir J, Gudjonsson SA, Sigurdsson A, Stacey SN, Gudmundsson J, Johannsdottir H, Alexiusdottir K, Petursdottir V, Nikulasson S, Geirsson G, Jonsson T, Aben KKH, Grotenhuis AJ, Verhaegh GW, Dudek AM, Witjes JA, van der Heijden AG, Vrieling A, Galesloot TE, De Juan A, Panadero A, Rivera F, Hurst C, Bishop DT, Sak SC, Choudhury A, Teo MTW, Arici C, Carta A, Toninelli E, de Verdier P, Rudnai P, Gurzau E, Koppova K, van der Keur KA, Lurkin I, Goossens M, Kellen E, Guarrera S, Russo A, Critelli R, Sacerdote C, Vineis P, Krucker C, Zeegers MP, Gerullis H, Ovsiannikov D, Volkert F, Hengstler JG, Selinski S, Magnusson OT, Masson G, Kong A, Gudbjartsson D, Lindblom A, Zwarthoff E, Porru S, Golka K, Buntinx F, Matullo G, Kumar R, Mayordomo JI, Steineck DG, Kiltie AE, Jonsson E, Radvanyi F, Knowles MA, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kiemeney LA, Stefansson K. Genome-wide association study yields variants at 20p12.2 that associate with urinary bladder cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5545-57. [PMID: 24861552 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of urinary bladder cancer (UBC) have yielded common variants at 12 loci that associate with risk of the disease. We report here the results of a GWAS of UBC including 1670 UBC cases and 90 180 controls, followed by replication analysis in additional 5266 UBC cases and 10 456 controls. We tested a dataset containing 34.2 million variants, generated by imputation based on whole-genome sequencing of 2230 Icelanders. Several correlated variants at 20p12, represented by rs62185668, show genome-wide significant association with UBC after combining discovery and replication results (OR = 1.19, P = 1.5 × 10(-11) for rs62185668-A, minor allele frequency = 23.6%). The variants are located in a non-coding region approximately 300 kb upstream from the JAG1 gene, an important component of the Notch signaling pathways that may be oncogenic or tumor suppressive in several forms of cancer. Our results add to the growing number of UBC risk variants discovered through GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hannes Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Reykjavik 101, Iceland School of Engineering and Natural Sciences and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thorvaldur Jonsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland Department of Surgery, Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Katja K H Aben
- Department for Health Evidence Comprehensive Cancer Center The Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gerald W Verhaegh
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra M Dudek
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - J Alfred Witjes
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Ana De Juan
- Division of Medical Oncolology, Marques de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander 39008, Spain
| | - Angeles Panadero
- Division of Medical Oncolology, Ciudad de Coria Hospital, Coria 10800, Spain
| | - Fernando Rivera
- Division of Medical Oncolology, Marques de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander 39008, Spain
| | - Carolyn Hurst
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sei C Sak
- Mid Yorkshire NHS Trust, Pinderfields Hospital, Wakefield WF1 4DG, UK
| | | | - Mark T W Teo
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Cecilia Arici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, Brescia 1-25125, Italy
| | - Angela Carta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, Brescia 1-25125, Italy
| | - Elena Toninelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, Brescia 1-25125, Italy
| | - Petra de Verdier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm S171 76, Sweden
| | - Peter Rudnai
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest H-1450, Hungary
| | - Eugene Gurzau
- Health Department, Environmental Health Center, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca 3400, Romania
| | - Kvetoslava Koppova
- Department of Environmental Health, Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica 975 56, Slovakia
| | | | - Irene Lurkin
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Goossens
- Department of General Practice, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Eliane Kellen
- Leuven University Centre for Cancer Prevention (LUCK), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Alessia Russo
- Human Genetics Foundation, HuGeF, Torino I-10126, Italy Department of Medical Sciences and
| | - Rossana Critelli
- Human Genetics Foundation, HuGeF, Torino I-10126, Italy Department of Medical Sciences and
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Human Genetics Foundation, HuGeF, Torino I-10126, Italy Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy Centre for Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention (CPO Piemonte), Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Human Genetics Foundation, HuGeF, Torino I-10126, Italy Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Clémentine Krucker
- CNRS, UMR 144, Oncologie Moléculaire, Institut Curie, Paris 75248 Cedex 05, France Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248 Cedex 05, France
| | - Maurice P Zeegers
- Department of Epidemiology & Complex Genetics NUTRIM/Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Gerullis
- Department of Urology, Lukasklinik Neuss, Preussenstr. 64, Neuss 41464, Germany
| | - Daniel Ovsiannikov
- Department of Urology, St.-Josefs-Hospital Dortmund-Hörde, Dortmund 44263, Germany
| | - Frank Volkert
- Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Paul Gerhardt Foundation, Lutherstadt Wittenberg 06886, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Silvia Selinski
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | | | | | - Augustine Kong
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Reykjavik 101, Iceland School of Engineering and Natural Sciences and
| | - Daniel Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Reykjavik 101, Iceland School of Engineering and Natural Sciences and
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm S171 76, Sweden
| | - Ellen Zwarthoff
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Porru
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, Brescia 1-25125, Italy
| | - Klaus Golka
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Frank Buntinx
- Department of General Practice, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium Research School Care & Department of General Practice, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Human Genetics Foundation, HuGeF, Torino I-10126, Italy Department of Medical Sciences and
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - José I Mayordomo
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - D Gunnar Steineck
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm S171 76, Sweden Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg S-413 45, Sweden
| | - Anne E Kiltie
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - François Radvanyi
- CNRS, UMR 144, Oncologie Moléculaire, Institut Curie, Paris 75248 Cedex 05, France Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248 Cedex 05, France
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Reykjavik 101, Iceland Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- Department for Health Evidence Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Reykjavik 101, Iceland Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
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Lee M, Czene K, Rebora P, Reilly M. Patterns of changing cancer risks with time since diagnosis of a sibling. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:1948-56. [PMID: 25267314 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Family history is a well-known risk factor for many cancers. However, it is important to know if/how the familial risk of cancer changes over time. For each of four major cancers (colorectal, breast, prostate and melanoma), we identified siblings of cancer patients (case siblings) and siblings of matched cancer-free controls sampled from Swedish population-based registers. Effects of age and time since diagnosis on sibling risks were examined using Poisson regression and presented graphically as smoothed hazard ratios (HRs). Screening effects were investigated by comparing hazards before/after the introduction of mammography for breast cancer and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing for prostate cancer. Case siblings had higher cancer incidence than control siblings for all cancers at all ages, with overall incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of 2.41 (95% confidence interval 2.14-2.71) for colorectal cancer, 2.37 (2.24-2.52) for breast cancer, 3.69 (3.46-3.93) for prostate cancer and 3.20 (2.72-3.76) for melanoma. Risks were highest in siblings who were young when the first cancer was diagnosed in the family, with siblings aged 30-40 having IRR 9.05 (3.03-27.00) for colorectal cancer and 4.30 (2.87-6.45) for breast cancer. Smoothed HRs remained fairly constant for up to 20 years except for prostate cancer, where the HR decreased steeply during the first few years. After introduction of PSA testing, men had higher incidence of prostate cancer shortly after diagnosis in a brother, but no such screening effect was found for breast cancer. Our findings can help inform the screening and counseling of family members of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongjee Lee
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rijlaarsdam MA, Looijenga LHJ. An oncofetal and developmental perspective on testicular germ cell cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 29:59-74. [PMID: 25066859 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) represent a diverse group of tumors presumably originating from (early fetal) developing germ cells. Most frequent are the testicular germ cell cancers (TGCC). Overall, TGCC is the most frequent malignancy in Caucasian males (20-40 years) and remains an important cause of (treatment related) mortality in these young men. The strong association between the phenotype of TGCC stem cell components and their totipotent ancestor (fetal primordial germ cell or gonocyte) makes these tumors highly relevant from an onco-fetal point of view. This review subsequently discusses the evidence for the early embryonic origin of TGCCs, followed by an overview of the crucial association between TGCC pathogenesis, genetics, environmental exposure and the (fetal) testicular micro-environment (genvironment). This culminates in an evaluation of three genvironmentally modulated hallmarks of TGCC directly related to the oncofetal pathogenesis of TGCC: (1) maintenance of pluripotency, (2) cell cycle control/cisplatin sensitivity and (3) regulation of proliferation/migration/apoptosis by KIT-KITL mediated receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Briefly, TGCC exhibit identifiable stem cell components (seminoma and embryonal carcinoma) and progenitors that show large and consistent similarities to primordial/embryonic germ cells, their presumed totipotent cells of origin. TGCC pathogenesis depends crucially on a complex interaction of genetic and (micro-)environmental, i.e. genvironmental risk factors that have only been partly elucidated despite significant effort. TGCC stem cell components also show a high degree of similarity with embryonic stem/germ cells (ES) in the regulation of pluripotency and cell cycle control, directly related to their exquisite sensitivity to DNA damaging agents (e.g. cisplatin). Of note, (ES specific) micro-RNAs play a pivotal role in the crossover between cell cycle control, pluripotency and chemosensitivity. Moreover, multiple consistent observations reported TGCC to be associated with KIT-KITL mediated receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, a pathway crucially implicated in proliferation, migration and survival during embryogenesis including germ cell development. In conclusion, TGCCs are a fascinating model for onco-fetal developmental processes especially with regard to studying cell cycle control, pluripotency maintenance and KIT-KITL signaling. The knowledge presented here contributes to better understanding of the molecular characteristics of TGCC pathogenesis, translating to identification of at risk individuals and enhanced quality of care for TGCC patients (diagnosis, treatment and follow-up).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Rijlaarsdam
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Else T, Kim AC, Sabolch A, Raymond VM, Kandathil A, Caoili EM, Jolly S, Miller BS, Giordano TJ, Hammer GD. Adrenocortical carcinoma. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:282-326. [PMID: 24423978 PMCID: PMC3963263 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy, often with an unfavorable prognosis. Here we summarize the knowledge about diagnosis, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapy of ACC. Over recent years, multidisciplinary clinics have formed and the first international treatment trials have been conducted. This review focuses on evidence gained from recent basic science and clinical research and provides perspectives from the experience of a large multidisciplinary clinic dedicated to the care of patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Else
- MEND/Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (T.E., T.J.G., G.D.H.), Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics (V.M.R.), Department of Internal Medicine; Departments of Radiation Oncology (A.S., J.S.), Pathology (T.J.G.), and Radiology (A.K., E.M.C.); and Division of Endocrine Surgery (B.S.M.), Section of General Surgery, (A.C.K.), Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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50
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Bharati R, Jenkins MA, Lindor NM, Le Marchand L, Gallinger S, Haile RW, Newcomb PA, Hopper JL, Win AK. Does risk of endometrial cancer for women without a germline mutation in a DNA mismatch repair gene depend on family history of endometrial cancer or colorectal cancer? Gynecol Oncol 2014; 133:287-92. [PMID: 24631449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether risk of endometrial cancer for women without a germline mutation in a DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene depends on family history of endometrial or colorectal cancer. METHODS We retrospectively followed a cohort of 79,166 women who were recruited to the Colon Cancer Family Registry, after exclusion of women who were relatives of a carrier of a MMR gene mutation. The Kaplan-Meier failure method was used to estimate the cumulative risk of endometrial cancer. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for association between family history of endometrial or colorectal cancer and risk of endometrial cancer. RESULTS A total of 628 endometrial cancer cases were observed, with mean age at diagnosis of 54.4 (standard deviation: 15.7) years. The cumulative risk of endometrial cancer to age 70 years was estimated to be 0.94% (95% CI 0.83-1.05) for women with no family history of endometrial cancer, and 3.80% (95% CI 2.75-4.98) for women with at least one first- or second-degree relative with endometrial cancer. Compared with women without family history, we found an increased risk of endometrial cancer for women with at least one first- or second-degree relative with endometrial cancer (HR 3.66, 95% CI 2.63-5.08), and for women with one first-degree relative with colorectal cancer diagnosed at age <50 years (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.15-1.91). CONCLUSION An increased risk of endometrial cancer is associated with a family history of endometrial cancer or early-onset colorectal cancer for women without a MMR gene mutation, indicating for potential underlying genetic and environmental factors shared by colorectal and endometrial cancers other than caused by MMR gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Bharati
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | | - Steven Gallinger
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert W Haile
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aung Ko Win
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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