1
|
Wink K, van der Loh M, Hartner N, Polack M, Dusny C, Schmid A, Belder D. Quantification of Biocatalytic Transformations by Single Microbial Cells Enabled by Tailored Integration of Droplet Microfluidics and Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204098. [PMID: 35511505 PMCID: PMC9401594 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Improving the performance of chemical transformations catalysed by microbial biocatalysts requires a deep understanding of cellular processes. While the cellular heterogeneity of cellular characteristics, such as the concentration of high abundant cellular content, is well studied, little is known about the reactivity of individual cells and its impact on the chemical identity, quantity, and purity of excreted products. Biocatalytic transformations were monitored chemically specific and quantifiable at the single-cell level by integrating droplet microfluidics, cell imaging, and mass spectrometry. Product formation rates for individual Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were obtained by i) incubating nanolitre-sized droplets for product accumulation in microfluidic devices, ii) an imaging setup to determine the number of cells in the droplets, and iii) electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry for reading the chemical contents of individual droplets. These findings now enable the study of whole-cell biocatalysis at single-cell resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Wink
- University of LeipzigInstitute of Analytical Chemistry04107LeipzigGermany
| | - Marie van der Loh
- University of LeipzigInstitute of Analytical Chemistry04107LeipzigGermany
| | - Nora Hartner
- University of LeipzigInstitute of Analytical Chemistry04107LeipzigGermany
| | - Matthias Polack
- University of LeipzigInstitute of Analytical Chemistry04107LeipzigGermany
| | - Christian Dusny
- Department Solar MaterialsHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)04318LeipzigGermany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar MaterialsHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)04318LeipzigGermany
| | - Detlev Belder
- University of LeipzigInstitute of Analytical Chemistry04107LeipzigGermany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wink K, Loh M, Hartner N, Polack M, Dusny C, Schmid A, Belder D. Quantifizierung biokatalytischer Umwandlungen durch einzelne mikrobielle Zellen mittels maßgeschneiderter Integration von Tröpfchenmikrofluidik und Massenspektrometrie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Wink
- Universität Leipzig Institut für Analytische Chemie 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Marie Loh
- Universität Leipzig Institut für Analytische Chemie 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Nora Hartner
- Universität Leipzig Institut für Analytische Chemie 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Matthias Polack
- Universität Leipzig Institut für Analytische Chemie 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Christian Dusny
- Department Solare Materialien Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung (UFZ) 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solare Materialien Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung (UFZ) 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Detlev Belder
- Universität Leipzig Institut für Analytische Chemie 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Orrego AH, Andrés-Sanz D, Velasco-Lozano S, Sanchez-Costa M, Berenguer J, Guisan JM, Rocha-Martin J, López-Gallego F. Self-sufficient asymmetric reduction of β-ketoesters catalysed by a novel and robust thermophilic alcohol dehydrogenase co-immobilised with NADH. Catal Sci Technol 2021; 11:3217-3230. [PMID: 34094502 PMCID: PMC8111925 DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00268f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
β-Hydroxyesters are essential building blocks utilised by the pharmaceutical and food industries in the synthesis of functional products. Beyond the conventional production methods based on chemical catalysis or whole-cell synthesis, the asymmetric reduction of β-ketoesters with cell-free enzymes is gaining relevance. To this end, a novel thermophilic (S)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase from Thermus thermophilus HB27 (Tt27-HBDH) has been expressed, purified and biochemically characterised, determining its substrate specificity towards β-ketoesters and its dependence on NADH as a cofactor. The immobilization of Tt27-HBDH on agarose macroporous beads and its subsequent coating with polyethyleneimine has been found the best strategy to increase the stability and workability of the heterogeneous biocatalyst. Furthermore, we have embedded NADH in the cationic layer attached to the porous surface of the carrier. Since Tt27-HBDH catalyses cofactor recycling through 2-propanol oxidation, we achieve a self-sufficient heterogeneous biocatalyst where NADH is available for the immobilised enzymes but its lixiviation to the reaction bulk is avoided. Taking advantage of the autofluorescence of NADH, we demonstrate the activity of the enzyme towards the immobilised cofactor through single-particle analysis. Finally, we tested the operational stability in the asymmetric reduction of β-ketoesters in batch, succeeding in the reuse of both the enzyme and the co-immobilised cofactor up to 10 reaction cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro H Orrego
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP), CSIC Campus UAM, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Center for Molecular Biology Severo-Ochoa (UAM-CSIC) Nicolás Cabrera 1 28049 Madrid Spain
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Paseo de Miramón 182 Donostia San Sebastián Spain
| | - Daniel Andrés-Sanz
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Paseo de Miramón 182 Donostia San Sebastián Spain
| | - Susana Velasco-Lozano
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Paseo de Miramón 182 Donostia San Sebastián Spain
| | - Mercedes Sanchez-Costa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Center for Molecular Biology Severo-Ochoa (UAM-CSIC) Nicolás Cabrera 1 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - José Berenguer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Center for Molecular Biology Severo-Ochoa (UAM-CSIC) Nicolás Cabrera 1 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - José M Guisan
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP), CSIC Campus UAM, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP), CSIC Campus UAM, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Paseo de Miramón 182 Donostia San Sebastián Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science María Díaz de Haro 3 48013 Bilbao Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pavoković D, Košpić K, Panić M, Radojčić Redovniković I, Cvjetko Bubalo M. Natural deep eutectic solvents are viable solvents for plant cell culture-assisted stereoselective biocatalysis. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
5
|
Engineering Streptomyces coelicolor Carbonyl Reductase for Efficient Atorvastatin Precursor Synthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00603-17. [PMID: 28389544 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00603-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor CR1 (ScCR1) has been shown to be a promising biocatalyst for the synthesis of an atorvastatin precursor, ethyl-(S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate [(S)-CHBE]. However, limitations of ScCR1 observed for practical application include low activity and poor stability. In this work, protein engineering was employed to improve the catalytic efficiency and stability of ScCR1. First, the crystal structure of ScCR1 complexed with NADH and cosubstrate 2-propanol was solved, and the specific activity of ScCR1 was increased from 38.8 U/mg to 168 U/mg (ScCR1I158V/P168S) by structure-guided engineering. Second, directed evolution was performed to improve the stability using ScCR1I158V/P168S as a template, affording a triple mutant, ScCR1A60T/I158V/P168S, whose thermostability (T5015, defined as the temperature at which 50% of initial enzyme activity is lost following a heat treatment for 15 min) and substrate tolerance (C5015, defined as the concentration at which 50% of initial enzyme activity is lost following incubation for 15 min) were 6.2°C and 4.7-fold higher than those of the wild-type enzyme. Interestingly, the specific activity of the triple mutant was further increased to 260 U/mg. Protein modeling and docking analysis shed light on the origin of the improved activity and stability. In the asymmetric reduction of ethyl-4-chloro-3-oxobutyrate (COBE) on a 300-ml scale, 100 g/liter COBE could be completely converted by only 2 g/liter of lyophilized ScCR1A60T/I158V/P168S within 9 h, affording an excellent enantiomeric excess (ee) of >99% and a space-time yield of 255 g liter-1 day-1 These results suggest high efficiency of the protein engineering strategy and good potential of the resulting variant for efficient synthesis of the atorvastatin precursor.IMPORTANCE Application of the carbonyl reductase ScCR1 in asymmetrically synthesizing (S)-CHBE, a key precursor for the blockbuster drug Lipitor, from COBE has been hindered by its low catalytic activity and poor thermostability and substrate tolerance. In this work, protein engineering was employed to improve the catalytic efficiency and stability of ScCR1. The catalytic efficiency, thermostability, and substrate tolerance of ScCR1 were significantly improved by structure-guided engineering and directed evolution. The engineered ScCR1 may serve as a promising biocatalyst for the biosynthesis of (S)-CHBE, and the protein engineering strategy adopted in this work would serve as a useful approach for future engineering of other reductases toward potential application in organic synthesis.
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Yıldız T, Çanta N, Yusufoğlu A. Synthesis of new chiral keto alcohols by baker’s yeast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Borovinskaya ES, Reschetilowski W. Perspectives of heterogeneous process intensification in microreactors. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363212120316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
9
|
Borovinskaya ES, Reshetilovskii VP. Microreactors as the new way of intensification of heterogeneous processes. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042721106036x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Khor GK, Uzir MH. Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a potential stereospecific reduction tool for biotransformation of mono- and sesquiterpenoids. Yeast 2010; 28:93-107. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
11
|
Białecka-Florjańczyk E, Krzyczkowska J, Stolarzewicz I. Catalytic activity of baker's yeast in ester hydrolysis. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2010.501894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
12
|
Jörg G, Hémery T, Bertau M. Effects of cell stress protectant glutathione on the whole-cell biotransformation of ethyl 2-chloro-acetoacetate withSaccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420500068231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
13
|
Kliche S, Räuchle K, Bertau M, Reschetilowski W. Ganzzell-Biokatalyse mittelsSaccharomyces cerevisiaeim Mikroreaktor. CHEM-ING-TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200800101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Milagre CD, Milagre HM, Moran PJ, Rodrigues JAR. Screening and reaction engineering for the bioreduction of ethyl benzoylacetate and its analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Houng JY, Tseng JC, Hsu HF, Wu JY. Kinetic investigation on asymmetric bioreduction of ethyl 4-chloro acetoacetate catalyzed by baker’s yeast in an organic solvent-water biphasic system. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-008-0234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Katzberg M, Wechler K, Müller M, Dünkelmann P, Stohrer J, Hummel W, Bertau M. Biocatalytical production of (5S)-hydroxy-2-hexanone. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 7:304-14. [PMID: 19109675 DOI: 10.1039/b816364b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytical approaches have been investigated in order to improve accessibility of the bifunctional chiral building block (5S)-hydroxy-2-hexanone ((S)-2). As a result, a new synthetic route starting from 2,5-hexanedione (1) was developed for (S)-2, which is produced with high enantioselectivity (ee >99%). Since (S)-2 can be reduced further to furnish (2S,5S)-hexanediol ((2S,5S)-3), chemoselectivity is a major issue. Among the tested biocatalysts the whole-cell system S. cerevisiae L13 surpasses the bacterial dehydrogenase ADH-T in terms of chemoselectivity. The use of whole-cells of S. cerevisiae L13 affords (S)-2 from prochiral 1 with 85% yield, which is 21% more than the value obtained with ADH-T. This is due to the different reaction rates of monoreduction (1-->2) and consecutive reduction (2-->3) of the respective biocatalysts. In order to optimise the performance of the whole-cell-bioreduction 1 2 with S. cerevisiae, the system was studied in detail, revealing interactions between cell-physiology and xenobiotic substrate and by-products, respectively. This study compares the whole-cell biocatalytic route with the enzymatic route to enantiopure (S)-2 and investigates factors determining performance and outcome of the bioreductions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Katzberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pieper I, Wechler K, Katzberg M, Brusch L, Sørensen PG, Mensonides F, Bertau M. Biosimulation of drug metabolism--a yeast based model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008; 36:157-70. [PMID: 19041718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Computationally predicting the metabolic fates of drugs is a very complex task which is owed not only to the huge and diverse biochemical network in the living cell, but also to the majority of in vivo transformations that occur through the action of hepatocytes and gastro-intestinal micro-flora. Thus, xenobiotics are metabolised by more than a single cell type. However, the prediction of metabolic fates is definitely a problem worth solving since it would allow facilitate the development of drugs in a way less relying on animal testing. As a first step in this direction, PharmBiosim is being developed, a biosimulation tool which is based on substantial data reduction and on attributing metabolic fates of drug molecules to functional groups and substituents. This approach works with yeast as a model organism and is restricted to drugs that are mainly transformed by enzymes of the central metabolism, especially sugar metabolism. The reason for the latter is that the qualitative functioning of the involved biochemistry is very similar in diverse cell types involved in drug metabolism. Further it allows for using glycolytic oscillations as a tool to quantify interactions of a drug with this metabolic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Pieper
- Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Freiberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yu MA, Hou Y, Gong GH, Zhao Q, Zhu XB, Jiang L, Yang XL, Liao F. Effects of industrial storage on the bioreduction capacity of brewer’s yeast. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 36:157-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Forzato C, Furlan G, Nitti P, Pitacco G, Valentin E, Zangrando E, Buzzini P, Goretti M, Turchetti B. Chemoenzymatic and yeast-catalysed synthesis of diastereomeric ethyl γ-phenyl and γ-(n-pyridyl)paraconates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
20
|
Reaction and strain engineering for improved stereo-selective whole-cell reduction of a bicyclic diketone. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 77:1111-8. [PMID: 17962934 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,6-dione to (1R, 4S, 6S)-6-hydroxy-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-one by whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was improved using an engineered recombinant strain and process design. The substrate inhibition followed a Han-Levenspiel model showing an effective concentration window between 12 and 22 g/l, in which the activity was kept above 95%. Yeast growth stage, substrate concentration and a stable pH were shown to be important parameters for effective conversion. The over-expression of the reductase gene YDR368w significantly improved diastereoselectivity compared to previously reported results. Using strain TMB4110 expressing YDR368w in batch reduction with pH control, complete conversion of 40 g/l (290 mM) substrate was achieved with 97% diastereomeric excess (de) and >99 enantiomeric excess (ee), allowing isolation of the optically pure ketoalcohol in 84% yield.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ni H, Yao S. Acclimatization of Baker's Yeast for Asymmetric Reduction at High Substrate Concentration. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ie070140i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Ni
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanjing Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nakagawa A, Kato K, Shinmyo A, Suzuki T. Asymmetric hydrolysis of 2-hydroxy-carboxylic esters using recombinant Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
23
|
Frigon D, Muyzer G, van Loosdrecht M, Raskin L. rRNA and poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate dynamics in bioreactors subjected to feast and famine cycles. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:2322-30. [PMID: 16597926 PMCID: PMC1449019 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.4.2322-2330.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feast and famine cycles are common in activated sludge wastewater treatment systems, and they select for bacteria that accumulate storage compounds, such as poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). Previous studies have shown that variations in influent substrate concentrations force bacteria to accumulate high levels of rRNA compared to the levels in bacteria grown in chemostats. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that bacteria accumulate more rRNA when they are subjected to feast and famine cycles. However, PHB-accumulating bacteria can form biomass (grow) throughout a feast and famine cycle and thus have a lower peak biomass formation rate during the cycle. Consequently, PHB-accumulating bacteria may accumulate less rRNA when they are subjected to feast and famine cycles than bacteria that are not capable of PHB accumulation. These hypotheses were tested with Wautersia eutropha H16 (wild type) and W. eutropha PHB-4 (a mutant not capable of accumulating PHB) grown in chemostat and semibatch reactors. For both strains, the cellular RNA level was higher when the organism was grown in semibatch reactors than when it was grown in chemostats, and the specific biomass formation rates during the feast phase were linearly related to the cellular RNA levels for cultures. Although the two strains exhibited maximum uptake rates when they were grown in semibatch reactors, the wild-type strain responded much more rapidly to the addition of fresh medium than the mutant responded. Furthermore, the chemostat-grown mutant culture was unable to exhibit maximum substrate uptake rates when it was subjected to pulse-wise addition of fresh medium. These data show that the ability to accumulate PHB does not prevent bacteria from accumulating high levels of rRNA when they are subjected to feast and famine cycles. Our results also demonstrate that the ability to accumulate PHB makes the bacteria more responsive to sudden increases in substrate concentrations, which explains their ecological advantage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Frigon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Muyzer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mark van Loosdrecht
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lutgarde Raskin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Present address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 107 EWRE Bldg., 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125. Phone: (734) 647-6920. Fax: (734) 763-2275. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Houng JY, Liau JS. Mathematical modeling of asymmetric reduction of ethyl 4-chloro acetoacetate by bakers’ yeast. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
25
|
Sequential design of pH profiles for asymmetric bioreduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutyrate using a new experimental design method. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
26
|
Engelking H, Pfaller R, Wich G, Weuster-Botz D. Reaction engineering studies on β-ketoester reductions with whole cells of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Johanson T, Katz M, Gorwa-Grauslund MF. Strain engineering for stereoselective bioreduction of dicarbonyl compounds by yeast reductases. FEMS Yeast Res 2005; 5:513-25. [PMID: 15780652 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pure chiral molecules are needed in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry as intermediates for the production of drugs or fine chemicals. Microorganisms represent an attractive alternative to chemical synthesis since they have the potential to generate single stereoisomers in high enantiomeric excess (ee). The baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can notably reduce dicarbonyl compounds (in particular alpha- and beta-diketones and keto esters) to chiral alcohols with high ee. However, products are formed at a low rate. Moreover, large amounts of co-substrate are required for the regeneration of NADPH that is the preferred co-factor in almost all the known dicarbonyl reductions. Traditionally, better ee, reduction rate and product titre have been achieved via process engineering. The advent of recombinant DNA technology provides an alternative strategy to improve productivity and yield by strain engineering. This review discusses two aspects of strain engineering: (i) the generation of strains with higher reductase activity towards dicarbonyl compounds and (ii) the optimisation of co-substrate utilisation for NADPH cofactor regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ted Johanson
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Buque-Taboada EM, Straathof AJJ, Heijnen JJ, van der Wielen LAM. In situ product removal using a crystallization loop in asymmetric reduction of 4-oxoisophorone bySaccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 86:795-800. [PMID: 15162455 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In situ product crystallization was investigated for solid product crystals that were obtained during fermentation. The model reaction was the asymmetric reduction of 4-oxoisophorone (OIP) using baker's yeast (S. cerevisiae) as a biocatalyst. The target product was 6R-dihydro-oxoisophorone (DOIP), also known as levodione, a key intermediate in carotenoid synthesis. DOIP was degraded by baker's yeast mainly to (4S,6R)-actinol, an unwanted byproduct in the process. Actinol formation reached up to 12.5% of the initial amount of OIP in the reactor during a batch process. However, better results were obtained when the dissolved DOIP concentration was controlled using an integrated fermentation-crystallization process because: (a) actinol formation was reduced to 4%; and (b) DOIP crystal formation in the reactor was avoided. DOIP productivity was improved by 50% and its selectivity was raised from 87% to 96% relative to the batch process. In the integrated process, most of the product was recovered as pure crystals; this may already minimize, if not eliminate, the need for organic solvents in the final purification steps. An almost sixfold reduction in biocatalyst consumption per kilogram product was achieved, which also can contribute to the minimization of waste streams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Buque-Taboada
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Reduction of ethyl 3-oxobutanoate using non-growing baker’s yeast in a continuously operated reactor with cell retention. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
30
|
Buque EM, Chin-Joe I, Straathof AJ, Jongejan JA, Heijnen JJ. Immobilization affects the rate and enantioselectivity of 3-oxo ester reduction by baker’s yeast. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
31
|
Chin-Joe I, Straathof AJ, Pronk JT, Jongejan JA, Heijnen JJ. Influence of the ethanol and glucose supply rate on the rate and enantioselectivity of 3-oxo ester reduction by baker's yeast. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 75:29-38. [PMID: 11536124 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Baker's-yeast-mediated reductions of ketones hold great potential for the industrial production of enantiopure alcohols. In this article we describe the stoichiometry and kinetics of asymmetric ketone reduction by cell suspensions of bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). A system for quantitative analysis of 3-oxo ester reduction was developed and allowed construction of full mass and redox balances as well as determination of the influence of different process parameters on aerobic ketone reduction. The nature of the electron donor (ethanol or glucose) and its specific consumption rate by the biomass (0-1 mol.kg dw(-1).h(-1)) affected the overall stoichiometry and rate of the process and the final enantiomeric excess of the product. Excess glucose as the electron donor, i.e. a very high consumption rate of glucose, resulted in a high rate of alcoholic fermentation, oxygen consumption, and biomass formation and therefore causing low efficiency of glucose utilization. Controlled supply of the electron donor at the highest rates applied prevented alcoholic fermentation but still resulted in biomass formation and a high oxygen requirement, while low rates resulted in a more efficient use of the electron donor. Low supply rates of ethanol resulted in biomass decrease while low supply rates of glucose provided the most efficient strategy for electron donor provision and yielded a high enantiomeric excess of ethyl (S)-3-hydroxybutanoate. In contrast to batchwise conversions with excess glucose as the electron donor, this strategy prevented by-product formation and biomass increase, and resulted in a low oxygen requirement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Chin-Joe
- Kluyver Laboratory for Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|