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Tao D, King JG, Tweedell RE, Jost PJ, Boddey JA, Dinglasan RR. The acute transcriptomic and proteomic response of HC-04 hepatoma cells to hepatocyte growth factor and its implications for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite invasion. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1153-64. [PMID: 24532842 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.035584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The routine study of human malaria liver-stage biology in vitro is hampered by low infection efficiency of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lines (<0.1%), poor understanding of steady-state HCC biology, and lack of appropriate tools for trace sample analysis. HC-04 is the only HCC that supports complete development of human malaria parasites. We hypothesized that HCCs are in various intermediate stages of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and HC-04s retain epithelial characteristics that permit infection. We developed a facile analytical approach to test this hypothesis viz. the HC-04 response to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). We used online two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS) to quantify protein expression profiles in HC-04 pre-/post-HGF treatment and validated these results by RT-qPCR and microscopy. We successfully increased protein identification efficiency over offline-2D methods by 12-fold, using less sample material, allowing robust protein quantification. We observed expected up-regulation and down-regulation of EMT protein markers in response to HGF, but also unexpected cellular responses. We also observed that HC-04 is generally more susceptible to HGF-mediated signaling than what was observed for HepG2, a widely used, but poor malaria liver stage-HCC model. Our analytical approach to understanding the basic biology of HC-04 helps us understand the factors that may influence its utility as a model for malaria liver-stage development. We observed that HC-04 treatment with HGF prior to the addition of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites did not facilitate cell invasion, which suggests unlinking the effect of HGF on malaria liver stage development from hepatocyte invasion. Finally, our 2D-LC-MS/MS approach and broadly applicable experimental strategy should prove useful in the analysis of various hepatocyte-pathogen interactions, tumor progression, and early disease events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyin Tao
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology and the Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Osteolytic bone metastasis is hampered by impinging on the interplay among autophagy, anoikis and ossification. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1005. [PMID: 24434513 PMCID: PMC4040678 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we show that the fate of osteolytic bone metastasis depends on the balance among autophagy, anoikis resistance and ossification, and that the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling pathway seems to have an important role in orchestrating bone colonization. These findings are consistent with the pathophysiology of bone metastasis that is influenced by the cross-talk of supportive and neoplastic cells through molecular signaling networks. We adopted the strategy to target metastasis and stroma with the use of adenovirally expressed NK4 (AdNK4) and Dasatinib to block HGF/Met axis and Src activity. In human bone metastatic 1833 cells, HGF conferred anoikis resistance via Akt and Src activities and HIF-1α induction, leading to Bim isoforms degradation. When Src and Met activities were inhibited with Dasatinib, the Bim isoforms accumulated conferring anoikis sensitivity. The proviability effect of HGF, under low-nutrient stress condition, was related to a faster autophagy deactivation with respect to HGF plus Dasatinib. In the 1833 xenograft model, AdNK4 switched metastasis vasculature to blood lacunae, increasing HIF-1α in metastasis. The combination of AdNK4 plus Dasatinib gave the most relevant results for mice survival, and the following molecular and cellular changes were found to be responsible. In bone metastasis, we observed a hypoxic condition – marked by HIF-1α – and an autophagy failure – marked by p62 without Beclin-1. Then, osteolytic bone metastases were largely prevented, because of autophagy failure in metastasis and ossification in bone marrow, with osteocalcin deposition. The abnormal repair process was triggered by the dysfunctional autophagy/anoikis interplay. In conclusion, the concomitant blockade of HGF/Met axis and Src activity seemed to induce HIF-1α in metastasis, whereas the bone marrow hypoxic response was reduced. As a consequence, anoikis resistance might be hampered favoring, instead, autophagy failure and neoformation of woven bone trabeculae. Mice survival was, therefore, prolonged by overcoming an escape strategy adopted by metastatic cells by disruption of tumor–stroma coevolution, showing the importance of autophagy inhibition for the therapy of bone metastasis.
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Grzelakowska-Sztabert B, Dudkowska M. Paradoxical action of growth factors: antiproliferative and proapoptotic signaling by HGF/c-MET. Growth Factors 2011; 29:105-18. [PMID: 21631393 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2011.585609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) signaling is usually associated with the promotion of cellular growth and often with progression of tumors. Nevertheless, under certain conditions HGF can also act as an antiproliferative and proapoptotic factor and can sensitize various cancer cells, treated with anticancer drugs, to apoptosis. Not only HGF but also its various truncated forms as well as intracellular fragments of its membrane receptor, c-MET, may act as antiproliferative and proapoptotic factors toward various cells. This review focuses on different mechanisms responsible for such paradoxical action of the known typical growth factor. It also points toward the possibilities of usage of this information in anticancer therapy.
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MET signalling: principles and functions in development, organ regeneration and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010; 11:834-48. [PMID: 21102609 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 911] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The MET tyrosine kinase receptor (also known as the HGF receptor) promotes tissue remodelling, which underlies developmental morphogenesis, wound repair, organ homeostasis and cancer metastasis, by integrating growth, survival and migration cues in response to environmental stimuli or cell-autonomous perturbations. The versatility of MET-mediated biological responses is sustained by qualitative and quantitative signal modulation. Qualitative mechanisms include the engagement of dedicated signal transducers and the subcellular compartmentalization of MET signalling pathways, whereas quantitative regulation involves MET partnering with adaptor amplifiers or being degraded through the shedding of its extracellular domain or through intracellular ubiquitylation. Controlled activation of MET signalling can be exploited in regenerative medicine, whereas MET inhibition might slow down tumour progression.
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Drug development of MET inhibitors: targeting oncogene addiction and expedience. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:504-16. [PMID: 18511928 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 646] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The MET tyrosine kinase stimulates cell scattering, invasion, protection from apoptosis and angiogenesis, thereby acting as a powerful expedient for cancer dissemination. MET can also be genetically selected for the long-term maintenance of the primary transformed phenotype, and some tumours appear to be dependent on (or 'addicted' to) sustained MET activity for their growth and survival. Because of its dual role as an adjuvant, pro-metastatic gene for some tumour types and as a necessary oncogene for others, MET is a versatile candidate for targeted therapeutic intervention. Here we discuss recent progress in the development of molecules that inhibit MET function and consider their application in a subset of human tumours that are potentially responsive to MET-targeted therapies.
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Functional and molecular interactions between the HGF/c-Met pathway and c-Myc in large-cell medulloblastoma. J Transl Med 2008; 88:98-111. [PMID: 18059365 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth factor hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), also known as scatter factor, and its tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met play important roles in medulloblastoma malignancy. The transcription factor c-Myc is another contributor to the malignancy of these most common pediatric brain tumors. In the present study, we observed strong morphological similarities between medulloblastoma xenografts overexpressing HGF and medulloblastoma xenografts overexpressing c-Myc. We therefore hypothesized a biologically significant link between HGF/c-Met and c-Myc in medulloblastoma malignancy and studied the molecular and functional interactions between them. We found that HGF induces c-Myc mRNA and protein in established and primary medulloblastoma cells. HGF regulated c-Myc levels via transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms as evidenced by HGF induction of c-Myc promoter activity and induction of c-Myc protein levels in the setting of inhibited transcription and translation. We also found that HGF induces cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, apoptosis and increase in cell size in a c-Myc-dependent manner. Activation of MAPK and PI3K, inhibition of GSK-3beta and translocation of beta-catenin to the nucleus as well as Tcf/Lef transcriptional activity were involved in mediating c-Myc induction by HGF. Induction of Cdk2 kinase activity was involved in mediating the cell cycle progression effects, and downregulation of Bcl-XL was involved in mediating the proapoptotic effects of HGF downstream of c-Myc. All molecules that mediated the effects of HGF on c-Myc expression, cell proliferation and apoptosis were expressed in human large-cell medulloblastoma tissues. We therefore established for the first time a functional cooperation between HGF/c-Met and c-Myc in human medulloblastoma and elucidated the molecular mechanisms of this cooperation. The findings provide a potential explanation for the high frequency of c-Myc overexpression in medulloblastoma and suggest a cooperative role for c-Met and c-Myc in large-cell anaplastic medulloblastoma formation.
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Tulasne D, Foveau B. The shadow of death on the MET tyrosine kinase receptor. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:427-34. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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8
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Yang H, Magilnick N, Xia M, Lu SC. Effects of hepatocyte growth factor on glutathione synthesis, growth, and apoptosis is cell density-dependent. Exp Cell Res 2007; 314:398-412. [PMID: 17950727 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent hepatocyte mitogen that exerts opposing effects depending on cell density. Glutathione (GSH) is the main non-protein thiol in mammalian cells that modulates growth and apoptosis. We previously showed that GSH level is inversely related to cell density of hepatocytes and is positively related to growth. Our current work examined whether HGF can modulate GSH synthesis in a cell density-dependent manner and how GSH in turn influence HGF's effects. We found HGF treatment of H4IIE cells increased cell GSH levels only under subconfluent density. The increase in cell GSH under low density was due to increased transcription of GSH synthetic enzymes. This correlated with increased protein levels and nuclear binding activities of c-Jun, c-Fos, p65, p50, Nrf1 and Nrf2 to the promoter region of these genes. HGF acts as a mitogen in H4IIE cells under low cell density and protects against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-induced apoptosis by limiting JNK activation. However, HGF is pro-apoptotic under high cell density and exacerbates TNFalpha-induced apoptosis by potentiating JNK activation. The increase in cell GSH under low cell density allows HGF to exert its full mitogenic effect but is not necessary for its anti-apoptotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, USC-UCLA Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Yang H, Magilnick N, Noureddin M, Mato JM, Lu SC. Effect of hepatocyte growth factor on methionine adenosyltransferase genes and growth is cell density-dependent in HepG2 cells. J Cell Physiol 2007; 210:766-73. [PMID: 17154373 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent hepatocyte mitogen but its effect in liver cancer is conflicting. Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) is an essential enzyme encoded by two genes (MAT1A and MAT2A), while a third gene (MAT2beta) encodes for a subunit that regulates the MAT2A-encoded isoenzyme. MAT1A is silenced while MAT2A and MAT2beta are induced in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The current work examined expression of HGF/c-met in HCC and whether HGF regulates MAT genes and growth in HepG2 cells. We found the mRNA levels of HGF and c-met are markedly increased in HCC. To study the influence of cell density, HepG2 cells were plated under high-density (HD) or low-density (LD) and treated with HGF (10 ng/ml). Cell density had a dramatic effect on MAT1A expression, being nearly undetectable at LD to a ninefold induction under HD. Cell density also determined the effect of HGF. At HD, HGF increased the mRNA levels of p21 and p27, while lowering the levels of MAT genes, cyclin A, and c-met. At LD, HGF increased the mRNA levels of cyclin A, MAT2A, MAT2beta, and c-met. Consistently, HGF inhibits growth under HD but stimulates growth under LD. HGF induced sustained high ERK activation under HD as compared to LD. In summary, HGF induces genes favoring growth and is mitogenic when HepG2 cells are plated under LD; however, the opposite occurs under HD. This involves cell density-dependent differences in HGF-induced ERK activation. This may explain why HGF is mitogenic only when there is loss of cell-cell contact in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, USC-UCLA Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Dayoub R, Thasler WE, Bosserhoff AK, Singer T, Jauch KW, Schlitt HJ, Weiss TS. Regulation of polyamine synthesis in human hepatocytes by hepatotrophic factor augmenter of liver regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:181-7. [PMID: 16677602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Different stages of liver regeneration are regulated by a variety of factors such as the liver growth associated protein ALR, augmenter of liver regeneration. Furthermore, small molecules like polyamines were proven to be essential for hepatic growth and regeneration. Therefore, using primary human hepatocytes in vitro we investigated the effect of ALR on the biosynthesis of polyamines. We demonstrated by HPLC analysis that recombinant ALR enhanced intracellular hepatic putrescine, spermidine, and spermine levels within 9-12h. The activation of polyamine biosynthesis was dose dependent with putrescine showing the strongest increase. Additionally, ALR treatment induced mRNA expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, both key enzymes of polyamine biosynthesis. Further, ALR induced c-myc mRNA expression, a regulator of ODC expression, and therefore we assume that ALR exerts its liver regeneration augmenting effects through stimulation of its signalling pathway leading in part to enhanced polyamine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Dayoub
- Department of Surgery, University of Regensburg Hospital, Germany; Center for Liver Cell Research, University of Regensburg Hospital, Germany
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Coltella N, Rasola A, Nano E, Bardella C, Fassetta M, Filigheddu N, Graziani A, Comoglio PM, Di Renzo MF. p38 MAPK turns hepatocyte growth factor to a death signal that commits ovarian cancer cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:2981-90. [PMID: 16395709 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), known as a survival factor, unexpectedly enhances apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells treated with the front-line chemotherapeutics cisplatin (CDDP) and paclitaxel (PTX). Here we demonstrate that this effect depends on the p38 mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK). In fact, p38 MAPK activity is stimulated by HGF and further increased by the combined treatment with HGF and either CDDP or PTX. The expression of a dominant negative form of p38 MAPK abrogates apoptosis elicited by drugs, alone or in combination with HGF. HGF and drugs also activate the ERK1/2 MAPKs, the PI3K/AKT and the AKT substrate mTOR. However, activation of these survival pathways does not hinder the ability of HGF to enhance drug-dependent apoptosis. Altogether data show that p38 MAPK is necessary for HGF sensitization of ovarian cancer cells to low-doses of CDDP and PTX and might be sufficient to overcome activation of survival pathways. Therefore, the p38 MAPK pathway might be a suitable target to improve response to conventional chemotherapy in human ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Coltella
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Turin Medical School, Candiolo, Italy
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12
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Xia S, Laterra J. Hepatocyte growth factor increases mitochondrial mass in glioblastoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:1358-64. [PMID: 16730650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF) is a multifunctional growth factor that is linked to the initiation and/or progression of numerous malignancies. HGF also alters cancer cell responses to DNA damaging cytotoxic agents. Many cell responses to Met activation require alterations in metabolic activity but how the metabolic machinery responds to Met activation remains poorly defined. Treating human glioblastoma cells with HGF followed by the topoisomerase inhibitor camptothecin was found to increase the activity per cell of the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme succinate-tetrazolium reductase (>80% increase, p < 0.05) and the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (>25% increase, p < 0.05). Treatment with either HGF or camptothecin alone had no effect on enzyme activity. The mitochondrial enzymatic response to HGF was dose- and time-dependent with the maximum increase occurring in cells pre-treated with 30 ng/ml HGF for 48h prior to camptothecin exposure. This enzymatic response was associated with a concurrent increase in mitochondrial mass of comparable magnitude (approximately 56%, p < 0.05) as measured by fluorescent mitochondrial staining and flow cytometry. The mitochondrial mass response to HGF was prevented by the MAP-kinase pathway inhibitor PD98059 and was unaffected by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin. These findings suggest that HGF influences cell responses to chemotherapeutic stress, in part, by altering mitochondrial functions through a MAP-kinase dependent increase in mitochondrial mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Xia
- The Kennedy-Krieger Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Rasola A, Anguissola S, Ferrero N, Gramaglia D, Maffe A, Maggiora P, Comoglio PM, Di Renzo MF. Hepatocyte growth factor sensitizes human ovarian carcinoma cell lines to paclitaxel and cisplatin. Cancer Res 2004; 64:1744-50. [PMID: 14996735 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor, encoded by the MET oncogene, is expressed in approximately 70% of human ovarian carcinomas and overexpressed in 30% of cases. Because HGF is known to protect cells from apoptosis, we investigated whether receptor expression modifies ovarian cancer cell response to chemotherapy. The apoptotic effect of the front-line chemotherapeutic drugs paclitaxel and cisplatin on cells treated with HGF was studied. In ovarian cancer cell lines, pretreatment with HGF surprisingly enhances the apoptotic response to low doses of paclitaxel and cisplatin. HGF empowers specifically the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, whereas it protects cells from extrinsic Fas-induced apoptosis. Chemotherapy sensitization is specific for HGF because another growth factor (e.g., epidermal growth factor) increases ovarian cancer cell survival. In nonovarian cancer cell models, as expected, HGF provides protection from drug-induced apoptosis. These data show that HGF sensitizes ovarian carcinoma cells to low-dose chemotherapeutic agents. This suggests that HGF may be used to improve response to chemotherapy in a set of human ovarian carcinomas molecularly classified based on the MET oncogene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rasola
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Italy.
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Tacchini L, Matteucci E, De Ponti C, Desiderio MA. Hepatocyte growth factor signaling regulates transactivation of genes belonging to the plasminogen activation system via hypoxia inducible factor-1. Exp Cell Res 2003; 290:391-401. [PMID: 14567996 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays an important role in tumor growth and progression also by regulating invasive/metastatic phenotype and angiogenesis. Here we report that a molecular mechanism possibly contributing to these functions of HGF may be hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)-dependent expression of genes of the plasminogen activation system. The following findings support this conclusion: (1) HGF enhanced the activity of a luciferase reporter construct under the control of multiple HIF-1 responsive elements (HRE) in HepG2 cells, and the cotransfection of the dominant negative for the beta-subunit (ARNT) prevented this increase; (2) HGF activated uPA and PAI-1 promoters through HIF-1 activity regulated by PI3K/JNK1 transducers, as demonstrated by cotransfection with the reporter gene promoters and the dominant negative for ARNT, p85 subunit of PI3K or JNK1; (3) hypoxia was additive to HGF in increasing reporter vector activities, but probably through different transduction pathways; (4) JNK1 wild-type expression vector increased HIF-1alpha protein expression probably in a phosphorylated state and, thus, functional for transactivating activity; and (5) c-Jun did not seem to be involved in the activation of the luciferase construct containing multiple HREs because it was not prevented by expression of TAM-67, which is the dominant negative mutant form for c-Jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Tacchini
- Institute of General Pathology, University of Milano, via L. Mangiagalli, 31, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Matteucci E, Modora S, Simone M, Desiderio MA. Hepatocyte growth factor induces apoptosis through the extrinsic pathway in hepatoma cells: favouring role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 deficiency. Oncogene 2003; 22:4062-73. [PMID: 12821940 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two hepatocarcinoma cell lines, the Hepa-1 wild-type (c1c7) and the beta-subunit mutated (c4) lacking hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activity, were differentially susceptible to apoptosis by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The c4 cells were 40% apoptotic 48 h after HGF treatment. On the contrary, the wild-type c1c7 cells showed modest signs of apoptosis only at 72 h. The revertant vT[2] cells, consisting of c4 cells stably transfected with HIF-1beta expression vector, behaved as the parental cells. To understand the mechanisms of this different sensitivity, we examined a panel of genes involved in apoptosis: ornithine decarboxylase, c-Myc and p53 protein levels progressively decreased while JNK1, caspase 8 and 3 activities persistently increased in c4 cells undergoing apoptosis. Distinct time-related events in c1c7 cells were the transient activations of JNK1 and caspase 8 followed by the accumulation of ODC and c-Myc proteins. The proapoptotic effect of HGF in c4 hepatocarcinoma cells seems to be related to HIF-1 deficiency with loss of cytoprotective and signalling functions. This may contribute to the triggering of the extrinsic pathway consisting in caspase 8 activation, which in turn causes BID cleavage and cytochrome c release. The effector caspase 3 is also activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Matteucci
- Institute of General Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Milano, via L. Mangiagalli, 31-20133 Milano, Italy
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Daveau M, Scotte M, François A, Coulouarn C, Ros G, Tallet Y, Hiron M, Hellot MF, Salier JP. Hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, and their receptors as combined markers of prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2003; 36:130-41. [PMID: 12619035 DOI: 10.1002/mc.10103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A change in the balance between proliferation and apoptosis in the course of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and progression has been suspected. We wanted to identify related genes whose mRNA levels could provide markers of severity and prognosis after resection. The extent of cell apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation was measured with a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling assay, and the Ki-67 index was determined in paired tumor and cirrhotic tissue samples from patients who had undergone HCC resection after diagnosis of hepatitis C-related or alcoholism-related cirrhosis. These patients included two groups with highly versus poorly differentiated tumor cells, and the latter was split into two subgroups of those with versus without early recurrence. The mRNA levels for various apoptosis-related or proliferation-related genes and those for the growth factor/receptor systems were measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in paired tumor and cirrhotic liver samples from every patient, and some of the corresponding proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry. In all instances, protein expression was highly heterogeneous within groups and similar between groups. In contrast, some differences in mRNA level between tumor and cirrhotic tissues were quite informative. Low levels of hepatocyte growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha mRNAs were found concomitantly in highly differentiated tumors, whereas overexpression of mRNAs for the cognate receptors c-met and epidermal growth factor receptor were found in poorly differentiated tumors and primarily in patients with early tumor recurrence. These results argue for growth factor-dependent HCC development and provide novel and combined prognosis markers after HCC surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryvonne Daveau
- INSERM Unité 519 and Institut Fédératif de Recherches Multidisciplinaires sur les Peptides, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Rouen France
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Yoshida S, Yamaguchi Y, Itami S, Yoshikawa K, Tabata Y, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T. Neutralization of hepatocyte growth factor leads to retarded cutaneous wound healing associated with decreased neovascularization and granulation tissue formation. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:335-43. [PMID: 12542542 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate biologic functions of hepatocyte growth factor and the c-Met receptor in cutaneous wound healing, we analyzed expression and localization of hepatocyte growth factor and c-Met receptor and used a strategy to neutralize endogenous hepatocyte growth factor in a cutaneous wound healing model in mice. Following excision of full-thickness skin on the dorsum of mice, expression of both hepatocyte growth factor and the c-Met receptor increased transiently in cutaneous tissues. Expressions of hepatocyte growth factor increased as early as 2 d postwounding and reached a peak on day 2, whereas the c-Met receptor expression reached a peak 2-4 d postwounding. Immunolocalization of the c-Met receptor indicated that c-Met receptor expression was upregulated in keratinocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and myofibroblasts in granulation tissue, hence these are potential target cells of hepatocyte growth factor. When normal rabbit IgG or neutralizing anti-hepatocyte growth factor IgG was locally and continuously delivered to subcutaneous lesions, the number of capillary vessels decreased with the neutralization of hepatocyte growth factor and there was an associated decreased expansion of granulation tissue. Likewise, retardation in re-epithelialization and the rate of wound closure occurred with neutralization of endogenous hepatocyte growth factor on days 4 and 7 postwounding. Therefore, hepatocyte growth factor is definitely involved in enhancing cutaneous wound healing processes, including re-epithelialization, neovascularization, and granulation tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saho Yoshida
- Division of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Price JA, Kovach SJ, Johnson T, Koniaris LG, Cahill PA, Sitzmann JV, McKillop IH. Insulin-like growth factor I is a comitogen for hepatocyte growth factor in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2002; 36:1089-97. [PMID: 12395318 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.36158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor-scatter factor (HGF-SF) is a potent hepatic mitogen yet inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell growth in vitro. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a pleiotropic growth factor shown to be important in cell growth and differentiation in other tumors. We hypothesized that IGF-I may play a role in regulating HGF-SF activity and HCC progression. Using an in vivo model of HCC, we showed elevated IGF-I messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in normal liver from tumor-burdened animals in the absence of changes in circulating IGF-I levels. Analysis of IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and HGF-SF (c-met) receptor expression showed significantly higher expression of both receptors in normal liver compared with an HCC specimen. Using cultured HCC cells from this model, we next showed that treatment with IGF-I led to significant increases in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. Furthermore, we observed significant time-dependent increases in the expression of the c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes after addition of IGF-I (n = 5 per group, P <.05). Despite activation of a MAPK pathway and increased proto-oncogene expression, IGF-I failed to significantly affect cell mitogenesis. In contrast, HGF significantly inhibited cell mitogenesis in HCC lines (68.4% +/- 9.4% vs. control, n = 4, P <.05). Pretreatment of HCC cells with IGF-I (60 minutes) led to significant HGF-SF stimulation of total cell mitogenesis dependent on both IGF-I and HGF-SF dose (194% +/- 8% increase vs. control, n = 4, P <.05). In conclusion, tumor burden is important in altering intrahepatic growth factor synthesis. Signal cooperation between multiple cytokine pathways is an important factor in the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Price
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
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Bianchi L, Tacchini L, Matteucci E, Desiderio MA. A cluster region of AP-1 responsive elements is required for transcriptional activity of mouse ODC gene by hepatocyte growth factor. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 401:115-23. [PMID: 12054494 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity is regulated by a variety of mechanisms including transcription, translation, and RNA and protein half-life. Since in mouse B16-F1 melanoma cells an early and remarkable (about 6-fold) increase in steady state mRNA levels was observed after hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) treatment, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of mouse ODC promoter. Transient transfection of various ODC-luciferase promoter constructs into the B16-Fl cells in combination with electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified the HGF-responsive element as a cluster of three AP-1 binding sites (-1660 to -1572). Even if each site differs from the canonical TPA responsive element for one nucleotide, only the first two AP-1 consensus sequences seemed to be functional since allowed DNA-binding activity of nuclear proteins after HGF treatment. Comparison of the results of transfection assays with the pOD2.5-luc (2.5 kb gene fragment) and with the construct deprived of the AP-1 cluster pOD-B-luc showed that this 50 bp region was required for ODC transactivating activity in response to HGF. Since in B16-F1 cells HGF increased AP-1 activity and the mRNA expression of various AP-1 subunits, we may conclude that HGF-induced transcription of mouse ODC was largely due to triggering of AP-1 pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Consensus Sequence
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Kinetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice
- Ornithine Decarboxylase/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Transcription Factor AP-1/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bianchi
- Institute of General Pathology and C.N.R. Center for Research on Cell Pathology, University of Milano, School of Medicine, via L. Mangiagalli, 31-20133 Milan, Italy
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Xie Q, Liu KD, Hu MY, Zhou K. SF/HGF-c-Met autocrine and paracrine promote metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7:816-20. [PMID: 11854908 PMCID: PMC4695601 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i6.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the role of SF/HGF-Met autocrine and paracrine in met astasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: SF/HGF and c-met transcri ption and protein expression in HCC were examined by RT-PCR and Western Blot in 4 HCC cell lines, including HepG2, Hep3B, SMMC7721 and MHCC-1, the last cell line had a higher potential of metastasis. sf/hgf cDNA was transfected by the method of Lipofectin into SMMC7721. SF/HGF and c-met antibody were used to stimulate and block SF/HGF-c-met signal transduction. Cell morphology, mobility, and proliferation were respectively compared by microscopic observation, wound healing assay and cell growth curve.
RESULTS: HCC malignancy appeared to be relative to its met-SF/HGF expression. In MHCC-1, c-met expression was much stronger than that in other cell lines with lower potential of metastasis and only SF/HG F autocrine existed in MHCC-1. After sf/hgf cDNA transfection or conditioned medium of MHCC-1 stimulation, SMMC7721 changed into elongated morphology, and the abilities of proliferation (P < 0.05) and mobility increased. Such bio-activity could be blocked by c-met antibody (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The system of SF/HGF-c- met autocrine and paracrine played an important role in development and metastas is potential of HCC. Inhibition of SF/HGF-c-met signal transduction system may reduce the growth and metastasis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Xie
- Experimental Research Center of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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