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García-Vielma C, Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, Fernández JL, Dávila-Rodríguez MI, Gosálvez J. DBD-FISH Using Specific Chromosomal Region Probes for the Study of Cervical Carcinoma Progression. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2784:271-284. [PMID: 38502492 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3766-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Genomic instability is an important biomarker in the progression of cervical carcinoma. DBD-FISH (DNA breakage detection-fluorescence in situ hybridization) is a sensitive method that detects strand breaks, alkali-labile sites, and incomplete DNA excision repair in cells of the cervical epithelium. This technique integrates the microgel immersion of cells from a vaginal lesion scraping and the DNA unwinding treatment with the capacity of FISH integrated into digital image analysis. Cells captured within an agarose matrix are lysed and submerged in an alkaline unwinding solution that generates single-stranded DNA motifs at the ends of internal DNA strand breaks. After neutralization, the microgel is dehydrated and the cells are incubated with DNA-labeled probes. The quantity of a hybridized probe at a target sequence corresponds to the measure of the single-stranded DNA produced during the unwinding step, which is equivalent to the degree of local DNA breakage. DNA damage does not show uniformly throughout the entire DNA of a cell; rather, it is confined to specific chromosomal sites. In this chapter, an overview of the technique is supplied, focusing on its ability for assessing the association between DNA damage in specific sequences and in the progressive stages of cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina García-Vielma
- Department of Genetics, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | | | - José L Fernández
- Genetics Unit, INIBIC, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Radiobiología Centro Oncológico de Galicia, La Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Gosálvez
- Unit of Genetics, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Extracellular Vesicles from Human Papilloma Virus-Infected Cervical Cancer Cells Enhance HIV-1 Replication in Differentiated U1 Cell Line. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020239. [PMID: 32098055 PMCID: PMC7077309 DOI: 10.3390/v12020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we hypothesized that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from human papilloma virus (HPV)-infected cervical cancer cells exacerbate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 replication in differentiated U1 cell line through an oxidative stress pathway. To test the hypothesis, we treated an HIV-1-infected macrophage cell line (U1) with HPV-infected Caski cell culture supernatant (CCS). We observed a significant increase in HIV-1 replication, which was associated with an increase in the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYPs 1A1 and 2A6) in the CCS-treated U1 cells. Furthermore, we isolated EVs from CCS (CCS-EVs), which showed the presence of CYPs (1A1, 2A6), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), and HPV oncoproteins HPV16 E6. CCS-EVs when exposed to the U1 cells also significantly increased HIV-1 replication. Treatment of antioxidant, CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 inhibitors, and chemodietary agents with antioxidant properties significantly reduced the CCS and CCS-EVs mediated HIV-1 replication in U1 cells. Altogether, we demonstrate that cervical cancer cells exacerbate HIV-1 replication in differentiated U1 cell line via transferring CYPs and HPV oncoproteins through EVs. We also show that the viral replication occurs via CYP and oxidative stress pathways, and the viral replication is also reduced by chemodietary agents. This study provides important information regarding biological interactions between HPV and HIV-1 via EVs leading to enhanced HIV-1 replication.
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Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, García-Vielma C, Dávila-Rodríguez MI, Sánchez-Dávila H, Fernández JL, Gosálvez J. 1p36 is a chromosomal site of genomic instability in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Biotech Histochem 2019; 95:137-144. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1652344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. García-Vielma
- Department of Genetics, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Monterrey, México
| | - M. I. Dávila-Rodríguez
- Department of Genetics, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Monterrey, México
| | - H. Sánchez-Dávila
- High Specialty Medical Unit No. 23. Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto of Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social
| | - J. L. Fernández
- Genetics Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña-INIBIC, La Coruña, Spain
| | - J. Gosálvez
- Department of Biology, Genetic Unit, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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4
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Immortalization capacity of HPV types is inversely related to chromosomal instability. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37608-37621. [PMID: 26993771 PMCID: PMC5122336 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) types induce immortalization of primary human epithelial cells. Previously we demonstrated that immortalization of human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) is HPV type dependent, as reflected by the presence or absence of a crisis period before reaching immortality. This study determined how the immortalization capacity of ten hrHPV types relates to DNA damage induction and overall genomic instability in HFKs. Twenty five cell cultures obtained by transduction of ten hrHPV types (i.e. HPV16/18/31/33/35/45/51/59/66/70 E6E7) in two or three HFK donors each were studied. All hrHPV-transduced HFKs showed an increased number of double strand DNA breaks compared to controls, without exhibiting significant differences between types. However, immortal descendants of HPV-transduced HFKs that underwent a prior crisis period (HPV45/51/59/66/70-transduced HFKs) showed significantly more chromosomal aberrations compared to those without crisis (HPV16/18/31/33/35-transduced HFKs). Notably, the hTERT locus at 5p was exclusively gained in cells with a history of crisis and coincided with increased expression. Chromothripsis was detected in one cell line in which multiple rearrangements within chromosome 8 resulted in a gain of MYC. Together we demonstrated that upon HPV-induced immortalization, the number of chromosomal aberrations is inversely related to the viral immortalization capacity. We propose that hrHPV types with reduced immortalization capacity in vitro, reflected by a crisis period, require more genetic host cell aberrations to facilitate immortalization than types that can immortalize without crisis. This may in part explain the observed differences in HPV-type prevalence in cervical cancers and emphasizes that changes in the host cell genome contribute to HPV-induced carcinogenesis.
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5
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The Role of HPV in Head and Neck Cancer Stem Cell Formation and Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8020024. [PMID: 26907349 PMCID: PMC4773747 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory proposes that a minority of tumor cells are capable of self-replication and tumorigenesis. It is these minority of cells that are responsible for cancer metastasis and recurrence in head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNSCC). Human papilloma virus (HPV)-related cancer of the oropharynx is becoming more prevalent, which makes understanding of the relationship between HPV and CSCs more important than ever. This relationship is critical because CSC behavior can be predicted based on cell surface markers, which makes them a suitable candidate for targeted therapy. New therapies are an exciting opportunity to advance past the stalled outcomes in HNSCC that have plagued patients and clinicians for several decades.
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Backsch C, Pauly B, Liesenfeld M, Scheungraber C, Gajda M, Mrasek K, Liehr T, Clad A, Schrock E, Runnebaum IB, Dürst M. Two novel unbalanced whole arm translocations are frequently detected in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Genet 2011; 204:646-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Winder DM, Chattopadhyay A, Muralidhar B, Bauer J, English WR, Zhang X, Karagavriilidou K, Roberts I, Pett MR, Murphy G, Coleman N. Overexpression of the oncostatin M receptor in cervical squamous cell carcinoma cells is associated with a pro-angiogenic phenotype and increased cell motility and invasiveness. J Pathol 2011; 225:448-62. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Bchetnia M, Tremblay ML, Leclerc G, Dupérée A, Powell J, McCuaig C, Morin C, Legendre-Guillemin V, Laprise C. Expression signature of epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Hum Genet 2011; 131:393-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Backsch C, Rudolph B, Steinbach D, Scheungraber C, Liesenfeld M, Häfner N, Hildner M, Habenicht A, Runnebaum IB, Dürst M. An integrative functional genomic and gene expression approach revealed SORBS2 as a putative tumour suppressor gene involved in cervical carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1100-6. [PMID: 21602178 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 are known to play a major role in cervical carcinogenesis. However, additional genetic alterations are required for the development and progression of cervical cancer. Our aim was to identify genes which are consistently down-regulated in cervical cancers (CxCa) and which are likely to contribute to malignant transformation. Microarray analyses of RNA from high-grade cervical precancers (CIN2/3) and CxCa were performed to screen for putative tumour suppressor genes (TSG) in predefined regions on chromosomes 4 and 10. Validation of the candidate genes was done by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 16 normal cervical tissues, 14 CIN2/3 and 16 CxCa. The two most promising genes, SORBS2 and CALML5, were expressed ectopically in various cell lines in order to analyse their functional activity. Reconstitution of SORBS2 expression resulted in a significant reduction in cell proliferation, colony formation and anchorage-independent growth in CaSki, HPKII and HaCaT cells, whereby anchorage-independent growth could only be investigated for CaSki cells. SORBS2 had no effect on cell migration. In contrast, reconstitution of CALML5 expression did not influence the phenotype of all cell lines tested. None of the genes could induce senescence or apoptosis. Our results underline a possible role of SORBS2 as a TSG in cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Backsch
- Klinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Abteilung Frauenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Bachstrasse 18, 07743 Jena, Germany
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10
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McLaughlin-Drubin ME, Münger K. Oncogenic activities of human papillomaviruses. Virus Res 2009; 143:195-208. [PMID: 19540281 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infectious etiologies for certain human cancers have long been suggested by epidemiological studies and studies with experimental animals. Important support for this concept came from the discovery by Harald zur Hausen's group that human cervical carcinoma almost universally contains certain "high-risk" human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Over the years, much has been learned about the carcinogenic activities of high-risk HPVs. These studies have revealed that two viral proteins, E6 and E7, that are consistently expressed in HPV-associated carcinomas, are necessary for induction and maintenance of the transformed phenotype. Hence, HPV-associated tumors are unique amongst human solid tumors in that they are universally caused by exposure to the same, molecularly defined oncogenic agents, and the molecular signal transduction pathways subverted by these viral transforming agents are frequently disrupted in other, non-virus-associated human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E McLaughlin-Drubin
- Infectious Diseases Division, Channing Laboratories, 181 Longwood Avenue, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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McLaughlin-Drubin ME, Münger K. The human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein. Virology 2008; 384:335-44. [PMID: 19007963 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 oncoprotein shares functional similarities with such proteins as adenovirus E1A and SV40 large tumor antigen. As one of only two viral proteins always expressed in HPV-associated cancers, E7 plays a central role in both the viral life cycle and carcinogenic transformation. In the HPV viral life cycle, E7 disrupts the intimate association between cellular differentiation and proliferation in normal epithelium, allowing for viral replication in cells that would no longer be in the dividing population. This function is directly reflected in the transforming activities of E7, including tumor initiation and induction of genomic instability.
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12
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Ng G, Winder D, Muralidhar B, Gooding E, Roberts I, Pett M, Mukherjee G, Huang J, Coleman N. Gain and overexpression of the oncostatin M receptor occur frequently in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and are associated with adverse clinical outcome. J Pathol 2007; 212:325-34. [PMID: 17516585 DOI: 10.1002/path.2184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For many oncogenes, increased expression resulting from copy number gain confers a selective advantage to cells that consequently make up the tumour bulk. To identify oncogenes of potential biological significance in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 36 primary samples and ten cell lines were screened by array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The most commonly occurring regions of copy number gain that also showed amplification were 5p15.2-14.3 (59%), 5p13.3 (65%), and 5p13.2-13.1 (63%). Gene copy numbers were significantly associated with expression levels for three candidate oncogenes at these loci: OSMR (oncostatin M receptor) (p=0.03), PDZK3 (PDZ domain containing protein 3) (p=0.04), and TRIO (triple functional domain) (p=0.03). Further examination by fluorescence in situ hybridization on a tissue microarray of 110 primary cervical SCC samples revealed copy number gain frequencies of 60.9%, 57.3%, and 54.5% for OSMR, PDZK3, and TRIO, respectively, with OSMR adversely influencing overall patient survival independently of tumour stage (p=0.046). By array CGH, copy number gain of OSMR was not seen in any of 40 microdissected precursor cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs). Moreover, global mRNA expression analysis, using Affymetrix U133A 2.0 Arrays, showed no overexpression of OSMR in SILs, suggesting that OSMR gain and overexpression are relatively late steps in cervical carcinogenesis. In the cervical SCC cell lines CaSki and SW756, exogenous OSM activated downstream-signalling elements of OSMR including STAT3, p44/42 MAPK, and S6 ribosomal protein, and induced transcription of the angiogenic factor VEGF, effects that were reduced by OSMR depletion using RNA interference. We conclude that copy number gain of OSMR is frequently found in cervical SCC and is associated with adverse clinical outcome. As well as being a potential prognostic marker, OSMR is a candidate cell surface therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ng
- Medical Research Council Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
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13
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Schrock E, Zschieschang P, O'Brien P, Helmrich A, Hardt T, Matthaei A, Stout-Weider K. Spectral karyotyping of human, mouse, rat and ape chromosomes--applications for genetic diagnostics and research. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 114:199-221. [PMID: 16954656 DOI: 10.1159/000094203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectral karyotyping (SKY) is a widely used methodology to identify genetic aberrations. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome painting probes in individual colors for all metaphase chromosomes at once is combined with a unique spectral measurement and analysis system to automatically classify normal and aberrant chromosomes. Based on countless studies and investigations in many laboratories worldwide, numerous new chromosome translocations and other aberrations have been identified in clinical and tumor cytogenetics. Thus, gene identification studies have been facilitated resulting in the dissection of tumor development and progression. For example, different translocation partners of the TEL/ETV6 transcription factor that is specially required for hematopoiesis within the bone marrow were identified. Also, the correct classification of complex karyotypes of solid tumors supports the prognostication of cancer patients. Important accomplishments for patients with genetic diseases, leukemias and lymphomas, mesenchymal tumors and solid cancers are summarized and exemplified. Furthermore, studies of disease mechanisms such as centromeric DNA breakage, DNA double strand break repair, telomere shortening and radiation-induced neoplastic transformation have been accompanied by SKY analyses. Besides the hybridization of human chromosomes, mouse karyotyping has also contributed to the comprehensive characterization of mouse models of human disease and for gene therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schrock
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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14
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McGhee EM, Cotter PD, Weier JF, Berline JW, Turner MA, Gormley M, Palefsky JM. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of human papillomavirus16-transformed foreskin keratinocyte cell line 16-MT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 168:36-43. [PMID: 16772119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anogenital cancers are closely associated with human papillomavirus (HPV), and HPV-infected individuals, particularly those with high-grade dysplasias, are at increased risk for cervical and anal cancers. Although genomic instability has been documented in HPV-infected keratinocytes, the full spectrum of genetic changes in HPV-associated lesions has not been fully defined. To address this, we examined an HPV16-transformed foreskin keratinocyte cell line, 16-MT, by GTG-banding, spectral karyotyping (SKY), and array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH); these analyses revealed multiple numerical, complex, and cryptic chromosome rearrangements. Based on GTG-banding, the 16-MT karyotype was interpreted as 78-83,XXY,+add(1)(p36.3),+3,+4,+5,+5,+7,+8,+i(8)(q10)x2,+10,?der(12),der(13;14)(q10;q10),+15,+16,add(19)(q13.3),+21,+21,-22[cp20]. Multicolor analysis by SKY confirmed and further characterized the anomalies identified by GTG banding. The add(1) was identified as a der(1)(1qter-->1q25::1p36.1-->1qter), the add(19) as a dup(19), and the der(12) interpreted as a der(11) involving a duplication of chromosome 11 material and rearrangement with chromosome 19. In addition, previously unidentified der(9)t(9;22), der(3)t(3;19), and der(4)t(4;9) were noted. The 16-MT cell line showed losses and gains of DNA due to unbalanced translocations and complex rearrangements of regions containing known tumor suppressor genes. Chromosomal changes in these regions might explain the increased risk of cancer associated with HPV. Also, array CGH detected copy-number gains or amplifications of chromosomes 2, 8, 10, and 11 and deletions of chromosomes 3, 4, 11, and 15. These results provide the basis for the identification of candidate oncogenes responsible for cervical and anal cancer in amplified regions, and for putative tumor suppressor genes in commonly deleted regions like 11q22-23. Furthermore, these data represent the first full characterization of the HPV-positive cell line 16-MT.
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MESH Headings
- Aneuploidy
- Anus Neoplasms/genetics
- Anus Neoplasms/virology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Female
- Human papillomavirus 16
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Karyotyping
- Keratinocytes/virology
- Male
- Models, Biological
- Penis
- Telomerase/metabolism
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M McGhee
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, Room N505, Box 0608 San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, USA.
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15
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Wilting SM, Snijders PJF, Meijer GA, Ylstra B, van den Ijssel PRLA, Snijders AM, Albertson DG, Coffa J, Schouten JP, van de Wiel MA, Meijer CJLM, Steenbergen RDM. Increased gene copy numbers at chromosome 20q are frequent in both squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the cervix. J Pathol 2006; 209:220-30. [PMID: 16538612 DOI: 10.1002/path.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) was used to identify common chromosomal alterations involved in cervical carcinogenesis as a first step towards the discovery of novel biomarkers. The genomic profiles of nine squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and seven adenocarcinomas (AdCAs), as well as four human papillomavirus (HPV)-immortalized keratinocyte cell lines, were assessed. On a genome-wide scale, SCCs showed significantly more gains than AdCAs. More specifically, there was a striking and highly significant difference between the two histological types for gain at 3q12.1-28, which was predominantly observed in SCC. Other frequent alterations included gains of 1q21.1-31.1 and 20q11.21-13.33, and losses of 11q22.3-25 and 13q14.3-21.33. Subsequent FISH analysis for hTR, located at 3q26, confirmed the presence of 3q gain in SCCs and HPV-immortalized cell lines. Fine mapping of chromosome 20q using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) showed copy number increases for a number of genes located at 20q11-q12, including DNMT3B and TOP1. For DNMT3B, this correlated with elevated mRNA expression in 79% of cases. In conclusion, the assessment of frequent genomic alterations resulted in the identification of potential novel biomarkers, which may ultimately enable a better risk stratification of high-risk (hr)-HPV-positive women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Wilting
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Steenbergen RDM, de Wilde J, Wilting SM, Brink AATP, Snijders PJF, Meijer CJLM. HPV-mediated transformation of the anogenital tract. J Clin Virol 2005; 32 Suppl 1:S25-33. [PMID: 15753009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) has been associated with intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinomas at various sites of the anogenital tract, including the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis and anus. Although HR-HPV is a necessary cause for cervical cancer, the majority of anal cancers and a subset of cancers at other genital sites, additional (epi)genetic events are required for malignant transformation. HPV-mediated transformation of human epithelial cells has been recognized as a multi-step process resulting from deregulated transcription of the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 in the proliferating cells. Interference of E6 and E7 with cell cycle regulators induces genetic instability, which drives the continuous selection of oncogenic alterations providing cells with a malignant phenotype. Early genetic events during cervical carcinogenesis associated with immortalization, include deletions at chromosomes 3p, 6 and 10p, whereas amongst others gain of chromosome 3q, loss of chromosome 11 and epigenetic alterations such as inactivation of the TSLC1 tumor suppressor gene represent later events associated with tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske D M Steenbergen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of the human papillomavirus in the pathogenesis has been the subject of many publications in the recent literature. The physical state of the human papillomavirus and the role of chromosomal aneuploidy has been reported. This review discusses the recent pathological mechanisms described in the genesis of human papillomavirus-related disease. RECENT FINDINGS The mere presence of the human papillomavirus is not sufficient for the development of neoplasia. Genetic and other co-factors seem to be necessary for the expression of the invasive phenotype. The expression of human papillomavirus 16 E6-E7 oncogenes results in chromosomal aneuploidy, favouring the integration of high-risk human papillomavirus genomes into cellular chromosomes. The integration of human papillomavirus 16 may not always be required for the progression to the invasive phenotype unlike human papillomavirus 18 DNA. Such integration sites are randomly distributed over the whole genome. The genetic susceptibility of codon 98 of the fragile histadine triad has been elucidated. SUMMARY Various molecular mechanisms of human papillomavirus-associated neoplasia are discussed. The interaction between HIV and human papillomavirus are complex and favour the persistence and progression of cervical disease. Future research should pave the way for therapeutic vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manivasan Moodley
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Congella, Durban, South Africa.
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18
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Pett MR, Alazawi WOF, Roberts I, Dowen S, Smith DI, Stanley MA, Coleman N. Acquisition of high-level chromosomal instability is associated with integration of human papillomavirus type 16 in cervical keratinocytes. Cancer Res 2004; 64:1359-68. [PMID: 14973079 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Whereas two key steps in cervical carcinogenesis are integration of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) and acquisition of an unstable host genome, the temporal association between these events is poorly understood. Chromosomal instability is induced when HR-HPV E7 oncoprotein is overexpressed from heterologous promoters in vitro. However, it is not known whether such events occur at the "physiologically" elevated levels of E7 produced by deregulation of the homologous HR-HPV promoter after integration. Indeed, an alternative possibility is that integration in vivo is favored in an already unstable host genome. We have addressed these issues using the unique human papillomavirus (HPV) 16-containing cervical keratinocyte cell line W12, which was derived from a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and thus acquired HPV16 by "natural" infection. Whereas W12 at low passage contains HPV16 episomes only, long-term culture results in the emergence of cells containing integrated HPV16 only. We show that integration of HPV16 in W12 is associated with 3' deletion of the E2 transcriptional repressor, resulting in deregulation of the homologous promoter of the integrant and an increase in E7 protein levels. We further demonstrate that high-level chromosomal instability develops in W12 only after integration and that the forms of instability observed correlate with the physical state of HPV16 DNA and the level of E7 protein. Whereas intermediate E7 levels are associated with numerical chromosomal abnormalities, maximal levels are associated with both numerical and structural aberrations. HR-HPV integration is likely to be a critical event in cervical carcinogenesis, preceding the development of chromosomal abnormalities that drive malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Pett
- Medical Research Council Cancer Cell Unit, MRC/Hutchison Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, United Kingdom
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19
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van Duin M, Steenbergen RDM, de Wilde J, Helmerhorst TJM, Verheijen RHM, Risse EKJ, Meijer CJLM, Snijders PJF. Telomerase activity in high-grade cervical lesions is associated with allelic imbalance at 6Q14-22. Int J Cancer 2003; 105:577-82. [PMID: 12740903 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Our study attempts to establish the relationship between telomerase activity and allelic imbalance (AI) on chromosomes 3p and 6 in high-risk HPV-containing cervical lesions. These chromosomes were implicated previously in telomerase regulation in HPV containing immortalized cells and cervical cancer cells. Allelotyping and telomerase analysis were carried out on 28 high-grade cervical lesions (CIN III: n = 20; cervical carcinomas: n = 8), using 23 microsatellite markers on 3p, 6p and 6q. Clear telomerase activity was found in 17 of 28 lesions (61%). Allelic imbalance frequency at 6q14-22 was significantly higher in lesions with detectable telomerase activity, compared to lesions without telomerase activity (p = 0.02). No association was found between telomerase activity and AI at any of the remaining regions studied on 3p and chromosome 6. In addition, in telomerase positive passages of the HPV 16 immortalized cell line FK16A, shown recently to be responsive to chromosome 6 mediated telomerase repression, AI was found in the overlapping region of 6q14-27. These data suggest that 6q14-22 may contain 1 or more genes involved in telomerase deregulation and immortalization during cervical carcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Allelic Imbalance
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Female
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Keratinocytes/cytology
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Papillomaviridae/physiology
- Papillomavirus Infections/genetics
- Penis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Telomerase/analysis
- Telomerase/genetics
- Transfection
- Tumor Virus Infections/genetics
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/enzymology
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics
- Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/enzymology
- Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van Duin
- Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Zhou XB, Guo M, Quan LP, Zhang W, Lu ZM, Wang QH, Ke Y, Xu NZ. Detection of human papillomavirus in Chinese esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its adjacent normal epithelium. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:1170-3. [PMID: 12800217 PMCID: PMC4611777 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i6.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the putative role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the carcinogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China.
METHODS: Twenty-three esophageal squamous cell carcinoma samples and the distal normal epithelium from Shanxi Province, and 25 more esophageal squamous cell carcinoma samples from Anyang city, two areas with a high incidence of esophageal cancer in China, were detected for the existence of HPV-16 DNA by PCR, mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) targeting HPV-16 E6 gene.
RESULTS: There were approximately 64% (31/48) patients having HPV-16 DNA in tumor samples, among them nearly two-thirds (19/31) samples were detected with mRNA expression of HPV-16 E6. However, in the normal esophageal epithelium from cancer patients, the DNA and mRNA of HPV-16 were found with much less rate: 34.7% (8/23) and 26.1% (6/23) respectively. In addition, at protein level detected by IHC assay, 27.1% (13/48) tumor samples had virus oncoprotein E6 expression, while only one case of normal epithelium was found positive.
CONCLUSION: HPV infection, especially type 16, should be considered as a risk factor for esophageal malignancies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Zhou
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
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21
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Dowen SE, Neutze DM, Pett MR, Cottage A, Stern P, Coleman N, Stanley MA. Amplification of chromosome 5p correlates with increased expression of Skp2 in HPV-immortalized keratinocytes. Oncogene 2003; 22:2531-40. [PMID: 12717429 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenic HPVs immortalize primary genital keratinocytes in vitro and there is evidence that such lines represent suitable models to examine HPV-induced carcinogenesis. Early in vivo studies and more recent CGH analyses have revealed amplification of chromosome 5p in advanced stage carcinoma of the uterine cervix (CaCx). In the present study, a panel of established CaCx-derived cell lines were analysed by M-FISH to identify recurrent karyotypic abnormalities. Amplification of 5p was observed in 11 of 13 CaCx cell lines harbouring HR (high-risk) HPV. The region of 5p undergoing amplification was confirmed using human band-specific paints. The F-box protein Skp2 is present at 5p13 and its protein is present at increased levels in many cancers of an advanced stage. The HPV16-harbouring cell line W12 shows progressive morphological abnormality with in vitro passage, culminating in an invasive phenotype. The expression of Skp2 at different stages of this progression was investigated utilizing Western blot and TaqMan quantitative PCR. At medium to late passage, gain of 5p as an isochromosome was observed. Increased expression of Skp2 and a reduction in the expression of its target p27 correlated with increasing passage in this line.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dowen
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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22
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Rocha-Zavaleta L, Garcia-Carranca A, Lira de la Cruz A, Barrios T, Valdespino V, Cruz-Talonia F. Molecular evaluation of the prevalence of oncogenic human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical acetowhite lesions. Intervirology 2002; 45:111-4. [PMID: 12145544 DOI: 10.1159/000063234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The actual prevalence of cancer-related human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in cervical acetowhite lesions has not been established. In this work, the presence of oncogenic types of HPV in cervical acetowhite tissue was evaluated by molecular means. The presence of HPV DNA was determined in a group of women with and without cervical acetowhite lesions by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the MY09/MY11 primers. The presence of 13 oncogenic HPV types was evaluated using the Hybrid Capture II test, and the prevalence of HPV type 16 (HPV16) was studied using an HPV16-specific PCR. HPV DNA was detected in 85.9% patients with acetowhite lesions; oncogenic HPV types were found in 83.7% of them; HPV16 was identified in 51.1% of the cases. HPV DNA was detected in 87.3% of the patients without acetowhite changes. Interestingly only 16.8% were infected by oncogenic genotypes and 2.5% were positive for the presence of HPV16. In conclusion, subclinical infection by oncogenic HPV genotypes is associated with the presence of acetowhite cervical tissue (p < 0.0005). Therefore, women showing acetowhite lesions might be at risk of developing cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Rocha-Zavaleta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Research, National University of Mexico, Mexico, Mexico.
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23
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Day KC, McCabe MT, Zhao X, Wang Y, Davis JN, Phillips J, Von Geldern M, Ried T, KuKuruga MA, Cunha GR, Hayward SW, Day ML. Rescue of embryonic epithelium reveals that the homozygous deletion of the retinoblastoma gene confers growth factor independence and immortality but does not influence epithelial differentiation or tissue morphogenesis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:44475-84. [PMID: 12191999 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205361200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to rescue viable prostate precursor tissue from retinoblastoma-deficient (Rb-/-) fetal mice has allowed for the isolation and characterization of the first Rb-/- prostate epithelial cell line. This cell line, designated Rb-/-PrE, was utilized for experiments examining the consequences of Rb loss on an epithelial population. These findings demonstrated that Rb deletion has no discernible effect on prostatic histodifferentiation in Rb-/-PrE cultures. When Rb-/-PrE cells were recombined with embryonic rat urogenital mesenchyme and implanted into athymic male, nude mouse hosts, the recombinants developed into fully differentiated and morphologically normal prostate tissue. The Rb-/-PrE phenotype was characterized by serum independence in culture and immortality in vivo, when compared with wild type controls. Cell cycle analysis revealed elevated S phase DNA content accompanied by increased expression of cyclin E1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Rb-/-PrE cultures also exhibited a diminished ability to growth arrest under high density culture conditions. We believe that the development of Rb-/- prostate tissue and cell lines has provided a unique experimental platform with which to investigate the consequences of Rb deletion in epithelial cells under various physiological conditions. Additionally, the development of this technology will allow similar studies in other tissues and cell populations rescued from Rb-/- fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Day
- Department of Urology, Flow Cytometry Core, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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24
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Bryce SD, Morrison V, Craig NJ, Forsyth NR, Fitzsimmons SA, Ireland H, Cuthbert AP, Newbold RF, Parkinson EK. A mortality gene(s) for the human adenocarcinoma line HeLa maps to a 130-kb region of human chromosome 4q22-q23. Neoplasia 2002; 4:544-50. [PMID: 12407449 PMCID: PMC1503669 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2002] [Accepted: 06/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human chromosome 4 was previously shown to elicit features of senescence when introduced into cell lines that map to complementation group B for senescence, including HeLa cells. Subsequently, a DNA segment encoding the pseudogene Mortality Factor 4 (MORF4) was shown to reproduce some of the effects of the intact chromosome 4 and was suggested to be a candidate mortality gene. We have identified multiple MORF4 alleles in several cell lines and tissues by sequencing and have failed to detect any cancer-specific mutations in three of the complementation group B lines (HeLa, T98G, and J82). Furthermore, MORF4 was heterozygous in these lines. These results question whether MORF4 is the chromosome 4 mortality gene. To map other candidate mortality gene(s) on this chromosome, we employed microcell-mediated monochromosome transfer to introduce either a complete copy, or defined fragments of the chromosome into HeLa cells. The introduced chromosome 4 fragments mapped the mortality gene to a region between the centromere and the marker D4S2975 (4q27), thus excluding MORF4, which maps to 4q33-q34.1. Analysis of microsatellite markers on the introduced chromosome in 59 immortal segregants identified a frequently deleted region, spanning the markers BIR0110 and D4S1557. This defines a new candidate interval of 130 kb at 4q22-q23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Bryce
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
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25
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Forsyth NR, Morrison V, Craig NJ, Fitzsimmons SA, Barr NI, Ireland H, Gordon KE, Dowen S, Cuthbert AP, Newbold RF, Bryce SD, Parkinson EK. Functional evidence for a squamous cell carcinoma mortality gene(s) on human chromosome 4. Oncogene 2002; 21:5135-47. [PMID: 12140764 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2002] [Revised: 05/15/2002] [Accepted: 05/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) immortality is associated with p53 and INK4A dysfunction, high levels of telomerase and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of other chromosomes, including chromosome 4. To test for a functional cancer mortality gene on human chromosome 4 we introduced a complete or fragmented copy of the chromosome into SCC lines by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT). Human chromosome 4 caused a delayed crisis, specifically in SCC lines with LOH on chromosome 4, but chromosomes 3, 6, 11 and 15 were without effect. The introduction of the telomerase reverse transcriptase into the target lines extended the average telomere terminal fragment length but did not affect the frequency of mortal hybrids following MMCT of chromosome 4. Furthermore, telomerase activity was still present in hybrids displaying the mortal phenotype. The MMCT of chromosomal fragments into BICR6 mapped the mortality gene to between the centromere and 4q23. Deletion analysis of the introduced chromosome in immortal segregants narrowed the candidate interval to 2.7 Mb spanning D4S423 and D4S1557. The results suggest the existence of a gene on human chromosome 4 whose dysfunction contributes to the continuous proliferation of SCC and that this gene operates independently from telomeres, p53 and INK4A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Forsyth
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, CRC Beatson Laboratories, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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26
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Ruutu M, Peitsaro P, Johansson B, Syrjänen S. Transcriptional profiling of a human papillomavirus 33-positive squamous epithelial cell line which acquired a selective growth advantage after viral integration. Int J Cancer 2002; 100:318-26. [PMID: 12115547 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in gene expression represent key events in carcinogenesis. We have studied HPV-induced cervical carcinogenesis, using an HPV-33-positive cell line (UT-DEC-1) established from a low-grade vaginal dysplasia (VAIN-I). Early-passage cells contained HPV-33 in episomal form, but these were superseded at later passages by cells carrying only integrated virus. To gain insight into the biologic significance of HPV integration, we compared the level of gene expression in normal vaginal keratinocytes, early-passage and late-passage UT-DEC-1 cells, using cDNA microarrays. Total RNA was isolated from cells by CsCl-gradient centrifugation, reverse-transcribed with MMLV reverse transcriptase and labeled with alpha-(32)P ATP. A cDNA microarray expression profile analysis was performed with Clontech's Human Cancer 1.2 cDNA expression array kit. The 16 upregulated genes (cut-off 2-fold), identified by comparing both cell types to control keratinocytes, appeared to support cell-cycle progression or to be functional in mitosis. These included, e.g., MCM4 DNA replication licensing factor, cdc2p34 and chromatin assembly factor 1 p48 subunit. Downregulated genes (44 altogether) interfered with apoptosis and cell adhesion, including the apoptosis-inducing genes FRAP, Bik and caspase-9 precursor. The most significant differences between the late and early passages (29 and 46 constantly up- and downregulated genes without any fluctuation) were overexpression of the transcription factors E2F5 with its dimerization partner DP1, NF-kappa B and serine/threonine kinases and underexpression of enzymes of the MAPK pathway. Acquisition of a selective growth advantage after viral integration might be explained by a major shift from a MAPK pathway to cell-cycle dysregulation (G(2)/M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Ruutu
- Department of Oral Radiology and Pathology, Institute of Dentistry and Medical Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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27
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Steenbergen RDM, OudeEngberink VE, Kramer D, Schrijnemakers HFJ, Verheijen RHM, Meijer CJLM, Snijders PJF. Down-regulation of GATA-3 expression during human papillomavirus-mediated immortalization and cervical carcinogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:1945-51. [PMID: 12057898 PMCID: PMC1850837 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To identify cellular genes that may be involved in human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated immortalization mRNA differential display analysis was performed on preimmortal and subsequent immortal stages of four human keratinocyte cell lines transformed by HPV type 16 or 18 DNA. This yielded a cDNA fragment encoding the transcription factor GATA-3 that was strongly reduced in intensity in all immortal stages of the four cell lines. A marked reduction in both GATA-3 mRNA and protein expression in HPV-immortalized cell lines was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry and was also shown to be apparent in cervical carcinoma cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis of cervical tissue specimens showed a clear nuclear staining for GATA-3 in normal cervical squamous epithelium (n = 14) and all cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I (n = 6) and CIN II lesions (n = 2). In contrast, 11% (1 of 9) of CIN III lesions and 67% (8 of 12) of cervical squamous cell carcinomas revealed a complete absence of GATA-3 immunostaining. Hence, complete down-regulation of GATA-3 expression represents a rather late event during cervical carcinogenesis. Whether GATA-3 down-regulation is etiologically involved in HPV-mediated immortalization and cervical carcinogenesis remains to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske D M Steenbergen
- Department of Pathology, Unit of Molecular Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Li H, Chen XY, Kong QY, Liu J. Cytopathological evaluations combined RNA and protein analyses on defined cell regions using single frozen tissue block. Cell Res 2002; 12:117-21. [PMID: 12118937 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-existence of multiple cell components in tissue samples is the main obstacle for precise molecular evaluation on defined cell types. Based on morphological examination, we developed an efficient approach for paralleled RNA and protein isolations from an identical histological region in frozen tissue section. The RNA and protein samples prepared were sufficient for RT-PCR and Western blot analyses, and the results obtained were well coincident each other as well as with the corresponding parameters revealed from immunohistochemical examinations. By this way, the sampling problem caused by cell-cross contamination can be largely avoided, committing the experimental data more specific to a defined cell type. These novel methods thus allow us to use single tissue block for a comprehensive study by integration of conventional cytological evaluations with nucleic acid and protein analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, China.
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29
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Sah JF, Eckert RL, Chandraratna RAS, Rorke EA. Retinoids suppress epidermal growth factor-associated cell proliferation by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent ERK1/2 activation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:9728-35. [PMID: 11788593 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110897200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important etiological agent in the genesis of cervical cancer. HPV-positive cervical tumors and human papillomavirus-positive cell lines display increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression, which is associated with increased cell proliferation. ECE16-1 cells are an HPV-immortalized human ectocervical epithelial cell line that is a model of HPV-associated cervical neoplasia and displays elevated EGFR levels. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of receptor-selective retinoid ligands on EGFR-associated signal transduction. We show that retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-selective ligands reduce EGFR level and the magnitude and duration of EGFR activation in EGF-stimulated cells. These effects are reversed by cotreatment with an RAR antagonist. To identify the mechanism, we examined the effects of retinoid treatments on EGF-dependent signaling. Stimulation with EGF causes a biphasic activation of the ERK1/2 MAPK. The first peak of activation is present at 20 min, and the second is present at 36 h. This activation subsequently leads to an increase in the cyclin D1 level and increased cell proliferation. Simultaneous treatment with EGF and a RAR-selective retinoid inhibits both phases of ERK1/2 activation, completely eliminates the cyclin D1 induction, and suppresses EGF-dependent cell proliferation. This effect is specific as retinoid treatment does not alter the level or activity of other EGFR-regulated kinases, including AKT and the MAPKs p38 and JNK. Retinoid X receptor-selective ligands, in contrast, did not regulate these responses. These results suggest that RAR ligand-associated down-regulation of EGFR activity reduces cell proliferation by reducing the magnitude and duration of EGF-dependent ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome F Sah
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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30
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that infection with a subset of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections is the major risk factor for the subsequent development of cervical cancer. Experimental studies show that that the E6 and E7 genes of these high risk HPVs are oncogenes that deregulate key cell cycle controls. In the normal infectious cycle high level expression of these genes is confined to non-dividing differentiated cells: HPV oncogenesis requires deregulation of viral and cellular genes permitting inappropriate expression of E6 and E7. These are rare events but viral persistence and chronic exposure to steroid hormones increase the probability of this deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Stanley
- Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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