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Retinoblastoma: From genes to patient care. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 66:104674. [PMID: 36470558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common paediatric neoplasm of the retina, and one of the earliest model of cancer genetics since the identification of the master tumour suppressor gene RB1. Tumorigenesis has been shown to be driven by pathogenic variants of the RB1 locus, but also genomic and epigenomic alterations outside the locus. The increasing knowledge on this "mutational landscape" is used in current practice for precise genetic testing and counselling. Novel methods provide access to pre-therapeutic tumour DNA, by isolating cell-free DNA from aqueous humour or plasma. This is expected to facilitate assessment of the constitutional status of RB1, to provide an early risk stratification using molecular prognostic markers, to follow the response to the treatment in longitudinal studies, and to predict the response to targeted therapies. The aim of this review is to show how molecular genetics of retinoblastoma drives diagnosis, treatment, monitoring of the disease and surveillance of the patients and relatives. We first recap the current knowledge on retinoblastoma genetics and its use in every-day practice. We then focus on retinoblastoma subgrouping at the era of molecular biology, and the expected input of cell-free DNA in the field.
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Liu J, Ottaviani D, Sefta M, Desbrousses C, Chapeaublanc E, Aschero R, Sirab N, Lubieniecki F, Lamas G, Tonon L, Dehainault C, Hua C, Fréneaux P, Reichman S, Karboul N, Biton A, Mirabal-Ortega L, Larcher M, Brulard C, Arrufat S, Nicolas A, Elarouci N, Popova T, Némati F, Decaudin D, Gentien D, Baulande S, Mariani O, Dufour F, Guibert S, Vallot C, Rouic LLL, Matet A, Desjardins L, Pascual-Pasto G, Suñol M, Catala-Mora J, Llano GC, Couturier J, Barillot E, Schaiquevich P, Gauthier-Villars M, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Golmard L, Houdayer C, Brisse H, Bernard-Pierrot I, Letouzé E, Viari A, Saule S, Sastre-Garau X, Doz F, Carcaboso AM, Cassoux N, Pouponnot C, Goureau O, Chantada G, de Reyniès A, Aerts I, Radvanyi F. A high-risk retinoblastoma subtype with stemness features, dedifferentiated cone states and neuronal/ganglion cell gene expression. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5578. [PMID: 34552068 PMCID: PMC8458383 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most frequent intraocular malignancy in children, originating from a maturing cone precursor in the developing retina. Little is known on the molecular basis underlying the biological and clinical behavior of this cancer. Here, using multi-omics data, we demonstrate the existence of two retinoblastoma subtypes. Subtype 1, of earlier onset, includes most of the heritable forms. It harbors few genetic alterations other than the initiating RB1 inactivation and corresponds to differentiated tumors expressing mature cone markers. By contrast, subtype 2 tumors harbor frequent recurrent genetic alterations including MYCN-amplification. They express markers of less differentiated cone together with neuronal/ganglion cell markers with marked inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity. The cone dedifferentiation in subtype 2 is associated with stemness features including low immune and interferon response, E2F and MYC/MYCN activation and a higher propensity for metastasis. The recognition of these two subtypes, one maintaining a cone-differentiated state, and the other, more aggressive, associated with cone dedifferentiation and expression of neuronal markers, opens up important biological and clinical perspectives for retinoblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.452770.30000 0001 2226 6748Programme Cartes d’Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Daniela Ottaviani
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.414531.60000 0001 0695 6255Precision Medicine, Hospital J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Meriem Sefta
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Céline Desbrousses
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Chapeaublanc
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rosario Aschero
- grid.414531.60000 0001 0695 6255Pathology Service, Hospital J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nanor Sirab
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabiana Lubieniecki
- grid.414531.60000 0001 0695 6255Pathology Service, Hospital J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Lamas
- grid.414531.60000 0001 0695 6255Pathology Service, Hospital J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laurie Tonon
- grid.418116.b0000 0001 0200 3174Synergie Lyon Cancer, Plateforme de Bioinformatique “Gilles Thomas”, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Dehainault
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Clément Hua
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paul Fréneaux
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sacha Reichman
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Narjesse Karboul
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne Biton
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U900, 75005 Paris, France ,Ecole des Mines ParisTech, 77305 Fontainebleau, France ,grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Present Address: Institut Pasteur – Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique – C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Liliana Mirabal-Ortega
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR3347, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U1021, 91405 Orsay, France ,grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Magalie Larcher
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR3347, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U1021, 91405 Orsay, France ,grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Céline Brulard
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.411777.30000 0004 1765 1563Present Address: INSERM U930, CHU Bretonneau, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Sandrine Arrufat
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - André Nicolas
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nabila Elarouci
- grid.452770.30000 0001 2226 6748Programme Cartes d’Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Popova
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U830, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fariba Némati
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Recherche Translationnelle, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Didier Decaudin
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Recherche Translationnelle, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Gentien
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Recherche Translationnelle, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Institut Curie, PSL Research University, NGS Platform, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Odette Mariani
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florent Dufour
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Guibert
- grid.425132.3GeCo Genomics Consulting, Integragen, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Céline Vallot
- grid.425132.3GeCo Genomics Consulting, Integragen, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Livia Lumbroso-Le Rouic
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Chirurgie, Service d’Ophtalmologie, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Matet
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Chirurgie, Service d’Ophtalmologie, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Desjardins
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Chirurgie, Service d’Ophtalmologie, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillem Pascual-Pasto
- grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Suñol
- grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Department of Pathology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Catala-Mora
- grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Genoveva Correa Llano
- grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jérôme Couturier
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Barillot
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U900, 75005 Paris, France ,Ecole des Mines ParisTech, 77305 Fontainebleau, France
| | - Paula Schaiquevich
- grid.414531.60000 0001 0695 6255Pathology Service, Hospital J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marion Gauthier-Villars
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U830, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Golmard
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U830, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Claude Houdayer
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U830, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.41724.34Present Address: Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Hervé Brisse
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département d’Imagerie Médicale, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bernard-Pierrot
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eric Letouzé
- grid.417925.cCentre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, 75006 Paris, France ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, France
| | - Alain Viari
- grid.418116.b0000 0001 0200 3174Synergie Lyon Cancer, Plateforme de Bioinformatique “Gilles Thomas”, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Simon Saule
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR3347, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U1021, 91405 Orsay, France ,grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Xavier Sastre-Garau
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.414145.10000 0004 1765 2136Present Address: Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - François Doz
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Université de Paris, Paris, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384SIREDO Center (Care, Innovation and Research in Pediatric Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology), Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Angel M. Carcaboso
- grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nathalie Cassoux
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Département de Chirurgie, Service d’Ophtalmologie, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Celio Pouponnot
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR3347, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U1021, 91405 Orsay, France ,grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Guillermo Chantada
- grid.414531.60000 0001 0695 6255Precision Medicine, Hospital J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- grid.452770.30000 0001 2226 6748Programme Cartes d’Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Aerts
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384SIREDO Center (Care, Innovation and Research in Pediatric Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology), Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Radvanyi
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
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Price EA, Patel R, Scheimberg I, Kotiloglu Karaa E, Sagoo MS, Reddy MA, Onadim Z. MYCN amplification levels in primary retinoblastoma tumors analyzed by Multiple Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:604-611. [PMID: 34003079 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1923038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a childhood tumor of the developing retina where predisposition is caused by RB1 pathogenic variants. MYCN amplification (MYCNA) has been implicated in around 2% of sporadic unilateral Rb tumors with no detectable RB1 variants. We audited data from tumors collected between 1993 and 2019 to determine if this is the case for patients treated at Barts Health NHS Trust, and how often it occurred alongside RB1 variants. Materials and methods: Screening for MYCNA was carried out by Multiple Ligation Probe Analysis of tumor and blood samples collected for RB1 genetic screening. The cohort consisted of 149 tumors, of which 114 had matched blood samples. Results: 10/149 (6.7%) tumors were positive for MYCNA in a population containing a disproportionate number of cases negative for RB1 pathogenic variants. Of 65 unbiased tumors collected from 2014 to 2019, 2 (3.1%) had MYCNA. All MYCNA samples were from sporadic, unilateral patients and 3/10 (30%) had RB1 pathogenic variants. MYCNA was not detected in any blood sample. No MYCNA tumor had 6p gain which is usually a common alteration in Rbs. Conclusions: MYCNA occurs in a small fraction of Rbs and can occur in the presence of pathogenic RB1 variants. However, where it occurs alongside RB1 alterations, the age of onset appears to be later. MYCNA has yet to be seen as a heritable change. In sporadic cases with early diagnosis, Rbs with no RB1 pathogenic variant identified should be tested for MYCNA. Conversely, tumors with MYCNA should still be screened for RB1 pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Price
- Retinoblastoma Genetic Screening Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Roopal Patel
- Retinoblastoma Genetic Screening Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Mandeep S Sagoo
- Retinoblastoma Service, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - M Ashwin Reddy
- Retinoblastoma Service, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Zerrin Onadim
- Retinoblastoma Genetic Screening Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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4
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Aschero R, Francis JH, Ganiewich D, Gomez-Gonzalez S, Sampor C, Zugbi S, Ottaviani D, Lemelle L, Mena M, Winter U, Correa Llano G, Lamas G, Lubieniecki F, Szijan I, Mora J, Podhajcer O, Doz F, Radvanyi F, Abramson DH, Llera AS, Schaiquevich PS, Lavarino C, Chantada GL. Recurrent Somatic Chromosomal Abnormalities in Relapsed Extraocular Retinoblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040673. [PMID: 33567541 PMCID: PMC7915502 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Relapse outside the eye of retinoblastoma (the most common eye cancer in children) is an uncommon event in developed countries, however it is the main cause of death in patients with retinoblastoma worldwide. The genomic features of this population are not known. We studied 23 cases from four countries and found a characteristic pattern in chromosomal copy number alterations that could help guide future clinical management of these patients. Abstract Most reports about copy number alterations (CNA) in retinoblastoma relate to patients with intraocular disease and features of children with extraocular relapse remain unknown, so we aimed to describe the CNA in this population. We evaluated 23 patients and 27 specimens from 4 centers. Seventeen cases had extraocular relapse after initial enucleation and six cases after an initial preservation attempt. We performed an analysis of CNA and BCOR gene alteration by SNP array (Single Nucleotide Polymorfism array), whole-exome sequencing, IMPACT panel and CGH array (Array-based comparative genomic hybridization). All cases presented CNA at a higher prevalence than those reported in previously published studies for intraocular cases. CNA previously reported for intraocular retinoblastoma were found at a high frequency in our cohort: gains in 1q (69.5%), 2p (60.9%) and 6p (86.9%), and 16q loss (78.2%). Other, previously less-recognized, CNA were found including loss of 11q (34.8%), gain of 17q (56.5%), loss of 19q (30.4%) and BCOR alterations were present in 72.7% of our cases. A high number of CNA including 11q deletions, 17q gains, 19q loss, and BCOR alterations, are more common in extraocular retinoblastoma. Identification of these features may be correlated with a more aggressive tumor warranting consideration for patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Aschero
- Pathology Service, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina; (R.A.); (U.W.); (G.L.); (F.L.)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina; (S.Z.); (O.P.); (A.S.L.); (P.S.S.)
| | - Jasmine H. Francis
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (J.H.F.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Daiana Ganiewich
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Buenos Aires 1405, Argentina;
| | - Soledad Gomez-Gonzalez
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (J.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Claudia Sampor
- Hematology-Oncology Service, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina;
| | - Santiago Zugbi
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina; (S.Z.); (O.P.); (A.S.L.); (P.S.S.)
- Innovative Treatments Unit, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina;
| | - Daniela Ottaviani
- University of Paris and Institut Curie (SIREDO Center: Care, Innovation and Reserach in pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France; (D.O.); (L.L.); (F.D.); (F.R.)
| | - Lauriane Lemelle
- University of Paris and Institut Curie (SIREDO Center: Care, Innovation and Reserach in pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France; (D.O.); (L.L.); (F.D.); (F.R.)
| | - Marcela Mena
- Innovative Treatments Unit, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina;
| | - Ursula Winter
- Pathology Service, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina; (R.A.); (U.W.); (G.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Genoveva Correa Llano
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Gabriela Lamas
- Pathology Service, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina; (R.A.); (U.W.); (G.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Fabiana Lubieniecki
- Pathology Service, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina; (R.A.); (U.W.); (G.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Irene Szijan
- Genetic and Molecular Biology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina;
| | - Jaume Mora
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (J.M.); (C.L.)
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Osvaldo Podhajcer
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina; (S.Z.); (O.P.); (A.S.L.); (P.S.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Buenos Aires 1405, Argentina;
| | - François Doz
- University of Paris and Institut Curie (SIREDO Center: Care, Innovation and Reserach in pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France; (D.O.); (L.L.); (F.D.); (F.R.)
| | - François Radvanyi
- University of Paris and Institut Curie (SIREDO Center: Care, Innovation and Reserach in pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France; (D.O.); (L.L.); (F.D.); (F.R.)
| | - David H. Abramson
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (J.H.F.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Andrea S. Llera
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina; (S.Z.); (O.P.); (A.S.L.); (P.S.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Buenos Aires 1405, Argentina;
| | - Paula S. Schaiquevich
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina; (S.Z.); (O.P.); (A.S.L.); (P.S.S.)
- Innovative Treatments Unit, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina;
| | - Cinzia Lavarino
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (J.M.); (C.L.)
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Guillermo L. Chantada
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina; (S.Z.); (O.P.); (A.S.L.); (P.S.S.)
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Gjerstorff MF. Novel Insights Into Epigenetic Reprogramming and Destabilization of Pericentromeric Heterochromatin in Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:594163. [PMID: 33251148 PMCID: PMC7674669 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.594163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericentromeric heterochromatin is maintained in a condensed structure by repressive epigenetic control mechanisms and perturbation of these may cause diseases. The chromosome 1q12 region harbors the largest pericentromeric heterochromatin domain in the genome and is among the most common breakpoints in both solid and hematopoietic cancers. Furthermore, the 1q arm is frequently amplified in cancer and this may support tumorigenesis by increasing the dosage of the many oncogenes of this genomic region. Recent studies have provided insight into the mechanisms leading to loss of 1q12 stability and 1q amplification and DNA hypomethylation seems to play a prominent role. This may be the result of decreased activity of DNA methyltransferases and instrumental for 1q12 destabilization or arise secondary to perturbation of other important epigenetic mechanisms that control repression of pericentromeric heterochromatin. Polycomb proteins were recently demonstrated to epigenetically reprogram demethylated 1q12 pericentromeric heterochromatin in premalignant and malignant cells to form large subnuclear structures known as polycomb bodies. This may influence the regulation and stability of 1q12 pericentromeric heterochromatin and/or the distribution of polycomb factors to support tumorigenesis. This review will discuss recent insight into the epigenetic perturbations causing the destabilization of 1q12 pericentromeric heterochromatin and its possible implications for tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Frier Gjerstorff
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Academy of Geriatric Cancer Research (AgeCare), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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6
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Retinoblastoma: Etiology, Modeling, and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082304. [PMID: 32824373 PMCID: PMC7465685 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a retinal cancer that is initiated in response to biallelic loss of RB1 in almost all cases, together with other genetic/epigenetic changes culminating in the development of cancer. RB1 deficiency makes the retinoblastoma cell-of-origin extremely susceptible to cancerous transformation, and the tumor cell-of-origin appears to depend on the developmental stage and species. These are important to establish reliable preclinical models to study the disease and develop therapies. Although retinoblastoma is the most curable pediatric cancer with a high survival rate, advanced tumors limit globe salvage and are often associated with high-risk histopathological features predictive of dissemination. The advent of chemotherapy has improved treatment outcomes, which is effective for globe preservation with new routes of targeted drug delivery. However, molecularly targeted therapeutics with more effectiveness and less toxicity are needed. Here, we review the current knowledge concerning retinoblastoma genesis with particular attention to the genomic and transcriptomic landscapes with correlations to clinicopathological characteristics, as well as the retinoblastoma cell-of-origin and current disease models. We further discuss current treatments, clinicopathological correlations, which assist in guiding treatment and may facilitate globe preservation, and finally we discuss targeted therapeutics for future treatments.
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7
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Ewens KG, Bhatti TR, Moran KA, Richards-Yutz J, Shields CL, Eagle RC, Ganguly A. Phosphorylation of pRb: mechanism for RB pathway inactivation in MYCN-amplified retinoblastoma. Cancer Med 2017; 6:619-630. [PMID: 28211617 PMCID: PMC5345671 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A small, but unique subgroup of retinoblastoma has been identified with no detectable mutation in the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) and with high levels of MYCN gene amplification. This manuscript investigated alternate pathways of inactivating pRb, the encoded protein in these tumors. We analyzed the mutation status of the RB1 gene and MYCN copy number in a series of 245 unilateral retinoblastomas, and the phosphorylation status of pRb in a subset of five tumors using immunohistochemistry. There were 203 tumors with two mutations in RB1 (RB1-/- , 83%), 29 with one (RB1+/- , 12%) and 13 with no detectable mutations (RB1+/+ , 5%). Eighteen tumors carried MYCN amplification between 29 and 110 copies: 12 had two (RB1-/- ) or one RB1 (RB1+/- ) mutations, while six had no mutations (RB1+/+ ). Immunohistochemical staining of tumor sections with antibodies against pRb and phosphorylated Rb (ppRb) displayed high levels of pRb and ppRb in both RB1+/+ and RB1+/- tumors with MYCN amplification compared to no expression of these proteins in a classic RB1-/- , MYCN-low tumor. These results establish that high MYCN amplification can be present in retinoblastoma with or without coding sequence mutations in the RB1 gene. The functional state of pRb is inferred to be inactive due to phosphorylation of pRb in the MYCN-amplified retinoblastoma without coding sequence mutations. This makes inactivation of RB1 by gene mutation or its protein product, pRb, by protein phosphorylation, a necessary condition for initiating retinoblastoma tumorigenesis, independent of MYCN amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G Ewens
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tricia R Bhatti
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kimberly A Moran
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Richards-Yutz
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carol L Shields
- Oncology Services, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ralph C Eagle
- Department of Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Arupa Ganguly
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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8
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Kooi IE, van Mil SE, MacPherson D, Mol BM, Moll AC, Meijers-Heijboer H, Kaspers GJL, Cloos J, Te Riele H, Dorsman JC. Genomic landscape of retinoblastoma in Rb -/- p130 -/- mice resembles human retinoblastoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 56:231-242. [PMID: 27750399 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Several murine retinoblastoma models have been generated by deleting the genes encoding for retinoblastoma susceptibility protein pRb and one of its family members p107 or p130. In Rb-/- p107-/- retinoblastomas, somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) like Mdm2 amplification or Cdkn2a deletion targeting the p53-pathway occur, which is uncommon for human retinoblastoma. In our study, we determined SCNAs in retinoblastomas developing in Rb-/- p130-/- mice and compared this to murine Rb-/- p107-/- tumors and human tumors. Chimeric mice were made by injection of 129/Ola-derived Rb-/- p130-/- embryonic stem cells into wild type C57BL/6 blastocysts. SCNAs of retinoblastoma samples were determined by low-coverage (∼0.5×) whole genome sequencing. In Rb-/- p130-/- tumors, SCNAs included gain of chromosomes 1 (3/23 tumors), 8 (1/23 tumors), 10 (1/23 tumors), 11 (2/23 tumors), and 12 (4/23 tumors), which could be mapped to frequently altered chromosomes in human retinoblastomas. While the altered chromosomes in Rb-/- p130-/- tumors were similar to those in Rb-/- p107-/- tumors, the alteration frequencies were much lower in Rb-/- p130-/- tumors. Most of the Rb-/- p130-/- tumors (16/23 tumors, 70%) were devoid of SCNAs, in strong contrast to Rb-/- p107-/- tumors, which were never (0/15 tumors) SCNA-devoid. Similarly, to human retinoblastoma, increased age at diagnosis significantly correlated with increased SCNA frequencies. Additionally, focal loss of Cdh11 was observed in one Rb-/- p130-/- tumor, which enforces studies in human retinoblastoma that identified CDH11 as a retinoblastoma suppressor. Moreover, based on a comparison of genes altered in human and murine retinoblastoma, we suggest exploring the role of HMGA1 and SRSF3 in retinoblastoma development. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irsan E Kooi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia E van Mil
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - David MacPherson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Berber M Mol
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Annette C Moll
- Department of Ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1007 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J L Kaspers
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081BT, The Netherlands.,Division of Biological Stress Response, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine C Dorsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081BT, The Netherlands
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Dean M, Bendfeldt G, Lou H, Giron V, Garrido C, Valverde P, Barnoya M, Castellanos M, Jiménez-Morales S, Luna-Fineman S. Increased incidence and disparity of diagnosis of retinoblastoma patients in Guatemala. Cancer Lett 2014; 351:59-63. [PMID: 24814393 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of 327 consecutive cases at a pediatric referral hospital of Guatemala reveals that retinoblastoma accounts for 9.4% of all cancers and the estimated incidence is 7.0 cases/million children, higher than the United States or Europe. The number of familial cases is low, and there is a striking disparity in indigenous children due to late diagnosis, advanced disease, rapid progression and elevated mortality. Nine germline mutations in 18 patients were found; two known and five new mutations. Hypermethylation of RB1 was identified in 13% of the tumors. An early diagnosis program could identify cases at an earlier age and improve outcome of retinoblastoma in this diverse population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dean
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Giovana Bendfeldt
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Universidad de San Carlos Medical School, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Hong Lou
- Leidos Biomedical Research Corporation, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Veronica Giron
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Claudia Garrido
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Patricia Valverde
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Margarita Barnoya
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Mauricio Castellanos
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Silvia Jiménez-Morales
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Laboratory of Immunogenomic and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Luna-Fineman
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/SCT/Cancer Bio, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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10
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Pediatric solid tumors: embryonal cell oncogenesis. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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11
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Thériault BL, Dimaras H, Gallie BL, Corson TW. The genomic landscape of retinoblastoma: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 42:33-52. [PMID: 24433356 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a paediatric ocular tumour that continues to reveal much about the genetic basis of cancer development. Study of genomic aberrations in retinoblastoma tumours has exposed important mechanisms of cancer development and identified oncogenes and tumour suppressors that offer potential points of therapeutic intervention. The recent development of next-generation genomic technologies has allowed further refinement of the genomic landscape of retinoblastoma at high resolution. In a relatively short period of time, a wealth of genetic and epigenetic data has emerged on a small number of tumour samples. These data highlight the inherent molecular complexity of this cancer despite the fact that most retinoblastomas are initiated by the inactivation of a single tumour suppressor gene. This review outlines the current understanding of the genomic, genetic and epigenetic changes in retinoblastoma, highlighting recent genome-wide analyses that have identified exciting candidate genes worthy of further validation as potential prognostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte L Thériault
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Foix-L'Helias L, Aerts I, Marchand L, Lumbroso-Le Rouic L, Gauthier-Villars M, Labrune P, Bouyer J, Doz F, Kaminski M. Are children born after infertility treatment at increased risk of retinoblastoma? Hum Reprod 2012; 27:2186-92. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Houston SK, Murray TG. Microarray gene-expression analysis in ocular oncology: uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.11.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Feng C, Wang T, Tang R, Wang J, Long H, Gao X, Tang S. Silencing of the MYCN gene by siRNA delivered by folate receptor-targeted liposomes in LA-N-5 cells. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26:1185-91. [PMID: 20737153 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-010-2703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MYCN amplification is highly associated with malignancy and correlates with poor prognosis in patients with neuroblastoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed a novel liposome-MYCN siRNA-folic acid complex, and the transfection efficacy was measured in LA-N-5 cells by cy-3 fluorescence density in each microgram of protein from the transfected cell lysate. MYCN expression and cell growth were studied with quantitative RT-PCR and MTT assays, and the expression of MYCN protein was studied with Western blot, respectively. An SCID mouse model with subcutaneous LA-N-5 xenografted tumor was established. The animals were divided into four groups (n = 5) and they were peritoneally injected with liposome-encapsulated MYCN siRNA (siRNA 125 μg/kg/day), lipid-encapsulated control siRNA, MYCN siRNA, or liposome only, respectively, for 5 consecutive days. The animals were killed 24 h after the last injection, and the expression of MYCN mRNA in tumor tissue was detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS Our results are as follows: the transfect efficacy reached 1808.5 ± 140.2 pg siRNA/μg protein in LA-N-5 lysates after treatment with 100 nmol/L MYCN siRNA encapsulated with lipid, and fluorescence could be visualized in 92% of LA-N-5 cells after transfection. At 72 h post-transfection, MYCN mRNA expression in LA-N-5 cells was downregulated by 79.2%, MYCN protein was downregulated by 71.3% and cell growth was inhibited by 66.2%, as measured by MTT assay. In the in vivo study, MYCN mRNA expression was knocked down 53.1% in tumor tissues with injection of liposome-encapsulated MYCN siRNA as compared to control siRNA. CONCLUSION These results suggest that targeted delivery of MYCN siRNA by folate receptor-targeted lipid vesicles into LA-N-5 cells is efficacious and capable of suppressing MYCN mRNA expression both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
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15
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In vivo efficacy of photodynamic therapy in three new xenograft models of human retinoblastoma. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2010; 7:275-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Parsam VL, Kannabiran C, Honavar S, Vemuganti GK, Ali MJ. A comprehensive, sensitive and economical approach for the detection of mutations in the RB1 gene in retinoblastoma. J Genet 2010; 88:517-27. [PMID: 20090211 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-009-0069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in children. It is brought about by the mutational inactivation of both alleles of RB1 gene in the developing retina. To identify the RB1 mutations, we analysed 74 retinoblastoma patients by screening the exons and the promoter region of RB1. The strategy used was to detect large deletions/duplications by fluorescent quantitative multiplex PCR; small deletions/insertions by fluorescent genotyping of RB1 alleles, and point mutations by PCR-RFLP and sequencing. Genomic DNA from the peripheral blood leucocytes of 74 Rb patients (53 with bilateral Rb, 21 with unilateral Rb; 4 familial cases) was screened for mutations. Recurrent mutations were identified in five patients with bilateral Rb, large deletions in 11 patients (nine with bilateral Rb and two with unilateral Rb), small deletions/insertions were found in 12 patients all with bilateral Rb, and point mutations in 26 patients (14 nonsense, six splice site, five substitution and one silent change). Three mutations were associated with variable expressivity of the disease in different family members. Using this method, the detection rates achieved in patients with bilateral Rb were 44/53 (83%) and with unilateral Rb, 5/21 (23.8%). This approach may be feasible for clinical genetic testing and counselling of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Latha Parsam
- Kallam Anji Reddy Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Marchong MN, Yurkowski C, Ma C, Spencer C, Pajovic S, Gallie BL. Cdh11 acts as a tumor suppressor in a murine retinoblastoma model by facilitating tumor cell death. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000923. [PMID: 20421947 PMCID: PMC2858707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
CDH11 gene copy number and expression are frequently lost in human retinoblastomas and in retinoblastomas arising in TAg-RB mice. To determine the effect of Cdh11 loss in tumorigenesis, we crossed Cdh11 null mice with TAg-RB mice. Loss of Cdh11 had no gross morphological effect on the developing retina of Cdh11 knockout mice, but led to larger retinal volumes in mice crossed with TAg-RB mice (p = 0.01). Mice null for Cdh11 presented with fewer TAg-positive cells at postnatal day 8 (PND8) (p = 0.01) and had fewer multifocal tumors at PND28 (p = 0.016), compared to mice with normal Cdh11 alleles. However, tumor growth was faster in Cdh11-null mice between PND8 and PND84 (p = 0.003). In tumors of Cdh11-null mice, cell death was decreased 5- to 10-fold (p<0.03 for all markers), while proliferation in vivo remained unaffected (p = 0.121). Activated caspase-3 was significantly decreased and β-catenin expression increased in Cdh11 knockdown experiments in vitro. These data suggest that Cdh11 displays tumor suppressor properties in vivo and in vitro in murine retinoblastoma through promotion of cell death. Despite over two decades since loss of RB1 was implicated in initiating retinoblastoma, the unique tissue specificity of this process remains puzzling. Indeed, functional loss of both alleles of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene results in >40,000-fold increase in predisposition to retinal cancer during childhood, while one constitutional RB1 mutant allele confers a broader but much lower cancer predisposition later in life. We have proposed a specific signature of progressive genomic changes that leads to full tumor development. One of these changes is genomic loss of the CDH11 gene, suggesting that this gene normally suppresses the development of retinoblastoma. We present novel data indicating that Cdh11 functions as a tumor suppressor gene in retinoblastoma by facilitating cell death. Our insight into the sequence of events that contribute to retinoblastoma development is important for future therapies and fundamental understanding of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellone N. Marchong
- Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Yurkowski
- Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clement Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clarellen Spencer
- Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanja Pajovic
- Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda L. Gallie
- Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biostatistics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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18
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Ali MJ, Parsam VL, Honavar SG, Kannabiran C, Vemuganti GK, Reddy VAP. RB1 gene mutations in retinoblastoma and its clinical correlation. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2010; 24:119-23. [PMID: 23960888 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To find correlation between the type of mutations observed and the severity of the disease using multiple techniques like polymerase chain reactions (PCR), quantitative multiplex PCR, sequencing and RNA analysis. METHODS Prospective, observational study. Patients who had been screened for mutations in the RB1 gene were included in the study. Patient details including demographic data; age and sex, laterality, international classification of intraocular retinoblastoma (ICIOR) staging, modality of management, histopathology high risk factors if the eyes were enucleated and metastasis rate were assessed. RESULTS Seventy four patients were studied. Fifty three patients had bilateral and 21 unilateral disease. Complete genetic data was analyzed for 74 patients and complete clinical correlation was established for all the 49 patients with mutations. Of the total mutations identified, 11/49 (22.4%) of patients had large deletions, 12/49 (24.5%) had small deletions or insertions, 14/49 (28.6%) had nonsense mutations, 7/49 (14.3%) had splice mutations and 5/49 (10.2%) of patients had missense mutations. Four cases were familial. Group E ICIOR stage at presentation was noted in 40% of patients with large deletions, 33% with small deletions whereas 38.5% with splice mutations and 44.4% of patients with missense mutations presented with Group B ICIOR. Twenty five percentages of eyes with large deletions had high risk features on histopathology and one patient among these developed metastasis. CONCLUSION Current laboratory testing of RB1 mutations may be feasible in determining the severity of the disease and patient counseling. The study provides a starting point for looking at correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javed Ali
- Ocular Oncology Service, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Road No. 2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma (RB) is a childhood ocular malignancy associated with mutations in RB1, a tumor susceptibility gene. Inactivation of both copies of the RB1 gene in a retinal cell is followed by the sequential acquisition of additional genetic changes that define the course to tumor formation. METHODS To identify the genetic events that cooperate with loss of the RB1 gene function, we performed a whole genome sampling assay based on single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. We used DNA isolated from 25 sporadic, unilateral RB tumors and matched blood samples. RESULTS Genomic profiles were analyzed to identify regions of loss of heterozygosity or amplification. Two major subclasses of RB tumors were defined by the presence (n = 18) or absence (n = 7) of loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 13. Loss of heterozygosity in most cases was the result of copy-neutral events caused by mitotic recombination and mitotic nondisjunction. Tumors harbored novel regions of amplification at 1q44, 3p25, 11q14, 11q25, 14q23, 15q21, 16p13, 17p11.2, 19q13, and 20q13, whereas regions of loss included 6q22, 7q21, and 21q2. CONCLUSION Whole genome sampling assay-based analysis of unilateral RB tumors revealed novel regions as significant. These minimum critical regions that are lost or amplified are expected to harbor genes that aid the process of tumorigenesis.
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Sampieri K, Mencarelli MA, Carmela Epistolato M, Toti P, Lazzi S, Bruttini M, Francesco SD, Longo I, Meloni I, Mari F, Acquaviva A, Hadjistilianou T, Renieri A, Ariani F. Genomic differences between retinoma and retinoblastoma. Acta Oncol 2009; 47:1483-92. [PMID: 18785023 DOI: 10.1080/02841860802342382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genomic copy number changes are involved in the multi-step process transforming normal retina in retinoblastoma after RB1 mutational events. Previous studies on retinoblastoma samples led to a multi-step model in which after two successive RB1 mutations, further genomic changes accompany malignancy: 1q32.1 gain is followed by 6p22 gain, that in turn is followed by 16q22 loss and 2p24.1 gain. Retinoma is a benign variant of retinoblastoma that was initially considered a tumor regression, but recent evidences suggest that it rather represents a pre-malignant lesion. Genetic studies on retinoma tissue have rarely been performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated by Real-Time qPCR, copy number changes of candidate genes located within the 4 hot-spot regions (MDM4 at 1q32.1, MYCN at 2p24.1, E2F3 at 6p22 and CDH11 at 16q22) in retina, retinoma and retinoblastoma tissues from two different patients. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that some copy number changes thought to belong to early (MDM4 gain) or late stage (MYCN and E2F3 gain) of retinoblastoma are already present in retinoma at the same (for MDM4) or at lower (for MYCN and E2F3) copy number variation respect to retinoblastoma. CDH11 copy number is not altered in the two retinoma samples, but gain is present in one of the two retinoblastomas. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that MDM4 gain may be involved in the early transition from normal retina to retinoma, while MYCN and E2F3 progressive gain may represent driving factors of tumor progression. These results also confirm the pre-malignant nature of retinoma.
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Sampieri K, Amenduni M, Papa FT, Katzaki E, Mencarelli MA, Marozza A, Epistolato MC, Toti P, Lazzi S, Bruttini M, De Filippis R, De Francesco S, Longo I, Meloni I, Mari F, Acquaviva A, Hadjistilianou T, Renieri A, Ariani F. Array comparative genomic hybridization in retinoma and retinoblastoma tissues. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:465-71. [PMID: 19183342 PMCID: PMC11159683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In retinoblastoma, two RB1 mutations are necessary for tumor development. Recurrent genomic rearrangements may represent subsequent events required for retinoblastoma progression. Array-comparative genomic hybridization was carried out in 18 eye samples, 10 from bilateral and eight from unilateral retinoblastoma patients. Two unilateral cases also showed areas of retinoma. The most frequent imbalance in retinoblastomas was 6p gain (40%), followed by gains at 1q12-q25.3, 2p24.3-p24.2, 9q22.2, and 9q33.1 and losses at 11q24.3, 13q13.2-q22.3, and 16q12.1-q21. Bilateral cases showed a lower number of imbalances than unilateral cases (P = 0.002). Unilateral cases were divided into low-level (< or = 4) and high-level (> or = 7) chromosomal instability groups. The first group presented with younger age at diagnosis (mean 511 days) compared with the second group (mean 1606 days). In one retinoma case ophthalmoscopically diagnosed as a benign lesion no rearrangements were detected, whereas the adjacent retinoblastoma displayed seven aberrations. The other retinoma case identified by retrospective histopathological examination shared three rearrangements with the adjacent retinoblastoma. Two other gene-free rearrangements were retinoma specific. One rearrangement, dup5p, was retinoblastoma specific and included the SKP2 gene. Genomic profiling indicated that the first retinoma was a pretumoral lesion, whereas the other represents a subclone of cells bearing 'benign' rearrangements overwhelmed by another subclone presenting aberrations with higher 'oncogenic' potential. In summary, the present study shows that bilateral and unilateral retinoblastoma have different chromosomal instability that correlates with the age of tumor onset in unilateral cases. This is the first report of genomic profiling in retinoma tissue, shedding light on the different nature of lesions named 'retinoma'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Sampieri
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy
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N-myc amplification was rarely detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization in retinoblastoma. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:1172-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Paderova J, Orlic-Milacic M, Yoshimoto M, da Cunha Santos G, Gallie B, Squire JA. Novel 6p rearrangements and recurrent translocation breakpoints in retinoblastoma cell lines identified by spectral karyotyping and mBAND analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 179:102-11. [PMID: 18036396 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gain of the short arm of chromosome 6, usually through isochromosome 6p formation, is present in approximately 50% of retinoblastoma tumors. The minimal region of gain maps to chromosome band 6p22. Two genes, DEK and E2F3, are implicated as candidate oncogenes. However, chromosomal translocations have been overlooked as a potential mechanism of activation of oncogenes at 6p22 in retinoblastoma. Here, we report combined spectral karyotyping), 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole banding, mBAND, and locus-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses of four retinoblastoma cell lines, RB1021, RB247c, RB383, and Y79. In RB1021 and RB247c, 6p undergoes structural rearrangements involving a common translocation breakpoint at 6p22. These data imply that 6p translocations may represent another mechanism of activation of 6p oncogene(s) in a subset of retinoblastomas, besides the copy number increase. In addition to 6p22, other recurrent translocation breakpoints identified in this study are 4p16, 11p15, 17q21.3, and 20q13. Common regions of gain map to chromosomal arms 1q, 2p, 6p, 17q, and 21q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Paderova
- Department of Applied Molecular Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Maragaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
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Bowles E, Corson TW, Bayani J, Squire JA, Wong N, Lai PBS, Gallie BL. Profiling genomic copy number changes in retinoblastoma beyond loss of RB1. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:118-29. [PMID: 17099872 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of both RB1 alleles is rate limiting for development of retinoblastoma (RB), but genomic copy number gain or loss may impact oncogene(s) and tumor suppressor genes, facilitating tumor progression. We used quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction to profile "hot spot" genomic copy number changes for gain at 1q32.1, 6p22, and MYCN, and loss at 16q22 in 87 primary RB and 7 cell lines. Loss at 16q22 (48%) negatively associated with MYCN gain (18%) (Fisher's exact P = 0.031), gain at 1q32.1 (62%) positively associated with 6p "hot spot" gain (43%) (P = 0.033), and there was a trend for positive association between 1q and MYCN gain (P = 0.095). Cell lines had a higher frequency of MYCN amplification than primary tumors (29% versus 3%; P = 0.043). Novel high-level amplification of 1q32.1 in one primary tumor, confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, strongly supports the presence of oncogene(s) in this region, possibly the mitotic kinesin, KIF14. Gene-specific quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction of candidate oncogenes at 1q32.1 (KIF14), 6p22 (E2F3 and DEK), and tumor suppressor genes at 16q22 (CDH11) and 17q21 (NGFR) showed the most common gene gains in RB to be KIF14 in cell lines (80%) and E2F3 in primary tumors (70%). The patterns of gain/loss were qualitatively different in 25 RB compared with 12 primary hepatocellular carcinoma and 12 breast cancer cell lines. Gene specific analysis of one bone marrow metastasis of RB, prechemotherapy and postchemotherapy, showed the typical genomic changes of RB pretreatment, which normalized after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Bowles
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Corson TW, Gallie BL. One hit, two hits, three hits, more? Genomic changes in the development of retinoblastoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:617-34. [PMID: 17437278 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The childhood eye cancer retinoblastoma is initiated by the loss of both alleles of the prototypic tumor suppressor gene, RB1. However, a large number of cytogenetic and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) studies have shown that these M1 and M2 mutational events--although necessary for initiation--are not the only genomic changes in retinoblastoma. Some of these subsequent changes, which we have termed M3 to Mn, are likely crucial for tumor progression not only in retinoblastoma but also in other cancers. Moreover, genes showing genomic change in cancer are more stable markers and, therefore, possible therapeutic targets than genes simply differentially expressed. In this review, we provide the first comprehensive summary of the genomic evidence implicating gain of 1q, 2p, 6p, and 13q, and loss of 16q in retinoblastoma oncogenesis, including karyotype, CGH, and microarray CGH data. We discuss the search for candidate oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes within these regions, including the candidates (KIF14, MDM4, MYCN, E2F3, DEK, CDH11, and others), plus associations between genomic changes and clinical parameters. We also review studies of other regions of the retinoblastoma genome, the epigenetic changes of aberrant methylation of MGMT, RASSF1A, CASP8, and MLH1, and the roles microRNAs might play in this cancer. Although many candidate genes have yet to be functionally validated in retinoblastoma, work in this field lays out a molecular cytogenetic pathway of retinoblastoma development. Candidate cancer genes carry diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications beyond retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Corson
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Laé M, Vincent-Salomon A, Savignoni A, Huon I, Fréneaux P, Sigal-Zafrani B, Aurias A, Sastre-Garau X, Couturier J. Phyllodes tumors of the breast segregate in two groups according to genetic criteria. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:435-44. [PMID: 17334353 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Phyllodes tumors are rare fibroepithelial tumors of the breast. The pathologic grading of phyllodes tumors based on the aspect of the stromal component, is divided into 2 or 3 grades according to the system used. To determine whether genetic markers could be of use for improving the classification of phyllodes tumors and to provide a better knowledge of the genetic alterations in these tumors, we analyzed chromosomal changes detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in comparison with histological data, in a series of 30 cases. Recurrent chromosome imbalances were observed in 55, 91 and 100% of benign, borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors, respectively. The mean number of chromosome changes was one in benign, six in borderline, and six in malignant phyllodes tumors. Most frequent genetic imbalances were +1q (12/30), -13q (7/30), -6q (9/30), +5 (9/30) and -10p (8/30). Gains of 1q, present in only one of nine benign tumors, were found in 11/21 (51%) borderline or malignant tumors. Losses of 13q have 13q14.2 as smallest region of overlap, suggesting that the RB1 gene could be the target of deletions. Amplifications of 12q14, involving the MDM2 locus, and of 8p24, involving the MYC gene, were observed in one case each. Borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors could not be differentiated on the basis of their genomic imbalances (presence and number of chromosomal changes, presence of 1q gain and/or 13q loss). Conversely, benign tumors could be significantly differentiated from the group composed of borderline and malignant tumors (P<0.01). This study reveals two distinct patterns of genomic imbalance in phyllodes tumors: benign, with none or a few chromosome changes and malignant, with numerous recurrent chromosomal changes, in particular 1q gain and 13q loss. Helpful additional pathological criteria for differentiating the two genetic groups of phyllodes tumors are the nuclear size and the mitotic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marick Laé
- Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Service de Pathologie, Institut Curie-Hôpital, Paris, France.
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MacPherson D, Conkrite K, Tam M, Mukai S, Mu D, Jacks T. Murine bilateral retinoblastoma exhibiting rapid-onset, metastatic progression and N-myc gene amplification. EMBO J 2007; 26:784-94. [PMID: 17235288 PMCID: PMC1794380 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human retinoblastoma is a pediatric cancer initiated by RB gene mutations in the developing retina. We have examined the origins and progression of retinoblastoma in mouse models of the disease. Retina-specific inactivation of Rb on a p130-/- genetic background led to bilateral retinoblastoma with rapid kinetics, whereas on a p107-/- background Rb mutation caused predominantly unilateral tumors that arose with delayed kinetics and incomplete penetrance. In both models, retinoblastomas arose from cells at the extreme periphery of the murine retina. Furthermore, late retinoblastomas progressed to invade the brain and metastasized to the cervical lymph nodes. Metastatic tumors lacking Rb and p130 exhibited chromosomal changes revealed by representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis including high-level amplification of the N-myc oncogene. N-myc was found amplified in three of 16 metastatic retinoblastomas lacking Rb and p130 as well as in retinoblastomas lacking Rb and p107. N-myc amplification ranged from 6- to 400-fold and correlated with high N-myc-expression levels. These murine models closely resemble human retinoblastoma in their progression and secondary genetic changes, making them ideal tools for further dissection of steps to tumorigenesis and for testing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David MacPherson
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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28
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Doz F. Rétinoblastome : aspects récents. Arch Pediatr 2006; 13:1329-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2006.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Aerts I, Lumbroso-Le Rouic L, Gauthier-Villars M, Brisse H, Doz F, Desjardins L. Retinoblastoma. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006; 1:31. [PMID: 16934146 PMCID: PMC1586012 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-1-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a rare eye tumor of childhood that arises in the retina. It is the most common intraocular malignancy of infancy and childhood; with an incidence of 1/15,000–20,000 live births. The two most frequent symptoms revealing retinoblastoma are leukocoria and strabismus. Iris rubeosis, hypopyon, hyphema, buphthalmia, orbital cellulites and exophthalmia may also be observed. Sixty per cent of retinoblastomas are unilateral and most of these forms are not hereditary (median age at diagnosis two years). Retinoblastoma is bilateral in 40% of cases (median age at diagnosis one year). All bilateral and multifocal unilateral forms are hereditary. Hereditary retinoblastoma constitutes a cancer predisposition syndrome: a subject constitutionally carrying an RB1 gene mutation has a greater than 90% risk of developing retinoblastoma but is also at increased risk of developing other types of cancers. Diagnosis is made by fundoscopy. Ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans may contribute to diagnosis. Management of patients with retinoblastoma must take into account the various aspects of the disease: the visual risk, the possibly hereditary nature of the disease, the life-threatening risk. Enucleation is still often necessary in unilateral disease; the decision for adjuvant treatment is taken according to the histological risk factors. Conservative treatment for at least one eye is possible in most of the bilateral cases. It includes laser alone or combined with chemotherapy, cryotherapy and brachytherapy. The indication for external beam radiotherapy should be restricted to large ocular tumors and diffuse vitreous seeding because of the risk of late effects, including secondary sarcoma. Vital prognosis, related to retinoblastoma alone, is now excellent in patients with unilateral or bilateral forms of retinoblastoma. Long term follow-up and early counseling regarding the risk of second primary tumors and transmission should be offered to retinoblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Aerts
- Pediatric Oncology Department, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Hervé Brisse
- Radiology Department, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - François Doz
- Pediatric Oncology Department, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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Dannenberg JH, te Riele HPJ. The retinoblastoma gene family in cell cycle regulation and suppression of tumorigenesis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2006; 42:183-225. [PMID: 16903212 DOI: 10.1007/400_002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1986, as the first tumor suppressor gene, the retinoblastoma gene (Rb) has been extensively studied. Numerous biochemical and genetic studies have elucidated in great detail the function of the Rb gene and placed it at the heart of the molecular machinery controlling the cell cycle. As more insight was gained into the genetic events required for oncogenic transformation, it became clear that the retinoblastoma gene is connected to biochemical pathways that are dysfunctional in virtually all tumor types. Besides regulating the E2F transcription factors, pRb is involved in numerous biological processes such as apoptosis, DNA repair, chromatin modification, and differentiation. Further complexity was added to the system with the discovery of p107 and p130, two close homologs of Rb. Although the three family members share similar functions, it is becoming clear that these proteins also have unique functions in differentiation and regulation of transcription. In contrast to Rb, p107 and p130 are rarely found inactivated in human tumors. Yet, evidence is accumulating that these proteins are part of a "tumor-surveillance" mechanism and can suppress tumorigenesis. Here we provide an overview of the knowledge obtained from studies involving the retinoblastoma gene family with particular focus on its role in suppressing tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hermen Dannenberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Orlic M, Spencer CE, Wang L, Gallie BL. Expression analysis of 6p22 genomic gain in retinoblastoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:72-82. [PMID: 16180235 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify gene(s) targeted by 6p22 genomic gain, present in more than 50% retinoblastoma tumors, we used real-time RT-PCR to quantify the expression of seven genes in normal human retina and retinoblastoma. Six genes are located in the quantitative multiplex PCR-defined 0.6 Mb minimal region of gain at 6p22 (DEK, AOF1, TPMT, NHLRC1, KIF13A, and NUP153), and E2F3 is 2 Mb away from the minimal region of gain on 6p22. E2F3, DEK, KIF13A, and NUP153 were most frequently overexpressed in retinoblastoma with 6p genomic gain, compared with the normal adult human retina. E2F3 and DEK mRNA levels were increased in all human tumors showing 6p22 gain, as well as in mouse retinoblastoma induced by SV40 large T antigen expression in developing retina, compared with the normal controls (adult human retina and 7-day-old mouse retina, respectively). Only DEK showed statistically significant correlation of expression and genomic copy number (P = 0.019). E2F3 and DEK, but not NUP153, showed developmental regulation. E2F3 and DEK mRNA overexpression was always associated with protein overexpression, determined by immunoblotting or immunofluorescent staining of primary tumors, relative to the adjacent normal retina. E2F3 was strongly expressed in actively proliferating cells, while DEK was overexpressed in all tumor cells. Taking into account the proliferation-promoting role of E2F3, implication of E2F3 in bladder and prostate cancer, and the translocation and overexpression of DEK in leukemia, we conclude that either DEK or E2F3 (or both) are targeted by the 6p22 gain in retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Orlic
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Espinoza JPM, Cardenas VJP, Luna CA, Fuentes HM, Camacho GV, Carrera FM, Garcia JRG. Loss of 10p material in a child with human papillomavirus-positive disseminated bilateral retinoblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 161:146-50. [PMID: 16102585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a malignant childhood tumor that results from loss or inactivation of both alleles of the RB1 gene. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA sequences have been found in RB tissue, suggesting a role of the viral infection with RB. We here describe a child with disseminated bilateral RB without familial history, who displayed a loss of material from 10p. Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies showed a somatic loss of both alleles of the RB1 gene. Moreover, sequences for HPV-6a were detected on DNA extracted from eye tumor tissue and from nonstimulated peripheral blood leukocyte cultures. The eye tumor tissue was also positive for HPV L1 viral proteins. Repeated loss of the short arm of chromosome 10 in HPV-transfected keratinocytes has been reported. Loss of heterozygosity in 10p14 approximately p15 is also frequent in cervical cancers. Therefore, it seems probable that the abnormalities on 10p detected in the present case are related to the HPV infection. Thus, HPV could be a cofactor in the progression of RB by promoting nonrandom additional mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Meza Espinoza
- Doctorado en Genetica Humana, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 800, Colonia Independencia, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Grasemann C, Gratias S, Stephan H, Schüler A, Schramm A, Klein-Hitpass L, Rieder H, Schneider S, Kappes F, Eggert A, Lohmann DR. Gains and overexpression identify DEK and E2F3 as targets of chromosome 6p gains in retinoblastoma. Oncogene 2005; 24:6441-9. [PMID: 16007192 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The paediatric eye tumour retinoblastoma is initiated by inactivation of RB1, a tumour suppressor on chromosome 13q. In addition to RB1 loss, many retinoblastomas show other genetic alterations including gains on chromosomes 6p21-pter and 1q31-q32. Recently, the minimal region of gains on chromosome 6 was narrowed to band p22. We examined genomic gains and expression changes in primary retinoblastomas to identify potential target genes in 6p22. Quantitative multiplex PCR detected copy numbers > or = 3 in 25 (33%) tumours and no gains in 31 of 76 (40%) tumours. The remaining 20 (26%) samples showed gains only at some loci, most often including E2F3 and DEK in 6p22.3. Analysis of RNA from 21 primary retinoblastomas showed that expression levels of these and some other genes in 6p22 correspond to DNA gains. However, KIF 13A, a reported candidate oncogene on 6p, was expressed at low levels or absent. Clinical manifestation of tumours with gains at all 6p22 loci was distinct in that distribution of age at diagnosis was markedly shifted to older age compared to tumours with no or partial gains. In summary, our results suggest that DEK and E2F3 are potential targets of 6p gains in retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Grasemann
- University Children's Hospital of Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
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Corson TW, Huang A, Tsao MS, Gallie BL. KIF14 is a candidate oncogene in the 1q minimal region of genomic gain in multiple cancers. Oncogene 2005; 24:4741-53. [PMID: 15897902 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gain of chromosome 1q31-1q32 is seen in >50% of retinoblastoma and is common in other tumors. To define the minimal 1q region of gain, we determined genomic copy number by quantitative multiplex PCR of 14 sequence tagged sites (STSs) spanning 1q25.3-1q41. The most frequently gained STS at 1q32.1 (71%; 39 of 55 retinoblastoma) defined a 3.06 Mbp minimal region of gain between flanking markers, containing 14 genes. Of these, only KIF14, a putative chromokinesin, was overexpressed in various cancers by real-time RT-PCR. KIF14 mRNA was expressed in 20/22 retinoblastoma samples 100-1000-fold higher than in retina (t-test P=0.00002); cell lines (n=10) had higher levels than tumors (n=12) (P=0.009). KIF14 protein was overexpressed in retinoblastoma tumors and breast cancer cell lines by immunoblot. KIF14 was expressed in 4/4 breast cancer cell lines 31-92-fold higher than in normal breast tissue, in 5/5 medulloblastoma cell lines 22-79-fold higher than in fetal brain, and in 10/22 primary lung tumors 3-34-fold higher than in normal lung. Patients with lung tumors that overexpress KIF14 showed a trend toward decreased survival. KIF14 may thus be important in oncogenesis, and has promise as a prognostic indicator and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Corson
- Division of Cancer Informatics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9
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35
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Bremner R, Chen D, Pacal M, Livne-Bar I, Agochiya M. The RB protein family in retinal development and retinoblastoma: new insights from new mouse models. Dev Neurosci 2005; 26:417-34. [PMID: 15855771 DOI: 10.1159/000082284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rb gene was isolated almost 20 years ago, but fundamental questions regarding its role in retinal development and retinoblastoma remain. What is the normal function of RB protein in retinogenesis? What is the cell-of-origin of retinoblastoma? Why do retinoblastoma tumors have recurrent genetic lesions other than Rb inactivation? Why is retinoblastoma not induced by defects in cell cycle regulators other than Rb? Why is the retina so sensitive to Rb loss? Recently developed conditional Rb knockout models provide new insight into some of these issues. The data suggest that RB protein may not control the rate of progenitor division, but is critical for cell cycle exit when dividing retinal progenitors differentiate into postmitotic transition cells. This finding focuses attention on the ectopically dividing transition cell, rather than the progenitor, as the cell-of-origin. Cell-specific analyses in the RB-deficient retina reveal that ectopically dividing photoreceptors, bipolar and ganglion cells die, but amacrine, horizontal and Muller cells survive and stop dividing when they terminally differentiate. Rare amacrine transition cells escape cell cycle exit and generate tumors. These data suggest that post-Rb mutations are required to overcome growth arrest associated with terminal differentiation, rather than apoptosis as previously suggested. To explain why perturbing cell cycle regulators other than RB does not initiate retinoblastoma, we speculate that mutations in other components of the RB pathway perturb cell cycle arrest, but only RB loss triggers genome instability in retinal transition cells, which may be critical to facilitate post-Rb mutations necessary for transformation. Cell-specific differences in the effect of Rb loss on genome stability may contribute to the tremendous sensitivity of retinal transition cells to tumorigenesis. The new mouse models of retinoblastoma will be invaluable for testing these possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Bremner
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Rm Mc6-424, 399 Bathurst Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.
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36
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Rousseau-Merck MF, Fiette L, Klochendler-Yeivin A, Delattre O, Aurias A. Chromosome mechanisms and INI1 inactivation in human and mouse rhabdoid tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 157:127-33. [PMID: 15721633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Revised: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human rhabdoid tumorigenesis orchestrated by INI1 inactivation is associated with specific rearrangements of chromosome 22 that correlate with preferential anatomic tumor locations. A literature review revealed significant correlations between an apparently normal karyotype and kidney tumors, monosomy 22 and cerebral tumors, and chromosome 22 translocations and tumors at other anatomic sites. In the mouse rhabdoid tumor model, specifically in the four tumors that we tested for loss of heterozygosity, neither partial deletion nor monosomy of chromosome 10 could be detected. In contrast to the human data, the only chromosome mechanism involved in the 18 mouse tumors studied appears to be a mitotic recombination or a nondisjunction-duplication. Additionally, and despite mouse tumor incidence across a variety of sites, no rhabdoid tumor could be observed in the mouse kidney. These data suggest that the chromosome mechanisms for INI1 inactivation and the selective cell survival pressure differ in human and mouse.
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Abstract
The cellular effects of the genetic defects associated with tumorigenesis are context dependent. To better understand the reasons that different cell types require distinct combinations of mutations to form tumours, it is essential to identify and characterize a tumour's 'cell of origin'. Retinoblastoma, a rare childhood cancer of the retina that is caused by RB inactivation, is a good model in which to search for a tumour cell of origin, because retinal development is well understood and the initiating genetic lesion is well characterized. Identifying the cell of origin for this tumour would advance our understanding of how cellular context affects the requirement of specific mutations for cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.
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Zielinski B, Gratias S, Toedt G, Mendrzyk F, Stange DE, Radlwimmer B, Lohmann DR, Lichter P. Detection of chromosomal imbalances in retinoblastoma by matrix-based comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 43:294-301. [PMID: 15834944 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic hallmark of retinoblastoma is mutation or deletion of the RB1 gene, whereas other genetic alterations that are also required are largely unknown. To screen for genomic imbalances on a genomewide level, we studied a series of 17 primary retinoblastomas by matrix-based comparative genomic hybridization (matrix-CGH). The matrix-CGH chip contained 6,000 immobilized genomic DNA fragments covering the human genome, with an average resolution of about 500 kb. The most frequent imbalances detected were gains on chromosome arms 1q (12 of 17), 6p (10 of 17), 2p (5 of 17), and 19q (4 of 17) and loss on 16q (7 of 17). Candidate regions could be narrowed to small intervals by the identified minimally overlapping regions on 1q22, 1q32.1q32.2, 2p24.1, and 6p21.33-p21.31. Furthermore, two as-yet-unknown high-level amplifications were detected, each in a single patient, on chromosome bands 1p34.2 and 1p33. Thus, this study identified new chromosomal regions and therefore potential candidate genes that may play a role in retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Zielinski
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg, Germany
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39
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Gratias S, Schüler A, Hitpass LK, Stephan H, Rieder H, Schneider S, Horsthemke B, Lohmann DR. Genomic gains on chromosome 1q in retinoblastoma: Consequences on gene expression and association with clinical manifestation. Int J Cancer 2005; 116:555-63. [PMID: 15825178 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many retinoblastomas (Rbs) show genomic alterations in addition to mutational loss of both normal RB1 alleles. The most frequent of these changes are gains on chromosomes 1q and 6p and losses on 16q. To identify the genes targeted by gains on chromosome 1q, we used quantitative-multiplex PCR to determine DNA copy number changes in 76 primary tumors and 6 Rb cell lines. In addition, in 21 of these tumors, gene expression was analyzed by cDNA microarray hybridization. Increased copy numbers of loci on chromosome 1q were present in 34 (45%) primary tumors and in all 6 cell lines. Two regions of gain emerged, one in 1q32 and another in 1q21. Tumors with 1q gains showed higher RNA expression of several genes in these 2 regions. The clinical manifestation of tumors with and without gains was similar with regard to many aspects, including size, necrosis and calcification. However, the distribution of age at diagnosis was remarkably distinct, with earlier diagnosis in tumors without gains. This suggests that these tumors either are initiated earlier or grow faster than tumors with gains. This association with clinical manifestation indicates that gains on 1q are significant for the biology of Rb. The genes on 1q with copy number gains and overexpression are candidates that need to be tested for their individual contribution to the progression of Rb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Gratias
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Abramson
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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41
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Marchong MN, Chen D, Corson TW, Lee C, Harmandayan M, Bowles E, Chen N, Gallie BL. Minimal 16q Genomic Loss Implicates Cadherin-11 in Retinoblastoma. Mol Cancer Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.495.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is initiated by loss of both RB1 alleles. Previous studies have shown that retinoblastoma tumors also show further genomic gains and losses. We now define a 2.62 Mbp minimal region of genomic loss of chromosome 16q22, which is likely to contain tumor suppressor gene(s), in 76 retinoblastoma tumors, using loss of heterozygosity (30 of 76 tumors) and quantitative multiplex PCR (71 of 76 tumors). The sequence-tagged site WI-5835 within intron 2 of the cadherin-11 (CDH11) gene showed the highest frequency of loss (54%, 22 of 41 samples tested). A second hotspot for loss (39%, 9 of 23 samples tested) was detected within intron 2 of the cadherin-13 (CDH13) gene. Furthermore, deletion of the exons of CDH11 and/or WI-5835 was shown by quantitative multiplex PCR in 17 of 30 (57%) of previously untested tumors. Immunoblot analyses revealed that 91% (20 of 22) retinoblastoma exhibited either a complete loss or a decrease of the intact form of CDH11 and 8 of 13 showed a prevalent band suggestive of the variant form. Copy number of WI-5835 for these samples correlated with CDH11 protein expression. CDH11 staining was evident in the inner nuclear layer in early mouse retinal development and in small transgenic murine SV40 large T antigen–induced retinoblastoma tumors, but advanced tumors frequently showed loss of CDH11 expression by reverse transcription-PCR, suggestive of a role for CDH11 in tumor progression or metastasis. CDH13 protein and mRNA were consistently expressed in all human and murine retinoblastoma compared with normal adult human retina. Our analyses implicate CDH11, but not CDH13, as a potential tumor suppressor gene in retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellone N. Marchong
- 1Divisions of Cancer Informatics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of
- 2Medical Biophysics
| | - Danian Chen
- 1Divisions of Cancer Informatics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of
- 6Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Timothy W. Corson
- 1Divisions of Cancer Informatics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of
- 3Molecular and Medical Genetics, and
| | - Cheong Lee
- 1Divisions of Cancer Informatics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of
| | - Maria Harmandayan
- 1Divisions of Cancer Informatics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of
| | - Ella Bowles
- 1Divisions of Cancer Informatics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of
| | - Ning Chen
- 5Retinoblastoma Solutions, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Brenda L. Gallie
- 1Divisions of Cancer Informatics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of
- 2Medical Biophysics
- 3Molecular and Medical Genetics, and
- 4Ophthalmology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 5Retinoblastoma Solutions, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
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MacPherson D, Sage J, Kim T, Ho D, McLaughlin ME, Jacks T. Cell type-specific effects of Rb deletion in the murine retina. Genes Dev 2004; 18:1681-94. [PMID: 15231717 PMCID: PMC478190 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1203304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Certain cells of the human retina are extremely sensitive to loss of function of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene RB. Retinoblastomas develop early in life and at high frequency in individuals heterozygous for a germ-line RB mutation, and sporadic retinoblastomas invariably have somatic mutation in the RB gene. In contrast, retinoblastomas do not develop in Rb+/- mice. Although retinoblastoma is thought to have developmental origins, the function of Rb in retinal development has not been fully characterized. Here we studied the role of Rb in normal retinal development and in retinoblastoma using conditional Rb mutations in the mouse. In late embryogenesis, Rb-deficient retinas exhibited ectopic S-phase and high levels of p53-independent apoptosis, particularly in the differentiating retinal ganglion cell layer. During postnatal retinal development, loss of Rb led to more widespread retinal apoptosis, and adults showed loss of photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Conditional Rb mutation in the retina did not result in retinoblastoma formation even in a p53-mutant background. However, on a p107- or p130-deficient background, Rb mutation in the retina caused retinal dysplasia or retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David MacPherson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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43
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Amare Kadam PS, Ghule P, Jose J, Bamne M, Kurkure P, Banavali S, Sarin R, Advani S. Constitutional genomic instability, chromosome aberrations in tumor cells and retinoblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 150:33-43. [PMID: 15041221 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2003.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2003] [Revised: 08/21/2003] [Accepted: 08/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although retinoblastoma (Rb) is initiated as a result of biallelic inactivation of the RB1 gene, additional genetic events (M3) in tumor cells are indicative of their role in the full transformation of retinal cells. We investigated the constitutional genetic instability by fragile site (FS) expression studies and checked its relationship with loci of tumor cytogenetics in a series of 36 retinoblastoma patients (34 nonfamilial and 2 familial cases). Tumor cytogenetics revealed -13/+13, del/t(13)(q14) (50%), +1/del/t(1p/q) (65%), +6/i(6p) (60%), and del(16)(q13)/(q22 approximately q23) (60%). Conventional cytogenetics in leukocytes revealed constitutional del(13q14) in five unilateral Rb (URB) and one trilateral Rb (TRB). Constitutional del(16)(q22) and t(6;12) were also identified in two cases. Constitutional FS analysis showed a significant increase in the cellular fragility, with high prevalence at 13q14, 3p14, 6p23, 16q22 approximately q23, and 13q22 loci in retinoblastoma patients (P<0.05). Patients with constitutional del(13)(q14) demonstrated higher fragility than those with normal constitution. A strong correlation between loci of constitutional FSs and loci of recurrent chromosomal abnormalities in tumors strengthen and support the proposal that FS loci present as inherent genomic instability in retinoblastoma. The chromosomal changes and resultant genetic mutations, along with RB1 mutation events, probably contribute synergistically to the development and progression of Rb malignancy. Implementation of fluorescence in situ hybridization to nonfamilial Rb on a large scale (113 cases) could detect constitutional RB1 deletion in 12.3% of cases, with equally higher incidence in URB (14.7%) and bilateral Rb (13.6%), demonstrating that the true prevalence of patients with predisposition to RB1 mutation in sporadic URB is definitely higher in our populations. Also, higher incidence of constitutional RB1 deletion mosaicism in unilateral than in bilateral Rb indicates that the constitutional genetic mosaicism in URB should be given serious consideration during genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Amare Kadam
- Cancer Cytogenetics Laboratory, Tata Memorial Hospital, Dr Ernest Borges Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
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44
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Abstract
The transcription factor and proto-oncogene MYCN is reviewed as a potential specific target for cancer therapy. Amplification of MYCN is frequently found in a number of advanced-stage tumours, including neuroblastoma (25%), small cell lung cancers (7%), alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and retinoblastoma. It is associated with rapid tumour progression and poor outcome in human neuroblastoma. MYCN is a member of the myc family of proto-oncogenes which encode nuclear proteins that form heterodimers with MAX protein through their conserved HLHZip domains. The MYC/MAX complexes transactivate a number of MYC-target genes in a sequence-specific manner. MYC-MAX interaction is essential for MYC-induced cell cycle progression, cellular transformation, and transcriptional activation. A causal link between the transformed phenotype and MYCN has been established by a range of in vitro and in vivo studies, including a transgenic model of neuroblastoma in which MYCN overexpression is targeted to neuronal tissue by the use of a tyrosine hydroxylase promoter. Downregulation of MYCN expression either by antisense treatment targeted against MYCN mRNA or by retinoids has been shown to decrease proliferation and/or induce neuronal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. Inhibition of MYC-MAX dimerisation by small-molecule antagonists has recently been shown to interfere with MYC-induced transformation of chick embryo fibroblasts, indicating that functional inhibitors of the MYC family of oncoproteins have potential as therapeutic agents. Finally, we describe the development and validation of a functional MYCN reporter gene assay using neuroblastoma cells (NGP) which have been stably transfected with a luciferase gene construct under control of the ornithine decarboxylase gene promoter. This assay has been used for a pilot screen of 2800 compounds from the Cancer Research-UK collection, identifying five compounds showing a consistent significant reduction of MYCN-dependent luciferase activity (>50%) in repeated screens. This cell-based, MYCN reporter gene assay will be scaled up for high throughput screens of compound libraries and will aid in the future development of specific therapeutic strategies in neuroblastoma and other tumours in which MYCN amplification has been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Lu
- Cancer Research Unit, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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45
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Lillington DM, Kingston JE, Coen PG, Price E, Hungerford J, Domizio P, Young BD, Onadim Z. Comparative genomic hybridization of 49 primary retinoblastoma tumors identifies chromosomal regions associated with histopathology, progression, and patient outcome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 36:121-8. [PMID: 12508240 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-nine primary retinoblastoma (Rb) tumors were analyzed by the use of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and clinical/histological correlations were performed. Adverse histological factors were present in 13 patients. Chromosomal imbalance was a frequent phenomenon, seen in 96% of the tumors. Gain of 6p represented the most frequent event (69% of the tumors), whereas +1q was observed in 57%, confirming that these abnormalities are key secondary events in retinoblastoma tumor progression. Loss of 13q and 16 was significantly associated with tumors displaying adverse histo-prognostic factors, whereas -16q was significantly associated with tumors without adverse features. In three patients who developed an extra-ocular relapse, the tumors showed -13q and 2/3 had -5q, suggesting that these abnormalities may be associated with metastasis. Children >or= 36 months of age at enucleation tended to have more CGH abnormalities per tumor than children < 12 months (median numbers 11 vs. 3). In addition, +1q, +13q, -16, and -16q were more frequent in children with an older age at enucleation. Identical CGH changes were found in both tumors from one patient with bilateral tumors, suggesting a common origin. It is possible that tumors displaying loss of 13q and 5q indicate those patients who may suffer an adverse outcome and who would require alternative or more intensive therapy. CGH analysis on larger cohorts and in prospective clinical trials will be invaluable in determining whether a genetic classification of retinoblastoma represents a reliable measure of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra M Lillington
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College and the Royal London NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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46
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Schleiermacher G, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Combaret V, Derré J, Couturier J, Aurias A, Delattre O. Combined 24-color karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridization analysis indicates predominant rearrangements of early replicating chromosome regions in neuroblastoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2003; 141:32-42. [PMID: 12581896 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(02)00644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is characterized by several distinct genetic alterations including MYCN amplification, chromosome 1p deletion and gain of chromosome 17. Although these alterations are thought to play a crucial role in oncogenesis, to date little is known about their underlying mechanisms. In order to more precisely document these genetic alterations, we have performed a combined study of 27 neuroblastoma cell lines using 24-color karyotyping (24-CK) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). 24-CK detected balanced translocations in 13 cases with recurrent involvement of chromosome 8. More importantly, 144 nonreciprocal translocations were observed in the 27 cell lines, with chromosome 1 as the most frequent recipient and chromosome 17 the most frequent donor. Each cell line exhibited at least one unbalanced translocation involving 17q, with 14 cell lines demonstrating more than one such translocation. Other recurrent alterations were amplification of the 2p24 chromosome region, which encodes the MYCN oncogene, losses of 1p, 3p and 11q, and gains of 1q and 7. In most cases, CGH profiles were directly linked to the presence of unbalanced translocations with gain of the donor fragment and loss of the replaced region on the recipient chromosome. Strikingly, over 60% of the chromosome breakpoints mapped to early replicating chromosome bands, which represent around 13% of the genome. Altogether these data suggest that neuroblastoma is characterized by rearrangements that predominantly involve chromosome fragments replicating early in the S-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Schleiermacher
- INSERM Unité 509, Laboratoire de Pathologie Moléculaire des Cancers, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France
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47
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Abstract
Recent studies have shown that RB can inhibit apoptosis, independently of its ability to block cell proliferation. This poses the question of how cells choose to grow or to die when RB becomes inactivated. RB is phosphorylated following mitogenic stimulation, but it is degraded in response to death stimuli. Most sporadic cancers also inactivate RB by phosphorylation, rather than losing RB entirely--possibly to exploit the survival advantage conferred by RB under stress. Drawing from the different mechanisms of RB inactivation, we propose two models for ways in which cells use RB to make the choice of life versus death.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nelson Chau
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0322, USA
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48
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Lillington DM, Goff LK, Kingston JE, Onadim Z, Price E, Domizio P, Young BD. High level amplification of N-MYC is not associated with adverse histology or outcome in primary retinoblastoma tumours. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:779-82. [PMID: 12232763 PMCID: PMC2364265 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2002] [Revised: 05/28/2002] [Accepted: 06/25/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-five primary retinoblastoma tumours were analysed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to determine the genomic copy number of the N-MYC gene (2p24) relative to the copy number for REL, B2M, ALB, AF10 and MLL. Twenty-one of these tumours were shown by Comparative Genomic Hybridization to contain variable copy number increases of chromosomal material mapping to 2p. High level amplification (>30-fold) of N-MYC was found in three tumours, none of which showed adverse histological features and all patients are surviving at between 54 and 108 months post enucleation. Furthermore, the three tumours associated with metastasis and adverse patient outcome showed normal N-MYC copy number. Although high level amplification of N-MYC is an unfavourable prognostic indicator in neuroblastoma, these data show no evidence of a correlation between amplification of N-MYC and adverse outcome in retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Lillington
- Cancer Research UK, Department of Medical Oncology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London NHS Trust, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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49
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Struski S, Doco-Fenzy M, Cornillet-Lefebvre P. Compilation of published comparative genomic hybridization studies. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 135:63-90. [PMID: 12072205 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The power of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) has been clearly proven since the first paper appeared in 1992 as a tool to characterize chromosomal imbalances in neoplasias. This review summarizes the chromosomal imbalances detected by CGH in solid tumors and in hemopathies. In May of 2001, we took a census of 430 articles providing information on 11,984 cases of human solid tumors or hematologic malignancies. Comparative generic hybridization has detected a number of recurrent regions of amplification or deletion that allows for identification of new chromosomal loci (oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, or other genes) involved in the development, progression, and clonal evolution of tumors. When CGH data from different studies are combined, a pattern of nonrandom genetic aberrations appears. As expected, some of these gains and losses are common to different types of pathologies, while others are more tumor-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Struski
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Robert Debré-CHU Reims, Reims, France
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50
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Meza-Zepeda LA, Forus A, Lygren B, Dahlberg AB, Godager LH, South AP, Marenholz I, Lioumi M, Flørenes VA, Maelandsmo GM, Serra M, Mischke D, Nizetic D, Ragoussis J, Tarkkanen M, Nesland JM, Knuutila S, Myklebost O. Positional cloning identifies a novel cyclophilin as a candidate amplified oncogene in 1q21. Oncogene 2002; 21:2261-9. [PMID: 11948409 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2001] [Revised: 01/16/2002] [Accepted: 01/18/2002] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gains of 1q21-q23 have been associated with metastasis and chemotherapy response, particularly in bladder cancer, hepatocellular carcinomas and sarcomas. By positional cloning of amplified genes by yeast artificial chromosome-mediated cDNA capture using magnetic beads, we have identified three candidate genes (COAS1, -2 and -3) in the amplified region in sarcomas. COAS1 and -2 showed higher amplification levels than COAS3. Most notably, amplification was very common in osteosarcomas, where in particular COAS2 was highly expressed. COAS1 has multiple repeats and shows no homology to previously described genes, whereas COAS2 is a novel member of the cyclosporin-binding peptidyl-prolyl isomerase family, very similar to cyclophilin A. COAS2 was overexpressed almost exclusively in aggressive metastatic or chemotherapy resistant tumours. Although COAS2 was generally more amplified than COAS1, it was not expressed in well-differentiated liposarcomas, where amplification of this region is very common. All three genes were found to be amplified and over-expressed also in breast carcinomas. The complex nature of the 1q21-23 amplicons and close proximity of the genes make unequivocal determination of the gene responsible difficult. Quite likely, the different genes may give selective advantages to different subsets of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Meza-Zepeda
- Department of Tumour Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello N-0310, Oslo, Norway
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