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Monteiro CJP, Neves MGPMS, Nativi C, Almeida A, Faustino MAF. Porphyrin Photosensitizers Grafted in Cellulose Supports: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3475. [PMID: 36834886 PMCID: PMC9967812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer and owing to its compatibility with biological tissues, it is considered a versatile starting material for developing new and sustainable materials from renewable resources. With the advent of drug-resistance among pathogenic microorganisms, recent strategies have focused on the development of novel treatment options and alternative antimicrobial therapies, such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). This approach encompasses the combination of photoactive dyes and harmless visible light, in the presence of dioxygen, to produce reactive oxygen species that can selectively kill microorganisms. Photosensitizers for aPDT can be adsorbed, entrapped, or linked to cellulose-like supports, providing an increase in the surface area, with improved mechanical strength, barrier, and antimicrobial properties, paving the way to new applications, such as wound disinfection, sterilization of medical materials and surfaces in different contexts (industrial, household and hospital), or prevention of microbial contamination in packaged food. This review will report the development of porphyrinic photosensitizers supported on cellulose/cellulose derivative materials to achieve effective photoinactivation. A brief overview of the efficiency of cellulose based photoactive dyes for cancer, using photodynamic therapy (PDT), will be also discussed. Particular attention will be devoted to the synthetic routes behind the preparation of the photosensitizer-cellulose functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J. P. Monteiro
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3010-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Luciano M, Brückner C. Modifications of Porphyrins and Hydroporphyrins for Their Solubilization in Aqueous Media. Molecules 2017; 22:E980. [PMID: 28608838 PMCID: PMC6152633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing popularity of porphyrins and hydroporphyrins for use in a variety of biomedical (photodynamic therapy, fluorescence tagging and imaging, photoacoustic imaging) and technical (chemosensing, catalysis, light harvesting) applications is also associated with the growing number of methodologies that enable their solubilization in aqueous media. Natively, the vast majority of synthetic porphyrinic compounds are not water-soluble. Moreover, any water-solubility imposes several restrictions on the synthetic chemist on when to install solubilizing groups in the synthetic sequence, and how to isolate and purify these compounds. This review summarizes the chemical modifications to render synthetic porphyrins water-soluble, with a focus on the work disclosed since 2000. Where available, practical data such as solubility, indicators for the degree of aggregation, and special notes for the practitioner are listed. We hope that this review will guide synthetic chemists through the many strategies known to make porphyrins and hydroporphyrins water soluble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Luciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
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Xiong R, Bornhof A, Arkhypchuk AI, Orthaber A, Borbas KE. Furan- and Thiophene-Based Auxochromes Red-shift Chlorin Absorptions and Enable Oxidative Chlorin Polymerizations. Chemistry 2017; 23:4089-4095. [PMID: 27859811 PMCID: PMC5396321 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The de novo syntheses of chemically stable chlorins with five-membered heterocyclic (furane, thiophene, formylfurane and formylthiophene) substituents in selected meso- and β-positions are reported. Heterocycle incorporation in the 3- and 13-positions shifted the chlorin absorption and emission to the red (up to λem =680 nm), thus these readily incorporated substituents function analogously to auxochromes present in chlorophylls, for example, formyl and vinyl groups. Photophysical, theoretical and X-ray crystallographic experiments revealed small but significant differences between the behavior of the furan- and the thiophene-based auxochromes. Four regioisomeric bis-thienylchlorins (3,10; 3,13, 3,15 and 10,15) were oxidatively electropolymerized; the chlorin monomer geometry had a profound impact on the polymerization efficiency and the electrochemical properties of the resulting material. Chemical co-polymerization of 3,13-bis-thienylchlorin with 3-hexylthiophene yielded an organic-soluble red-emitting polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng Xiong
- Department of ChemistryÅngström LaboratoryUppsala University, Box 52375120UppsalaSweden
| | - Anna‐Bea Bornhof
- Department of ChemistryÅngström LaboratoryUppsala University, Box 52375120UppsalaSweden
| | - Anna I. Arkhypchuk
- Department of ChemistryÅngström LaboratoryUppsala University, Box 52375120UppsalaSweden
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of ChemistryÅngström LaboratoryUppsala University, Box 52375120UppsalaSweden
| | - K. Eszter Borbas
- Department of ChemistryÅngström LaboratoryUppsala University, Box 52375120UppsalaSweden
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Almeida I, Mendo S, Carvalho M, Correia J, Viana A. Catalytic Co and Fe porphyrin/Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles assembled on gold by carbon disulfide. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.11.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Randino R, Cini E, D’Ursi AM, Novellino E, Rodriquez M. Facile Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of cyclic ketones: conventional versus microwave-assisted approach. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pizova H, Bobal P. An optimized and scalable synthesis of propylphosphonic anhydride for general use. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.02.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Waghmare AA, Hindupur RM, Pati HN. Propylphosphonic anhydride (T3P®): An expedient reagent for organic synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079978014020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sharath Kumar KS, Swaroop TR, Harsha KB, Narasimhamurthy KH, Rangappa KS. T3P®-DMSO mediated one pot cascade protocol for the synthesis of 4-thiazolidinones from alcohols. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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One-pot synthesis of thieno [2,3-d] pyrimidin-4-ol derivatives mediated by polyphosphonic anhydride. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Desroses M, Wieckowski K, Stevens M, Odell LR. A microwave-assisted, propylphosphonic anhydride (T3P®) mediated one-pot Fischer indole synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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An efficient catalytic method for the Beckmann rearrangement of ketoximes to amides and aldoximes to nitriles mediated by propylphosphonic anhydride (T3P®). Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Burns AR, McAllister GD, Shanahan SE, Taylor RJK. Total synthesis and structural reassignment of (+)-dictyosphaeric acid A: a tandem intramolecular Michael addition/alkene migration approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:5574-7. [PMID: 20583023 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Burns
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
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Burns A, McAllister G, Shanahan S, Taylor R. Total Synthesis and Structural Reassignment of (+)-Dictyosphaeric Acid A: A Tandem Intramolecular Michael Addition/Alkene Migration Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Piazza M, Damore G, Costa B, Gioannini TL, Weiss JP, Peri F. Hemin and a metabolic derivative coprohemin modulate the TLR4 pathway differently through different molecular targets. Innate Immun 2010; 17:293-301. [PMID: 20472612 DOI: 10.1177/1753425910369020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme is a prosthetic group in a large number of essential proteins that have a pivotal role in oxygen transport, storage and electron shuttling. High amounts of free heme are associated with pathological states. Recently, it has been suggested that activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is one of the ways in which the 'danger signal' of free heme is detected. Here, we examine the biochemical basis of the modulation of the TLR4 pathway by hemin (iron(III)-protoporphyrin IX) and its metabolic, oxidated derivative coprohemin (iron(III)-coproporphyrin I). High concentrations of hemin (50 μM) triggered TLR4-mediated IL-8 production in the human HEK293/TLR4 cell line in the absence of the co-receptors CD14 and MD-2; the latter an essential co-receptor for TLR4 activation by endotoxin. Hemin and endotoxin have additive effects when co-administrated to HEK/TLR4 cells, suggesting that hemin and endotoxin activate TLR4 by different mechanisms. Coprohemin, in contrast to hemin, is unable to trigger TLR4-dependent activation of HEK/TLR4 cells, but instead causes dose-dependent inhibition of endotoxin-stimulated IL-8 production. The inhibitory effect of coprohemin is paralleled by reduced delivery of endotoxin to MD-2 (-TLR4) that is necessary for activation of TLR4 by endotoxin. Thus, despite their similar chemical structure, hemin and coprohemin have very different effects on the TLR4 pathway, the former acting as a mild agonist of TLR4, the latter as an antagonist selectively targeting the endotoxin-MD-2 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Piazza
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan, Italy
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Propylphosphonic anhydride (T3P®): an efficient reagent for the one-pot synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles, 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Amitrano R, Koch P, Neuber M, Neumann D, Petrovic P, Roos M, Vedder C. Allessan CAP--a highly versatile and affordable coupling agent. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 611:193-4. [PMID: 19400156 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73657-0_89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Amitrano
- AC Chem Partners LLC, 10800 Sikes Place, Suite 130, Charlotte, NC 28277, USA
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Design of new electropolymerized polypyrrole films of polyfluorinated Zn(II) and Mn(III) porphyrins: Towards electrochemical sensors. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Borbas KE, Kee HL, Holten D, Lindsey JS. A compact water-soluble porphyrin bearing an iodoacetamido bioconjugatable site. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:187-94. [DOI: 10.1039/b715072e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Bravo-Altamirano K, Montchamp JL. A novel approach to phosphonic acids from hypophosphorous acid. Tetrahedron Lett 2007; 48:5755-5759. [PMID: 17940584 PMCID: PMC2031837 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel access to phosphonic acids via Pd-catalyzed tandem carbon-phosphorus bond formation - oxidation processes was developed. The procedures involve atom-economical and environmentally friendly functionalization reactions of hypophosphorous acid (H(3)PO(2)) and H-phosphinic acids [RP(O)(OH)(H)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Bravo-Altamirano
- Department of Chemistry, Box 298860, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Montchamp
- Department of Chemistry, Box 298860, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA
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Pavlov VY. Modern aspects of the Chemistry of protoporphyrin IX. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428007010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Viana A, Leupold S, Montforts FP, Abrantes L. Self-assembled monolayers of a disulphide-derivatised cobalt-porphyrin on gold. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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A poly(pyrrole-Cobalt(II)deuteroporphyrin) electrode for the potentiometric determination of nitrite. SENSORS 2003. [DOI: 10.3390/s30700213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cordas C, Viana A, Leupold S, Montforts FP, Abrantes L. Self-assembled monolayer of an iron(III) porphyrin disulphide derivative on gold. Electrochem commun 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(02)00530-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Electrogeneration and characterization of a poly(pyrrole–nickel (II) chlorin) electrode. Electrochem commun 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(02)00337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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