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Althobiani MA, Russell AM, Jacob J, Ranjan Y, Folarin AA, Hurst JR, Porter JC. Interstitial lung disease: a review of classification, etiology, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1296890. [PMID: 38698783 PMCID: PMC11063378 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1296890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) refer to a heterogeneous and complex group of conditions characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, or both, in the interstitium of the lungs. This results in impaired gas exchange, leading to a worsening of respiratory symptoms and a decline in lung function. While the etiology of some ILDs is unclear, most cases can be traced back to factors such as genetic predispositions, environmental exposures (including allergens, toxins, and air pollution), underlying autoimmune diseases, or the use of certain medications. There has been an increase in research and evidence aimed at identifying etiology, understanding epidemiology, improving clinical diagnosis, and developing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in the field of interstitial lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik A. Althobiani
- Royal Free Campus, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anne-Marie Russell
- School of Health and Care Professions, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Jacob
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Satsuma Lab, Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yatharth Ranjan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amos A. Folarin
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Hurst
- Royal Free Campus, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna C. Porter
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Meng K, Zhang B, Ma C, Dai Q, Gui X, Liu X, Zhao Q, Gao Q, Wen Y, Ding J. Serum amyloid A/anti-CCL20 induced the rebalance of Th17/regulatory T cells in SodA-induced sarcoidosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108784. [PMID: 35461156 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic granulomatous inflammation associated with Th17/regulatory T cell (Treg) polarization. As a marker of inflammation, serum amyloid A (SAA) could upregulate the expression of chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), which induces the migration of Treg cells and Th17 cells by binding and activating thechemokine C-C receptor (CCR) 6. Our goal was to determine whether SAA/anti-CCL20 induces Th17/Treg rebalance in pulmonary sarcoidosis. The deposition of SAA- and Th17/Treg-related proteins in SodA-induced granulomas was tested using immunohistochemistry. Mice with SodA-induced sarcoidosis were treated with SAA or SAA + anti-CCL20, and then Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cells were detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. The expression of SAA/CCL20 and IL-23/IL-17A was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and multiplex. Key proteins in the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway were tested by western blot. SAA mainly plays a pro-inflammatory role by promoting the expression of CCL20 and IL-17A in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum, exacerbating this elevation of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in both mediastinal lymph nodes (LNs) and BALF, as well as proliferating Th1 in LNs in SodA-induced pulmonary sarcoidosis. In addition, SAA could also promote the proliferation of Tregs in LNs. Intriguingly, blocking of CCL20 could partially reverse the expression of Th17-related cytokine, ameliorate Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17 bias in mice with SodA-induced pulmonary sarcoidosis, and rescue the overactivation of the TGF-β/Smad2/Smad3 signaling pathway. Anti-CCL20 may have the potential for therapeutic translation, targeting on the immunopathogenesis of pulmonary sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifang Meng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxing Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Dai
- Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhua Gui
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Gao
- Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Wen
- Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingjing Ding
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Harman NL, Gorst SL, Williamson PR, Barnathan ES, Baughman RP, Judson MA, Junk H, Kampstra NA, Sullivan EJ, Victorson DE, Walton MK, AL-Hakim T, Nabulsi H, Singh N, Grutters JC, Culver DA. Identifying a core outcome set for pulmonary sarcoidosis research - the Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research - Sarcoidosis Clinical OUtcomes Taskforce (SCOUT). SARCOIDOSIS, VASCULITIS, AND DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF WASOG 2022; 39:e2022030. [PMID: 36791046 PMCID: PMC9766848 DOI: 10.36141/svdld.v39i3.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Pulmonary sarcoidosis is a rare granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology. Heterogeneity in the outcomes measured in trials of treatment for pulmonary sarcoidosis has impacted on the ability to systematically compare findings, contributing to research inefficiency. The FSR-SCOUT study has aimed to address this heterogeneity by developing a core outcome set that represents a patient and health professional consensus on the most important outcomes to measure in future research for the treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Research design and methods systematic review of trial registries, narrative synthesis of published qualitative literature on the patient experience and results of a patient survey contributed to the development of a comprehensive list of outcomes that were rated in a two round online Delphi survey. The Delphi survey was completed by patients/carers and health professionals and the results discussed and ratified at an online consensus meeting. Results 259 patients/carers and 51 health professionals completed both rounds of the Delphi survey. A pre-agreed definition of consensus was applied and the results discussed at an online consensus meeting attended by 17 patients and 7 health professionals). Fifteen outcomes, across five domains (physiological/clinical, treatment, resource use, quality of life, and death), reached the definition of consensus and were included in the core outcome set. Conclusions The core outcome set represents a patient and health professional consensus on the most important outcomes for pulmonary sarcoidosis research. The use of the core outcome set in future trials, and efforts to validate its components, will enhance the relevance of trials to stakeholders and will increase the opportunity for the research to contribute to evidence synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L. Harman
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah L. Gorst
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Robert P. Baughman
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marc A. Judson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Heidi Junk
- Patient Advocate – Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research
| | - Nynke A. Kampstra
- Dept of Value-Based Healthcare, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare (IQ Healthcare), Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Interstitial Lung Diseases Centre of Excellence, Department of Pulmonology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Hana Nabulsi
- The Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Noopur Singh
- The Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jan C. Grutters
- Interstitial Lung Diseases Centre of Excellence, Department of Pulmonology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands, Division of Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel A. Culver
- Department of Pulmonary, Medicine, Respiratory Institute, at Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown etiology defined by the presence of noncaseating granulomatous inflammation that can cause organ damage and diminished quality of life. Treatment is indicated to protect organ function and decrease symptomatic burden. Current treatment options focus on interruption of granuloma formation and propagation. Clinical trials guiding evidence for treatment are lacking due to the rarity of disease, heterogeneous clinical course, and lack of prognostic biomarkers, all of which contribute to difficulty in clinical trial design and implementation. In this review, a multidisciplinary treatment approach is summarized, addressing immunuosuppressive drugs, managing complications of chronic granulomatous inflammation, and assessing treatment toxicity. Discovery of new therapies will depend on research into pathogenesis of antigen presentation and granulomatous inflammation. Future treatment approaches may also include personalized decisions based on pharmacogenomics and sarcoidosis phenotype, as well as patient-centered approaches to manage immunosuppression, symptom control, and treatment of comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K. Gerke
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Frye BC, Rump IC, Uhlmann A, Schubach F, Ihorst G, Grimbacher B, Zissel G, Quernheim JM. Safety and efficacy of abatacept in patients with treatment-resistant SARCoidosis (ABASARC) - protocol for a multi-center, single-arm phase IIa trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2020; 19:100575. [PMID: 32551397 PMCID: PMC7292904 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous systemic disease that becomes chronic in approximately one third of affected patients resulting in quality of life and functional impairment. Immunosuppressive drugs other than steroids represent alternative therapeutic options, but side effects like liver and bone marrow toxicity or increased susceptibility to infections limit their use. Pathophysiological studies in sarcoidosis patients demonstrate altered regulatory T-cell functions with a reduced expression of CTLA-4 (CD152) and prolonged inflammation. Therefore, interfering with CTLA-4 using abatacept might be a therapeutic option in sarcoidosis similar to rheumatoid arthritis therapy. METHODS/DESIGN This is a multicenter prospective open-labeled single arm phase II study addressing the safety of abatacept in sarcoidosis patients. 30 patients with chronic sarcoidosis requiring immunosuppressive therapy beyond 5 mg prednisolone equivalent will be treated with abatacept in combination with corticosteroids for one year in two centers.The primary endpoint is the number and characterization of severe infectious complications under treatment with abatacept.Secondary endpoints are the rate of all infections, patient-related outcomes (assessed by questionnaires), lung function and immunological parameters including alveolar inflammation assessed by bronchoaveolar lavage. DISCUSSION This is the first trial of abatacept in patients with sarcoidosis. It is hypothesized that administration of abatacept is safe in patients with chronic sarcoidosis and can limit ongoing inflammation. Patients' wellbeing is assessed by established questionnaires. Immunological work-up will highlight the effect of abatacept on inflammatory pathways in sarcoidosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial has been registered at the German Clinical Trial Registry (Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien, DRKS) with the identity number DRKS00011660.
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Key Words
- 18FDG-PET-CT, 18Fluor-Desoxy-Glucose positron-emission tomography combined with computer tomography
- Abatacept
- BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage
- CMV, cytomegaly-virus
- Chronic sarcoidosis
- EBV, Epstein-Barr-Virus
- FVC, forced vital capacity
- GHS, general health score
- IFN-γ, Interferon-γ
- IL, interleukin
- KSQ, King's sarcoidosis questionnaire
- King's sarcoidosis questionnaire
- Patient-reported outcome
- Regulatory T-cells
- TLC, total lung capacity
- TNF, tumor-necrosis factor
- TReg, regulatory T-cells
- Therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn C. Frye
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ina Caroline Rump
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Uhlmann
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Schubach
- Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Ihorst
- Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- DZIF – German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany
- RESIST – Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Zissel
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Müller Quernheim
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Schott CA, Ascoli C, Huang Y, Perkins DL, Finn PW. Declining Pulmonary Function in Interstitial Lung Disease Linked to Lymphocyte Dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:610-613. [PMID: 31661301 PMCID: PMC7047459 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201910-1909le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cody A. Schott
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicago, Illinois
| | - Christian Ascoli
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicago, Illinois
| | - Yue Huang
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicago, Illinois
| | - David L. Perkins
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicago, Illinois
| | - Patricia W. Finn
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicago, Illinois
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Abstract
Treatment of sarcoidosis is not required in all patients with the diagnosis. The decision to treat and the strategy for how to treat usually require input and shared decision making by the patient. Some common consequences of sarcoidosis are not caused by granulomatous inflammation, but may be the dominant disease manifestation and should be actively considered when formulating a treatment plan. The medication regimen should be tailored to each patient. Steroid-sparing medications should be prescribed early as part of a long-term strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies S Wijsenbeek
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel A Culver
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Frye BC, Schupp JC, Köhler TL, Müller-Quernheim J. [Diagnosis and treatment of sarcoidosis. Current standards]. Internist (Berl) 2015; 56:1346-52. [PMID: 26563335 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-015-3757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease that mainly affects the lungs and intrathoracic lymph nodes; however, virtually any organ can be affected. As an orphan disease, recommendations are mainly based on observational or small randomized studies as well as experts' opinion. Diagnosing sarcoidosis requires proof of non-necrotizing granulomas in patients with a compatible symptomatic pattern and the exclusion of other granulomatous diseases. Granulomas can be detected best in the lungs or intrathoracic lymph nodes. Therefore, bronchoscopy and endobronchial ultrasound with biopsies of lymph nodes are the major tools to diagnose sarcoidosis. Frequently, close follow-up and symptomatic therapy are sufficient to allow for spontaneous resolution. In case of functional organ impairment, cardial or CNS involvement, or other complications, steroid therapy is necessary with a starting dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight that should be tapered-off over 6-12 months. Steroid-refractory disease can be treated by adding methotrexate or azathioprine, two drugs long known in sarcoidosis treatment. Monoclonal antibodies against TNF and lung transplantation are further therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Frye
- Klinik für Pneumologie, Department Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - J C Schupp
- Klinik für Pneumologie, Department Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - T L Köhler
- Klinik für Pneumologie, Department Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - J Müller-Quernheim
- Klinik für Pneumologie, Department Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Deutschland.
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Abo Al Hayja M, Eklund A, Grunewald J, Wahlström J. Reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in BAL and blood T cells of non-löfgren's sarcoidosis patients. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:28. [PMID: 25969669 PMCID: PMC4428503 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease affecting in particular the lungs. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play important regulatory roles in inflammation. The aim of this study was to gain more insight about the expression of all three PPARs (α, β/δ and γ) in sarcoidosis. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and peripheral blood cells were obtained from healthy controls (HC) and sarcoidosis patients with Löfgren's syndrome (LS) and without Löfgren's syndrome (non-LS). PPARs mRNA expression was analyzed in total BAL cells and in FACS (Fluorescence-activated cell sorting) sorted alveolar macrophages (AM) and CD4(+) T cells respectively by comparative RT-PCR. PPARs protein expression was analyzed in AM, and in BAL and blood CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells by flow cytometry. RESULTS In BAL CD4(+) T cells, we noticed a significantly lower PPARα mRNA expression in sarcoidosis patients compared with HC. In non-LS patients, a significantly lower PPARα protein expression in BAL CD4(+) T cells was detected as compared with LS patients. In peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells, non-LS patients had a significantly lower expression of PPARα and PPARγ compared with LS patients. CONCLUSION The lower protein expression of PPARα and PPARγ could contribute to the persistent T-cell driven inflammation noted especially in non-resolving sarcoidosis, common in non-LS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntasir Abo Al Hayja
- Department of Medicine and CMM, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden ; Lung Research Laboratory L4:01, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Eklund
- Department of Medicine and CMM, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Department of Medicine and CMM, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Wahlström
- Department of Medicine and CMM, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hamzeh N, Voelker A, Forssén A, Gottschall EB, Rose C, Mroz P, Maier LA. Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2014; 108:1663-9. [PMID: 25301291 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppressive (IS) therapy is indicated to treat progressive sarcoidosis, but randomized controlled trials to guide physicians in the use of steroid sparing agents are lacking. The aim of this retrospective study was to examine the role of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as an alternative therapy in the treatment of sarcoidosis. METHODS A retrospective chart review of all patients who had been prescribed MMF between January 2008 and October 2011 was conducted. Patients with insufficient data or who had another IS therapy initiated concomitantly with MMF, including prednisone, were excluded. Physiological data obtained at the time MMF therapy was initiated as well as six and twelve months before and after therapy was extracted. Longitudinal analyses of the effect of MMF on changes in pulmonary function at MMF start, 6 months, 12 months pre and post MMF therapy were conducted. RESULTS 37/76 patients met our inclusion/exclusion criteria. There were no statistically significant changes in PFT measurements pre and post MMF therapy. We did find a trend (p = 0.07) towards improvement in DLCO 12 months pre and post MMF in patients who were started on MMF due to intolerance to previous IS therapy compared to those who were unresponsive to their previous IS therapy. We also noted a reduction in prednisone dose in those treated with MMF. CONCLUSION MMF appears to offer no extra benefit to sarcoidosis patients unresponsive to previous steroid-sparing agents, but may be beneficial in patients intolerant to their previous steroid-sparing agent. Additional studies investigating the efficacy of MMF as the initial steroid-sparing agent are needed to further clarify the role of MMF in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Hamzeh
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Allison Voelker
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anna Forssén
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - E Brigitte Gottschall
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cecile Rose
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peggy Mroz
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Lisa A Maier
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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11
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Amin EN, Closser DR, Crouser ED. Current best practice in the management of pulmonary and systemic sarcoidosis. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2014; 8:111-132. [PMID: 25034021 DOI: 10.1177/1753465814537367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by the presence of granulomatous inflammation in affected tissues. It can affect essentially any organ system but shows a predilection for the lungs, eyes, and skin. Accurate epidemiological data are not available in the USA, but sarcoidosis is considered a 'rare disease' (prevalence less than 200,000). However, recent epidemiologic studies indicate that regional prevalence is much higher than previously estimated, especially among African American women. Additionally, mortality rates of patients with sarcoidosis are increasing by 3% per year over the past two decades. The most common causes of death are attributed to progressive lung disease and cardiac sarcoidosis, and the health of the patients is further compromised by other systemic manifestations. As such, the management of sarcoidosis requires a collaborative multidisciplinary approach. We aim to discuss the principles of managing sarcoidosis, including standards of care relating to pulmonary disease as well as recent advances relating to the detection and treatment of extrapulmonary manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Amin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Douglas R Closser
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Elliott D Crouser
- 201F Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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12
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Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown cause that is characterised by the formation of immune granulomas in various organs, mainly the lungs and the lymphatic system. Studies show that sarcoidosis might be the result of an exaggerated granulomatous reaction after exposure to unidentified antigens in individuals who are genetically susceptible. Several new insights have been made, particularly with regards to the diagnosis and care of some important manifestations of sarcoidosis. The indications for endobronchial ultrasound in diagnosis and for PET in the assessment of inflammatory activity are now better specified. Recognition of unexplained persistent disabling symptoms, fatigue, small-fibre neurological impairment, cognitive failure, and changes to health state and quality of life, has improved. Mortality in patients with sarcoidosis is higher than that of the general population, mainly due to pulmonary fibrosis. Predicted advances for the future are finding the cause of sarcoidosis, and the elucidation of relevant biomarkers, reliable endpoints, and new efficient treatments, particularly in patients with refractory sarcoidosis, lung fibrosis, and those with persistent disabling symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Valeyre
- Department of Pneumology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France; University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France.
| | - Antje Prasse
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hilario Nunes
- Department of Pneumology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France; University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Yurdagul Uzunhan
- Department of Pneumology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France; University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Brillet
- Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France; University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
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13
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Jadotte YT, Abdel Hay R, Salphale P, Mocellin S, Kumar S, Niazi A, Pilati P. Interventions for cutaneous sarcoidosis. Hippokratia 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri T Jadotte
- The State University of New Jersey - School of Nursing; Northeast Institute for Evidence Synthesis and Translation, Rutgers; 65 Bergen Street, Room GA-190 Newark New Jersey USA 07101
| | - Rania Abdel Hay
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University; Department of Dermatology; 13th Abrag Othman Kournish el Maadi Cairo Egypt 11431
| | | | - Simone Mocellin
- University of Padova; Meta-Analysis Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology; Via Giustiniani 2 Padova Veneto Italy 35128
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences; Centre for Community Medicine; CCM, Old OT Block, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar New Delhi Delhi India 110029
| | | | - Pierluigi Pilati
- University of Padova; Meta-Analysis Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology; Via Giustiniani 2 Padova Veneto Italy 35128
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14
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Bloom CI, Graham CM, Berry MPR, Rozakeas F, Redford PS, Wang Y, Xu Z, Wilkinson KA, Wilkinson RJ, Kendrick Y, Devouassoux G, Ferry T, Miyara M, Bouvry D, Valeyre D, Dominique V, Gorochov G, Blankenship D, Saadatian M, Vanhems P, Beynon H, Vancheeswaran R, Wickremasinghe M, Chaussabel D, Banchereau J, Pascual V, Ho LP, Lipman M, O'Garra A. Transcriptional blood signatures distinguish pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary sarcoidosis, pneumonias and lung cancers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70630. [PMID: 23940611 PMCID: PMC3734176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE New approaches to define factors underlying the immunopathogenesis of pulmonary diseases including sarcoidosis and tuberculosis are needed to develop new treatments and biomarkers. Comparing the blood transcriptional response of tuberculosis to other similar pulmonary diseases will advance knowledge of disease pathways and help distinguish diseases with similar clinical presentations. OBJECTIVES To determine the factors underlying the immunopathogenesis of the granulomatous diseases, sarcoidosis and tuberculosis, by comparing the blood transcriptional responses in these and other pulmonary diseases. METHODS We compared whole blood genome-wide transcriptional profiles in pulmonary sarcoidosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, to community acquired pneumonia and primary lung cancer and healthy controls, before and after treatment, and in purified leucocyte populations. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS An Interferon-inducible neutrophil-driven blood transcriptional signature was present in both sarcoidosis and tuberculosis, with a higher abundance and expression in tuberculosis. Heterogeneity of the sarcoidosis signature correlated significantly with disease activity. Transcriptional profiles in pneumonia and lung cancer revealed an over-abundance of inflammatory transcripts. After successful treatment the transcriptional activity in tuberculosis and pneumonia patients was significantly reduced. However the glucocorticoid-responsive sarcoidosis patients showed a significant increase in transcriptional activity. 144-blood transcripts were able to distinguish tuberculosis from other lung diseases and controls. CONCLUSIONS Tuberculosis and sarcoidosis revealed similar blood transcriptional profiles, dominated by interferon-inducible transcripts, while pneumonia and lung cancer showed distinct signatures, dominated by inflammatory genes. There were also significant differences between tuberculosis and sarcoidosis in the degree of their transcriptional activity, the heterogeneity of their profiles and their transcriptional response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe I Bloom
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
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15
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Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem, granulomatous disease. In this article, the various clinical manifestations, approach to, and management of, pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Hamzeh
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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16
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Bailey CD, Wagland R, Dabbour R, Caress A, Smith J, Molassiotis A. An integrative review of systematic reviews related to the management of breathlessness in respiratory illnesses. BMC Pulm Med 2010; 10:63. [PMID: 21143887 PMCID: PMC3016307 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-10-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breathlessness is a debilitating and distressing symptom in a wide variety of diseases and still a difficult symptom to manage. An integrative review of systematic reviews of non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions for breathlessness in non-malignant disease was undertaken to identify the current state of clinical understanding of the management of breathlessness and highlight promising interventions that merit further investigation. METHODS Systematic reviews were identified via electronic databases between July 2007 and September 2009. Reviews were included within the study if they reported research on adult participants using either a measure of breathlessness or some other measure of respiratory symptoms. RESULTS In total 219 systematic reviews were identified and 153 included within the final review, of these 59 addressed non-pharmacological interventions and 94 addressed pharmacological interventions. The reviews covered in excess of 2000 trials. The majority of systematic reviews were conducted on interventions for asthma and COPD, and mainly focussed upon a small number of pharmacological interventions such as corticosteroids and bronchodilators, including beta-agonists. In contrast, other conditions involving breathlessness have received little or no attention and studies continue to focus upon pharmacological approaches. Moreover, although there are a number of non-pharmacological studies that have shown some promise, particularly for COPD, their conclusions are limited by a lack of good quality evidence from RCTs, small sample sizes and limited replication. CONCLUSIONS More research should focus in the future on the management of breathlessness in respiratory diseases other than asthma and COPD. In addition, pharmacological treatments do not completely manage breathlessness and have an added burden of side effects. It is therefore important to focus more research on promising non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D Bailey
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Richard Wagland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Rasha Dabbour
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ann Caress
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jaclyn Smith
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK & Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Boston, USA
| | - Alex Molassiotis
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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17
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Roddy E, Scott DG. Miscellaneous conditions. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-443-06934-5.00023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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18
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Tarzi MD, Grigoriadou S, Carr SB, Kuitert LM, Longhurst HJ. Clinical immunology review series: An approach to the management of pulmonary disease in primary antibody deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 155:147-55. [PMID: 19128358 PMCID: PMC2675244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The sinopulmonary tract is the major site of infection in patients with primary antibody deficiency syndromes, and structural lung damage arising from repeated sepsis is a major determinant of morbidity and mortality. Patients with common variable immunodeficiency may, in addition, develop inflammatory lung disease, often associated with multi-system granulomatous disease. This review discusses the presentation and management of lung disease in patients with primary antibody deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Tarzi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, UK
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19
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Kim R, Meyer KC. Therapies for interstitial lung disease: past, present and future. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2009; 2:319-38. [PMID: 19124380 DOI: 10.1177/1753465808096948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As our understanding of the pathobiology and natural history of the various forms of interstitial lung disease (ILD) has evolved, so have our approaches to treating this heterogeneous group of lung disorders. The earliest pharmacologic agents used to treat various forms of ILD were corticosteroids, and corticosteroids are currently the mainstay of therapy for many forms of ILD. However, it has become clear that corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory agents lack efficacy for many forms of ILD, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and newer therapies that are in clinical trials target the fibrogenic process and/or secondary pulmonary hypertension (PH) that is present in various forms of fibrotic lung disease. Novel therapies, such as the use of biologic agents (antibodies and cell cycle inhibitors) or stem cell therapies will undoubtedly evolve as new research is performed and clinical trials are undertaken. Lung transplantation remains an option for advanced lung disease that is progressive and unresponsive to non-surgical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WI, USA
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21
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Common Variable Immunodeficiency: An Update on Etiology and Management. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008; 28:367-86, ix-x. [DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Paramothayan S, Lasserson T. Treatments for pulmonary sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2008; 102:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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