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Hanson DW, Ekman R, Sleet D. In memoriam: Leif Svanström (1943-2023). Inj Prev 2023; 29:281-282. [PMID: 37468226 DOI: 10.1136/ip-2023-045011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Leif Svanström, born in Västervik, Sweden, on 30 October 1943, was a big man in physical and intellectual stature, persona and impact. Leif trained at Lund University, obtaining a BA in Genetics and Society in 1966, an MD in Preventative Medicine in 1972 and a PhD in Accident Prevention and Injury Control in 1973. He was appointed associate professor in the Department of Social Science at Lund University in 1978 and subsequently professor of Social Medicine at the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, in 1980. The research group he led generated over 30 doctorate dissertations, 6 professors, more than 1000 papers and 20 textbooks. In 1989, he chaired the inaugural World Conference on Accident and Injury Prevention in Stockholm, Sweden, a conference that remains the premier international forum for injury prevention and safety promotion. Leif championed place-based, analytical, interdisciplinary, intersectoral, real-world injury prevention and safety promotion practice, culminating in the development of the Safe Community Model that spread internationally and ultimately created a network of over 430 designated International Safe Communities, with a population footprint of over 100 million people. For all these laudable achievements, it was Leif's charismatic ability to inspire, teach, support, motivate and sustain those around him that produced his profound impact on the practice of injury prevention and safety promotion throughout the world. Leif Svanström passed away in Sweden on 29 January 2023 at age 79.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale William Hanson
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Ekman
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Department of Biology and Environment Animal Welfare, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - David Sleet
- CDC (Ret), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Tung KTS, Wong RS, Ho FK, Chan KL, Wong WHS, Leung H, Leung M, Leung GKK, Chow CB, Ip P. Development and Validation of Indicators for Population Injury Surveillance in Hong Kong: Development and Usability Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2022; 8:e36861. [PMID: 35980728 PMCID: PMC9437780 DOI: 10.2196/36861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury is an increasingly pressing global health issue. An effective surveillance system is required to monitor the trends and burden of injuries. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify a set of valid and context-specific injury indicators to facilitate the establishment of an injury surveillance program in Hong Kong. METHODS This development of indicators adopted a multiphased modified Delphi research design. A literature search was conducted on academic databases using injury-related search terms in various combinations. A list of potential indicators was sent to a panel of experts from various backgrounds to rate the validity and context-specificity of these indicators. Local hospital data on the selected core indicators were used to examine their applicability in the context of Hong Kong. RESULTS We reviewed 142 articles and identified 55 indicators, which were classified into 4 domains. On the basis of the ratings by the expert panel, 13 indicators were selected as core indicators because of their good validity and high relevance to the local context. Among these indicators, 10 were from the construct of health care service use, and 3 were from the construct of postdischarge outcomes. Regression analyses of local hospitalization data showed that the Hong Kong Safe Community certification status had no association with 5 core indicators (admission to intensive care unit, mortality rate, length of intensive care unit stay, need for a rehabilitation facility, and long-term behavioral and emotional outcomes), negative associations with 4 core indicators (operative intervention, infection rate, length of hospitalization, and disability-adjusted life years), and positive associations with the remaining 4 core indicators (attendance to accident and emergency department, discharge rate, suicide rate, and hospitalization rate after attending the accident and emergency department). These results confirmed the validity of the selected core indicators for the quantification of injury burden and evaluation of injury-related services, although some indicators may better measure the consequences of severe injuries. CONCLUSIONS This study developed a set of injury outcome indicators that would be useful for monitoring injury trends and burdens in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T S Tung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rosa S Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Frederick K Ho
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ko Ling Chan
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wilfred H S Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hugo Leung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ming Leung
- Accident and Emergency Department, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Gilberto K K Leung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chun Bong Chow
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Hashimoto A, Kawaguchi H, Hashimoto H. Contribution of the Technical Efficiency of Public Health Programs to National Trends and Regional Disparities in Unintentional Childhood Injury in Japan. Front Public Health 2022; 10:913875. [PMID: 35903376 PMCID: PMC9315066 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.913875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, strengthening investments in health service inputs has been widely emphasized, but less attention has been paid to tackling variation in the technical efficiency of services. In this study, we estimated the technical efficiency of local public health programs for the prevention of unintentional childhood injury and explored its contribution to national trend changes and regional health disparities in Japan. Efficiency scores were estimated based on the Cobb-Douglas and translog production functions using a true fixed effects model in a stochastic frontier analysis to account for unobserved time-invariant heterogeneity across prefectures. Using public data sources, we compiled panel data from 2001 to 2017 for all 47 prefectures in Japan. We treated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) as the output, coverage rates of public health programs as inputs, and caregivers' capacity and environmental factors as constraints. To investigate the contribution of efficiency to trend changes and disparities in output, we calculated the predicted DALYs with several measures of inefficiency scores (2001 average, yearly average, and prefecture-year-specific estimates). In the translog model, mean efficiency increased from 0.62 in 2001 to 0.85 in 2017. The efficiency gaps among prefectures narrowed until 2007 and then remained constant until 2017. Holding inefficiency score constant, inputs and constraints contributed to improvements in average DALYs and widened regional gaps. Improved efficiency over the years further contributed to improvements in average DALYs. Efficiency improvement in low-output regions and stagnated improvement in high-output regions offset the trend of widening regional health disparities. Similar results were obtained with the Cobb-Douglas model. Our results demonstrated that assessing the inputs, constraints, output, and technical efficiency of public health programs could provide policy leverage relevant to region-specific conditions and performance to achieve health promotion and equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Department of Health and Social Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Berecki-Gisolf J, Rowland B, Reavley N, Minuzzo B, Toumbourou J. Evaluation of community coalition training effects on youth hospital-admitted injury incidence in Victoria, Australia: 2001-2017. Inj Prev 2019; 26:463-470. [PMID: 31753904 PMCID: PMC7513265 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injuries are one of the three leading causes of morbidity and mortality for young people internationally. Although community risk factors are modifiable causes of youth injury, there has been limited evaluation of community interventions. Communities That Care (CTC) offers a coalition training process to increase evidence-based practices that reduce youth injury risk factors. METHOD Using a non-experimental design, this study made use of population-based hospital admissions data to evaluate the impact on injuries for 15 communities that implemented CTC between 2001 and 2017 in Victoria, Australia. Negative binomial regression models evaluated trends in injury admissions (all, unintentional and transport), comparing CTC and non-CTC communities across different age groups. RESULTS Statistically significant relative reductions in all hospital injury admissions in 0-4 year olds were associated with communities completing the CTC process and in 0-19 year olds when communities began their second cycle of CTC. When analysed by subgroup, a similar pattern was observed with unintentional injuries but not with transport injuries. CONCLUSION The findings support CTC coalition training as an intervention strategy for preventing youth hospital injury admissions. However, future studies should consider stronger research designs, confirm findings in different community contexts, use other data sources and evaluate intervention mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Berecki-Gisolf
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bosco Rowland
- Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Reavley
- Centre for Mental Health, The University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - John Toumbourou
- Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Peng S, Yang T, Rockett IRH. Life stress and uncertainty stress: which is more associated with unintentional injury? PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2019; 25:774-780. [PMID: 31684773 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2019.1687913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Injury is a serious public health problem with significant social and economic costs. Prior studies reported an association between mental stress and unintentional injury. However, no comparable studies have examined uncertainty stress, along with other types of stress, and their relative impact upon unintentional injury. The purpose of this study was to assess the salience of uncertainty stress as a predictor. Participants were 11,954 students, who were identified through a multistage sampling process that incorporated 50 universities. Stress and unintentional injury status were obtained by self-report. Both unadjusted and adjusted methods were considered in the analyses. Based on a retrospective 12-month reporting window, 12.6% of the respondents had experienced traffic injury, 21.4% home injury, 15.2% work-related injury, and 23.1% sports injury. The multivariable logistic regression model found that uncertainty stress was associated with all categories of unintentional injury, while life stress only was related to traffic injury. These findings underscore the importance of minimizing uncertainty stress and can inform pertinent policies and reinforce the need for uncertainty stress management in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Peng
- Center for Tobacco Control Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingzhong Yang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China.,Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University , Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Ian R H Rockett
- Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University , Morgantown, WV USA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University , Morgantown, WV, USA
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Wu D, Yang T, Cottrell RR, Zhou H, Feng X. Prevalence and behavioural associations of unintentional injuries among Chinese college students: a 50-University population-based study. Inj Prev 2018; 25:52-59. [PMID: 30194259 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence, demographic characteristics and behavioural correlates of unintentional injuries among Chinese college students. METHODS A cross-sectional multistage survey sampling process was conducted among 11 770 undergraduates from 50 universities in China. Students were asked to report different types of unintentional injuries that required medical attention from a doctor over the past year. The χ² test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to identify factors associated with these injuries. RESULTS The overall unintentional injury prevalence was 47.9% (95% CI 47.6% to 48.2%). Most injuries occurred at sport venues (24.0%), following by home/dormitory injuries (20.5%) and traffic injuries (13.0%). Some behavioural factors exhibiting significant associations with overall unintentional injuries were: sleeping less than 7 hours (OR=1.32, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.37), smoking (OR=1.28, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.32), alcohol consumption (OR=1.74, 95% CI 1.69 to 1.78) and heavy internet use (OR=1.60, 95% CI 1.52 to 1.67). Male students were more likely to be involved in traffic and sport injuries than female students. Students majoring in non-medical fields had a higher risk of sport and home injuries than students majoring in medical fields. Those who drank alcohol, slept less than 7 hours or who reported heavy internet use were more likely to experience all types of injuries than students who did not participate in these behaviours. Finally, students who smoked had a higher likelihood of traffic and sport injuries than non-smoking students. CONCLUSIONS A substantial number of college students reported injuries in the past year, and several key behavioural factors were associated with injuries. These findings could be beneficial for the design, implementation and assessment of injury intervention programme with college students. Based on these findings, policy implications for unintentional injury prevention and control were also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Psychology/Research Center for Quality of Life and Applied Psychology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Tingzhong Yang
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China .,Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Randall R Cottrell
- Public Health Studies Program, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Huan Zhou
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
Combining and analyzing data from heterogeneous randomized controlled trials of complex multiple-component intervention studies, or discussing them in a systematic review, is not straightforward. The present article describes certain issues to be considered when combining data across studies, based on discussions in an NIH-sponsored workshop on pooling issues across studies in consortia (see Belle et al. in Psychol Aging, 18(3):396-405, 2003). Several statistical methodologies are described and their advantages and limitations are explored. Whether weighting the different studies data differently, or via employing random effects, one must recognize that different pooling methodologies may yield different results. Pooling can be used for comprehensive exploratory analyses of data from RCTs and should not be viewed as replacing the standard analysis plan for each study. Pooling may help to identify intervention components that may be more effective especially for subsets of participants with certain behavioral characteristics. Pooling, when supported by statistical tests, can allow exploratory investigation of potential hypotheses and for the design of future interventions.
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9
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Orpana H, Chawla M, Gallagher E, Escaravage E. Developing indicators for evaluation of age-friendly communities in Canada: process and results. HEALTH PROMOTION AND CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION IN CANADA-RESEARCH POLICY AND PRACTICE 2017; 36:214-223. [PMID: 27768558 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.36.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2006, the World Health Organization launched the Global Age-Friendly Cities Project to support active aging. Canada has a large number of age-friendly initiatives; however, little is known about the effectiveness and outcomes of age-friendly community (AFC) initiatives. In addition, stakeholders report that they lack the capacity and tools to develop and conduct evaluations of their AFC initiatives. In order to address these gaps, the Public Health Agency of Canada developed indicators to support the evaluation of AFC initiatives relevant to a wide range of Canadian communities. These indicators meet the varied needs of communities, but are not designed to evaluate collective impact or enable crosscommunity comparisons. METHODS An evidence-based, iterative consultation approach was used to develop indicators for AFCs. This involved a literature review and an environmental scan. Two rounds of key expert and stakeholder consultations were conducted to rate potential indicators according to their importance, actionability and feasibility. A final list of indicators and potential measures were developed based on results from these consultations, as well as key policy considerations. RESULTS Thirty-nine indicators emerged across eight AFC domains plus four indicators related to long-term health and social outcomes. All meet the intended purpose of evaluating AFC initiatives at the community level. A user-friendly guide is available to support and share this work. CONCLUSION The AFC indicators can help communities evaluate age-friendly initiatives, which is the final step in completing a cycle of the Pan-Canadian AFC milestones. Communities are encouraged to use the evaluation results to improve their AFC initiatives, thereby benefiting a broad range of Canadians.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Orpana
- Science Integration Division, Social Determinants of Health and Science Integration Directorate, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Chawla
- Population Health Promotion and Innovation Division, Centre for Health Promotion, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Gallagher
- School of Nursing (Emeritus), Faculty of Human and Social Development, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - E Escaravage
- Population Health Promotion and Innovation Division, Centre for Health Promotion, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Berghs M, Atkin K, Graham H, Hatton C, Thomas C. Implications for public health research of models and theories of disability: a scoping study and evidence synthesis. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3310/phr04080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPublic health interventions that are effective in the general population are often assumed to apply to people with impairments. However, the evidence to support this is limited and hence there is a need for public health research to take a more explicit account of disability and the perspectives of people with impairments.Objectives(1) To examine the literature on theories and models of disability; (2) to assess whether or not, and how, intervention studies of effectiveness could incorporate more inclusive approaches that are consistent with these theories and models; and (3) to use the findings to draw out implications for improving evaluative study designs and evidence-based practice.Review methodsThe project is a scoping review of the literature. The first stage examines theories and models of disability and reflects on possible connections between theories of disability and public health paradigms. This discussion is used to develop an ethical–empirical decision aid/checklist, informed by a human rights approach to disability and ecological approaches to public health. We apply this decision aid in the second stage of the review to evaluate the extent to which the 30 generic public health reviews of interventions and the 30 disability-specific public health interventions include the diverse experiences of disability. Five deliberation panels were also organised to further refine the decision aid: one with health-care professionals and four with politically and socially active disabled people.ResultsThe evidence from the review indicated that there has been limited public health engagement with theories and models of disability. Outcome measures were often insensitive to the experiences of disability. Even when disabled people were included, studies rarely engaged with their experiences in any meaningful way. More inclusive research should reflect how people live and ‘flourish’ with disability.LimitationsThe scoping review provides a broad appraisal of a particular field. It generates ideas for future practice rather than a definite framework for action.ConclusionsOur ethical–empirical decision aid offers a critical framework with which to evaluate current research practice. It also offers a resource for promoting more ethical and evidence-based public health research that is methodologically robust while being sensitive to the experiences of disability.Future workDeveloping more inclusive research and interventions that avoid conceptualising disability as either a ‘burden’ or ‘problem’ is an important starting point. This includes exploring ways of refining and validating current common outcome measures to ensure that they capture a diverse range of disabling experiences, as well as generating evidence on meaningful ways of engaging a broad range of disabled children and adults in the research process.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Berghs
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Karl Atkin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Hilary Graham
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Chris Hatton
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness College, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Carol Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness College, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Impact of Community-Based Approach as Policy Tool: World Health Organization-Designated Safe Communities of Korea and Health Action Zones of the United Kingdom. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2016; 7:36-42. [PMID: 26981341 PMCID: PMC4776273 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study is to ascertain and identify the effectiveness of area-based initiatives as a policy tool mediated by societal and individual factors in the five World Health Organization (WHO)-designated Safe Communities of Korea and the Health Action Zones of the United Kingdom (UK). Methods The Korean National Hospital discharge in-depth injury survey from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and causes of death statistics by the Statistics Korea were used for all analyses. The trend and changes in injury rate and mortality by external causes were compared among the five WHO-designated Safe Communities in Korea. Results The injury incident rates decreased at a greater level in the Safe Communities compared with the national average. Similar results were shown for the changes in unintentional injury incident rates. In comparison of changes in mortality rate by external causes between 2005 and 2011, the rate increase in Safe Communities was higher than the national average except for Jeju, where the mortality rate by external causes decreased. Conclusion When the Healthy Action Zones of the UK and the WHO Safe Communities of Korea were examined, the outcomes were interpreted differently among the compared index, regions, and time periods. Therefore, qualitative outcomes, such as bringing the residents' attention to the safety of the communities and promoting participation and coordination of stakeholders, should also be considered as important impacts of the community-based initiatives.
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Torkamannejad Sabzevari J, Khanjani N, Molaei Tajkooh A, Nabipour AR, Sullman MJM. Seat belt use among car drivers in Iranian safe communities: An observational study. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2015; 17:134-141. [PMID: 26065342 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2015.1052138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The number of road traffic injuries and fatalities in Iran is high. The aim of the present study was to investigate the rate of drivers' seat belt use and a number of related factors in Kashmar, Bardaskan, and Khalilabad (Iranian Safe Communities). METHODS In 2014, driver observations were made at 48 road sites on intercity roads, main streets, side streets, and rural roads in these 3 cities. RESULTS A total of 10,255 vehicles were observed, with the overall rate of seat belt use being 51.8%. The rates in Kashmar, Bardaskan, and Khalilabad were 51.4, 56.3, and 47.7%, respectively. In Kashmar, the odds of seat belt use were higher among drivers who were female, older, and taxi drivers. Higher use was also found during the afternoon, and lower use was observed on rural roads. In Khalilabad the odds of seat belt use were higher among females, older drivers, taxis, and private car drivers. Seat belt use was also higher on weekends and during the morning but was significantly lower on rural roads. Similarly, in Bardaskan the odds of using a seat belt were higher among females, older drivers, taxis, and private car drivers. Seat belt use was also higher during the afternoon but was significantly lower on rural roads, in comparison to main streets and intercity roads. CONCLUSIONS The rate of seat belt use in these 3 cities was found to be low, despite these cities being designated as International Safe Communities. Therefore, seat belt promotion programs, tougher regulations, stronger enforcement, public awareness campaigns, and more research are needed to promote seat belt use in these Iranian cities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narges Khanjani
- b Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology , Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
- c Monash Centre for Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | | | - Amir Reza Nabipour
- d Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
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Nguyen-Thanh V, Clément J, Thélot B, Richard JB, Lamboy B, Arwidson P. Les interventions efficaces en prévention des accidents de la vie courante chez les enfants : une synthèse de littérature. SANTE PUBLIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.3917/spub.154.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Moghisi A, Mohammadi R, Svanstrom L. Motorcyclists' safety in Iran: implication of haddon matrix in safe community setting. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2014; 28:37. [PMID: 25250278 PMCID: PMC4153517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background Three studies were conducted aiming to design specific interventions regarding motorcyclist's safety using Haddon matrix in 14 cities of Iran. METHODS Motorcyclists' fatality data was extracted in 14 cities (5 safe community practicing and 9 safe community non practicing cities) during 2006-2007. As the next step a cross sectional study on Knowledge, Attitude, Practice (KAP) of motorcyclists about helmet was performed. A range of variables relevant to motorcyclists' injury and prevention were developed and organized according to the Haddon matrix. The risky behaviors, including over speeding, acrobatic movement, no helmet or not properly wearing helmet were considered. Data were analyzed with chi-square and ANOVA method using STATA software. RESULTS The highest mortality rate was revealed in Niriz city (NSC) and the least was reported from Arsanjan city (SC) in Fars Province. In Busher province, the highest death rate was detected in the Busher city (SC) and the least was in the Genaveh city (NSC). In Khorasan, the highest death rate was reported from Torbat-ehydarieh city (NSC) and the lowest was from Bardscan (SC). Male drivers of 19-39 years old were the most affected age groups. The rate of helmet usage in overall was 13% while 97% owned a helmet. Embarrassing of wearing helmet was mentioned by 70% of participants as a reason for not wearing helmet. Participants believed that public education and re-enforcement of mandatory helmet law are two important ways to raise the helmet usage. Conclusions : Constant public education in addition to attention to traffic rules are two important factors to promote helmet wearing rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Moghisi
- 1. MB BS, MD, MPH, PhD, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Social Medicine, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, 8th floor.
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- 2. MD, MPH, PhD, WHO collaborating center on community safety promotion, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Social Medicine, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, 8th floor.
| | - Leif Svanstrom
- 3. MD, MPH, PhD, Prof. and head of collaborating center, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Social Medicine, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, 8th floor.
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Kim HJ, Hwang SM, Lee IY, Cho JP, Kwon MO, Jung JH, Byun JY. Implementation and results of a survey on safe community programs in Gangbuk-gu, Korea: focusing on participants at a local public health center. J Prev Med Public Health 2014; 47:47-56. [PMID: 24570806 PMCID: PMC3930807 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of and problems with the Safe Community Programs in Gangbuk-gu, one of the 25 districts of the capital city of Korea. METHODS The study subjects were 396 individuals who were involved in Safe Community Programs between 2009 and 2011. We examined the effectiveness and willingness of respondents to participate as a safety leader of the Safe Community Program with a questionnaire. We examined the injury death rates of Gangbuk-gu by using of the death certificate data of Korea's National Statistical Office. Descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests were used. RESULTS The effectiveness of programs did not differ but active participation differed significantly among subjects (p<0.05). The injury death rate of Gangbuk-gu as a whole increased during the implementation period. However, senior safety, in particular, may be a helpful program for reducing injuries in Gangbuk-gu. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the lack of active participation may be a major problem of Safe Community Programs in Gangbuk-gu. Therefore, Safe Community Programs should be expanded to the entire district of Gangbuk-gu and more active participation programs should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joong Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Min Hwang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Health Promotion Team, Gangbuk Health Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Young Lee
- Department of Health Promotion Team, Gangbuk Health Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon-Pil Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Myoung-Ok Kwon
- Health Policy and Hospital Management Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hun Jung
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Byun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Bangdiwala SI, Villaveces A, Garrettson M, Ringwalt C. Statistical methods for designing and assessing the effectiveness of community-based interventions with small numbers. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2012; 19:242-8. [PMID: 22800444 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2012.704050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Community-based interventions are, by their nature, tailored to the particular needs of the members and stakeholders of the community. In the area of safety promotion, the multifaceted aspects of violence and unintentional injuries necessitate complex intertwining of strategies and approaches. The evaluation of the effectiveness of any 'intervention' programme, either as a whole or of its discrete components, is thus challenging. In addition, standard experimental research designs involving controlled comparisons and the use of randomisation are often not practical. The evaluation is complicated further when the numbers of events in the community that constitute outcomes to be measured, before and after the interventions, are small. This manuscript reviews some of the statistical considerations that impact the evaluation of the effectiveness of such intervention approaches, and proposes a meta-regression methodology to address this complex issue. The application of the proposed methodology to the 'Safe Community' Model is provided as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant I Bangdiwala
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
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Hanson DW, Finch CF, Allegrante JP, Sleet D. Closing the gap between injury prevention research and community safety promotion practice: revisiting the public health model. Public Health Rep 2012; 127:147-55. [PMID: 22379214 DOI: 10.1177/003335491212700203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Chevallier B, Sznajder M, Bonnin MH. Prévention des accidents de la vie courante des enfants : approche épidémiologique et/ou communautaire ? Arch Pediatr 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(11)70940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Williams RJ, Wood RT, Currie SR. Stacked Deck: an effective, school-based program for the prevention of problem gambling. J Prim Prev 2010; 31:109-25. [PMID: 20405219 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-010-0212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
School-based prevention programs are an important component of problem gambling prevention, but empirically effective programs are lacking. Stacked Deck is a set of 5-6 interactive lessons that teach about the history of gambling; the true odds and "house edge"; gambling fallacies; signs, risk factors, and causes of problem gambling; and skills for good decision making and problem solving. An overriding theme of the program is to approach life as a "smart gambler" by determining the odds and weighing the pros versus cons of your actions. A total of 949 grade 9-12 students in 10 schools throughout southern Alberta received the program and completed baseline and follow-up measures. These students were compared to 291 students in 4 control schools. Four months after receiving the program, students in the intervention group had significantly more negative attitudes toward gambling, improved knowledge about gambling and problem gambling, improved resistance to gambling fallacies, improved decision making and problem solving, decreased gambling frequency, and decreased rates of problem gambling. There was no change in involvement in high risk activities or money lost gambling. These results indicate that Stacked Deck is a promising curriculum for the prevention of problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Williams
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, TIJ 3X1, Canada.
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Rahimi-Movaghar V. Controlled evaluation of injury in an international Safe Community: Kashmar, Iran. Public Health 2010; 124:190-7. [PMID: 20417350 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the degree to which the Safe Community (SC) model is effective in reducing injuries. Although positive results have been reported for some communities in developed countries, there is no consistent relationship between being an international designated SC and subsequent changes in observed rate of injury, and no controlled studies have examined the effectiveness of the SC model in developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the injuries in the SC programme of Kashmar (population 149,358) with injuries in counties in Iran that have not applied the SC model. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study using available data from 20 March 2005 to 19 March 2008. METHODS Data were obtained from the Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Department of the Disaster and Emergency Management Centre of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran. These data are collected upon presentation of injured patients to the emergency room. Different types of injuries are evaluated, including motor vehicle injuries (including pedestrians, passengers, drivers and motorcyclists), falls, blows by an object or a person, violence, burns, scorpion and snake bites, electrocution, animal attack, toxicity, suicide and other causes. A control group was selected from all counties in Iran with a population between 100,000 and 200,000. The mean injury rate of these counties was calculated, and counties which had an injury rate within one standard deviation (SD) of the mean rate for all 3 years of the study were included in the control group (n=44 counties). RESULTS The mean population of the 44 control counties was 142,123 in 2006. The numbers of injuries per 100,000 population in Kashmar were 4654.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4584.3-4762.6], 4570.9 (95% CI 4465.5-4678.0) and 4949.2 (95% CI 4839.7-5060.4) in 2005-2006, 2006-2007 and 2007-2008, respectively. At the same time, the mean numbers of injuries per 100,000 population in the 44 control counties were 822.7 (95% CI 815.6-829.8), 1130.0 (95% CI 1121.7-1138.3) and 1245.5 (95% CI 1236.8-1254.2). The injury-related fatality rate in the emergency room was 57.6, 52.9 and 44.2 per 100,000 population in Kashmar and 12.2, 13.0 and 11.9 per 100,000 population in the control counties in the three study years. Although a comparison of the fatality rate between the first and third years of the study shows a decrease of 13.4 per 100,000 population in Kashmar, this was not significant (P=0.1056). In the 44 control counties, the injury-related fatality rate decreased by 0.3 per 100,000 population between the first and third years of the study. The difference between the decrease in injury-related fatality rate in Kashmar (13.4 per 100,000 population) and the 44 control counties (0.3 per 100,000 population) was significant (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION The controlled evaluation of injury in the international SC of Kashmar showed an increase in the number and rate of injuries in Kashmar and in the 44 control counties over 3 years, but the injury-related fatality rate decreased over the same time period. A greater decrease was seen in Kashmar than in the control counties. Long-term evaluation is necessary to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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