1
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Lebon J, Mortis A, Maichle-Mössmer C, Manßen M, Sirsch P, Anwander R. Schlenk's Legacy-Methyllithium Put under Close Scrutiny. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214599. [PMID: 36409199 PMCID: PMC10108226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available stock solutions of organolithium reagents are well-implemented tools in organic and organometallic chemistry. However, such solutions are inherently contaminated with lithium halide salts, which can complicate certain synthesis protocols and purification processes. Here, we report the isolation of chloride-free methyllithium employing K[N(SiMe3 )2 ] as a halide-trapping reagent. The influence of distinct LiCl contaminations on the 7 Li-NMR chemical shift is examined and their quantification demonstrated. The structural parameters of new chloride-free monomeric methyllithium complex [(Me3 TACN)LiCH3 ], ligated by an azacrown ether, are assessed by comparison with a halide-contaminated variant and monomeric lithium chloride [(Me3 TACN)LiCl], further emphasizing the effect of halide impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Lebon
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandros Mortis
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Manßen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Sirsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Majumder B, Pandey G. Synthesis of 2-Azabicyclo[ m.n
.0]-Alkanes and Their Application towards the Synthesis of Strychnos
and Stemona
Classes of Alkaloids. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Majumder
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Science; Banaras Hindu University; 221005 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
- Division of Organic Chemistry; National Chemical Laboratory; 411008 CSIR India
| | - Ganesh Pandey
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Science; Banaras Hindu University; 221005 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
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3
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Liu Y, Resch SG, Klawitter I, Cutsail GE, Demeshko S, Dechert S, Kühn FE, DeBeer S, Meyer F. An Adaptable N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Macrocycle Hosting Copper in Three Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Stefan G. Resch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Iris Klawitter
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - George E. Cutsail
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Fritz E. Kühn
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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4
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Liu Y, Resch SG, Klawitter I, Cutsail GE, Demeshko S, Dechert S, Kühn FE, DeBeer S, Meyer F. An Adaptable N-Heterocyclic Carbene Macrocycle Hosting Copper in Three Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5696-5705. [PMID: 31769151 PMCID: PMC7154638 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A neutral hybrid macrocycle with two trans-positioned N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and two pyridine donors hosts copper in three oxidation states (+I-+III) in a series of structurally characterized complexes (1-3). Redox interconversion of [LCu]+/2+/3+ is electrochemically (quasi)reversible and occurs at moderate potentials (E1/2 =-0.45 V and +0.82 V (vs. Fc/Fc+ )). A linear CNHC -Cu-CNHC arrangement and hemilability of the two pyridine donors allows the ligand to adapt to the different stereoelectronic and coordination requirements of CuI versus CuII /CuIII . Analytical methods such as NMR, UV/Vis, IR, electron paramagnetic resonance, and Cu Kβ high-energy-resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption spectroscopies, as well as DFT calculations, give insight into the geometric and electronic structures of the complexes. The XAS signatures of 1-3 are textbook examples for CuI , CuII , and CuIII species. Facile 2-electron interconversion combined with the exposure of two basic pyridine N sites in the reduced CuI form suggest that [LCu]+/2+/3+ may operate in catalysis via coupled 2 e- /2 H+ transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Stefan G. Resch
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Iris Klawitter
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - George E. Cutsail
- Department of Inorganic SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstrasse 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Fritz E. Kühn
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Department of Inorganic SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstrasse 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
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5
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Mir BA, Rajamanickam S, Begum P, Patel BK. Copper(I) Catalyzed Differential Peroxidation of Terminal and Internal Alkenes Using TBHP. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad Mir
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; North Guwahati -781039 Assam India
| | - Suresh Rajamanickam
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; North Guwahati -781039 Assam India
| | - Pakiza Begum
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; North Guwahati -781039 Assam India
| | - Bhisma K. Patel
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; North Guwahati -781039 Assam India
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6
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Halbert S, Lauberteaux J, Blons C, de Figueiredo RM, Crévisy C, Baslé O, Campagne J, Mauduit M, Gérard H. Catalytically Active Species in Copper/DiPPAM‐Catalyzed 1,6‐Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Dialkylzinc to Dienones: A Computational Overview. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Halbert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique 75252 Paris France
| | - Jimmy Lauberteaux
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCMEcole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Charlie Blons
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR – UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Renata Marcia de Figueiredo
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCMEcole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Christophe Crévisy
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR – UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Olivier Baslé
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR – UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Jean‐Marc Campagne
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCMEcole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Marc Mauduit
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR – UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Hélène Gérard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique 75252 Paris France
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7
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Ivanova MV, Bayle A, Besset T, Pannecoucke X, Poisson T. Copper-Mediated Introduction of the CF2
PO(OEt)2
Motif: Scope and Limitations. Chemistry 2017; 23:17318-17338. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Ivanova
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Alexandre Bayle
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
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8
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Takada S, Saito T, Iwata K, Nishii Y. Copper-Catalyzed 1,5-Addition of Grignard reagents to Enantioenriched Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Inversion. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seijiro Takada
- Department of applied chemistry; faculty of textile science and technology; Shinshu University; Tokida 3-15-1, Uea Nagano 386-8567 Japan
| | - Taichi Saito
- Department of applied chemistry; faculty of textile science and technology; Shinshu University; Tokida 3-15-1, Uea Nagano 386-8567 Japan
| | - Kiitsu Iwata
- Department of applied chemistry; faculty of textile science and technology; Shinshu University; Tokida 3-15-1, Uea Nagano 386-8567 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nishii
- Department of applied chemistry; faculty of textile science and technology; Shinshu University; Tokida 3-15-1, Uea Nagano 386-8567 Japan
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9
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Putau A, Brand H, Koszinowski K. Intermediates Formed in the Reactions of Organocuprates with α,β-Unsaturated Nitriles. Chemistry 2016; 22:12868-76. [PMID: 27461093 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Conjugate additions of organocuprates are of outstanding importance for organic synthesis. To improve our mechanistic understanding of these reactions, we have used electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the identification of the ionic intermediates formed upon the treatment of LiCuR2 ⋅LiCN (R=Me, Bu, Ph) with a series of α,β-unsaturated nitriles. Acrylonitrile, the weakest Michael acceptor included, did not afford any detectable intermediates. Fumaronitrile (FN) yielded adducts of the type Lin-1 Cun R2n (FN)n (-) , n=1-3. When subjected to fragmentation in the gas phase, these adducts were not converted into the conjugate addition products, but re-dissociated into the reactants. In contrast, the reaction with 1,1-dicyanoethylene furnished the products of the conjugate addition without any observable intermediates. Tri- and tetracyanoethylene proved to be quite reactive as well. The presence of several cyano groups in these substrates opened up reaction pathways different from simple conjugate additions, however, and led to dimerization and substitution reactions. Moreover, the gas-phase fragmentation behavior of the species formed from these substrates indicated the occurrence of single-electron transfer processes. Additional quantum-chemical calculations provided insight into the structures and stabilities of the observed intermediates and their consecutive reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksei Putau
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Harald Brand
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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10
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Sreenath K, Yuan Z, Macias‐Contreras M, Ramachandran V, Clark RJ, Zhu L. Dual Role of Acetate in Copper(II) Acetate Catalyzed Dehydrogenation of Chelating Aromatic Secondary Amines: A Kinetic Case Study of Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidation Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kesavapillai Sreenath
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State University95 Chieftan Way32306‐4390TallahasseeFLUSA
| | - Zhao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State University95 Chieftan Way32306‐4390TallahasseeFLUSA
| | - Miguel Macias‐Contreras
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State University95 Chieftan Way32306‐4390TallahasseeFLUSA
| | - Vasanth Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State University95 Chieftan Way32306‐4390TallahasseeFLUSA
| | - Ronald J. Clark
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State University95 Chieftan Way32306‐4390TallahasseeFLUSA
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State University95 Chieftan Way32306‐4390TallahasseeFLUSA
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11
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Sanz-Marco A, Blay G, Muñoz MC, Pedro JR. Catalytic Enantioselective Conjugate Alkynylation of α,β-Unsaturated 1,1,1-Trifluoromethyl Ketones with Terminal Alkynes. Chemistry 2016; 22:10057-64. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Sanz-Marco
- Department de Química Orgànica-Facultat de Química; Universitat de València; C/Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjasso Spain
| | - Gonzalo Blay
- Department de Química Orgànica-Facultat de Química; Universitat de València; C/Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjasso Spain
| | - M. Carmen Muñoz
- Departament de Física Aplicada; Universitat Politècnica de València; Camí de Vera s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - José R. Pedro
- Department de Química Orgànica-Facultat de Química; Universitat de València; C/Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjasso Spain
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12
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Yi H, Liao Z, Zhang G, Zhang G, Fan C, Zhang X, Bunel EE, Pao C, Lee J, Lei A. Evidence of Cu
I
/Cu
II
Redox Process by X‐ray Absorption and EPR Spectroscopy: Direct Synthesis of Dihydrofurans from β‐Ketocarbonyl Derivatives and Olefins. Chemistry 2015; 21:18925-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 (P. R. China) http://aiwenlei.whu.edu.cn/Main_Website/
| | - Zhixiong Liao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 (P. R. China) http://aiwenlei.whu.edu.cn/Main_Website/
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 (P. R. China) http://aiwenlei.whu.edu.cn/Main_Website/
| | - Guoting Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 (P. R. China) http://aiwenlei.whu.edu.cn/Main_Website/
| | - Chao Fan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 (P. R. China) http://aiwenlei.whu.edu.cn/Main_Website/
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 (P. R. China) http://aiwenlei.whu.edu.cn/Main_Website/
| | - Emilio E. Bunel
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave. Argonne, IL 60439 (USA)
| | - Chih‐Wen Pao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076 (Taiwan)
| | - Jyh‐Fu Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076 (Taiwan)
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 (P. R. China) http://aiwenlei.whu.edu.cn/Main_Website/
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, (P. R. China)
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13
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Khairallah GN, da Silva G, O'Hair RAJ. Molecular salt effects in the gas phase: tuning the kinetic basicity of [HCCLiCl]⁻ and [HCCMgCl₂]⁻ by LiCl and MgCl₂. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10979-83. [PMID: 25079912 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A combination of gas-phase ion-molecule reaction experiments and theoretical kinetic modeling is used to examine how a salt can influence the kinetic basicity of organometallates reacting with water. [HC≡CLiCl](-) reacts with water more rapidly than [HC≡CMgCl2](-), consistent with the higher reactivity of organolithium versus organomagnesium reagents. Addition of LiCl to [HC≡CLiCl](-) or [HC≡CMgCl2](-) enhances their reactivity towards water by a factor of about 2, while addition of MgCl2 to [HC≡CMgCl2](-) enhances its reactivity by a factor of about 4. Ab initio calculations coupled with master equation/RRKM theory kinetic modeling show that these reactions proceed via a mechanism involving formation of a water adduct followed by rearrangement, proton transfer, and acetylene elimination as either discrete or concerted steps. Both the energy and entropy requirements for these elementary steps need to be considered in order to explain the observed kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N Khairallah
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 (Australia); ARC Centre of Excellence for Free-Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology.
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14
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Khairallah GN, da Silva G, O'Hair RAJ. Molecular Salt Effects in the Gas Phase: Tuning the Kinetic Basicity of [HCCLiCl]−and [HCCMgCl2]−by LiCl and MgCl2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Harford PJ, Peel AJ, Taylor JP, Komagawa S, Raithby PR, Robinson TP, Uchiyama M, Wheatley AEH. Structural effects in lithiocuprate chemistry: the elucidation of reactive pentametallic complexes. Chemistry 2014; 20:3908-12. [PMID: 24550148 PMCID: PMC4497349 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
TMPLi (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide) reacts with Cu(I) salts in the presence of Et2O to give the dimers [{(TMP)2Cu(X)Li2 (OEt2)}2] (X=CN, halide). In contrast, the use of DMPLi (DMP=cis-2,6-dimethylpiperidide) gives an unprecedented structural motif; [{(DMP)2CuLi(OEt2)}2LiX] (X=halide). This formulation suggests a hitherto unexplored route to the in situ formation of Gilman-type bases that are of proven reactivity in directed ortho cupration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Harford
- Department of Chemistry, University of CambridgeLensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Andrew J Peel
- Department of Chemistry, University of CambridgeLensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Joseph P Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of CambridgeLensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Shinsuke Komagawa
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) and Elements Chemistry LaboratoryRIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 (Japan), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 (Japan)
| | - Paul R Raithby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down BathBA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Thomas P Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down BathBA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) and Elements Chemistry LaboratoryRIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 (Japan), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 (Japan)
| | - Andrew E H Wheatley
- Department of Chemistry, University of CambridgeLensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
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16
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Frischmuth A, Knochel P. Preparation of Functionalized Indoles and Azaindoles by the Intramolecular Copper-Mediated Carbomagnesiation of Ynamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10084-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Synthese von funktionalisierten Indolen und Azaindolen durch intramolekulare Kupfer-vermittelte Carbomagnesierung von Inamiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Putau A, Wilken M, Koszinowski K. Ionic Aggregates of Lithium Organocuprates. Chemistry 2013; 19:10992-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Komagawa S, Usui S, Haywood J, Harford PJ, Wheatley AEH, Matsumoto Y, Hirano K, Takita R, Uchiyama M. Amidocuprates for Directed orthoCupration: Structural Study, Mechanistic Investigation, and Chemical Requirements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stollenz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen,
Germany
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21
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Komagawa S, Usui S, Haywood J, Harford PJ, Wheatley AEH, Matsumoto Y, Hirano K, Takita R, Uchiyama M. Amidocuprates for DirectedorthoCupration: Structural Study, Mechanistic Investigation, and Chemical Requirements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12081-5. [PMID: 23081747 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Komagawa
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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22
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Putau A, Brand H, Koszinowski K. Tetraalkylcuprates(III): formation, association, and intrinsic reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:613-22. [PMID: 22129347 DOI: 10.1021/ja209433j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetraalkylcuprates are prototypical examples of organocopper(III) species, which remained elusive until their recent detection by NMR spectroscopy. In agreement with the NMR studies, the present electrospray ionization mass spectrometric experiments, as well as supporting electrical conductivity measurements, indicate that LiCuMe(2)·LiCN reacts with a series of alkyl halides RX. The resulting Li(+)Me(2)CuR(CN)(-) intermediates then afford the observable Me(3)CuR(-) tetraalkylcuprate anions upon Me/CN exchanges with added MeLi. In contrast, the reactions of LiCuMe(2)·LiCN with neopentyl iodide and various aryl halides give rise to halogen-copper exchanges. Concentration- and solvent-dependent studies suggest that lithium tetraalkylcuprates are not fully dissociated in ethereal solvents, but partly form Li(+)Me(3)CuR(-) contact ion pairs and presumably also triple ions LiMe(6)Cu(2)R(2)(-). According to theoretical calculations, these triple ions consist of two square-planar Me(3)CuR(-) subunits binding to a central Li(+) ion. Upon fragmentation in the gas phase, the mass-selected Me(3)CuR(-) anions undergo reductive elimination, yielding both the cross-coupling products MeR and the homocoupling product Me(2). The branching between these two fragmentation channels markedly depends on the nature of the alkyl substituent R. The triple ions LiMe(6)Cu(2)R(2)(-) (as well as their mixed analogues LiMe(6)Cu(2)R(R')(-)) also afford both cross-coupling and homocoupling products upon fragmentation, but strongly favor the former. On the basis of theoretical calculations, we rationalize this prevalence of cross-coupling by the preferential interaction of the central Li(+) ion of the triple ions with two Me groups of each Me(3)CuR(-) subunit, which thereby effectively blocks the homocoupling channel. Our results thus show how a Li(+) counterion can alter the reactivity of an organocopper species at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksei Putau
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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23
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Wendlandt AE, Suess AM, Stahl SS. Kupferkatalysierte aerobe oxidative C-H-Funktionalisierungen: Trends und Erkenntnisse zum Mechanismus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201103945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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24
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Wendlandt AE, Suess AM, Stahl SS. Copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative C-H functionalizations: trends and mechanistic insights. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11062-87. [PMID: 22034061 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201103945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1103] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxidation of C-H bonds and the use of O(2) as a stoichiometric oxidant represent two prominent challenges in organic chemistry. Copper(II) is a versatile oxidant, capable of promoting a wide range of oxidative coupling reactions initiated by single-electron transfer (SET) from electron-rich organic molecules. Many of these reactions can be rendered catalytic in Cu by employing molecular oxygen as a stoichiometric oxidant to regenerate the active copper(II) catalyst. Meanwhile, numerous other recently reported Cu-catalyzed C-H oxidation reactions feature substrates that are electron-deficient or appear unlikely to undergo single-electron transfer to copper(II). In some of these cases, evidence has been obtained for the involvement of organocopper(III) intermediates in the reaction mechanism. Organometallic C-H oxidation reactions of this type represent important new opportunities for the field of Cu-catalyzed aerobic oxidations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Wendlandt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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25
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Afewerki S, Breistein P, Pirttilä K, Deiana L, Dziedzic P, Ibrahem I, Córdova A. Catalytic Enantioselective β-Alkylation of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes by Combination of Transition-Metal- and Aminocatalysis: Total Synthesis of Bisabolane Sesquiterpenes. Chemistry 2011; 17:8784-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Mayr H, Breugst M, Ofial AR. Farewell to the HSAB treatment of ambident reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6470-505. [PMID: 21726020 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) proved to be useful for rationalizing stability constants of metal complexes. Its application to organic reactions, particularly ambident reactivity, has led to exotic blossoms. By attempting to rationalize all the observed regioselectivities by favorable soft-soft and hard-hard as well as unfavorable hard-soft interactions, older treatments of ambident reactivity, which correctly differentiated between thermodynamic and kinetic control as well as between different coordination states of ionic substrates, have been replaced. By ignoring conflicting experimental results and even referring to untraceable experimental data, the HSAB treatment of ambident reactivity has gained undeserved popularity. In this Review we demonstrate that the HSAB as well as the related Klopman-Salem model do not even correctly predict the behavior of the prototypes of ambident nucleophiles and, therefore, are rather misleading instead of useful guides. An alternative treatment of ambident reactivity based on Marcus theory will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), 81377 München, Germany.
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27
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Brebion F, Vincent G, Chelli S, Kwasnieski O, Najera F, Delouvrié B, Marek I, Derat E, Goddard JP, Malacria M, Fensterbank L. Conjugate Additions to Alkylidene Bis(Sulfoxides). Chem Asian J 2011; 6:1825-33. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Ueda M, Matsubara H, Yoshida KI, Sato A, Naito T, Miyata O. Regiodivergent Addition of Carbon Units to Dual-Activated Alkynes for Stereoselective Construction of Tetrasubstituted Alkenes. Chemistry 2011; 17:1789-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Ochi Y, Sakurai K, Azuma K, Yamamoto K. Phenylazomethine Dendrimers with Soft Aliphatic Units as Metal-Storage Nanocapsules and Their Self-Assembled Structures. Chemistry 2010; 17:800-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Shaikh KI, Madsen CS, Nielsen LJ, Jørgensen AS, Nielsen H, Petersen M, Nielsen P. Synthesis and Molecular Modelling of Double-Functionalised Nucleosides with Aromatic Moieties in the 5′-(S)-Position and Minor Groove Interactions in DNA Zipper Structures. Chemistry 2010; 16:12904-19. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Putau A, Koszinowski K. Probing Cyanocuprates by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100510w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksei Putau
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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32
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Krieck S, Görls H, Westerhausen M. Structural Diversity of Calcium Organocuprates(I): Synthesis of Mesityl Cuprates via Addition and Transmetalation Reactions of Mesityl Copper(I). Chem Asian J 2010; 5:272-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Polestshuk PM, Dem’yanov PI, Petrosyan VS. The structure of monomeric unsolvated and weakly solvated (Me2Cu)Li and (Me2Cu)Cu. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024409110181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Yoshikai N, Miura K, Nakamura E. Enantioselective Copper-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Reaction with Aminohydroxyphosphine Ligand. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Mayoral J, Rodríguez-Rodríguez S, Salvatella L. Theoretical Insights into Enantioselective Catalysis: The Mechanism of the Kharasch-Sosnovsky Reaction. Chemistry 2008; 14:9274-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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37
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Wedel T, Gehring T, Podlech J, Kordel E, Bihlmeier A, Klopper W. Nucleophilic Additions to Alkylidene Bis(sulfoxides)—Stereoelectronic Effects in Vinyl Sulfoxides. Chemistry 2008; 14:4631-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Yoshikai N, Iida R, Nakamura E. Mechanism of the Nucleophilic Substitution of Acyl Electrophiles using Lithium Organocuprates. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Structure of (Me2Cu)Li · 3DME and its oligomers [(Me2Cu)Li · 3DME] n (n = 2–5): a theoretical study. Russ Chem Bull 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-008-0075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Tietze L, Schuster H, Hampel S, Rühl S, Pfoh R. Enantio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Duocarmycine-Based Prodrugs for a Selective Treatment of Cancer by Epoxide Opening. Chemistry 2008; 14:895-901. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Zhang H, Gschwind RM. Influence of Copper Salts, Solvents, and Ligands on the Structures of Precatalytic Phosphoramidite Copper Complexes for Conjugate Addition Reactions. Chemistry 2007; 13:6691-700. [PMID: 17506045 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition reactions of organozinc reagents, the available knowledge about the mechanism and the structures involved is still insufficient to understand in detail the strong influences of solvent, salt, and ligand size, or to enable a rational control of this reaction. Screening with three phosphoramidite ligands and four copper(I) salts using NMR spectroscopy has revealed a binuclear copper complex with mixed trigonal/tetrahedral stereochemistry as the basic structural motif of the ground state of precatalysts with highly stereoselective ligands. Ligands with smaller amine moieties allow higher coordination numbers and higher aggregation levels, leading to reduced ee values. Since the ESI mass spectra of several precatalytic copper halide complexes show a striking correlation with the structures observed in solution, ESI-MS may be used as a fast tool to determine the maximum number of phosphoramidite ligands attached to copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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42
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Matsuo Y, Tahara K, Morita K, Matsuo K, Nakamura E. Regioselective Eightfold and Tenfold Additions of a Pyridine-Modified Organocopper Reagent to [60]Fullerene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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43
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Matsuo Y, Tahara K, Morita K, Matsuo K, Nakamura E. Regioselective Eightfold and Tenfold Additions of a Pyridine-Modified Organocopper Reagent to [60]Fullerene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:2844-7. [PMID: 17340652 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuo
- Nakamura Functional Carbon Cluster Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Hongo, Tokyo, 133-0033, Japan
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44
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Deutsch C, Lipshutz BH, Krause N. Small but Effective: Copper Hydride Catalyzed Synthesis of α-Hydroxyallenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1650-3. [PMID: 17221896 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Deutsch
- Organic Chemistry II, Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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45
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Deutsch C, Lipshutz B, Krause N. Klein aber effizient: Kupferhydrid-katalysierte Synthese von α-Hydroxyallenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Zhang H, Gschwind RM. Structure Identification of Precatalytic Copper Phosphoramidite Complexes in Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:6391-4. [PMID: 16927438 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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47
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Zhang H, Gschwind RM. Identifizierung der Struktur präkatalytischer Phosphoramidit-Kupfer-Komplexe in Lösung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Yoshikai N, Yamashita T, Nakamura E. Mechanism of Remote Conjugate Addition of Lithium Organocuprates to Polyconjugated Carbonyl Compounds. Chem Asian J 2006; 1:322-30. [PMID: 17441067 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective reaction of a lithium organocuprate (R2CuLi) and a polyconjugated carbonyl compound affords a remote-conjugate-addition product. This reaction proceeds particularly cleanly when the conjugation is terminated by a C-C triple bond. The reaction pathways and the origin of the regioselectivity of this class of transformations are explored with the aid of density functional calculations. The outline of the reaction pathway is as follows. An initially formed beta-cuprio(III) enolate intermediate undergoes smooth copper migration along the conjugated system. This process takes place faster than reductive elimination of intermediary sigma/pi-allylcopper(III) species, since the latter reaction disrupts the conjugation in the substrate and hence is not preferred. The copper migration to the acetylenic terminal affords a sigma/pi-allenylcopper(III) intermediate, which undergoes facile and selective C-C bond forming reductive elimination at the terminal carbon atom. The present mechanistic framework shows good agreement with some pertinent experimental data, including 13C NMR chemical shifts and kinetic isotope effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Yoshikai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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49
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Bravo-Zhivotovskii D, Ruderfer I, Melamed S, Botoshansky M, Schmidt A, Apeloig Y. [{(tBu2Me)2Si}3Li4]2−: An Aggregated Dianion of a 1,1-Dilithiosilane with a Unique Structural Motif. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:4157-9. [PMID: 16703642 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Bravo-Zhivotovskii
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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50
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Bravo-Zhivotovskii D, Ruderfer I, Melamed S, Botoshansky M, Schmidt A, Apeloig Y. [{(tBu2Me)2Si}3Li4]2−: An Aggregated Dianion of a 1,1-Dilithiosilane with a Unique Structural Motif. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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