1
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Li H, Jiao Y, Davey K, Qiao SZ. Data-Driven Machine Learning for Understanding Surface Structures of Heterogeneous Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216383. [PMID: 36509704 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The design of heterogeneous catalysts is necessarily surface-focused, generally achieved via optimization of adsorption energy and microkinetic modelling. A prerequisite is to ensure the adsorption energy is physically meaningful is the stable existence of the conceived active-site structure on the surface. The development of improved understanding of the catalyst surface, however, is challenging practically because of the complex nature of dynamic surface formation and evolution under in-situ reactions. We propose therefore data-driven machine-learning (ML) approaches as a solution. In this Minireview we summarize recent progress in using machine-learning to search and predict (meta)stable structures, assist operando simulation under reaction conditions and micro-environments, and critically analyze experimental characterization data. We conclude that ML will become the new norm to lower costs associated with discovery and design of optimal heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Yan Jiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kenneth Davey
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Shi-Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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2
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De R, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B. A Happy Get-Together - Probing Electrochemical Interfaces by Non-Linear Vibrational Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200407. [PMID: 35730530 PMCID: PMC9796775 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical interfaces are key structures in energy storage and catalysis. Hence, a molecular understanding of the active sites at these interfaces, their solvation, the structure of adsorbates, and the formation of solid-electrolyte interfaces are crucial for an in-depth mechanistic understanding of their function. Vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy has emerged as an operando spectroscopic technique to monitor complex electrochemical interfaces due to its intrinsic interface sensitivity and chemical specificity. Thus, this review discusses the happy get-together between VSFG spectroscopy and electrochemical interfaces. Methodological approaches for answering core issues associated with the behavior of adsorbates on electrodes, the structure of solvent adlayers, the transient formation of reaction intermediates, and the emergence of solid electrolyte interphase in battery research are assessed to provide a critical inventory of highly promising avenues to bring optical spectroscopy to use in modern material research in energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnadip De
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic TechnologyDepartment Functional InterfacesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic TechnologyDepartment Functional InterfacesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
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3
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Heubach MK, Schuett FM, Kibler LA, Abdelrahman A, Jacob T. Initial Stages of Sodium Deposition onto Au(111) from [MPPip][TFSI]: An in‐situ STM Study. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian M. Schuett
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Electrochemistry GERMANY
| | - Ludwig A. Kibler
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Electrochemistry GERMANY
| | - Areeg Abdelrahman
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Electrochemistry GERMANY
| | - Timo Jacob
- Ulm University Institute of Electrochemistry Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm GERMANY
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4
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Azimzadeh Sani M, Pavlopoulos NG, Pezzotti S, Serva A, Cignoni P, Linnemann J, Salanne M, Gaigeot M, Tschulik K. Unexpectedly High Capacitance of the Metal Nanoparticle/Water Interface: Molecular‐Level Insights into the Electrical Double Layer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Azimzadeh Sani
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | | | - Simone Pezzotti
- Physical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Alessandra Serva
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX 75005 Paris France
| | - Paolo Cignoni
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Julia Linnemann
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX 75005 Paris France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | | | - Kristina Tschulik
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
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5
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Azimzadeh Sani M, Pavlopoulos NG, Pezzotti S, Serva A, Cignoni P, Linnemann J, Salanne M, Gaigeot M, Tschulik K. Unexpectedly High Capacitance of the Metal Nanoparticle/Water Interface: Molecular-Level Insights into the Electrical Double Layer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112679. [PMID: 34796598 PMCID: PMC9300121 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrical double‐layer plays a key role in important interfacial electrochemical processes from catalysis to energy storage and corrosion. Therefore, understanding its structure is crucial for the progress of sustainable technologies. We extract new physico‐chemical information on the capacitance and structure of the electrical double‐layer of platinum and gold nanoparticles at the molecular level, employing single nanoparticle electrochemistry. The charge storage ability of the solid/liquid interface is larger by one order‐of‐magnitude than predicted by the traditional mean‐field models of the double‐layer such as the Gouy–Chapman–Stern model. Performing molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the possible relationship between the measured high capacitance and adsorption strength of the water adlayer formed at the metal surface. These insights may launch the active tuning of solid–solvent and solvent–solvent interactions as an innovative design strategy to transform energy technologies towards superior performance and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Azimzadeh Sani
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | | | - Simone Pezzotti
- Physical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum44780BochumGermany
| | - Alessandra Serva
- Sorbonne UniversitéCNRSPhysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX75005ParisFrance
| | - Paolo Cignoni
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | - Julia Linnemann
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Sorbonne UniversitéCNRSPhysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX75005ParisFrance
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)75231Paris Cedex 05France
| | | | - Kristina Tschulik
- Analytical Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
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6
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Grumelli D, Wiegmann T, Barja S, Reikowski F, Maroun F, Allongue P, Balajka J, Parkinson GS, Diebold U, Kern K, Magnussen OM. Electrochemical Stability of the Reconstructed Fe 3 O 4 (001) Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21904-21908. [PMID: 32729209 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Establishing the atomic-scale structure of metal-oxide surfaces during electrochemical reactions is a key step to modeling this important class of electrocatalysts. Here, we demonstrate that the characteristic (√2×√2)R45° surface reconstruction formed on (001)-oriented magnetite single crystals is maintained after immersion in 0.1 M NaOH at 0.20 V vs. Ag/AgCl and we investigate its dependence on the electrode potential. We follow the evolution of the surface using in situ and operando surface X-ray diffraction from the onset of hydrogen evolution, to potentials deep in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) regime. The reconstruction remains stable for hours between -0.20 and 0.60 V and, surprisingly, is still present at anodic current densities of up to 10 mA cm-2 and strongly affects the OER kinetics. We attribute this to a stabilization of the Fe3 O4 bulk by the reconstructed surface. At more negative potentials, a gradual and largely irreversible lifting of the reconstruction is observed due to the onset of oxide reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Grumelli
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Fisicoquimcas Teoricas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Argentine
| | | | - Sara Barja
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Centro de Física de Materiales, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU-CSIC), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Fouad Maroun
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Philippe Allongue
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jan Balajka
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany.,Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Grumelli D, Wiegmann T, Barja S, Reikowski F, Maroun F, Allongue P, Balajka J, Parkinson GS, Diebold U, Kern K, Magnussen OM. Electrochemical Stability of the Reconstructed Fe
3
O
4
(001) Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Grumelli
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Fisicoquimcas Teoricas y Aplicadas Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET La Plata Argentine
| | | | - Sara Barja
- Departamento de Física de Materiales Centro de Física de Materiales University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU-CSIC) Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
| | | | - Fouad Maroun
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée CNRS, IP Paris 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Philippe Allongue
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée CNRS, IP Paris 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Jan Balajka
- Institute of Applied Physics TU Wien Vienna Austria
| | | | | | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Stuttgart Germany
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland
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8
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Zhao X, Zhang S, Miao T, Li S, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Zhang W, Zhu X. The implementation of the catalytic Staudinger–Vilarrasa reaction in polymer chemistry as a highly efficient chemistry strategy. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00884a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A versatile and highly efficient chemistry strategy, the catalytic S–V reaction of acids with azides, was firstly implemented in polymer chemistry for the construction of various amide-containing polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Zhao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Tengfei Miao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Shuai Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Jian Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Wei Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
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9
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Pajkossy T, Müller C, Jacob T. The metal–ionic liquid interface as characterized by impedance spectroscopy and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:21241-21250. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02074d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical measurements including impedance spectroscopy and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy were performed to study the interface between solid electrodes and ionic liquids. We could reveal that the double layer rearrangement processes are not instantaneous, but that the ions can form ordered clusters at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Pajkossy
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Claus Müller
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Ulm University
- Ulm 89081
- Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Ulm University
- Ulm 89081
- Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute-Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage
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10
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Landstorfer M, Guhlke C, Dreyer W. Theory and structure of the metal-electrolyte interface incorporating adsorption and solvation effects. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Zhang Z, Zhou Q, Ye F, Xia Y, Wu G, Hossain ML, Zhang Y, Wang J. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Three-Component Coupling ofN-Tosylhydrazones, Alkynes and Azides: Synthesis of Trisubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Müller C, Vesztergom S, Pajkossy T, Jacob T. The interface between Au(100) and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Berkes BB, Huang M, Henry JB, Kokoschka M, Bandarenka AS. Characterisation of Complex Electrode Processes using Simultaneous Impedance Spectroscopy and Electrochemical Nanogravimetric Measurements. Chempluschem 2014; 79:348-358. [PMID: 31986607 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The methodology and illustrative examples of application are presented for a technique that simultaneously combines electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and nanogravimetric measurements; the latter are implemented using a so-called electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance (EQCN). The combination of EIS and EQCN provides a powerful method for the characterisation of many complex processes at electrochemical interfaces. This method gives in one relatively simple experiment more detailed information than is available from conventional electrochemical techniques. The combined measurements can be performed either as a function of time, at a constant electrode potential, or under potentiodynamic conditions, as a function of the electrode potential. Herein, we show how this can be applied to enable more accurate investigation of processes that occur at boundaries between electrodes and electrolytes. The application examples range from eletrocatalysis, in which evaluation of a catalyst is performed simultaneously with its formation, and the intercalation and electrodeposition of thin metal films to in situ characterisation of non-electroactive self-assembled monolayers during their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs B Berkes
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences-CES, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany).,Current address: Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen (Germany)
| | - Minghua Huang
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences-CES, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany).,Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100 (P. R. China)
| | - John B Henry
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences-CES, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany).,School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ (UK)
| | - Malte Kokoschka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague (Czech Republic)
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences-CES, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany)
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14
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Tymoczko J, Schuhmann W, Bandarenka AS. Position of Cu Atoms at the Pt(111) Electrode Surfaces Controls Electrosorption of (H)SO4(2)−from H2SO4Electrolytes. ChemElectroChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Gnahm M, Berger C, Arkhipova M, Kunkel H, Pajkossy T, Maas G, Kolb DM. The interfaces of Au(111) and Au(100) in a hexaalkyl-substituted guanidinium ionic liquid: an electrochemical and in situ STM study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:10647-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41084b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Kibler LA, Alkire RC. Dieter M. Kolb (1942-2011). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Kibler LA, Alkire RC. Dieter M. Kolb (1942-2011). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Gnahm M, Müller C, Répánszki R, Pajkossy T, Kolb DM. The interface between Au(100) and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-hexafluorophosphate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:11627-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20562e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Gölzhäuser A, Wöll C. Interfacial Systems Chemistry: Out of the Vacuum-Through the Liquid-Into the Cell. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:3201-13. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Su YZ, Fu YC, Wei YM, Yan JW, Mao BW. The Electrode/Ionic Liquid Interface: Electric Double Layer and Metal Electrodeposition. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2764-78. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Celtek G, Artar M, Scherman O, Tuncel D. Sequence-Specific Self-Sorting of the Binding Sites of a Ditopic Guest by Cucurbituril Homologues and Subsequent Formation of a Hetero[4]pseudorotaxane. Chemistry 2009; 15:10360-3. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Su YZ, Fu YC, Yan JW, Chen ZB, Mao BW. Double layer of Au(100)/ionic liquid interface and its stability in imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:5148-51. [PMID: 19526471 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ring any bells? The differential capacitance curve of Au(100) in neat [BMI]BF(4) (BMI = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) ionic liquid has a bell-shaped feature (see picture). The adsorption of BMI(+) shows a disorder-order transition and depends on the structure of the surface. Ordered adsorption in a micelle-like structure stabilizes the underlying Au surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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23
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Su YZ, Fu YC, Yan JW, Chen ZB, Mao BW. Double Layer of Au(100)/Ionic Liquid Interface and Its Stability in Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Nanotribology at single crystal electrodes: Influence of ionic adsorbates on friction forces studied with AFM. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Braunschweig AB, Dichtel WR, Miljanić OS, Olson MA, Spruell JM, Khan SI, Heath JR, Stoddart JF. Modular Synthesis and Dynamics of a Variety of Donor–Acceptor Interlocked Compounds Prepared by Click Chemistry. Chem Asian J 2007; 2:634-47. [PMID: 17465409 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200700035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A series of donor-acceptor [2]-, [3]-, and [4]rotaxanes and self-complexes ([1]rotaxanes) have been synthesized by a threading-followed-by-stoppering approach, in which the precursor pseudorotaxanes are fixed by using Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to attach the required stoppers. This alternative approach to forming rotaxanes of the donor-acceptor type, in which the donor is a 1,5-dioxynaphthalene unit and the acceptor is the tetracationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), proceeds with enhanced yields relative to the tried and tested synthetic strategies, which involve the clipping of the cyclophane around a preformed dumbbell containing pi-electron-donating recognition sites. The new synthetic approach is amenable to application to highly convergent sequences. To extend the scope of this reaction, we constructed [2]rotaxanes in which one of the phenylene rings of the tetracationic cyclophane is perfluorinated, a feature which significantly weakens its association with pi-electron-rich guests. The activation barrier for the shuttling of the cyclophane over a spacer containing two triazole rings was determined to be (15.5+/-0.1) kcal mol(-1) for a degenerate two-station [2]rotaxane, a value similar to that previously measured for analogous degenerate compounds containing aromatic or ethylene glycol spacers. The triazole rings do not seem to perturb the shuttling process significantly; this property bodes well for their future incorporation into bistable molecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Braunschweig
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Yuan QH, Wan LJ. Structural Comparison of Self-Organized Adlayers of Ligands and Their Metal-Coordinated Complexes on a Au(111) Surface: An STM Study. Chemistry 2006; 12:2808-14. [PMID: 16425167 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was employed to investigate the adsorption of the linear-spacer-bridged ligands bis(pyrrol-2-yl-methyleneamine) (BPMB and BPMmB), and their Zn(II)-coordinated complexes, BPMB/Zn(II) and BPMmB/Zn(II), onto a Au(111) surface in 0.1 M HClO(4) solution. Both the ligands, with different spacer bridges, and their Zn(II) complexes adsorb onto the Au(111) surface and self-organize into highly ordered two-dimensional arrays. The complexes BPMB/Zn(II) and BPMmB/Zn(II) appear in helical and triangular conformations, respectively, consistent with their chemical structures. Although the metal complexes include ligands, the assembled structures and adlayer symmetries of the ligands and complexes are totally different. The structures and intramolecular features obtained by high-resolution STM imaging are discussed. The results should be important in fabricating surface supramolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Hui Yuan
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China
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Bonanni B, Alliata D, Bizzarri AR, Cannistraro S. Topological and Electron-Transfer Properties of Yeast Cytochrome c Adsorbed on Bare Gold Electrodes. Chemphyschem 2003; 4:1183-8. [PMID: 14652996 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200300784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The redox metalloprotein yeast cytochrome c was directly self-chemisorbed on "bare" gold electrodes through the free sulfur-containing group Cys102. Topological, spectroscopic, and electron transfer properties of the immobilised molecules were investigated by in situ scanning probe microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Atomic force and scanning tunnelling microscopy revealed individual protein molecules adsorbed on the gold substrate, with no evidence of aggregates. The adsorbed proteins appear to be firmly bound to gold and display dimensions in good agreement with crystallographic data. Cyclic voltammetric analysis showed that up to 84% of the electrode surface is functionalised with electroactive proteins whose measured redox midpoint potential is in good agreement with the formal potential. Our results clearly indicate that this variant of cytochrome c is adsorbed on bare gold electrodes with preservation of morphological properties and redox functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bonanni
- Biophysics and Nanoscience Group, INFM, Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Università della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Rostovtsev VV, Green LG, Fokin VV, Sharpless KB. A Stepwise Huisgen Cycloaddition Process: Copper(I)-Catalyzed Regioselective “Ligation” of Azides and Terminal Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20020715)41:14%3c2596::aid-anie2596%3e3.0.co%3b2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rostovtsev VV, Green LG, Fokin VV, Sharpless KB. A stepwise huisgen cycloaddition process: copper(I)-catalyzed regioselective "ligation" of azides and terminal alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002; 41:2596-9. [PMID: 12203546 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20020715)41:14<2596::aid-anie2596>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9039] [Impact Index Per Article: 410.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Rostovtsev
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-315, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Rostovtsev VV, Green LG, Fokin VV, Sharpless KB. A Stepwise Huisgen Cycloaddition Process: Copper(I)-Catalyzed Regioselective “Ligation” of Azides and Terminal Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20020715)41:14%3c2596::aid-anie2596%3e3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Grygar T, Marken F, Schröder U, Scholz F. Electrochemical Analysis of Solids. A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The topic of the review is the electrochemical analysis of solids aimed to identify or determine their phase or elemental composition, analyse the composition of solid mixtures, characterise their electrochemistry-related properties and analyse the redox state of the constituent elements. The ways of the electrode preparation are discussed with a special attention paid to compact and composite electrodes including carbon-paste electrodes, and direct immobilisation of powders on a working electrode. Examples are given of simultaneous electrochemical measurements combined with X-ray diffraction, optical or atomic force microscopy, and mass measurement by quartz microbalance. The state-of-art of voltammetric analysis of inorganic and organic solids achieved in the last two decades is systematically reviewed with the aim to find cases, when electrochemistry can compete successfully with other analytical techniques as for sensitivity, specificity, and sample consumption. Electrochemical methods are shown to be a perspective tool for redox analysis of catalysts, combined elemental and phase analysis of inorganic pigments and minerals, characterisation of solid solutions, metalloorganic and organic solids. A review with 196 references.
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