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Abstract
Lipids are key components of all organisms. We are well educated in their use as fuel and their essential role to form membranes. We also know much about their biosynthesis and metabolism. We are also aware that most lipids have signaling character meaning that a change in their concentration or location constitutes a signal that helps a living cell to respond to changes in the environment or to fulfill its specific function ranging from secretion to cell division. What is much less understood is how lipids change location in cells over time and what other biomolecules they interact with at each stage of their lifetime. Due to the large number of often quite similar lipid species and the sometimes very short lifetime of signaling lipids, we need highly specific tools to manipulate and visualize lipids and lipid-protein interactions. If successfully applied, these tools provide fabulous opportunities for discovery.In this Account, I summarize the development of synthetic tools from our lab that were designed to address crucial properties that allow them to function as tools in live cell experiments. Techniques to change the concentration of lipids by adding a small molecule or by light are described and complemented by examples of biological findings made when applying the tools. This ranges from chemical dimerizer-based systems to synthetic "caged" lipid derivatives. Furthermore, I discuss the problem of locating a lipid in an intact cell. Synthetic molecular probes are described that help to unravel the lipid location and to determine their binding proteins. These location studies require in-cell lipid tagging by click chemistry, photo-cross-linking to prevent further movement and the "caging" groups to avoid premature metabolism. The combination of these many technical features in a single tool allows for the analysis of not only lipid fluxes through metabolism but also lipid transport from one membrane to another as well as revealing the lipid interactome in a cell-dependent manner. This latter point is crucial because with these multifunctional tools in combination with lipidomics we can now address differences in healthy versus diseased cells and ultimately find the changes that are essential for disease development and new therapeutics that prevent these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schultz
- Department of Chemical Physiology and
Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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Schultz C, Farley SE, Tafesse FG. "Flash & Click": Multifunctionalized Lipid Derivatives as Tools To Study Viral Infections. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13987-13995. [PMID: 35900117 PMCID: PMC9377334 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective article, we describe the current status of lipid tools for studying host lipid-virus interactions at the cellular level. We discuss the potential lipidomic changes that viral infections impose on host cells and then outline the tools available and the resulting options to investigate the host cell lipid interactome. The future outcome will reveal new targets for treating virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schultz
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University; 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, United States
| | - Scotland E Farley
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University; 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, United States
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, United States
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Doumane M, Caillaud MC, Jaillais Y. Experimental manipulation of phosphoinositide lipids: from cells to organisms. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:445-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Citir M, Müller R, Hauke S, Traynor-Kaplan A, Schultz C. Monitoring the cellular metabolism of a membrane-permeant photo-caged phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate derivative. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 241:105124. [PMID: 34509466 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To deliver charged lipid derivatives to the cell interior, bioactivatable and photo-activatable protecting groups are frequently used. The intracellular metabolism of the protecting groups, as well as the lipid itself, are key factors that determine biological activity. Here we followed the cellular metabolism of cell-permeant photo-activatable ("caged") and non-caged membrane-permeant analogs of dioctanoyl phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (diC8PIP3) carrying biodegradable protecting groups by mass spectrometry. After successful cell entry, the photo-activatable group can be removed on demand by a light pulse. Hence, UV irradiation acts as a switch to expose the cellular metabolism to a bolus of active compound. To investigate lipid metabolites and to capture a more complete metabolome, we adapted standard extraction methods and employed multi-reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS). This required a previously developed permethylation method that stabilized metabolites and enhanced volatility of the phosphoinositide metabolites. The mass spectrometric analysis allowed for the monitoring of the intracellular removal of photo-activatable caging as well as biodegradable protecting groups from the membrane-permeant phosphoinositides along with cellular turnover, namely by dephosphorylation. We found that phosphate masking groups, namely acetoxymethyl esters, were rapidly removed by endogenous enzymes while butyrates masking hydroxy groups showed a longer lifetime, giving rise to trapped intermediates. We further identified key intermediate metabolites and demonstrated the beneficial effect of caging groups and their removal on the formation of favorable metabolites. Surprisingly, caging and protecting groups were found to influence each other's stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevlut Citir
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rainer Müller
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Hauke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alexis Traynor-Kaplan
- ATK Innovation, Analytics and Discovery, North Bend, WA, 98045, USA; University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany; Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, L334 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA.
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Müller R, Kojic A, Citir M, Schultz C. Synthesis and Cellular Labeling of Multifunctional Phosphatidylinositol Bis- and Trisphosphate Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19759-19765. [PMID: 34075669 PMCID: PMC8390440 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized the first multifunctionalized phosphoinositide polyphosphate derivatives featuring a photo-removable protecting group ("cage"), a photo-crosslinkable diazirine group, and a terminal alkyne group useful for click chemistry. We demonstrate that the lipid derivatives readily enter cells. After photo-crosslinking, cell fixation and fluorescent tagging via click chemistry, we determined the intracellular location of the lipid derivatives before and after uncaging of the lipids. We find that there is rapid trafficking of PI(3,4)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 derivatives to the plasma membrane, opening the intriguing possibility that there is active transport of these lipids involved. We employed the photo-crosslinking and click chemistry functions to analyze the proteome of PI(3,4,5)P3 -binding proteins. From the latter, we validated by RNAi that the putative lipid binding proteins ATP11A and MPP6 are involved in the transport of PI(3,4,5)P3 to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Müller
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)Cell Biology & Biophysics UnitMeyerhofstr. 169117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Ana Kojic
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)Cell Biology & Biophysics UnitMeyerhofstr. 169117HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesCollaboration for Joint Ph.D. Degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University69117HeidelbergGermany
- Oregon Health & Science UniversityDepartment of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry3181 SW Sam Jackson Park RdPortlandOR97239-3098USA
| | - Mevlut Citir
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)Cell Biology & Biophysics UnitMeyerhofstr. 169117HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesCollaboration for Joint Ph.D. Degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University69117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)Cell Biology & Biophysics UnitMeyerhofstr. 169117HeidelbergGermany
- Oregon Health & Science UniversityDepartment of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry3181 SW Sam Jackson Park RdPortlandOR97239-3098USA
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Müller R, Kojic A, Citir M, Schultz C. Synthesis and Cellular Labeling of Multifunctional Phosphatidylinositol Bis‐ and Trisphosphate Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Müller
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit Meyerhofstr. 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Ana Kojic
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit Meyerhofstr. 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences Collaboration for Joint Ph.D. Degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University 69117 Heidelberg Germany
- Oregon Health & Science University Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd Portland OR 97239-3098 USA
| | - Mevlut Citir
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit Meyerhofstr. 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences Collaboration for Joint Ph.D. Degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University 69117 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit Meyerhofstr. 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany
- Oregon Health & Science University Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd Portland OR 97239-3098 USA
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Takagi A, Usuguchi K, Takashima I, Okuda K. Total Synthesis of Antiausterity Agent (±)-Uvaridacol L by Regioselective Axial Diacylation of a myo-Inositol Orthoester. Org Lett 2021; 23:4083-4087. [PMID: 33596082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The antiausterity natural product (±)-uvaridacol L was synthesized for the first time in seven steps from myo-inositol. The key reaction of this synthesis, axial selective dibenzoylation of myo-inositol orthoformate, was achieved using a catalytic amount of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF). The preferential cytotoxicity of racemic uvaridacol L against cancer cell lines able to adapt to nutrient deprivation was also evaluated under nutrient deprived conditions. Morphological evaluation was also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Takagi
- Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuki Usuguchi
- Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan
| | - Ippei Takashima
- Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kensuke Okuda
- Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan
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Abstract
The specific non-invasive control of intracellular signaling events requires advanced tools that enter cells by diffusion and are controllable by light. Here, we detail the synthesis and application of membrane-permeant caged inositol pyrophosphates with respect to cell entry and cell distribution. We recently published the synthesis of these tools as well as their effect on PH-domain localization in HeLa cells and oscillations of the intracellular calcium concentration in β-cells, which are known to drive insulin secretion. In this chapter, we discuss the possibilities and limitations when using cell-penetrating inositol pyrophosphates. We provide a detailed protocol for the application in live mouse β-cells and we discuss the image analysis needed for following effects on calcium signaling.
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Müller R, Citir M, Hauke S, Schultz C. Synthesis and Cellular Labeling of Caged Phosphatidylinositol Derivatives. Chemistry 2019; 26:384-389. [PMID: 31550056 PMCID: PMC6973124 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is the biosynthetic precursor for seven phosphoinositides, important signaling lipids in cells. A membrane‐permeant caged PI derivative featuring a photo‐removable coumarinyl group masking the negative charge of the phosphate, as well as two enzymatically removable butyrate esters for increased lipophilicity and for preventing phosphate migration, were synthesized. Rapid cell entry and cellular labeling in fixed cells was demonstrated by a photo‐cross‐linkable diazirine followed by attachment of a fluorophore through click chemistry. Using this technique, we found that the multifunctional caged PI derivative resided predominantly at internal membranes but rapidly changed to the plasma membrane after uncaging. Accordingly, a preliminary proteomic analysis of the lipid–protein conjugates revealed that the two major PI transport proteins PITPα and β were prime targets of the photo‐cross‐linked PI derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Müller
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mevlut Citir
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hauke
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
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Baser A, Skabkin M, Kleber S, Dang Y, Gülcüler Balta GS, Kalamakis G, Göpferich M, Ibañez DC, Schefzik R, Lopez AS, Bobadilla EL, Schultz C, Fischer B, Martin-Villalba A. Onset of differentiation is post-transcriptionally controlled in adult neural stem cells. Nature 2019; 566:100-104. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Kanoh N, Mano K, Saigusa D, Usui T, Iwabuchi Y. Design and synthesis of the penta(acetoxymethyl) ester of dioctanoyl phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5770-5772. [PMID: 28029511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular administration of water-soluble and membrane-permeant analogs of phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) is a useful strategy for understanding the cellular roles of PIPs as well as the mode of action of drugs whose biological activity is associated with PIPs. We herein established the synthetic route to the dioctanoyl analogue of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (di-C8-PI(3,5)P2) and its penta(acetoxymethyl) ester (di-C8-PI(3,5)P2/5AM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kanoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saigusa
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Takeo Usui
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Iwabuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Pavlovic I, Thakor DT, Bigler L, Wilson MSC, Laha D, Schaaf G, Saiardi A, Jessen HJ. Prometabolites of 5-Diphospho-myo-inositol Pentakisphosphate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9622-6. [PMID: 26014370 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Diphospho-myo-inositol phosphates (PP-InsP(y)) are an important class of cellular messengers. Thus far, no method for the transport of PP-InsP(y) into living cells is available. Owing to their high negative charge density, PP-InsP(y) will not cross the cell membrane. A strategy to circumvent this issue involves the generation of precursors in which the negative charges are masked with biolabile groups. A PP-InsP(y) prometabolite would require twelve to thirteen biolabile groups, which need to be cleaved by cellular enzymes to release the parent molecules. Such densely modified prometabolites of phosphate esters and anhydrides have never been reported to date. This study discloses the synthesis of such agents and an analysis of their metabolism in tissue homogenates by gel electrophoresis. The acetoxybenzyl-protected system is capable of releasing 5-PP-InsP5 in mammalian cell/tissue homogenates within a few minutes and can be used to release 5-PP-InsP5 inside cells. These molecules will serve as a platform for the development of fundamental tools required to study PP-InsP(y) physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pavlovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich (UZH), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Divyeshsinh T Thakor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich (UZH), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Laurent Bigler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich (UZH), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | | | - Debabrata Laha
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen (Germany)
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen (Germany)
| | | | - Henning J Jessen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich (UZH), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland).
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Pavlovic I, Thakor DT, Bigler L, Wilson MSC, Laha D, Schaaf G, Saiardi A, Jessen HJ. Prometabolites of 5-Diphospho-myo-inositol Pentakisphosphate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Laketa V, Zarbakhsh S, Traynor-Kaplan A, MacNamara A, Subramanian D, Putyrski M, Mueller R, Nadler A, Mentel M, Saez-Rodriguez J, Pepperkok R, Schultz C. PIP3 Induces the Recycling of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra5. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sudo A, Shibata Y, Miyamoto A. Synthesis of high-performance polyurethanes with rigid 5-6-5-fused ring system in the main chain from naturally occurring myo
-inositol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sudo
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Kinki University; Higashi Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shibata
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Kinki University; Higashi Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Ayano Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Kinki University; Higashi Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
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Wymann MP, Schultz C. The chemical biology of phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2022-35. [PMID: 22965647 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in the late 1980s, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and its isoforms have arguably reached the forefront of signal transduction research. Regulation of this lipid kinase, its functions, its effectors, in short its entire signaling network, has been extensively studied. PI3K inhibitors are frequently used in biochemistry and cell biology. In addition, many pharmaceutical companies have launched drug-discovery programs to identify modulators of PI3Ks. Despite these efforts and a fairly good knowledge of the PI3K signaling network, we still have only a rudimentary picture of the signaling dynamics of PI3K and its lipid products in space and time. It is therefore essential to create and use novel biological and chemical tools to manipulate the phosphoinositide signaling network with spatial and temporal resolution. In this review, we discuss the current and potential future tools that are available and necessary to unravel the various functions of PI3K and its isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias P Wymann
- Institute of Biochemistry & Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Bru M, Kotkar SP, Kar N, Köhn M. Development of a solid phase synthesis strategy for soluble phosphoinositide analogues. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc01061e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Swarbrick JM, Gaffney PRJ. Synthesis of 4-C-alkyl inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphates and 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphates. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4376-86. [PMID: 20507072 DOI: 10.1021/jo100414e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of 2,3,6-O-tribenzyl- and 2,6-O-dibenzyl-myo-inositols with beta-primary, secondary, and tertiary 4-C-alkyl or aryl groups is reported. Five of these novel polyols are elaborated to 4-C-alkyl Ins(1,4,5)P(3) and Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4) analogues. Regio- and stereoselective introduction of 4-C-alkyl or aryl substituents proceeded via a 4-exo-methylene oxide. Subsequent regioselective reduction of an orthobenzoate provided a divergent method to access both InsP(3) and InsP(4) precursors. Previously unreported phosphorylation of the tertiary hydroxyl and global deprotection afforded novel analogues that retain their full complement of polar and charged binding features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Swarbrick
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Activation of membrane-permeant caged PtdIns(3)P induces endosomal fusion in cells. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 6:324-6. [PMID: 20364126 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) is a phospholipid residing on early endosomes, where it is proposed to be involved in endosomal fusion. We synthesized membrane-permeant derivatives of PtdIns(3)P, including a caged version that is to our knowledge the first photoactivatable phosphoinositide derivative developed so far. In living cells, photoactivation of caged PtdIns(3)P induced rapid endosomal fusion in an EEA1-dependent fashion, thus providing in vivo evidence that PtdIns(3)P is a sufficient signal for driving this process.
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Best MD, Zhang H, Prestwich GD. Inositol polyphosphates, diphosphoinositol polyphosphates and phosphatidylinositol polyphosphate lipids: Structure, synthesis, and development of probes for studying biological activity. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1403-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b923844c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Laketa V, Zarbakhsh S, Morbier E, Subramanian D, Dinkel C, Brumbaugh J, Zimmermann P, Pepperkok R, Schultz C. Membrane-Permeant Phosphoinositide Derivatives as Modulators of Growth Factor Signaling and Neurite Outgrowth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:1190-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Roth AG, Redmer S, Arenz C. Potent Inhibition of Acid Sphingomyelinase by Phosphoinositide Analogues. Chembiochem 2009; 10:2367-74. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schultz C. Molecular tools for cell and systems biology. HFSP JOURNAL 2007; 1:230-48. [PMID: 19404424 DOI: 10.2976/1.2812442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The sequencing of the genomes of key organisms and the subsequent identification of genes merely leads us to the next real challenge in modern biology-revealing the precise functions of these genes. Further, detailed knowledge of how the products of these genes behave in space and time is required, including their interactions with other molecules. In order to tackle these considerable tasks, a large and continuously expanding toolbox is required to probe the functions of proteins on a cellular level. Here, the currently available tools are described and future developments are projected. There is no doubt that only the close interplay between the life science disciplines in addition to advances in engineering will be able to meet the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schultz
- Gene Expression Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Conway SJ, Miller GJ. Biology-enabling inositol phosphates, phosphatidylinositol phosphates and derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:687-707. [PMID: 17653355 DOI: 10.1039/b407701f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights inositol polyphosphate- and phosphatidylinositol-based small molecule probes that have advanced our understanding of intracellular signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Conway
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK KY16 9ST
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Conway SJ, Thuring JW, Andreu S, Kvinlaug BT, Roderick HL, Bootman MD, Holmes AB. The Synthesis of Membrane Permeant Derivatives of myo-Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate. Aust J Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1071/ch06357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to enable the study of the intracellular second messenger d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and its receptors (InsP3Rs), it has been desirable to develop protected derivatives of InsP3 that are able to enter the cell, upon extracellular application. The subsequent removal of the lipophilic protecting groups, by intracellular enzymes, releases InsP3 and leads to the activation of InsP3Rs. Two syntheses of d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate hexakis(butyryloxymethyl) ester (d-InsP3/BM) and one of l-InsP3/BM are reported. It is demonstrated that extracellular application of the d-enantiomer results in Ca2+ release, which is thought to occur via InsP3Rs. Application of the l-enantiomer resulted in little Ca2+ release.
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Giuffrida S, Ventimiglia G, Petralia S, Conoci S, Sortino S. Facile Light-Triggered One-Step Synthesis of Small and Stable Platinum Nanoparticles in an Aqueous Medium from a β-Cyclodextrin Host−Guest Inclusion Complex. Inorg Chem 2005; 45:508-10. [PMID: 16411684 DOI: 10.1021/ic0517366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is shown, for the first time, that small (ca. 2 nm) and stable platinum nanoparticles can be easily obtained in one step through visible light irradiation of a host-guest inclusion complex between beta-cyclodextrin and platinum acetylacetonate in a water solution. The exclusive control of the reaction by an external trigger, the removal of the undesired reaction products without any manipulation of the sample, and the absence of ionic repulsions between the metal nanoparticles represent the main remarkable advantages offered by this synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Giuffrida
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
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Sureshan KM, Shashidhar MS, Praveen T, Das T. Regioselective Protection and Deprotection of Inositol Hydroxyl Groups. Chem Rev 2003; 103:4477-503. [PMID: 14611268 DOI: 10.1021/cr0200724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kana M Sureshan
- Division of Organic Synthesis, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
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Rudolf MT, Dinkel C, Traynor-Kaplan AE, Schultz C. Antagonists of myo-inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate allow repeated epithelial chloride secretion. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:3315-29. [PMID: 12837542 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients suffer from a defect in hydration of mucosal membranes due to mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), an apical chloride channel in mucosal epithelia. Disease expression in CF knockout mice is organ specific, varying with the level of expression of calcium activated Cl(-) channels (CLCA). Therefore, restoring transepithelial Cl(-) secretion by augmenting alternate Cl(-) channels, such as CLCA, could be beneficial. However, CLCA-mediated Cl(-) secretion is transient, due in part to the inhibitory effects of myo-inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate [Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4)]. This suggests that antagonists of Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4) could be useful in treatment of CF. We have, therefore, synthesized a series of membrane-permeant Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4) derivatives, carrying alkyl substituents on the hydroxyl groups and screened them for effects on Cl(-) secretion in a human colonic epithelial cell line, T(84). While membrane-permeant Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4) derivatives had no direct effects on carbachol-stimulated Cl(-) secretion, Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4) derivatives, but not enantiomeric Ins(1,4,5,6)P(4) derivatives, reversed the inhibitory effect of Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4) on subsequent thapsigargin activation of Cl(-) secretion. The extent of the antagonistic effect of the Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4) derivatives varied with the position of the alkyl substituents. Derivatives with a cyclohexylidene ketal or a butyl-chain at the 1-position reversed the Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4)-mediated inhibition of Cl(-) secretion by up to 96 and 85%, respectively, whereas butylation of the 1- and 2-position generated a reversal effect of only 65%. Derivatives carrying the butyl chain only at the 2-position showed no antagonistic effect. These data: (1) Support the hypothesis that Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4) stereospecifically inhibits Ca(2+) activated Cl(-) secretion and that Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4) mediates most, if not all of the cholinergic-mediated inhibition of chloride secretion in T(84) cells; (2) Demonstrate Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4)-mediated inhibition can be completely reversed with rationally designed membrane-permeant Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4) antagonists; (3) Demonstrate that a SAR for membrane-permeant Ins(3,4,5,6) P(4) antagonists can be generated and screened in a physiologically relevant cell-based assay; (4) Indicate that Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4) derivatives could serve as a starting point for the development of therapeutics to treat cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco T Rudolf
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Bremen, UFT, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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Abstract
Bioactivatable protecting groups represent an enormously powerful tool to increase bioavailability or to generally help deliver drugs to cells. This approach is particularly valuable in the case of biologically active phosphates because of the high intrinsic hydrophilicity and the multitude of biological functions phosphate esters exhibit inside cells. Here, the most prominent masking groups used so far are introduced. The stability and toxicology of the resulting prodrugs is discussed. Finally, this review tries to cover briefly some of the work that describes the usefulness and efficiency of the approach in various application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Conrad RM, Grogan MJ, Bertozzi CR. Stereoselective synthesis of myo-inositol via ring-closing metathesis: a building block for glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor synthesis. Org Lett 2002; 4:1359-61. [PMID: 11950362 DOI: 10.1021/ol025680k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a concise stereoselective synthesis of myo-inositol via ring-closing metathesis. A readily available bis-Weinreb amide of D-tartrate served as a key intermediate. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary M Conrad
- Department of Chemistry, Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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