1
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Tang W, Zhang Y, Zhu G. Pulmonary delivery of mucosal nanovaccines. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:263-276. [PMID: 34918733 PMCID: PMC8734613 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06512b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccination can elicit both systemic and mucosal immunity, and therefore has the potential to not only treat mucosal immune diseases, prevent the pathogen infection at the mucosal entry sites, but also treat distant or systemic immune disorders. However, only a few mucosal vaccines have been approved for human use in the clinic. Effective mucosal immunization requires the delivery of immunogenic agents to appropriate mucosal surfaces, which remains significantly challenging due to the essential biological barriers presenting at mucosal tissues. In the past decade, remarkable progress has been made in the development of pulmonary mucosal nanovaccines. The nanovaccines leverage advanced nanoparticle-based pulmonary delivery technologies on the characteristics of large surface area and rich antigen presentation cell environment of the lungs for triggering robust immune protection against various mucosal diseases. Herein, we review current methods and formulations of pulmonary delivery, discuss the design strategies of mucosal nanovaccines for potent and long-lasting immune responses, and highlight recent advances in the application of lipid-based pulmonary nanovaccines against mucosal diseases. These advances promise to accelerate the development of novel mucosal nanovaccines for the prophylaxis and therapy of infectious diseases, and cancer, as well as autoimmune disorders at mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Science and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, The Developmental Therapeutics Program, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, The Developmental Therapeutics Program, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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2
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Chen D, Liu S, Chen D, Liu J, Wu J, Wang H, Su Y, Kwak G, Zuo X, Rao D, Cui H, Shu C, Suk JS. A Two‐Pronged Pulmonary Gene Delivery Strategy: A Surface‐Modified Fullerene Nanoparticle and a Hypotonic Vehicle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiqin Chen
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Ophthalmology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Shuai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun North First Street 2 Beijing PR China
| | - Dinghao Chen
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Jinhao Liu
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Jerry Wu
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Baltimore MD USA
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Yun Su
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Ophthalmology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Gijung Kwak
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Ophthalmology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Xinyuan Zuo
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Divya Rao
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Chunying Shu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun North First Street 2 Beijing PR China
| | - Jung Soo Suk
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Ophthalmology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
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3
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Chen D, Liu S, Chen D, Liu J, Wu J, Wang H, Su Y, Kwak G, Zuo X, Rao D, Cui H, Shu C, Suk JS. A Two-Pronged Pulmonary Gene Delivery Strategy: A Surface-Modified Fullerene Nanoparticle and a Hypotonic Vehicle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15225-15229. [PMID: 33855792 PMCID: PMC8238871 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled gene therapy poses a unique potential of curing chronic lung diseases, which are currently managed primarily by symptomatic treatments. However, it has been challenging to achieve therapeutically relevant gene transfer efficacy in the lung due to the presence of numerous biological delivery barriers. Here, we introduce a simple approach that overcomes both extracellular and cellular barriers to enhance gene transfer efficacy in the lung in vivo. We endowed tetra(piperazino)fullerene epoxide (TPFE)‐based nanoparticles with non‐adhesive surface polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings, thereby enabling the nanoparticles to cross the airway mucus gel layer and avoid phagocytic uptake by alveolar macrophages. In parallel, we utilized a hypotonic vehicle to facilitate endocytic uptake of the PEGylated nanoparticles by lung parenchymal cells via the osmotically driven regulatory volume decrease (RVD) mechanism. We demonstrate that this two‐pronged delivery strategy provides safe, wide‐spread and high‐level transgene expression in the lungs of both healthy mice and mice with chronic lung diseases characterized by reinforced delivery barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiqin Chen
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shuai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dinghao Chen
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jinhao Liu
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jerry Wu
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yun Su
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gijung Kwak
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xinyuan Zuo
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Divya Rao
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chunying Shu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jung Soo Suk
- The Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Kulala Vittala S, Joseph J. Chiral self-assembly of fullerene clusters on CT-DNA templates. Faraday Discuss 2019; 207:459-469. [PMID: 29359217 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00196g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we discuss the differential interaction of three monosubstituted fullerene derivatives possessing pyridinium, aniline or phenothiazine end groups (F-Py, F-An and F-PTz, respectively) with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA), probed via spectroscopic and imaging techniques. The pyridinium derivative, F-Py becomes molecularly dissolved in 10% DMSO-PBS and interacts with CT-DNA via groove binding and electrostatic interactions, leading to the initial condensation of CT-DNA into micrometer sized aggregates and subsequent precipitation. On the other hand, the aniline derivative F-An, which is reported to form nanoclusters of 3-5 nm size, interacts with DNA through ordered, chiral assemblies on the CT-DNA template, thus perturbing the highly networked structure of CT-DNA to form nanonetworks, which eventually transform into condensed aggregates. The binding interactions between CT-DNA and F-An nanoclusters were established via UV-Vis, AFM and TEM analysis, and the chiral nature of the fullerene nanocluster assemblies on CT-DNA was confirmed by the presence of induced circular dichroism that was exhibited around the 250-370 nm region, corresponding to F-An nanocluster absorption. In contrast, the phenothiazine derivative F-PTz, which forms larger nanoclusters of ∼70 nm size in 10% DMSO-PBS, exhibited only weak interactions with CT-DNA without affecting its network structure. These results demonstrate the role of the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance in the design of DNA interacting fullerene derivatives by controlling their cluster size and interactions with CT-DNA, and are significant in applications such as DNA condensation, gene delivery and dimension controlled nanomaterial fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepa Kulala Vittala
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India.
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5
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Mohajeri M, Behnam B, Sahebkar A. Biomedical applications of carbon nanomaterials: Drug and gene delivery potentials. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:298-319. [PMID: 30078182 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the major components in the development of nanomedicines is the choice of the right biomaterial, which notably determines the subsequent biological responses. The popularity of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) has been on the rise due to their numerous applications in the fields of drug delivery, bioimaging, tissue engineering, and biosensing. Owing to their considerably high surface area, multifunctional surface chemistry, and excellent optical activity, novel functionalized CNMs possess efficient drug-loading capacity, biocompatibility, and lack of immunogenicity. Over the past few decades, several advances have been made on the functionalization of CNMs to minimize their health concerns and enhance their biosafety. Recent evidence has also implied that CNMs can be functionalized with bioactive peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, and drugs to achieve composites with remarkably low toxicity and high pharmaceutical efficiency. This review focuses on the three main classes of CNMs, including fullerenes, graphenes, and carbon nanotubes, and their recent biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behzad Behnam
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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6
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Nitta H, Minami K, Harano K, Nakamura E. DNA Binding of Pentaamino[60]fullerene Synthesized Using Click Chemistry. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.141092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo
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7
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Hung C, Chang W, Liu S, Wu S, Chu C, Tsai Y, Imae T. Self‐aggregation of amphiphilic [60]fullerenyl focal point functionalized PAMAM dendrons into pseudodendrimers: DNA binding involving dendriplex formation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1595-604. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Hsiang Hung
- School of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung40201 Taiwan
| | - Wen‐Wei Chang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung40201 Taiwan
| | - Ssu‐Ching Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung40201 Taiwan
| | - Shang‐Jung Wu
- School of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung40201 Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Chien Chu
- School of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung40201 Taiwan
- Department of Medical EducationChung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichung40201 Taiwan
| | - Ya‐Ju Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan University of Science and TechnologyTaipei10607 Taiwan
| | - Toyoko Imae
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan University of Science and TechnologyTaipei10607 Taiwan
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8
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Minami K, Okamoto K, Doi K, Harano K, Noiri E, Nakamura E. siRNA delivery targeting to the lung via agglutination-induced accumulation and clearance of cationic tetraamino fullerene. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4916. [PMID: 24814863 PMCID: PMC4017229 DOI: 10.1038/srep04916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient treatment of lung diseases requires lung-selective delivery of agents to the lung. However, lung-selective delivery is difficult because the accumulation of micrometer-sized carriers in the lung often induces inflammation and embolization-related toxicity. Here we demonstrate a lung-selective delivery system of small interfering RNA (siRNA) by controlling the size of carrier vehicle in blood vessels. The carrier is made of tetra(piperazino)fullerene epoxide (TPFE), a water-soluble cationic tetraamino fullerene. TPFE and siRNA form sub-micrometer-sized complexes in buffered solution and these complexes agglutinate further with plasma proteins in the bloodstream to form micrometer-sized particles. The agglutinate rapidly clogs the lung capillaries, releases the siRNA into lung cells to silence expression of target genes, and is then cleared rapidly from the lung after siRNA delivery. We applied our delivery system to an animal model of sepsis, indicating the potential of TPFE-based siRNA delivery for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Minami
- 1] Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2]
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Department of Hemodialysis and Apheresis, University Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kent Doi
- Department of Hemodialysis and Apheresis, University Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eisei Noiri
- Department of Hemodialysis and Apheresis, University Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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9
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Singh S. Nanomaterials as Non-viral siRNA Delivery Agents for Cancer Therapy. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2013; 3:53-65. [PMID: 23878788 DOI: 10.5681/bi.2013.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has been recently shown as a promising tool for cancer treatment as nanotechnology-based safe and effective delivery methods are developed. Generally, genes are wrapped up in extremely tiny nanoparticles which could be taken up easily by cancer cells, not to their healthy neighboring cells. Several nanoparticle systems have been investigated primarily to address the problems involved in other methods of gene delivery and observed improved anticancer efficacy suggesting that nanomedicine provides novel opportunities to safely deliver genes, thus treat cancer. In this review, various nanoparticle types and related strategies, used in gene delivery for cancer treatment, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Singh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat, India
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10
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Shi B, Zhang H, Shen Z, Bi J, Dai S. Developing a chitosan supported imidazole Schiff-base for high-efficiency gene delivery. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20494k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Ding F, You J, Weng X, Zhou J, Zhang X, Zhou X, Zhang L. Exploring Quaternized Hydroxyethylcellulose as Potential Gene Carriers. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201200659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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12
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Hitosugi S, Tanimoto D, Nakanishi W, Isobe H. A Facile Chromatographic Method for Purification of Pinacol Boronic Esters. CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Shi B, Shen Z, Zhang H, Bi J, Dai S. Exploring N-imidazolyl-O-carboxymethyl chitosan for high performance gene delivery. Biomacromolecules 2011; 13:146-53. [PMID: 22168363 DOI: 10.1021/bm201380e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan shows good biocompatibility and biodegradability, but the poor water solubility and low transfection efficiency hinder its applications as a gene delivery vector. We here report the detailed synthesis and characterization of a novel ampholytical chitosan derivative, N-imidazolyl-O-carboxymethyl chitosan (IOCMCS), used for high performance gene delivery. After chemical modification, the solubility of the resulting polymer is enhanced, and the polymer is soluble in a wide pH range (4-10). Gel electrophoresis study reveals the strong binding ability between plasmid DNA and the IOCMCS. Moreover, the IOCMCS does not induce remarkable cytotoxicity against human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells. The cell transfection results with HEK293T cells using the IOCMCS as gene delivery vector demonstrate the high transfection efficiency, which is dependent on the degree of imidazolyl substitution. Therefore, the IOCMCS is a promising candidate as the DNA delivery vector in gene therapy due to its high solubility, high gene binding capability, low cytotoxicity, and high gene transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyang Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA5005, Australia
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14
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Montellano A, Da Ros T, Bianco A, Prato M. Fullerene C₆₀ as a multifunctional system for drug and gene delivery. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:4035-41. [PMID: 21897967 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10783f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The fullerene family, and especially C(60), has delighted the scientific community during the last 25 years with perspective applications in a wide variety of fields, including the biological and the biomedical domains. Several biomedical uses have been explored using water-soluble C(60)-derivatives. However, the employment of fullerenes for drug delivery is still at an early stage of development. The design and synthesis of multifunctionalized and multimodal C(60) systems able to cross the cell membranes and efficiently deliver active molecules is an attracting challenge that involves multidisciplinary strategies. Promising results have emerged in the last years, bringing fullerenes again to the front of interest. Herein, the state of the art of this emerging field is presented and illustrated with some of the most representative examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Montellano
- Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials (CENMAT), Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and INSTM, Unit of Trieste University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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15
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Fujino T, Yasumoto KI, Yamazaki N, Hasome A, Sogawa K, Isobe H. Triazole-linked DNA as a primer surrogate in the synthesis of first-strand cDNA. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:2956-60. [PMID: 21913333 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A phosphate-eliminated nonnatural oligonucleotide serves as a primer surrogate in reverse transcription reaction of mRNA. Despite of the nonnatural triazole linkages in the surrogate, the reverse transcriptase effectively elongated cDNA sequences on the 3'-downstream of the primer by transcription of the complementary sequence of mRNA. A structure-activity comparison with the reference natural oligonucleotides shows the superior priming activity of the surrogate containing triazole-linkages. The nonnatural linkages also protect the transcribed cDNA from digestion reactions with 5'-exonuclease and enable us to remove noise transcripts of unknown origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Fujino
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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16
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An H, Jin B. DNA exposure to buckminsterfullerene (C60): toward DNA stability, reactivity, and replication. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:6608-6616. [PMID: 21718073 DOI: 10.1021/es2012319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Buckminsterfullerene (C(60)) has received great research interest due to its extraordinary properties and increasing applications in manufacturing industry and biomedical technology. We recently reported C(60) could enter bacterial cells and bind to DNA molecules. This study was to further determine how the DNA-C(60) binding affected the thermal stability and enzymatic digestion of DNA molecules, and DNA mutations. Nano-C(60) aggregates and water-soluble fullerenols were synthesized and their impact on DNA biochemical and microbial activity was investigated. Our results revealed that water-soluble fullerenols could bind to lambda DNA and improve DNA stability remarkably against thermal degradation at 70-85 °C in a dose-dependent manner. DNase I and HindIII restriction endonuclease activities were inhibited after interacting with fullerenols at a high dose. Experimental results also showed the different influence of fullerenol and nano-C(60) on their antibacterial mechanisms, where fullerenols contributed considerable impact on cell damage and mutation rate. This preliminary study indicated that the application of fullerenols results in significant changes in the physical structures and biochemical functions of DNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie An
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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17
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Giacalone F, Martín N. New concepts and applications in the macromolecular chemistry of fullerenes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4220-4248. [PMID: 20799291 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A new classification on the different types of fullerene-containing polymers is presented according to their different properties and applications they exhibit in a variety of fields. Because of their interest and novelty, water-soluble and biodegradable C(60)-polymers are discussed first, followed by polyfullerene-based membranes where unprecedented supramolecular structures are presented. Next are compounds that involve hybrid materials formed from fullerenes and other components such as silica, DNA, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) where the most recent advances have been achieved. A most relevant topic is still that of C(60)-based donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers. Since their application in photovoltaics D-A polymers are among the most realistic applications of fullerenes in the so-called molecular electronics. The most relevant aspects in these covalently connected fullerene/polymer hybrids as well as new concepts to improve energy conversion efficiencies are presented.The last topics disccused relate to supramolecular aspects that are in involved in C(60)-polymer systems and in the self-assembly of C(60)-macromolecular structures, which open a new scenario for organizing, by means of non-covalent interactions, new supramolecular structures at the nano- and micrometric scale, in which the combination of the hydrofobicity of fullerenes with the versatility of the noncovalent chemistry afford new and spectacular superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giacalone
- Department of Organic Chemistry "E. Paternò", Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze s/n, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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18
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Nakamura E, Isobe H. In vitro and in vivo gene delivery with tailor-designed aminofullerenes. CHEM REC 2010; 10:260-70. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Jin KS, Shin SR, Ahn B, Jin S, Rho Y, Kim H, Kim SJ, Ree M. Effect of C(60) fullerene on the duplex formation of i-motif DNA with complementary DNA in solution. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:4783-8. [PMID: 20218585 DOI: 10.1021/jp9122453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structural effects of fullerene on i-motif DNA were investigated by characterizing the structures of fullerene-free and fullerene-bound i-motif DNA, in the presence of cDNA and in solutions of varying pH, using circular dichroism and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering. To facilitate a direct structural comparison between the i-motif and duplex structures in response to pH stimulus, we developed atomic scale structural models for the duplex and i-motif DNA structures, and for the C(60)/i-motif DNA hybrid associated with the cDNA strand, assuming that the DNA strands are present in an ideal right-handed helical conformation. We found that fullerene shifted the pH-induced conformational transition between the i-motif and the duplex structure, possibly due to the hydrophobic interactions between the terminal fullerenes and between the terminal fullerenes and an internal TAA loop in the DNA strand. The hybrid structure showed a dramatic reduction in cyclic hysteresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Research Lab for Polymer Synthesis and Physics, Center for Electro-Photo Behaviors in Advanced Molecular Systems, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Polymer Research Institute, and BK School of Molecular Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Ortiz Mellet C, Benito J, García Fernández J. Preorganized, Macromolecular, Gene-Delivery Systems. Chemistry 2010; 16:6728-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wan F, Tang Z, He W, Chu B. A chemistry/physics pathway with nanofibrous scaffolds for gene delivery. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12379-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c002515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Nezhadi SH, Choong PF, Lotfipour F, Dass CR. Gelatin-based delivery systems for cancer gene therapy. J Drug Target 2009; 17:731-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10611860903096540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Sitharaman B, Zakharian TY, Saraf A, Misra P, Ashcroft J, Pan S, Pham QP, Mikos AG, Wilson LJ, Engler DA. Water-soluble fullerene (C60) derivatives as nonviral gene-delivery vectors. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:567-78. [PMID: 18505267 PMCID: PMC2652357 DOI: 10.1021/mp700106w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new class of water-soluble C60 transfecting agents has been prepared using Hirsch-Bingel chemistry and assessed for their ability to act as gene-delivery vectors in vitro. In an effort to elucidate the relationship between the hydrophobicity of the fullerene core, the hydrophilicity of the water-solubilizing groups, and the overall charge state of the C60 vectors in gene delivery and expression, several different C60 derivatives were synthesized to yield either positively charged, negatively charged, or neutral chemical functionalities under physiological conditions. These fullerene derivatives were then tested for their ability to transfect cells grown in culture with DNA carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene. Statistically significant expression of GFP was observed for all forms of the C60 derivatives when used as DNA vectors and compared to the ability of naked DNA alone to transfect cells. However, efficient in vitro transfection was only achieved with the two positively charged C60 derivatives, namely, an octa-amino derivatized C60 and a dodeca-amino derivatized C60 vector. All C60 vectors showed an increase in toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Increased levels of cellular toxicity were observed for positively charged C60 vectors relative to the negatively charged and neutral vectors. Structural analyses using dynamic light scattering and optical microscopy offered further insights into possible correlations between the various derivatized C60 compounds, the C60 vector/DNA complexes, their physical attributes (aggregation, charge) and their transfection efficiencies. Recently, similar Gd@C60-based compounds have demonstrated potential as advanced contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thus, the successful demonstration of intracellular DNA uptake, intracellular transport, and gene expression from DNA using C60 vectors suggests the possibility of developing analogous Gd@C60-based vectors to serve simultaneously as both therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Sitharaman
- Department of Chemistry, Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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San Juan A, Hlawaty H, Chaubet F, Letourneur D, Feldman LJ. Cationized pullulan 3D matrices as new materials for gene transfer. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 82:354-62. [PMID: 17295225 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study deals with the development of a novel biocompatible cationized pullulan three-dimensional matrix for gene delivery. A water-soluble cationic polysaccharide, diethylaminoethyl-pullulan (DEAE-pullulan), was first synthesized and characterized. Fluorescence quenching and gel retardation assays evidenced the complexation in solution of DNA with DEAE-pullulan, but not with neutral pullulan. On cultured smooth muscle cells (SMCs) incubated with DEAE-pullulan and a plasmid vector expressing a secreted form of alkaline phosphatase (pSEAP), SEAP activity was 150-fold higher than with pSEAP alone or pSEAP with neutral pullulan. DEAE-pullulan was then chemically crosslinked using phosphorus oxychloride. The resulting matrices were obtained in less than a minute and molded as discs of 12 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness. Such DEAE-pullulan 3D matrices were loaded with up to 50 microg of plasmid DNA, with a homogeneous plasmid loading observed with YOYO-1 fluorescence staining. Moreover, the DEAE-pullulan matrix was shown to protect pSEAP from DNase I degradation. Incubation of cultured SMCs with pSEAP-loaded DEAE-pullulan matrices resulted in significant gene transfer without cell toxicity. This study suggests that these cationized pullulan 3D matrices could be useful biomaterials for local gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie San Juan
- Inserm, U698, Bio-ingénierie Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris 7, Paris F-75018, Université Paris 13, Villetaneuse F-93430, France
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Yang YY, Wang Y, Powell R, Chan P. Reduced sinoatrial cAMP content plays a role in postnatal heart rate slowing in the rabbit. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 33:557-62. [PMID: 16700894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Decreasing heart rate during development is known to be the result of parasympathetic nervous system maturation that depresses the pacemaker current (If) by acetylcholine (ACh). However, a direct effect of ACh on If has been ruled out and the involvement of other secondary messengers, such as cAMP, was verified in previous studies. Therefore, we hypothesized that reduced basal cAMP production in sinoatrial (SA) nodal cells may contribute to the slowing of heart rate after birth. 2. The electrocardiogram and heart rate variability (HRV) were documented and measured in vivo and in vitro (in isolated perfused Langendorff preparations) for rabbits aged 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks. Sinoatrial node action potential (AP) recording and perforated patch-clamp analyses were used to investigate the spontaneous depolarization rate and pacemaker If currents. Concentrations of cAMP in SA nodal tissues were determined by radioimmunoassay. Relative expression of adenylate cyclases (ADCY1, 5) and phosphodiesterases (PDE1A, 4A and 8A) were quantified by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. 3. Significantly reduced heart rate, but unchanged HRV, was observed in perfused hearts in the older age groups, accompanied with a slowed phase 4 spontaneous depolarization rate (90.5 +/- 4.7 vs 49.6 +/- 2.6 mV/s for 2 week vs 4 week hearts, respectively; n = 5; P < 0.05), a negative shift of the If threshold potential (-45.5 +/- 3.0 vs -51.1 +/- 6.0 mV for 2 week vs 4 week hearts, respectively; n = 9; P < 0.05) and decreasing basal levels of SA nodal cAMP (0.31 +/- 0.05 vs 0.025 +/- 0.002 micromol/L for 2 week vs 4 week hearts, respectively; n = 6; P < 0.05). Gene expression levels of PDE1A, 4A and 8A were increased in the 12 week group compared with the 2 week group 1.5-, 2- and 1.8-fold, respectively (P < 0.05), with little change in ADCY1 and 5. 4. These data suggest that, in addition to autonomic innervation, slowing of heart rate during postnatal maturation can be attributed to a negative shift of the If activation caused by diminished baseline cAMP content in SA nodal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore.
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Isobe H, Nakanishi W, Tomita N, Jinno S, Okayama H, Nakamura E. Gene delivery by aminofullerenes: structural requirements for efficient transfection. Chem Asian J 2007; 1:167-75. [PMID: 17441052 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of aminofullerenes that share a common structural motif have been synthesized and subjected to a systematic investigation of structure activity relationship regarding their ability for transient transfection and cytotoxicity. DNA-binding tests indicated that any water-soluble fullerene-bearing amino group would bind to double-stranded DNA. For these molecules to be effective transfection reagents, however, they require additional structural features. First, the molecule must be capable of producing submicrometer-sized fullerene/DNA aggregates that can be internalized into mammalian cells through endocytosis. Second, the molecule must be capable of releasing DNA as the aggregates are transferred into the cytoplasm. This can be achieved in at least two ways: by loss of the DNA-binding amino groups from the fullerene core, and by transformation of the amino groups to neutral groups such as amides. The screening experiments led us to identify the best reagent, a tetrapiperidinofullerene, that can be synthesized in two steps from fullerene, piperazine, and molecular oxygen, and that is more efficient at transfection than a commonly used lipid-based transfection reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry and ERATO (JST), The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Klumpp C, Lacerda L, Chaloin O, Da Ros T, Kostarelos K, Prato M, Bianco A. Multifunctionalised cationic fullerene adducts for gene transfer: design, synthesis and DNA complexation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:3762-4. [PMID: 17851620 DOI: 10.1039/b708435h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cationic poly-N,N-dimethylfulleropyrrolidinium derivatives have been designed and synthesised to complex plasmid DNA for gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Klumpp
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Thilgen C, Diederich F. Structural Aspects of Fullerene ChemistryA Journey through Fullerene Chirality. Chem Rev 2006; 106:5049-135. [PMID: 17165683 DOI: 10.1021/cr0505371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Thilgen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Büchert M, Meinke S, Prenzel AHGP, Deppermann N, Maison W. Azabicycloalkenes as Synthetic Intermediates − Synthesis of Azabicyclo[X.3.0]alkane Scaffolds. Org Lett 2006; 8:5553-6. [PMID: 17107070 DOI: 10.1021/ol062219+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A general method to synthesize functionalized azabicyclo[X.3.0]alkane scaffolds 5 is reported. Key intermediates are azabicycloalkenes such as 1 and 2, which are acylated with unsaturated carboxylic acids and subsequently submitted to tandem olefin metathesis. The resulting bicyclic heterocycles are versatile intermediates for different dipeptide mimetics and can be used as intermediates for natural products with indolizidine scaffolds or analogues thereof. [reaction: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Büchert
- Justus-Liebig Universität Giessen, Institut für Organische Chemie, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Zinchenko AA, Chen N. Compaction of DNA on nanoscale three-dimensional templates. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2006; 18:R453-R480. [PMID: 21690831 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/18/28/r01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There exist several important in vivo examples, where a DNA chain is compacted on interacting with nanoscale objects such as proteins, thereby forming complexes with a well defined molecular architecture. One of the well known manifestations of such a natural organization of a semi-flexible DNA chain on nanoscale objects is hierarchical DNA molecule assembly into a chromosome, which is mediated by cationic histone proteins at the first stages of compaction. The biological importance of this and other natural nanostructural organizations of the DNA molecule has inspired many theoretical and numerical studies to gain physical insight into this problem. On the other hand, the experimental model systems containing DNA and nanoobjects, which are important to extend our knowledge beyond natural systems, were almost unavailable until the last decade. Accelerating progress in nanoscale chemistry and materials science has brought about various nanoscale three-dimensional structures such as dendrimers, nanoparticles, and nanotubes, and thus has provided a basis for the next important step in creating novel DNA-containing nanostructures, modelling of natural DNA compaction, and verification of accumulated theoretical predictions on the interaction between DNA and nanoscale templates. This review is written to highlight this early stage of nano-inspired progress and it is focused on physico-chemical and biophysical experimental investigations as well as theoretical and numerical studies dedicated to the compaction of DNA on nanoscale three-dimensional templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly A Zinchenko
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Shinohara K, Fukui T, Abe H, Sekimura N, Okamoto K. Screening of C60 crystallization using a microfluidic system. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:6477-80. [PMID: 16830986 DOI: 10.1021/la0614177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We have carried out screening of C60 crystallization using a simple liquid/liquid interfacial precipitation method in a microfluidic device. By controlling the time, temperature, and concentration, various metastable phases of C60 crystals were found, including tubes, spheres, open-ended hollow columns, stars, branches, and trees. The obtained C60 crystal shapes are similar to those of snow crystals. These findings suggest an urgent need to screen C60 crystallization for the development of fullerene C60 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Shinohara
- Department of Quantum Engineering and Systems Science and Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Isobe H, Nakanishi W, Tomita N, Jinno S, Okayama H, Nakamura E. Nonviral gene delivery by tetraamino fullerene. Mol Pharm 2006; 3:124-34. [PMID: 16579641 DOI: 10.1021/mp050068r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A fullerene derivative bearing two diamino side chains binds to a plasmid vector DNA, either 4 or 40 kbp in size, delivers it to mammalian cells on incubation, and leads to expression of the encoded gene either transiently or stably. The initial physicochemical investigations upon DNA-binding and protective properties of various fullerene compounds against nuclease led us to identify the tetraamino fullerene as an ideal candidate to probe the new concept of fullerene-mediated gene delivery to mammalian cells. Studies on transient and stable transfection of COS-1 cells using green fluorescent protein and luciferase reporter genes revealed several useful properties of the fullerene transfection as compared with the conventional lipid-based transfection method, including much higher efficiency of stable transfection and ability to transfect confluent cells. Chemical and biological studies suggested that the cell uptake of the fullerene/DNA complex takes place by an endocytosis mechanism and that the DNA internalized by endosomes is protected by the fullerene against enzymatic digestion. The stiffness of the fullerene/DNA complex may play some role in the success of the fullerene method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Che Y, Marshall GR. Engineering cyclic tetrapeptides containing chimeric amino acids as preferred reverse-turn scaffolds. J Med Chem 2006; 49:111-24. [PMID: 16392797 DOI: 10.1021/jm0507072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four residues making almost a complete 180 degrees turn in the direction of the peptide chain define a reverse turn, a common motif and recognition site in proteins. Cyclization between residues i and i + 3 and incorporation of heterochiral dipeptides (such as d-Pro-l-Pro) in the i + 1 and i + 2 positions are used to constrain a peptide to a reverse-turn conformation. A combined approach, cyclic tetrapeptides (CTPs) based on heterochiral dipeptides of chimeric amino acids, is evaluated as minimalist scaffolds for reverse-turn conformations. Cyclo-(d-Pro-l-Pro-d-Pro-l-Pro) has been studied with density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. The all-trans amide conformer was the most stable in vacuo, while the cis-trans-cis-trans (ctct) or trans-cis-trans-cis (tctc) amide conformer was more favored in water due to its large dipole moment. Different conformations could be selectively stabilized by different substitutions on the proline rings. Due to the small 12-membered ring and exocyclic constraints, conformational interconversions could only occur at high temperature. The presence of seven hydrogens on each ring that could be functionalized offers an overwhelming diversity to design molecules to probe receptors. The spatial relationships of C(alpha)-C(beta) vectors of reverse turns in proteins were subjected to principal component analysis for determination of the relative orientation of the C(alpha)-C(beta) vectors. Most reverse-turn structures could be mimicked effectively with a subset of CTP scaffolds with an root-mean-square displacement (RMSD) of approximately 0.5 A. Structural diversity of CTP scaffolds could be enhanced by the incorporation of proline analogues, such as azaproline (azPro) or pipecolic (Pip), azapipecolic (azPip), nipecotic (Nip), and isonipecotic (Inp) acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Che
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Miyamoto A, Okimoto H, Shinohara H, Shibamoto Y. Development of water-soluble metallofullerenes as X-ray contrast media. Eur Radiol 2005; 16:1050-3. [PMID: 16344962 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-005-0064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes are a new carbonic allotrope having a cage structure. We investigated whether fullerenes containing one or two atoms of heavy metals could be an X-ray contrast material with little adverse effects. One or two atoms of dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), gadolinium (Gd), europium (Eu) and lutetium (Lu) were encapsulated into fullerene (C(82)), which was synthesized as a polyhydroxyl form (e.g., Gd@C(82)(OH)n, n=40, Gd - fullerenols). They were dissolved in water at maximum soluble concentrations and subjected to CT number analysis. The CT numbers of the solutions were measured using a 4- or 16-row multidetector CT scanner. The CT number of the water-soluble metallofullerenes were 56.0 HU for Dy@C(82)(OH)(40), 111.5 HU for Er@C(82)(OH)(40), 58.4 HU for Gd@C(82)(OH)(40), 100.9 HU for Eu@C(82)(OH)(40) and 23.3 HU for Lu(2)@C(82)(OH)(40). The CT numbers of the metallofullerenes investigated in the present study were not high enough to be used in the clinic in place of iodinated contrast materials. However, if nanotechnology progresses in the near future, it may prove to have a possibility as an X-ray contrast material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Miyamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
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Goverdhana S, Puntel M, Xiong W, Zirger JM, Barcia C, Curtin JF, Soffer EB, Mondkar S, King GD, Hu J, Sciascia SA, Candolfi M, Greengold DS, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Regulatable gene expression systems for gene therapy applications: progress and future challenges. Mol Ther 2005; 12:189-211. [PMID: 15946903 PMCID: PMC2676204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy aims to revert diseased phenotypes by the use of both viral and nonviral gene delivery systems. Substantial progress has been made in making gene transfer vehicles more efficient, less toxic, and nonimmunogenic and in allowing long-term transgene expression. One of the key issues in successfully implementing gene therapies in the clinical setting is to be able to regulate gene expression very tightly and consistently as and when it is needed. The regulation ought to be achievable using a compound that should be nontoxic, be able to penetrate into the desired target tissue or organ, and have a half-life of a few hours (as opposed to minutes or days) so that when withdrawn or added (depending on the regulatable system used) gene expression can be turned "on" or "off" quickly and effectively. Also, the genetic switches employed should ideally be nonimmunogenic in the host. The ability to switch transgenes on and off would be of paramount importance not only when the therapy is no longer needed, but also in the case of the development of adverse side effects to the therapy. Many regulatable systems are currently under development and some, i.e., the tetracycline-dependent transcriptional switch, have been used successfully for in vivo preclinical applications. Despite this, there are no examples of switches that have been employed in a human clinical trial. In this review, we aim to highlight the main regulatable systems currently under development, the gene transfer systems employed for their expression, and also the preclinical models in which they have been used successfully. We also discuss the substantial challenges that still remain before these regulatable switches can be employed in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - M. G. Castro
- To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Fax: +1 (310) 423 7308. E-mail:
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Ying Q, Zhang J, Liang D, Nakanishi W, Isobe H, Nakamura E, Chu B. Fractal behavior of functionalized fullerene aggregates. I. Aggregation of two-handed tetraaminofullerene with DNA. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:9824-31. [PMID: 16229498 DOI: 10.1021/la050557y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In tris-buffered saline (TBS) with a trace of dimethylformamide (DMF), the homoaggregation process of a functionalized fullerene, the two-handed tetraaminofullerene (TH), and the heteroaggregation process (complex formation) of TH with DNA (pGL3-control plasmid) were studied dynamically by using a combination of static and dynamic laser light scattering measurements. Fractal behavior was investigated in the aggregation process of both TH homoaggregates and TH-DNA heteroaggregates. The stability of aggregates in solution depends on the molar concentration ratio R(M), defined as the molar ratio of moles of TH to moles of the DNA base pair. Higher R(M) values resulted in lower aggregate stability. The transition of the fractal dimension (Df) in TH homoaggregation by rapidly mixing 3.78 microM TH with an equal volume of the blank buffer was found to vary from a value of 1.46 to 2.02. Dynamic light scattering results revealed that, in the aggregation process, the change in the size distribution of aggregates with time could be related to a Df transition. In the Df transition region, the size distribution of homoaggregates displayed a drastic change from a single-mode distribution to a bimodal distribution, which clearly suggested a restructuring process with the formation of large aggregates. When the aggregation process finally reached equilibrium, Df = 2.02, the size of the homoaggregates had a single mode but a broad distribution. However, TH-DNA heteroaggregation showed a Df transition from 1.58 to 1.7, but over a shorter time range of less than 5 min. Then, the Df value fluctuated in the range of 1.7 and finally reached an equilibrium value of Df approximately 1.78, which was independent of molar concentration. There are two main action forces involved in the heteroaggregation process: van der Waals forces and attractive electrostatic forces, with the latter one being stronger and faster than that of the former. Therefore, a two-step action could occur in the heteroaggregation process. In the beginning of mixing, the attractive electrostatic forces dictated the aggregation process, and then van der Waals forces also got involved in the entire aggregation process. By using an initial concentration of 3.78 microM each and R(M) = 1, TH-DNA heteroaggregates showed more stable solution behavior than the homoaggregates. The lower Df value of the heteroaggregates could be related to a looser compact structure. Results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also disclosed the different textures between TH homoaggregates and TH-DNA heteroaggregates; the former had a more dense packing than the latter one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicong Ying
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
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37
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Li J, Sun N, Zhang P, Guo ZX, Zhu D. Self-assembled methanofullerene vesicles and their encapsulation of pyrene. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fotins J, Smithrud DB. Creation and Investigation of Protein-Core Mimetics with Parallel and Antiparallel Aligned Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4452-9. [PMID: 15903324 DOI: 10.1021/jo0479563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mimetic protein cores were created that align a set of l-Phe, d-Phe, or l-Leu residues in a parallel or an antiparallel arrangement in chloroform. Not all cores show a single conformation at room temperature. Stable structures require a synergistic relationship between the H-bonding groups and the residues within the core. The spatial arrangement of the side chains dictates whether a zippered or a crossed pattern of H-bonds is observed for these cores. Variable-temperature (1)H NMR experiments were used to determine the strengths of the H-bonds. The existence of H-bonds was verified through FTIR spectroscopic analysis. Large temperature coefficients exist for some protons of aromatic rings that are held in a T-shaped arrangement. A comparison of these temperature coefficients shows that a more stable core is obtained by combining benzenoid and nitrobenzenoid rings as compared to benzenoid rings. Structures were determined using a combination of 2D NMR analysis and molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juris Fotins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
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39
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Abstract
The amino acid analog azaproline (azPro) contains a nitrogen atom in place of the C(alpha) of proline. Peptides containing azPro were shown to stabilize the cis-amide conformer for the acyl-azPro bond and prefer type VI beta-turns both in crystals and in organic solvents by NMR. The increased stability for cis-amide conformers was relatively minor with respect to the trans-conformers. Further, their conformational preferences were depended on solvent. To elucidate the impact of azPro substitution on amide cis-trans isomerism and peptide conformation, this paper reports ab initio studies on azPro derivatives and a comparison with their cognate Pro derivatives: 1-acetyl-2-methyl pyrrolidine (1), 1-acetyl-2-methyl pyrazolidine (2), Ac-Pro-NHMe (3), Ac-azPro-NHMe (4), Ac-azPro-NMe(2) (5), Ac-azAzc-NHMe (6), and Ac-azPip-NHMe (7). Conformational preferences were explored at the MP2/6-31+G** level of theory in vacuo. Solvation effects for 1 and 2 were studied implicitly using the polarizable continuum model and explicitly represented by interactions with a single water molecule. An increase in the conformational preference for the cis-amide conformer of azPro was clearly seen. An intramolecular hydrogen bond occurred solely in the trans-amide conformer that reduced the preference for the cis-conformer by 2.2 kcal/mol. The larger ring homolog aza-pipecolic acid (azPip), in which this internal hydrogen bond was diminished, significantly augmented stabilization of the cis-amide conformer. In aqueous solution, the preference for the cis-amide conformers was greatly reduced, mainly as a result of interaction between water and the lone pair of the alpha-nitrogen in the trans-amide conformer that was 3.8 kcal/mol greater than that in the cis-conformer. In the azPro analog, the energy barrier for cis-trans amide isomerization was 6 kcal/mol less than that in the cognate Pro derivative. Because the azPro derivatives can stabilize the cis-amide bond and mimic a type VI beta-turn without incorporation of additional steric bulk, such a simple chemical modification of the peptide backbone provides a useful conformational constraint when incorporated into the structure of selected bioactive peptides. Such modifications can scan receptors for biological recognition of reverse turns containing cis-amide bonds by the incorporation of type VI beta-turn scaffolds with oriented appended side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Che
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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40
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Azzam T, Eliyahu H, Makovitzki A, Linial M, Domb AJ. Hydrophobized dextran-spermine conjugate as potential vector for in vitro gene transfection. J Control Release 2005; 96:309-23. [PMID: 15081221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dextran polysaccharide was grafted by reductive-amination with mixtures of spermine and other natural/synthetic oligoamines of two to four amine groups. The transfection efficiencies of the polycations thus obtained were assessed in various cell lines, and found to depend on the spermine contents. Higher spermine ratios of grafted oligoamines resulted in high gene expression, whereas low to negligible expressions were obtained with lower spermine contents. The effect was explained by spermine residues which exhibit altered buffering capacity in comparison to other substituted oligoamines. Hydrophobization of dextran-spermine (D-SPM) was achieved by treating the polymer with N-hydroxysuccinimide derivatives of cholesterol and fatty acids in a mixture of water/THF. The degree of hydrophobization was in the range of 1-30% mol/mol (hydrophobic moieties/primary amine) and the coupling yields were >95% as determined by (1)H-NMR. The oleate-modified D-SPM remarkably enhanced the gene expression in serum rich media, in marked contrast to unmodified D-SPM which resulted with a drastic decrease in the transfection yields. Modified D-SPM derivatives of other fatty acids and cholesterol showed improved transfection yields in comparison to unmodified D-SPM, but to a lower extent when compared to oleate modification. The improvement in cell transfection was attributed to oleate residues which probably play a role in increasing stability and uptake of polycation-DNA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Azzam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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41
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Bittermann H, Einsiedel J, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Evaluation of Lactam-Bridged Neurotensin Analogues Adjusting ψ(Pro10) Close to the Experimentally Derived Bioactive Conformation of NT(8−13). J Med Chem 2004; 47:5587-90. [PMID: 15481995 DOI: 10.1021/jm049644y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neurotensin C-terminal hexapeptide, NT(8-13), which has been found to adopt a beta-strand-like conformation while bound to the NT1 receptor, was modified by the introduction of conformational constraints. Synthesis of the four stereoisomeric 4.4-spirolactams 1-4 and subsequent NT1 receptor binding studies showed that the restriction of psi(Pro10) to approximately 130 degrees leads to a more than 1000-fold increase of binding affinity for 1 (Ki = 12 nM) when compared to the more flexible analogue [NMeTyr11]NT(8-13).
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Bittermann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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42
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Burger C, Hao J, Ying Q, Isobe H, Sawamura M, Nakamura E, Chu B. Multilayer vesicles and vesicle clusters formed by the fullerene-based surfactant C60(CH3)5K. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 275:632-41. [PMID: 15178297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2003] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly behavior of a fullerene-based surfactant, C60(CH3)5K, in water was studied using a combination of static and dynamic light scattering, as well as transmission electron microscopy, and compared to that of the compound C60(C6H5)5K. Both fullerene surfactant systems spontaneously assemble into large vesicles consisting of closed spherical shells formed by bilayers, with critical aggregation concentrations (CAC) lower than 10(-6) g ml(-1). At low concentrations, the aggregate sizes of C60(CH3)5K (radius R approximately 26.8 nm) and C60(C6H5)5K (R approximately 17.0 nm) were found to be substantially different from each other, showing that the change of the substituents surrounding the polar cyclopentadienide head group makes it possible to control the size of the resulting aggregates. Furthermore, the C60(CH3)5K vesicles were found to exist in two qualitatively different types of aggregation with a critical reaggregation concentration (CRC) located at 3.30 x 10(-6) g ml(-1). Above the CRC, larger aggregates were observed (R approximately 37.6 nm), showing a more complex form of supramolecular aggregation, e.g., in terms of multi-bilayer vesicles and/or of clusters of bilayer vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Burger
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
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43
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Blomberg D, Hedenström M, Kreye P, Sethson I, Brickmann K, Kihlberg J. Synthesis and Conformational Studies of a β-Turn Mimetic Incorporated in Leu-enkephalin. J Org Chem 2004; 69:3500-8. [PMID: 15132562 DOI: 10.1021/jo0356863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A beta-turn mimetic in which the four amino acids of a beta-turn have been replaced by a 10-membered ring has been designed, synthesized, and subjected to conformational studies. In the mimetic, the intramolecular CO(i)-HN(i)(+3) hydrogen bond that is often found in beta-turns has been replaced by an ethylene bridge. In addition, the amide bond between residues i and i + 1 was exchanged for a methylene ether isoster. Such a beta-turn mimetic, based on the first four residues of Leu-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu), was prepared in 15 steps. The synthesis relied on a beta-azido alcohol prepared in five steps from Cbz-Tyr(tBu)-OH as a key, i-position building block. tert-Butyl bromoacetate, glycine, and a Phe-Leu dipetide were then used as building blocks for positions i + 1, i + 2, and i + 3, respectively. Conformational studies based on (1)H NMR data showed that the beta-turn mimetic was flexible, but that it resembled a type-II beta-turn at low temperature. This low energy conformer closely resembled the structure determined for crystalline Leu-enkephalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blomberg
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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44
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Mansouri S, Lavigne P, Corsi K, Benderdour M, Beaumont E, Fernandes JC. Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles as non-viral vectors in gene therapy: strategies to improve transfection efficacy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 57:1-8. [PMID: 14729076 DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(03)00155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the major drawback of gene therapy is the gene transfection rate. The two main types of vectors that are used in gene therapy are based on viral or non-viral gene delivery systems. The viral gene delivery system shows a high transfection yield but it has many disadvantages, such as oncogenic effects and immunogenicity. However, cationic polymers, like chitosan, have potential for DNA complexation and may be useful as non-viral vectors for gene therapy applications. Chitosan is a natural non-toxic polysaccharide, it is biodegradable and biocompatible, and protects DNA against DNase degradation and leads to its condensation. The objective of this paper was to summarize the state of the art in gene therapy and particularly the use of chitosan to improve the transfection efficiency in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sania Mansouri
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Orthopédie, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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45
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Yamakoshi Y, Umezawa N, Ryu A, Arakane K, Miyata N, Goda Y, Masumizu T, Nagano T. Active oxygen species generated from photoexcited fullerene (C60) as potential medicines: O2-* versus 1O2. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:12803-9. [PMID: 14558828 DOI: 10.1021/ja0355574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To characterize fullerenes (C(60) and C(70)) as photosensitizers in biological systems, the generation of active oxygen species, through energy transfer (singlet oxygen (1)O(2)) and electron transfer (reduced active oxygen radicals such as superoxide anion radical O(2)(-)* and hydroxyl radical *OH), was studied by a combination of methods, including biochemical (DNA-cleavage assay in the presence of various scavengers of active oxygen species), physicochemical (EPR radical trapping and near-infrared spectrometry), and chemical methods (nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) method). Whereas (1)O(2) was generated effectively by photoexcited C(60) in nonpolar solvents such as benzene and benzonitrile, we found that O(2)(-)* and *OH were produced instead of (1)O(2) in polar solvents such as water, especially in the presence of a physiological concentration of reductants including NADH. The above results, together with those of a DNA cleavage assay in the presence of various scavengers of specific active oxygen species, indicate that the active oxygen species primarily responsible for photoinduced DNA cleavage by C(60) under physiological conditions are reduced species such as O(2)(-)* and *OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yamakoshi
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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46
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Nakamura E, Isobe H. Functionalized fullerenes in water. The first 10 years of their chemistry, biology, and nanoscience. Acc Chem Res 2003; 36:807-15. [PMID: 14622027 DOI: 10.1021/ar030027y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes are entirely insoluble in water, but suitable functionalization makes the molecules soluble. Studies on water-soluble fullerene derivatives led to the discovery of the interaction of organofullerenes with DNA, proteins, and living cells, which was first reported in the summer of 1993. Subsequent studies have revealed interesting biological activity aspects of organofullerenes owing to their photochemistry, radical quenching, and hydrophobicity to form one- to three-dimensional supramolecular complexes. In these areas of research, synthetic organic chemistry has played an important role in the creation of tailor-made molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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47
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Harris PWR, Brimble MA, Gluckman PD. Synthesis of cyclic proline-containing peptides via ring-closing metathesis. Org Lett 2003; 5:1847-50. [PMID: 12762668 DOI: 10.1021/ol034370e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Several dienes embedded in di- and tripeptides which incorporate proline have been prepared and subjected to ring-closing metathesis. Bicyclic peptides of well-defined amide geometry and of varying ring sizes were prepared. Several limitations of the cyclization step were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W R Harris
- NeuronZ Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland, New Zealand
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48
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Nakamura M, Isobe H, Nakamura E. Cyclopropenone acetals-synthesis and reactions. Chem Rev 2003; 103:1295-326. [PMID: 12683784 DOI: 10.1021/cr0100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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49
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Abstract
Installation of two alkoxy groups on a terminal methylene of trimethylenemethane (TMM) dramatically alters the electronic state and the reactivities of the TMM. Thermolysis of a 1,1-dialkoxy-2-methylenecyclopropane generates such a TMM, which exhibits a marked singlet dipolar character. It undergoes [3 + 2] cycloadditions to a variety of electron-deficient unsaturated compounds including alkenes, alkynes, oximes, carbonyl compounds, and fullerenes and reacts with active methelene compounds and organozinc reagents as a 1,3-dipolar synthon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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50
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Guang Liu W, De Yao K. Chitosan and its derivatives--a promising non-viral vector for gene transfection. J Control Release 2002; 83:1-11. [PMID: 12220833 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a vector to ferry gene into targeted cells is the premise of improving gene-transfer efficiency. Chitosan, a naturally occurring cationic polysaccharide, has been shown to excel in transcellular transport. This attribute has been fully reflected in chitosan-mediated gene transfection systems. The objective of this review is to summarize the recent encouraging advances in unveiling the mechanism of cell entry and application of chitosan and its derivatives as novel non-viral vectors. It is our belief that researchers will uncover more truth about chitosan-based vector and realize the long-term goal of gene transfection--produce the desired clinical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guang Liu
- Research Institute of Polymeric Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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