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Abstract
This review discusses peptide epitopes used as antigens in the development of vaccines in clinical trials as well as future vaccine candidates. It covers peptides used in potential immunotherapies for infectious diseases including SARS-CoV-2, influenza, hepatitis B and C, HIV, malaria, and others. In addition, peptides for cancer vaccines that target examples of overexpressed proteins are summarized, including human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), mucin 1 (MUC1), folate receptor, and others. The uses of peptides to target cancers caused by infective agents, for example, cervical cancer caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), are also discussed. This review also provides an overview of model peptide epitopes used to stimulate non-specific immune responses, and of self-adjuvanting peptides, as well as the influence of other adjuvants on peptide formulations. As highlighted in this review, several peptide immunotherapies are in advanced clinical trials as vaccines, and there is great potential for future therapies due the specificity of the response that can be achieved using peptide epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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2
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Aaes TL, Vandenabeele P. The intrinsic immunogenic properties of cancer cell lines, immunogenic cell death, and how these influence host antitumor immune responses. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:843-860. [PMID: 33214663 PMCID: PMC7937679 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern cancer therapies often involve the combination of tumor-directed cytotoxic strategies and generation of a host antitumor immune response. The latter is unleashed by immunotherapies that activate the immune system generating a more immunostimulatory tumor microenvironment and a stronger tumor antigen-specific immune response. Studying the interaction between antitumor cytotoxic therapies, dying cancer cells, and the innate and adaptive immune system requires appropriate experimental tumor models in mice. In this review, we discuss the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive properties of cancer cell lines commonly used in immunogenic cell death (ICD) studies being apoptosis or necroptosis. We will especially focus on the antigenic component of immunogenicity. While in several cancer cell lines the epitopes of endogenously expressed tumor antigens are known, these intrinsic epitopes are rarely determined in experimental apoptotic or necroptotic ICD settings. Instead by far the most ICD research studies investigate the antigenic response against exogenously expressed model antigens such as ovalbumin or retroviral epitopes (e.g., AH1). In this review, we will argue that the immune response against endogenous tumor antigens and the immunopeptidome profile of cancer cell lines affect the eventual biological readouts in the typical prophylactic tumor vaccination type of experiments used in ICD research, and we will propose additional methods involving immunopeptidome profiling, major histocompatibility complex molecule expression, and identification of tumor-infiltrating immune cells to document intrinsic immunogenicity following different cell death modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Løve Aaes
- grid.11486.3a0000000104788040Unit for Cell Clearance in Health and Disease, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium ,grid.11486.3a0000000104788040Unit of Molecular Signaling and Cell Death, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Ling X, Han W, Jiang X, Chen X, Rodriguez M, Zhu P, Wu T, Lin W. Point-source burst of coordination polymer nanoparticles for tri-modality cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2021; 270:120690. [PMID: 33561626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, particularly the inhibition of immune checkpoints with neutralizing antibodies, has revolutionized the treatment of some cancer patients. However, immune checkpoint blockade has not provided survival benefits to most patients with colorectal and ovarian cancers. This work reports the design of acid-sensitive core-shell nanoscale coordination polymer particles (NCP) comprising a carboplatin prodrug and an siRNA against PD-L1 (siPD-L1) in the core and digitoxin on the shell for tri-modality cancer therapy. Upon cellular uptake, NCP particles rapidly burst in acidic organelles to release carboplatin for apoptosis, digitoxin for inducing immunogenicity, and siPD-L1 for PD-L1 knockdown. With long blood circulation and high tumor accumulation, NCP particles efficiently suppress the growth and metastasis of syngeneic cancers through reactivating innate and adaptive immune responses. NCP particles thus provide a promising platform to synergistically combine chemotherapy and immunotherapy for the treatment of advanced and aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ling
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Wenbo Han
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Xiaomin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Megan Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Pingping Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States; Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States.
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4
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Ringgaard L, Melander F, Eliasen R, Henriksen JR, Jølck RI, Engel TB, Bak M, Fliedner FP, Kristensen K, Elema DR, Kjaer A, Hansen AE, Andresen TL. Tumor repolarization by an advanced liposomal drug delivery system provides a potent new approach for chemo-immunotherapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/36/eaba5628. [PMID: 32917608 PMCID: PMC7473747 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment allow cancer cells to escape immune recognition and support cancer progression and dissemination. To improve therapeutic efficacy, we designed a liposomal oxaliplatin formulation (PCL8-U75) that elicits cytotoxic effects toward both cancer and immunosuppressive cells via protease-mediated, intratumoral liposome activation. The PCL8-U75 liposomes displayed superior therapeutic efficacy across all syngeneic cancer models in comparison to free-drug and liposomal controls. The PCL8-U75 depleted myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. The combination of improved cancer cell cytotoxicity and depletion of immunosuppressive populations of immune cells is attractive for combination with immune-activating therapy. Combining the PCL8-U75 liposomes with a TLR7 agonist induced immunological rejection of established tumors. This combination therapy increased intratumoral numbers of cancer antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells and Foxp3- T helper cells. These results are encouraging toward advancing liposomal drug delivery systems with anticancer and immune-modulating properties into clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ringgaard
- Department of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - F Melander
- Department of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - R Eliasen
- Department of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J R Henriksen
- Department of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - R I Jølck
- Department of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T B Engel
- Department of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M Bak
- Department of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - F P Fliedner
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Kristensen
- Department of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - D R Elema
- The Hevesy Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - A Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A E Hansen
- Department of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T L Andresen
- Department of Health Technology, Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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5
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Aaes TL, Verschuere H, Kaczmarek A, Heyndrickx L, Wiernicki B, Delrue I, De Craene B, Taminau J, Delvaeye T, Bertrand MJM, Declercq W, Berx G, Krysko DV, Adjemian S, Vandenabeele P. Immunodominant AH1 Antigen-Deficient Necroptotic, but Not Apoptotic, Murine Cancer Cells Induce Antitumor Protection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:775-787. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Jessup JM, Kabbout M, Korokhov N, Joun A, Tollefson AE, Wold WSM, Mattoo AR. Adenovirus and Oxaliplatin cooperate as agnostic sensitizers for immunogenic cell death in colorectal carcinoma. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:636-644. [PMID: 31584324 PMCID: PMC7227684 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1665960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatments with cytotoxic agents or viruses may cause Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) that immunize tumor-bearing hosts but do not cause complete regression of tumor. We postulate that combining two ICD inducers may cause durable regression in immunocompetent mice. ICD was optimized in vitro by maximizing calreticulin externalization in human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells by exposure to mixtures of Oxaliplatin (OX) and human adenovirus (AdV). Six mm diameter CT26 or 4T1 carcinomas in flanks of BALB/c mice were injected once intratumorally (IT) with OX, AdV or their mixture. Tumor growth, Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL), nodal cytotoxicity, and rejection of a viable cell challenge were measured. Tumors injected IT once with an optimum mixture of 80 µM OX - AdV 25 Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) in PBS buffer were 17-29% the volume of control tumors. When buffer was changed from PBS to 5% dextrose in water (D5W), volumes of tumors injected IT with 80 µM OX-AdV 25 MOI were 10% while IT OX or AdV alone were 32% and 40% the volume of IT buffer-treated tumors. OX-AdV IT increased CD3+ TIL by 4-fold, decreased CD8+ PD-1+ TIL from 79% to 19% and induced cytotoxicity to CT26 cells in draining node lymphocytes while lymphocytes from CT26-bearing untreated mice were not cytotoxic. OX-AdV IT in D5W caused complete regression in 40% of mice. Long-term survivors rejected a contralateral challenge of CT26. The buffer for Oxaliplatin is critical. The two ICD inducer mixture is promising as an agnostic sensitizer for carcinomas like colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Milburn Jessup
- Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA, USA.,School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Mohamed Kabbout
- Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA, USA.,School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | - Alex Joun
- Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA, USA.,School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ann E Tollefson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William S M Wold
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abid R Mattoo
- Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA, USA.,School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Jacoberger-Foissac C, Saliba H, Seguin C, Brion A, Kakhi Z, Frisch B, Fournel S, Heurtault B. Optimization of peptide-based cancer vaccine compositions, by sequential screening, using versatile liposomal platform. Int J Pharm 2019; 562:342-350. [PMID: 30880104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines need thoughtful design to efficiently deliver appropriate antigens and adjuvants to the immune system. In the current study, we took advantage of the versatility of a liposomal platform to conceive and customize vaccines containing three elements needed for the induction of efficient antitumor immunity: i) a CD4 epitope peptide able to activate CD4+ T helper cells, ii) a CD8 tumor-specific epitope peptide recognized by CD8+ T cytotoxic cells and iii) Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) agonists which stand as adjuvants. Each type of component, conjugated to liposomes, was evaluated individually by comparing their vaccine efficacy after immunization of naïve mice. These screening steps resulted in the optimization of three liposomal constructs bearing a peptide from HA influenza virus protein as CD4 epitope, a peptide from HPV16 E7 oncoprotein as CD8 epitope and TLR4, TLR2/6 or NOD1 agonists as adjuvant, which displayed antitumor efficiency against a mouse model of disseminated tumors transformed by HPV16. Our results validated the interest of our customizable liposomal platform as delivery system for cancer vaccination. We also demonstrated its interest as tool for vaccine design allowing the strategical selection of components, and the evaluation of epitope-adjuvant association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Jacoberger-Foissac
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Hanadi Saliba
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Cendrine Seguin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Anaïs Brion
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Zahra Kakhi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Benoît Frisch
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Fournel
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Heurtault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
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Zhang R, Billingsley MM, Mitchell MJ. Biomaterials for vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2018; 292:256-276. [PMID: 30312721 PMCID: PMC6355332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic cancer vaccines as a means to generate immune reactivity against tumors has been explored since the early discovery of tumor-specific antigens by Georg Klein in the 1960s. However, challenges including weak immunogenicity, systemic toxicity, and off-target effects of cancer vaccines remain as barriers to their broad clinical translation. Advances in the design and implementation of biomaterials are now enabling enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity of cancer vaccines by controlling the presentation and release of vaccine components to immune cells and their microenvironment. Here, we discuss the rational design and clinical status of several classes of cancer vaccines (including DNA, mRNA, peptide/protein, and cell-based vaccines) along with novel biomaterial-based delivery technologies that improve their safety and efficacy. Further, strategies for designing new platforms for personalized cancer vaccines are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Margaret M Billingsley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Probst P, Stringhini M, Ritz D, Fugmann T, Neri D. Antibody-based Delivery of TNF to the Tumor Neovasculature Potentiates the Therapeutic Activity of a Peptide Anticancer Vaccine. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:698-709. [PMID: 30327303 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a growing interest in the use of tumor antigens for therapeutic vaccination strategies. Unfortunately, in most cases, the use of peptide vaccines in patients does not mediate shrinkage of solid tumor masses.Experimental Design: Here, we studied the opportunity to boost peptide vaccination with F8-TNF, an antibody fusion protein that selectively delivers TNF to the tumor extracellular matrix. AH1, a model antigen to investigate CD8+ T-cell immunity in BALB/c mice, was used as vaccine. RESULTS Peptide antigens alone exhibited only a modest tumor growth inhibition. However, anticancer activity could be substantially increased by combination with F8-TNF. Analysis of T cells in tumors and in draining lymph nodes revealed a dramatic expansion of AH1-specific CD8+ T cells, which were strongly positive for PD-1, LAG-3, and TIM-3. The synergistic anticancer activity, observed in the combined use of peptide vaccination and F8-TNF, was largely due to the ability of the fusion protein to induce a rapid hemorrhagic necrosis in the tumor mass, thus leaving few residual tumor cells. While the cell surface phenotype of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells did not substantially change upon treatment, the proportion of AH1-specific T cells was strongly increased in the combination therapy group, reaching more than 50% of the CD8+ T cells within the tumor mass. CONCLUSIONS Because both peptide vaccination strategies and tumor-homing TNF fusion proteins are currently being studied in clinical trials, our study provides a rationale for the combination of these 2 regimens for the treatment of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Probst
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Stringhini
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland.
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Yang WC, Sun HW, Sun HQ, Yuan HM, Li B, Li HB, Hu J, Yang Y, Zou QM, Guo H, Wu C, Chen L. Intranasal immunization with immunodominant epitope peptides derived from HpaA conjugated with CpG adjuvant protected mice against Helicobacter pylori infection. Vaccine 2018; 36:6301-6306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Reginald K, Chan Y, Plebanski M, Poh CL. Development of Peptide Vaccines in Dengue. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:1157-1173. [PMID: 28914200 PMCID: PMC6040172 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170913163904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is one of the most important arboviral infections worldwide, infecting up to 390 million people and causing 25,000 deaths annually. Although a licensed dengue vaccine is available, it is not efficacious against dengue serotypes that infect people living in South East Asia, where dengue is an endemic disease. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop an efficient dengue vaccine for this region. Data from different clinical trials indicate that a successful dengue vaccine must elicit both neutralizing antibodies and cell mediated immunity. This can be achieved by designing a multi-epitope peptide vaccine comprising B, CD8+ and CD4+ T cell epitopes. As recognition of T cell epitopes are restricted by human leukocyte antigens (HLA), T cell epitopes which are able to recognize several major HLAs will be preferentially included in the vaccine design. While peptide vaccines are safe, biocompatible and cost-effective, it is poorly immunogenic. Strategies to improve its immunogenicity by the use of long peptides, adjuvants and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chit Laa Poh
- Address correspondence to this author at the Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 5 Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Tel: +60-3-7491 8622 ext. 7338; E-mail:
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12
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Lozano T, Soldevilla MM, Casares N, Villanueva H, Bendandi M, Lasarte JJ, Pastor F. Targeting inhibition of Foxp3 by a CD28 2'-Fluro oligonucleotide aptamer conjugated to P60-peptide enhances active cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2016; 91:73-80. [PMID: 26999456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The specific inhibition of Treg function has long been a major technical challenge in cancer immunotherapy. So far no single cell-surface marker has been identified that could be used to distinguish Treg cells from other lymphocytes. The only available specific marker mostly expressed in Treg is Foxp3, which is an intracellular transcription factor. A targeting molecule able to penetrate the membrane and inhibit Foxp3 within the cell is needed. P60-peptide is able to do that, but due to lack of target specificity, the doses are extremely high. In this study we have shown as a proof of concept that P60 Foxp3 inhibitor peptide can be conjugated with a CD28 targeting aptamer to deliver the peptide to CD28-expressing cells. The AptCD28-P60 construct is a clinically feasible reagent that improves the efficacy of the unconjugated P60 peptide very significantly. This approach was used to inhibit Treg function in a vaccination context, and it has shown a significant improvement in the induced immune response, entailing a lower tumor load in an antigen-specific cancer vaccine protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lozano
- Program Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez Soldevilla
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Program of Molecular Therapies, Aptamer Unit, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Program Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Helena Villanueva
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Program of Molecular Therapies, Aptamer Unit, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maurizio Bendandi
- Ross University School of Medicine, PO Box 266, Roseau, Portsmouth, Dominica
| | - Juan Jose Lasarte
- Program Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Pastor
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Program of Molecular Therapies, Aptamer Unit, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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13
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Zarnani AH, Torabi-Rahvar M, Bozorgmehr M, Zareie M, Mojtabavi N. Improved Efficacy of a Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccine against a Murine Model of Colon Cancer: The Helper Protein Effect. Cancer Res Treat 2014; 47:518-26. [PMID: 25648091 PMCID: PMC4506100 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2013.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Targeted immunotherapy using dendritic cells (DCs) has been employed in numerous investigations aiming at combating neoplasms. We previously showed that copulsing of an antigen with a helper protein could considerably enhance antigen presenting capacity of ex vivo–generated DCs. In this study, we attempted to administer an effective treatment in a murine model of colon cancer with DCs pulsed with the mixture of a tumor-specific gp70-derived peptide (AH1) and a helper protein, ovalbumin (OVA). Materials and Methods First, the presence of gp70 in CT26 tumor cells and tumor tissues was verified using immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. Next, DCs were purified from normal mice, loaded ex vivowith AH1 and OVA (DC-Pep-OVA), and injected into tumor-bearing mice. Tumor volume, in vitro antigen (Ag)-specific proliferation of splenic cells, and survival rate were measured to determine the efficacy of DC-Pep-OVA. As the control groups, tumor-bearing mice were vaccinated with DC-Pep, unpulsed DC, and DCs loaded with a mixture of OVA and an irrelevant peptide (P15), or were not vaccinated at all. Results DC-Pep-OVA showed superior efficacy over other groups, as indicated by smaller tumor volume, higher Ag-specific proliferation rate of splenic cells, and prolonged survival. Conclusion Overall, in the present study we showed for the first time that DCs copulsed with AH1 (tumor Ag) and OVA (helper molecule) could be considered as potentially robust weapons for use in future antitumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahmood Bozorgmehr
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehri Zareie
- Independent Research Consultant, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nazanin Mojtabavi
- Department of Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Anti‐metastatic immunotherapy based on mucosal administration of flagellin and immunomodulatory P10. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:86-98. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Kasamatsu J, Takahashi S, Azuma M, Matsumoto M, Morii-Sakai A, Imamura M, Teshima T, Takahashi A, Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Sato N, Seya T. PolyI:C and mouse survivin artificially embedding human 2B peptide induce a CD4+ T cell response to autologous survivin in HLA-A*2402 transgenic mice. Immunobiology 2014; 220:74-82. [PMID: 25257859 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cell effectors are crucial for establishing antitumor immunity. Dendritic cell maturation by immune adjuvants appears to facilitate subset-specific CD4(+) T cell proliferation, but the adjuvant effect for CD4 T on induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is largely unknown. Self-antigenic determinants with low avidity are usually CD4 epitopes in mutated proteins with tumor-associated class I-antigens (TAAs). In this study, we made a chimeric version of survivin, a target of human CTLs. The chimeric survivin, where human survivin-2B containing a TAA was embedded in the mouse survivin frame (MmSVN2B), was used to immunize HLA-A-2402/K(b)-transgenic (HLA24(b)-Tg) mice. Subcutaneous administration of MmSVN2B or xenogeneic human survivin (control HsSNV2B) to HLA24(b)-Tg mice failed to induce an immune response without co-administration of an RNA adjuvant polyI:C, which was required for effector induction in vivo. Although HLA-A-2402/K(b) presented the survivin-2B peptide in C57BL/6 mice, 2B-specific tetramer assays showed that no CD8(+) T CTLs specific to survivin-2B proliferated above the detection limit in immunized mice, even with polyI:C treatment. However, the CD4(+) T cell response, as monitored by IFN-γ, was significantly increased in mice given polyI:C+MmSVN2B. The Th1 response and antibody production were enhanced in the mice with polyI:C. The CD4 epitope responsible for effector function was not Hs/MmSNV13-27, a nonconserved region between human and mouse survivin, but region 53-67, which was identical between human and mouse survivin. These results suggest that activated, self-reactive CD4(+) helper T cells proliferate in MmSVN2B+polyI:C immunization and contribute to Th1 polarization followed by antibody production, but hardly participate in CTL induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kasamatsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shojiro Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Azuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akiko Morii-Sakai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Imamura
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akari Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuoh-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuoh-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuoh-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuoh-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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16
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Llopiz D, Huarte E, Ruiz M, Bezunartea J, Belsúe V, Zabaleta A, Lasarte JJ, Prieto J, Borrás-Cuesta F, Sarobe P. Helper cell-independent antitumor activity of potent CD8 + T cell epitope peptide vaccines is dependent upon CD40L. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e27009. [PMID: 24498563 PMCID: PMC3897504 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide vaccines derived from CD8+ T-cell epitopes have shown variable efficacy in cancer patients. Thus, some peptide vaccines are capable of activating CD8+ T-cell responses, even in the absence of CD4+ T-cell epitopes or dendritic cell (DC)-activating adjuvants. However, the mechanisms underlying the clinical activity of these potent peptides are poorly understood. Using CT26 and ovalbumin-expressing B16 murine allograft tumor models, we found that the antitumor effect of helper cell-independent CD8 T-cell peptide vaccines is inhibited by the blockade of CD40 ligand (CD40L) in vivo. Furthermore, in vitro stimulation with antigenic peptides of cells derived from immunized mice induced the expression of CD40L on the surface of CD8+ T cells and fostered DC maturation, an effect that was partially inhibited by CD40L-blocking antibodies. Interestingly, CD40L blockade also inhibited CD8+ T-cell responses, even in the presence of fully mature DCs, suggesting a role for CD40L not only in promoting DC maturation but also in mediating CD8+ T-cell co-stimulation. Importantly, these potent peptides share features with bona fide CD4 epitopes, since they foster responses against less immunogenic CD8+ T-cell epitopes in a CD40L-dependent manner. The analysis of peptides used for the vaccination of cancer patients in clinical trials showed that these peptides also induce the expression of CD40L on the surface of CD8+ T cells. Taken together, these results suggest that CD40L expression induced by potent CD8+ T-cell epitopes can activate antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses, potentially amplifying the immunological responses to less immunogenic CD8+ T-cell epitopes and bypassing the requirement for CD4+ helper T cells in vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Llopiz
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy; Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA); University of Navarra; Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Huarte
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy; Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA); University of Navarra; Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy; Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA); University of Navarra; Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jaione Bezunartea
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy; Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA); University of Navarra; Pamplona, Spain
| | - Virginia Belsúe
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy; Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA); University of Navarra; Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aintzane Zabaleta
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy; Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA); University of Navarra; Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan J Lasarte
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy; Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA); University of Navarra; Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy; Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA); University of Navarra; Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco Borrás-Cuesta
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy; Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA); University of Navarra; Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Sarobe
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy; Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA); University of Navarra; Pamplona, Spain
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17
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Buhrman JD, Slansky JE. Improving T cell responses to modified peptides in tumor vaccines. Immunol Res 2013; 55:34-47. [PMID: 22936035 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune recognition and elimination of cancerous cells is the primary goal of cancer immunotherapy. However, obstacles including immune tolerance and tumor-induced immunosuppression often limit beneficial immune responses. Vaccination is one proposed intervention that may help to overcome these issues and is an active area of study in cancer immunotherapy. Immunizing with tumor antigenic peptides is a promising, straight-forward vaccine strategy hypothesized to boost preexisting antitumor immunity. However, tumor antigens are often weak T cell agonists, attributable to several mechanisms, including immune self-tolerance and poor immunogenicity of self-derived tumor peptides. One strategy for overcoming these mechanisms is vaccination with mimotopes, or peptide mimics of tumor antigens, which alter the antigen presentation and/or T cell activation to increase the expansion of tumor-specific T cells. Evaluation of mimotope vaccine strategies has revealed that even subtle alterations in peptide sequence can dramatically alter antigen presentation and T cell receptor recognition. Most of this research has been performed using T cell clones, which may not be accurate representations of the naturally occurring antitumor response. The relationship between clones generated after mimotope vaccination and the polyclonal T cell repertoire is unclear. Our work with mimotopes in a mouse model of colon carcinoma has revealed important insights into these issues. We propose that the identification of mimotopes based on stimulation of the naturally responding T cell repertoire will dramatically improve the efficacy of mimotope vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Buhrman
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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18
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Expressing human interleukin-15 from oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus improves survival in a murine metastatic colon adenocarcinoma model through the enhancement of anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 19:238-46. [PMID: 22158521 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we sought to enhance the potency of an oncolytic virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), by inserting a transgene encoding a highly secreted version of human interleukin-15 (IL-15). IL-15 has shown promise as an immunotherapeutic cytokine, as it is able to enhance both natural killer (NK) and T-cell responses, but it has not yet been tested as a therapeutic transgene in the context of viral oncolysis. The transgene was modified to ensure enhanced secretion of IL-15 from infected cells, leading to strong localized expression from infected CT-26 tumors in vivo. This localized expression in the tumor microenvironment led to a clear enhancement to anti-tumoral T-cell responses and enhanced survival, while additional IL-15 administration systemically failed to further enhance the therapy. Overall, the transient localized expression of IL-15 in the tumour by an oncolytic virus was able to induce stronger anti-tumoral immunity in a murine model of colon carcinoma.
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19
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Cancer vaccines. Any future? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 59:249-59. [PMID: 21644030 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea that vaccination can be used to fight cancer is not new. Approximately 100 years ago, researchers attempted to stimulate a tumor-specific, therapeutic immune response to tumors by injecting patients with cells and extracts from their own tumors, or tumors of the same type from different individuals. During the last decade, great efforts have been made to develop immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of malignant diseases as alternatives to traditional chemo- and radiotherapy. A quintessential goal of immunotherapy in cancer is treatment with vaccines that elicit potent anti-tumor immune responses without side effects. In this article, we have attempted to review some of the most problematic issues facing the development of cancer vaccines. With the prospect of immunosuppression, an ill-designed cancer vaccine can be more harmful than a no-benefit therapy. We have noted that "immunoediting" and "immunodominance" are the premier setbacks in peptide-based vaccines and therefore it appears necessary not only to manipulate the activity of a vast number of principal components but also to finely tune their concentrations in time and space. In the face of all these quandaries, it is at least doubtful that any reliable anti-cancer vaccine strategy will emerge in the near future.
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20
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Dubrot J, Portero A, Orive G, Hernández RM, Palazón A, Rouzaut A, Perez-Gracia JL, Hervás-Stubbs S, Pedraz JL, Melero I. Delivery of immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies by encapsulated hybridoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1621-31. [PMID: 20607237 PMCID: PMC11030103 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies are immunoglobulins directed toward surface proteins of immune system cells that augment the immune response against cancer in a novel therapeutic fashion. Exogenous administration of the recombinant humanized immunoglobulins is being tested in clinical trials with agents of this kind directed at a variety of immune-controlling molecular targets. In this study, the encapsulation of antibody-producing hybridoma cells was tested in comparison with the systemic administration of monoclonal antibodies. Hybridomas producing anti-CD137 and anti-OX40 mAb were encapsulated in alginate to generate microcapsules containing viable cells that secrete antibody. Immobilized cells in vitro were able to release the rat immunoglobulin produced by the hybridomas into the supernatant. Microcapsules were implanted by injection into the subcutaneous tissue of mice and thereby provided a platform for viable secreting cells, which lasted for more than 1 week. The pharmacokinetic profile of the rat monoclonal antibodies following microcapsule implantation was similar to that attained following an intraperitoneal administration of the purified antibodies. The rat-mouse hybridoma cells did not engraft as tumors in immunocompetent mice, while they lethally xenografted in immunodeficient mice, if not microencapsulated. The antitumor therapeutic activity of the strategy was studied on established CT26 colon carcinomas resulting in complete tumor eradication in an elevated fraction of cases and strong tumor-specific CTL responses with either anti-CD137 or anti-OX40 producing hybridomas, thus offering proof of the concept. This form of administration permitted combinations of more than one immunostimulatory monoclonal antibody to exploit the synergistic effects such as those known to be displayed by anti-CD137 and anti-OX40 mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Dubrot
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIMA. Av. Pio XII, 55 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aitziber Portero
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, SLFPB-EHU, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, SLFPB-EHU, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Rosa María Hernández
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, SLFPB-EHU, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Asis Palazón
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIMA. Av. Pio XII, 55 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Rouzaut
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIMA. Av. Pio XII, 55 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Hervás-Stubbs
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIMA. Av. Pio XII, 55 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, SLFPB-EHU, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIMA. Av. Pio XII, 55 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Clinica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Ohkusu-Tsukada K, Toda M, Udono H, Kawakami Y, Takahashi K. Targeted inhibition of IL-10-secreting CD25- Treg via p38 MAPK suppression in cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1011-21. [PMID: 20127675 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-induced immunotolerance mediated by inducible Treg (iTreg) is a major obstacle to cancer immunotherapy. In a basic study of immunotolerance, injection of an endogenous superantigen, i.e. the minor lymphocyte stimulatory (Mls)-1(a), into specific TCR Vbeta8.1-Tg mice enabled generation of anergic CD25(-) iTreg, the immunosuppressive function of which was maintained by IL-10 production via p38-MAPK activation. Interestingly, although p38-chemical inhibitor (p38-inhibitor) is capable of breaking CD25(-) iTreg-induced immunotolerance, the p38-inhibitor had hardly any immunotolerance breaking effect when CD25(+) Treg were present, suggesting that depletion of CD25(+) Treg is necessary for p38-inhibitor to be effective. Peptide OVA(323-339) iv.-injection into its specific TCR-Tg (OT-II) mice also induced adaptive tolerance by iTreg. Peptide immunotherapy with p38-inhibitor after CD25(+) Treg-depletion was performed in an OVA-expressing lymphoma E.G7-bearing tolerant model established by adoptive transfer of OT-II CD25(-) iTreg, which resulted in suppression of tumor growth. Similarly, the antitumor immunity induced by peptide immunotherapy in colon carcinoma CT26-bearing mice, in which the number of IL-10-secreting iTreg is increased, was augmented by treatment with p38-inhibitor after CD25(+) Treg-depletion and resulted in inhibition of tumor progression. These results suggest that simultaneous inhibition of two distinct Treg-functions may be important to the success of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Ohkusu-Tsukada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life-science University (NVLU), Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Takeshima T, Chamoto K, Wakita D, Ohkuri T, Togashi Y, Shirato H, Kitamura H, Nishimura T. Local radiation therapy inhibits tumor growth through the generation of tumor-specific CTL: its potentiation by combination with Th1 cell therapy. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2697-706. [PMID: 20215523 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the primary treatment modalities for cancer along with chemotherapy and surgical therapy. The main mechanism of the tumor reduction after irradiation has been considered to be damage to the tumor DNA. However, we found that tumor-specific CTL, which were induced in the draining lymph nodes (DLN) and tumor tissue of tumor-bearing mice, play a crucial role in the inhibition of tumor growth by radiation. Indeed, the therapeutic effect of irradiation was almost completely abolished in tumor-bearing mice by depleting CD8(+) T cells through anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody administration. In mice whose DLN were surgically ablated or genetically defective (Aly/Aly mice), the generation of tetramer(+) tumor-specific CTL at the tumor site was greatly reduced in parallel with the attenuation of the radiation-induced therapeutic effect against the tumor. This indicates that DLN are essential for the activation and accumulation of radiation-induced CTL, which are essential for inhibition of the tumor. A combined therapy of local radiation with Th1 cell therapy augmented the generation of tumor-specific CTL at the tumor site and induced a complete regression of the tumor, although radiation therapy alone did not exhibit such a pronounced therapeutic effect. Thus, we conclude that the combination treatment of local radiation therapy and Th1 cell therapy is a rational strategy to augment antitumor activity mediated by tumor-specific CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuguhide Takeshima
- Department of Radiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Mutual helper effect in copulsing of dendritic cells with 2 antigens: a novel approach for improvement of dendritic-based vaccine efficacy against tumors and infectious diseases simultaneously. J Immunother 2009; 32:325-32. [PMID: 19342973 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31819aa31e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To develop an efficient dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy protocol, we examined whether simultaneous pulsing of DCs with a given antigen and a third-party antigen could enhance their antigen presentation capacity. Purified splenic DCs of Balb/c mice were pulsed separately with immunoglobulin G, ovalbumin, conalbumin, P15 peptide of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and prostate-specific antigen or double combinations of the aforementioned antigens. In some settings, DCs pulsed with 1 antigen were mixed equally with those pulsed with another antigen. Antigen-pulsed DCs were injected into the footpad of syngeneic mice and proliferation of whole, CD4 and CD8 depleted lymph node cells was measured after restimulation with cognate antigen. Antigen-specific production of interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) was tested in culture supernatants. Frequency of responding lymph node cells was determined by IFNgamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. Our results showed that copulsing of DCs with 2 unrelated antigens increased the capacity of DCs to induce antigen-specific T-cell proliferation against both antigens up to 16-fold. Injection of 2 populations of DCs each pulsed with a different antigen, increased proliferation of primed T cells significantly as well. Both CD4 and CD8 depleted populations showed vigorous proliferative response in copulsing system. In addition, copulsing of DCs with 2 antigens resulted in higher frequency of antigen-specific responding cells and significantly more IFNgamma production. Our results clearly showed that unrelated peptides and proteins could be used to enhance efficacy of DC-based vaccines and in this system, each antigen served to help the other one, a condition that we termed as "mutual helper effect."
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Durántez M, López-Vázquez AB, de Cerio ALD, Huarte E, Casares N, Prieto J, Borrás-Cuesta F, Lasarte JJ, Sarobe P. Induction of multiepitopic and long-lasting immune responses against tumour antigens by immunization with peptides, DNA and recombinant adenoviruses expressing minigenes. Scand J Immunol 2008; 69:80-9. [PMID: 19144076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of immunization strategies to induce strong and multiepitopic T-cell responses against tumour antigens is needed for anti-tumour immunotherapy. However, a common finding after immunization with complex antigens is the preferential induction of immune responses against immunodominant epitopes. In this study, with the aim of inducing multiepitopic responses against several common tumour antigens, we have designed a minigene construct encoding four human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted epitopes belonging to tumour antigens CEA (CEA-691 and CEA-571), MAGE2 (MAGE2-157) and MAGE3 (MAGE3-112), as well as the universal PADRE epitope recognized by T helper lymphocytes. To optimize the activation of immune responses against these epitopes, we have used different antigen formats (short peptides encompassing individual epitopes and DNA plasmids or adenoviral constructs expressing the minigene) in single or combined immunization schedules. A single immunization with either DNA plasmid or recombinant adenovirus induced a monospecific immune response against the immunodominant epitope CEA-571, whereas immunization with the peptide pool induced responses against all epitopes. Combination of peptide priming followed by a boost with the plasmid and the recombinant adenovirus expressing the minigene induced stronger, multi-specific and long-lasting immune responses, overcoming the immunodominance imposed by the main T-cell epitope. Moreover, these combined immunization strategies were able to induce responses that were able to recognize Mel624 HLA-A2+ tumour cells expressing MAGE2. These results suggest that heterologous immunization strategies combining peptides and DNA or recombinant adenoviruses can be useful to broaden the specificity and enhance the efficacy of subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Durántez
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Gil-Guerrero L, Dotor J, Huibregtse IL, Casares N, López-Vázquez AB, Rudilla F, Riezu-Boj JI, López-Sagaseta J, Hermida J, Van Deventer S, Bezunartea J, Llopiz D, Sarobe P, Prieto J, Borrás-Cuesta F, Lasarte JJ. In Vitro and In Vivo Down-Regulation of Regulatory T Cell Activity with a Peptide Inhibitor of TGF-β1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:126-35. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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Caserta S, Alessi P, Guarnerio J, Basso V, Mondino A. Synthetic CD4+ T cell-targeted antigen-presenting cells elicit protective antitumor responses. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3010-8. [PMID: 18413771 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) helper T cells are critical for protective immune responses and yet suboptimally primed in response to tumors. Cell-based vaccination strategies are under evaluation in clinical trials but limited by the need to derive antigen-presenting cells (APC) from patients or compatible healthy donors. To overcome these limitations, we developed CD4(+) T cell-targeted synthetic microbead-based artificial APC (aAPC) and used them to activate CD4(+) T lymphocytes specific for a tumor-associated model antigen (Ag) directly from the naive repertoire. In vitro, aAPC specifically primed Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells that were activated to express high levels of CD44, produced mainly interleukin 2, and could differentiate into Th1-like or Th2-like cells in combination with polarizing cytokines. I.v. administration of aAPC led to Ag-specific CD4(+) T-cell activation and proliferation in secondary lymphoid organs, conferred partial protection against subcutaneous tumors, and prevented the establishment of lung metastasis. Taken together, our data support the use of cell-free, synthetic aAPC as a specific and versatile alternative to expand peptide-specific CD4(+) T cells in adoptive and active immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Caserta
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Melief CJM, van der Burg SH. Immunotherapy of established (pre)malignant disease by synthetic long peptide vaccines. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:351-60. [PMID: 18418403 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This Review deals with recent progress in the immunotherapy of established (pre)malignant disease of viral or non-viral origin by synthetic vaccines capable of inducing robust T-cell responses. The most attractive vaccine compounds are synthetic long peptides (SLP) corresponding to the sequence of tumour viral antigens or tumour-associated non-viral antigens. Crucial to induction of therapeutic T-cell immunity is the capacity of SLP to deliver specific cargo to professional antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells (DC)). Proper DC activation then induces the therapeutic CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses that are associated with regression of established (pre)malignant lesions, including those induced by high-risk human papilloma virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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28
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Bhutia SK, Maiti TK. Targeting tumors with peptides from natural sources. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:210-7. [PMID: 18295917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-based therapies offer the potential for non-genotoxic, genotype-specific alternatives, or adjuvants, to the current range of traditional cancer treatments. Such a patient-tailored cancer-cell-directed therapeutic approach should have fewer side effects and could well be more effective than the current drug- or combination-based regimens. Here, we review the potential of novel natural anticancer peptides such as necrotic peptides, apoptotic peptides, function-blocking peptides, antiangiogenic peptides and immunostimulatory peptides in the context of their ability to induce tumor regression. We focus on the therapeutic prospects of anticancer peptides and their possible application in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit K Bhutia
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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29
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Li W, Cui H, Meng FQ, Chang XH, Zhang G, Liu B, Li ZH. New T cell epitopes identified from an anti-idiotypic antibody mimicking ovarian cancer associated antigen. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:143-54. [PMID: 17618437 PMCID: PMC11030613 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anti-idiotype (Id) antibodies can be used to induce specific cellular immune responses against tumor antigens, but the mechanism of antigenicity is not always clear. We previously reported an anti-Id antibody, 6B11, which mimics human ovarian cancer associated antigen OC166-9. To explore the molecular basis of cellular immune response induced by 6B11, a panel of peptides derived from complementarity determining region (CDR) of 6B11 were synthesized. After a series of immunologic experiments, we found that the light chain CDR3 peptide and heavy chain CDR3 peptide were the MHC class I and class II epitopes of 6B11, respectively. The combination of MHC class I and class II epitopes is more effective than 6B11 in inducing specific cellular immune response against ovarian cancer. Our study provided the structural basis of antigenicity of 6B11. The identification of antigen-specific T cell eptitopes in 6B11 should facilitate the design of epitope-based vaccine against human ovarian cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/chemistry
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Complementarity Determining Regions/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II
- Humans
- Molecular Mimicry/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Gynecologic Oncology Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, 11 Xi Zhi Men South Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Cui
- Gynecologic Oncology Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, 11 Xi Zhi Men South Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Fan-Qiang Meng
- Department 2 of General Surgery, Beijing China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 2 Ying Hua East Street, Chao Yang District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Chang
- Gynecologic Oncology Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, 11 Xi Zhi Men South Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Guo Zhang
- Gynecologic Oncology Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, 11 Xi Zhi Men South Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1601 USA
| | - Zi-Hai Li
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1601 USA
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30
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31
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Ambrosino E, Terabe M, Halder RC, Peng J, Takaku S, Miyake S, Yamamura T, Kumar V, Berzofsky JA. Cross-regulation between type I and type II NKT cells in regulating tumor immunity: a new immunoregulatory axis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5126-36. [PMID: 17911598 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Negative immunoregulation is a major barrier to successful cancer immunotherapy. The NKT cell is known to be one such regulator. In this study we explored the roles of and interaction between the classical type I NKT cell and the poorly understood type II NKT cell in the regulation of tumor immunity. Selective stimulation of type II NKT cells suppressed immunosurveillance, whereas stimulation of type I NKT cells protected against tumor growth even when responses were relatively skewed toward Th2 cytokines. When both were stimulated simultaneously, type II NKT cells appeared to suppress the activation in vitro and protective effect in vivo of type I NKT cells. In the absence of type I, suppression by type II NKT cells increased, suggesting that type I cells reduce the suppressive effect of type II NKT cells. Thus, in tumor immunity type I and type II NKT cells have opposite and counteractive roles and define a new immunoregulatory axis. Alteration of the balance between the protective type I and the suppressive type II NKT cell may be exploited for therapeutic intervention in cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Female
- Fibrosarcoma/immunology
- Fibrosarcoma/prevention & control
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Killer Cells, Natural/classification
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/classification
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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32
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Voutsas IF, Gritzapis AD, Mahaira LG, Salagianni M, Hofe EV, Kallinteris NL, Baxevanis CN. Induction of potent CD4+ T cell-mediated antitumor responses by a helper HER-2/neu peptide linked to the Ii-Key moiety of the invariant chain. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2031-2041. [PMID: 17634957 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Ii-Key fragment from the MHC class II-associated invariant chain (or Ii protein) has been shown to facilitate direct charging of MHC class II epitopes to the peptide binding groove. The purpose of the present study was to test the potential of a series of Ii-Key/HER-2/neu776-790 hybrid peptides to generate increased frequencies of peptide-specific CD4+ T cells over the native peptide in mice transgenic (Tg) for a chimeric human mouse class II molecule (DR4-IE) (H-2b) as well as their antitumor potency. Following in vivo priming, such hybrid peptides induced increased proliferation and frequencies of IFN-gamma producing CD4+ T cells in response to either syngeneic dendritic cells pulsed with native peptide, or HLA-DR4+ human tumor cell lines expressing HER-2/neu. Hybrid peptides were more stable in an off-rate kinetics assay compared to the native peptide. In addition, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells from hybrid peptide immunized DR4-IE Tg mice synergized with HER-2/neu(435-443)-specific CD8+ T cells from HLA-A2.1 Tg HHD (H-2b) mice in producing antitumor immunity into SCID mice xenografted with the HER-2/neu+, HLA-A2.1+ and HLA-DR4+ FM3 human melanoma cell line. High proportions of these adoptively transferred HER-2/neu peptide-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrated FM3-induced tumors (tumor infiltrating lymphocytes; TIL) in SCID mice. CD8+ TIL exhibited long-lasting antitumor activity when cotransferred with CD4+ TIL, inducing regression of FM3 tumors in a group of untreated, tumor-bearing SCID mice, following adoptive transfer. Our data show that Ii-Key modified HER-2/neu776-790 hybrid peptides are sufficiently potent to provide antigen-specific CD4+ TH cells with therapeutic antitumor activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis F Voutsas
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos D Gritzapis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Louisa G Mahaira
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Salagianni
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Eric von Hofe
- Antigen Express Inc., Biotech III, One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA
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33
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Arina A, Murillo O, Hervás-Stubbs S, Azpilikueta A, Dubrot J, Tirapu I, Huarte E, Alfaro C, Pérez-Gracia JL, González-Aseguinolaza G, Sarobe P, Lasarte JJ, Jamieson A, Prieto J, Raulet DH, Melero I. The combined actions of NK and T lymphocytes are necessary to reject an EGFP+ mesenchymal tumor through mechanisms dependent on NKG2D and IFN gamma. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:1282-95. [PMID: 17520674 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Better understanding of the mechanisms that mediate spontaneous immune rejections ought to be important in the quest for improvements in immunotherapy of cancer. A set of intraperitoneal tumors of mesenchymal origin that had been chemically induced in ubiquitously expressing EGFP transgenic mice provided a model in which both T and NK cells were absolutely required for tumor rejection. Tumor cells were traceable because of being fluorescent and readily grafted in RAG1(-/-) immunodeficient mice, whereas they were rejected in a majority of syngeneic C57BL/6 and EGFP-transgenic mice. Tumor-cell clones with the highest EGFP expression tended to be rejected, but a direct involvement of EGFP as the antigen recognized for the immune rejections was ruled out. Rejections were absolutely dependent on NK cells as well as on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes according to selective depletion studies. Furthermore, CD8(+) and CD4(+) T lymphocytes as well as NK cells were detected in the inflammatory infiltrate that mediates tumor rejection along with some DC. The effects of IFN gamma, produced at the tumor site by T and NK lymphocytes, were only required at the malignant cell level and were necessary for tumor eradication. NK recognition of tumor cells was mediated by the NKG2D-activating receptor and blocking its function in vivo partially interfered with rejection. Therefore, complete rejection of these mesenchymal tumors requires a concerted set of activities including direct tumor-cell destruction and IFN gamma production that are mediated by both NK and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Arina
- Gene Therapy Unit, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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34
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Hwang ML, Lukens JR, Bullock TNJ. Cognate Memory CD4+ T Cells Generated with Dendritic Cell Priming Influence the Expansion, Trafficking, and Differentiation of Secondary CD8+ T Cells and Enhance Tumor Control. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5829-38. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.5829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Bijker MS, Melief CJM, Offringa R, van der Burg SH. Design and development of synthetic peptide vaccines: past, present and future. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:591-603. [PMID: 17669012 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.4.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic peptide vaccines aiming at the induction of a protective CD8(+) T-cell response against infectious or malignant diseases are widely used in the clinic but, despite their success in animal models, they do not yet live up to their promise in humans. This review assesses the development of synthetic peptide vaccines, weighs it against the immunological concepts that have emerged, and identifies the key issues that play a role in the failure or success of a synthetic peptide vaccine. The current state-of-the-art peptide vaccine is a complete synthetic inflammatory product that is ingested by professional antigen-presenting cells and stimulates both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn S Bijker
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Immunohematology, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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36
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Zimmermann VS, Casati A, Schiering C, Caserta S, Hess Michelini R, Basso V, Mondino A. Tumors Hamper the Immunogenic Competence of CD4+T Cell-Directed Dendritic Cell Vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2899-909. [PMID: 17709504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells loaded with tumor-derived peptides induce protective CTL responses and are under evaluation in clinical trails. We report in this study that prophylactic administration of dendritic cells loaded with a MHC class II-restricted peptide derived from a model tumor Ag (Leishmania receptor for activated C kinase (LACK)) confers protection against LACK-expressing TS/A tumors, whereas therapeutic vaccination fails to cure tumor-bearing mice. Although CD4+ T cell-directed dendritic cell vaccination primed effector-like (CD44(high)CD62L(low), IL-2(+), IFN-gamma(+)) and central memory-like lymphocytes (CD44(high)CD62L(high), only IL-2(+)) in tumor-free mice, this was not the case in tumor-bearing animals in which both priming and persistence of CD4+ T cell memory were suppressed. Suppression was specific for the tumor-associated Ag LACK, and did not depend on CD25+ T cells. Because T cell help is needed for protective immunity, we speculate that the ability of tumors to limit vaccine-induced CD4+ T cell memory could provide a partial explanation for the limited efficacy of current strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie S Zimmermann
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Biotechnology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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37
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Justesen S, Buus S, Claesson MH, Pedersen AE. Addition of TAT protein transduction domain and GrpE to human p53 provides soluble fusion proteins that can be transduced into dendritic cells and elicit p53-specific T-cell responses in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice. Immunology 2007; 122:326-34. [PMID: 17610503 PMCID: PMC2266015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein p53 has been shown to be an efficient tumour antigen in both murine and human cancer vaccine studies and cancer vaccines targeting p53 based on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I binding p53-derived peptides that induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) without p53-specific CD4(+) T-cell help have been tested by several research groups including ours. To obtain such CD4(+) T-cell help and cover a broader repertoire of MHC haplotypes we have previously attempted to produce recombinant human p53 for vaccination purposes. However, attempts to refold a hexahis-tagged p53 protein in our laboratory were unsuccessful. Here, we show that fusion of an 11-amino-acid region of the human immunodeficiency virus TAT protein transduction domain (PTD) to human p53 increases the solubility of the otherwise insoluble p53 protein and this rTAT-p53 protein can be transduced into human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). The induction of a p53-specific HLA-A*0201 immune response was tested in HLA-A*0201/K(b) transgenic mice after immunization with rTAT-p53-transduced bone-marrow-derived DCs. In these mice, p53-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell proliferation was observed and immunization resulted in the induction of HLA-A*0201-restricted CTLs specific for two human p53-derived HLA-A*0201-binding peptides, p53(65-73) and p53(149-157). Addition of GrpE to generate rTAT-GrpE-p53 led to a further increase in protein solubility and to a small increase in DC maturation but did not increase the observed p53-specific T-cell responses. The use of rTAT-p53 in ongoing clinical protocols should be applicable and offers advantages to current strategies omitting the use of HLA-typed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Justesen
- Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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38
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Sotiriadou NN, Kallinteris NL, Gritzapis AD, Voutsas IF, Papamichail M, von Hofe E, Humphreys RE, Pavlis T, Perez SA, Baxevanis CN. Ii-Key/HER-2/neu(776-790) hybrid peptides induce more effective immunological responses over the native peptide in lymphocyte cultures from patients with HER-2/neu+ tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:601-13. [PMID: 16960693 PMCID: PMC11030832 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that coupling an immunoregulatory segment of the MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii), the Ii-Key peptide, to a promiscuous MHC class II epitope significantly enhances its presentation to CD4+ T cells. Here, a series of homologous Ii-Key/HER-2/neu(776-790) hybrid peptides, varying systematically in the length of the epitope(s)-containing segment, are significantly more potent than the native peptide in assays using T cells from patients with various types of tumors overexpressing HER-2/neu. In particular, priming normal donor and patient PBMCs with Ii-Key hybrid peptides enhances recognition of the native peptide either pulsed onto autologous dendritic cells (DCs) or naturally presented by IFN-gamma-treated autologous tumor cells. Moreover, patient-derived CD4+ T cells primed with the hybrid peptides provide a significantly stronger helper effect to autologous CD8+ T cells specific for the HER-2/neu(435-443) CTL epitope, as illustrated by either IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays or specific autologous tumor cell lysis. Hybrid peptide-specific CD4+ T cells strongly enhanced the antitumor efficacy of HER-2/neu(435-443) peptide-specific CTL in the therapy of xenografted SCID mice inoculated with HER-2/neu overexpressing human tumor cell lines. Our data indicate that the promiscuously presented vaccine peptide HER-2/neu(776-790) is amenable to Ii-Key-enhancing effects and supports the therapeutic potential of vaccinating patients with HER-2/neu+ tumors with such Ii-Key/HER-2/neu(776-790) hybrid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectaria N. Sotiriadou
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 115 22 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Angelos D. Gritzapis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 115 22 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis F. Voutsas
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 115 22 Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Papamichail
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 115 22 Athens, Greece
| | - Eric von Hofe
- Antigen Express Inc., 100 Barber Avenue, Worcester, MA 01606-2478 USA
| | | | - Theodoros Pavlis
- Surgical Clinic “Mitera-Hospital, Erythrou Stavrou 6, Marousi, Greece
| | - Sonia A. Perez
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 115 22 Athens, Greece
| | - Constantin N. Baxevanis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 115 22 Athens, Greece
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39
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Teramoto K, Kontani K, Fujita T, Ozaki Y, Sawai S, Tezuka N, Fujino S, Itoh Y, Taguchi O, Kannagi R, Ogasawara K. Successful tumor eradication was achieved by collaboration of augmented cytotoxic activity and anti-angiogenic effects following therapeutic vaccines containing helper-activating analog-loaded dendritic cells and tumor antigen DNA. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:331-42. [PMID: 16896967 PMCID: PMC11031089 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that pigeon cytochrome c-derived peptides (Pan-IA), which bind broad ranges of MHC class II molecules efficiently, activate T helper (Th) function in mice. In an experimental model, Pan-IA DNA vaccines augmented antitumor immunity in tumor antigen-immunized mice. To elicit more potent antitumor immunity and to eradicate tumors in a therapeutic setting, Pan-IA-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) were inoculated in combination with vaccines including ovalbumin (OVA) antigen DNA in tumor-bearing mice. Seventy percent of the immunized mice survived tumor-free for at least 4 months after treatment. In contrast, mice vaccinated with OVA DNA, either with or without naïve DCs, did not eliminate the tumors and died within 5 weeks. Only in mice vaccinated with OVA DNA and Pan-IA-loaded DCs were both cytotoxic and helper responses specific for OVA induced at the spleen and tumor sites as well as at the vaccination sites. Furthermore, accumulation of OVA-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes and interferon-gamma-mediated anti-angiogenesis were observed in the tumors of these mice. Thus, the combined vaccination primed both tumor-specific cytotoxicity and helper immunity resulting in augmented tumor lysis ability and anti-angiogenic effects. This is the first report to show that most established tumors were successfully eradicated by collaboration of potent antitumor immunity and anti-angiogenic effects by vaccination with tumor antigens and helper-activating analogs. This novel vaccination strategy is broadly applicable, regardless of identifying helper epitopes in target molecules, and contributes to the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Teramoto
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192 Japan
| | - Keiichi Kontani
- Second Department of Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, 1750-1 Miki-cho, Kita-gun, 761-0793 Japan
| | - Takuya Fujita
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192 Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Ozaki
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192 Japan
| | - Satoru Sawai
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192 Japan
| | - Noriaki Tezuka
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192 Japan
| | - Shozo Fujino
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192 Japan
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192 Japan
| | - Osamu Taguchi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8681 Japan
| | - Reiji Kannagi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8681 Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192 Japan
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40
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Dengjel J, Nastke MD, Gouttefangeas C, Gitsioudis G, Schoor O, Altenberend F, Müller M, Krämer B, Missiou A, Sauter M, Hennenlotter J, Wernet D, Stenzl A, Rammensee HG, Klingel K, Stevanović S. Unexpected abundance of HLA class II presented peptides in primary renal cell carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:4163-70. [PMID: 16857787 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elicit a long-lasting antitumor immune response, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells should be activated. We attempted to isolate HLA-DR-presented peptides directly from dissected solid tumors, in particular from renal cell carcinoma, to identify MHC class II ligands from tumor-associated antigens (TAA) for their use in peptide-based immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for their HLA class II expression. HLA class II peptides were subsequently isolated and identified by mass spectrometry. Gene expression analysis was done to detect genes overexpressed in tumor tissue. Peptides from identified TAAs were used to induce peptide-specific CD4+ T-cell responses in healthy donors and in tumor patients. RESULTS In the absence of inflammation, expression of MHC class II molecules is mainly restricted to cells of the immune system. To our surprise, we were able to isolate and characterize hundreds of class II peptides directly from primary dissected solid tumors, especially from renal cell carcinomas, and from colorectal carcinomas and transitional cell carcinomas. Infiltrating leukocytes expressed MHC class II molecules and tumor cells, very likely under the influence of IFNgamma. Our list of identified peptides contains ligands from several TAAs, including insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 and matrix metalloproteinase 7. The latter bound promiscuously to HLA-DR molecules and were able to elicit CD4+ T-cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our direct approach will rapidly expand the limited number of T-helper epitopes from TAAs for their use in clinical vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Dengjel
- Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, University of Tübingen, Germany
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41
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Ruiz M, Llopiz D, Zabaleta A, Lasarte JJ, Borrás-Cuesta F, Sarobe P. Engineered promiscuous T helper peptides for the induction of immune responses. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:2205-12. [PMID: 17157914 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Following recognition of antigens by T helper (Th) lymphocytes, T cell help is elicited to induce humoral and cellular immune responses. These antigens are presented as short peptides, T helper peptides (THP), bound to MHC class II molecules. Since both endogenous THP (from antigens of interest) or exogenous THP (not encompassed by the sequence of the antigen of interest) are able to elicit T cell help, we decided to engineer promiscuous exogenous THP capable of binding to several HLA-DR molecules, in order to cover an important proportion of the human population. Some of these exogenous THP were able to bind to all seven HLA-DR molecules tested and were immunogenic in vivo in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. Among them, peptides p37, p62 and p45 elicited Th1 cytokine profiles in vivo, providing help for the induction of potent CTL responses. Finally, in vitro stimulation assays carried out using human cells, showed that these peptides could induce T cell responses using cells obtained from individuals with a broad spectrum of HLA-DR molecules. Thus, engineered exogenous THP may be a valuable tool for the induction of immune responses in a large proportion of human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Pío XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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42
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Schirmbeck R, Riedl P, Kupferschmitt M, Wegenka U, Hauser H, Rice J, Kröger A, Reimann J. Priming Protective CD8 T Cell Immunity by DNA Vaccines Encoding Chimeric, Stress Protein-Capturing Tumor-Associated Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1534-42. [PMID: 16849460 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines encoding heat shock protein (hsp)-capturing, chimeric peptides containing antigenic determinants of the tumor-associated Ag (TAA) gp70 (an envelope protein of endogenous retrovirus) primed stable, specific, and tumor-protective CD8 T cell immunity. Expression of gp70 transcripts was detectable in most normal tissues but was particularly striking in some (but not all) tumor cell lines tested (including the adenocarcinoma cell line CT26). An approximately 200 residue gp70 fragment or its L(d)-binding antigenic AH1 peptide cloned in-frame behind an hsp-capturing (cT(272)) or noncapturing (T(60)) N-terminal large SV40 tumor Ag sequence was expressed as either hsp-binding or -nonbinding chimeric Ags. Only hsp-capturing, chimeric fusion proteins were expressed efficiently in transfected cell lines and primed TAA-specific CD8 T cell immunity. This immunity mediated protection in the CT26 and mKSA models. A vaccination strategy based on delivering antigenic, hsp-associated TAA fragments can thus prime protective CD8 T cell immunity even if these TAA are of low intrinsic immunogenicity.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/prevention & control
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Female
- Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Heat-Shock Proteins/administration & dosage
- Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Heat-Shock Proteins/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/prevention & control
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutant Chimeric Proteins/administration & dosage
- Mutant Chimeric Proteins/genetics
- Mutant Chimeric Proteins/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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43
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Hueman MT, Stojadinovic A, Storrer CE, Foley RJ, Gurney JM, Shriver CD, Ponniah S, Peoples GE. Levels of circulating regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells are decreased in breast cancer patients after vaccination with a HER2/neu peptide (E75) and GM-CSF vaccine. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 98:17-29. [PMID: 16758122 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-9108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We are conducting clinical trials in breast cancer (BrCa) patients to test the HER2/neu peptide vaccine (E75). We have investigated the impact of this vaccine on circulating levels of regulatory T cells (Treg) and the resulting effects on antitumor responses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-two blood samples from healthy individuals and from 22 BrCa patients including pre- and post-vaccination samples from seven vaccinated HLA-A2+ patients were stained for CD4, CD25, and CD69 as well as CD8 and E75:HLA-A2 Ig dimer and quantified by flow cytometry. Cytotoxic activity against HER2/neu+ tumors was measured by 51Cr-release. Serum from BrCa patients and normal subjects were analyzed for TGF-beta levels. RESULTS BrCa patients have a greater percentage of circulating Treg (CD4+CD25+, 4.45% versus 2.96%; p=0.007) than normal subjects. HLA-A2+ BrCa patients had more Treg compared to the HLA-A2- BrCa patients (CD4+CD25+, 5.63% versus 3.28%; p=0.001). E75 vaccination increased circulating activated CD4+ T cells post-vaccination (CD4+CD69+, 1.23 versus 3.81%; p=0.03). However, T(reg) were significantly reduced after vaccination (CD4+CD25+, 5.31-1.81%; p<0.0001). Furthermore, activated Treg also decreased (CD4+CD25+CD69+, 0.23% versus 0.08%; p=0.06). Importantly, post-vaccination decreases in Treg were temporally associated with increased E75 vaccine-specific CD8+ T cells and corresponding HER2/neu+ tumor cytotoxicity. Serum TGF-beta levels were significantly elevated in BrCa patients compared to normals (3548 pg/ml versus 1007 pg/ml; p=0.007). Four of seven vaccinated patients showed decreased serum TGF-beta levels post-vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Treg, are increased in BrCa patients along with serum levels of TGF-beta. E75 vaccination resulted in CD4+ recruitment but was associated with a significant decrease in circulating Treg and TGF-beta levels in the majority of the vaccinated patients. Successful cancer vaccination strategies may require the alteration of complex immune interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Hueman
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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44
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Casares N, Pequignot MO, Tesniere A, Ghiringhelli F, Roux S, Chaput N, Schmitt E, Hamai A, Hervas-Stubbs S, Obeid M, Coutant F, Métivier D, Pichard E, Aucouturier P, Pierron G, Garrido C, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Caspase-dependent immunogenicity of doxorubicin-induced tumor cell death. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 202:1691-701. [PMID: 16365148 PMCID: PMC2212968 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1082] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic anticancer chemotherapy is immunosuppressive and mostly induces nonimmunogenic tumor cell death. Here, we show that even in the absence of any adjuvant, tumor cells dying in response to anthracyclins can elicit an effective antitumor immune response that suppresses the growth of inoculated tumors or leads to the regression of established neoplasia. Although both antracyclins and mitomycin C induced apoptosis with caspase activation, only anthracyclin-induced immunogenic cell death was immunogenic. Caspase inhibition by Z-VAD-fmk or transfection with the baculovirus inhibitor p35 did not inhibit doxorubicin (DX)-induced cell death, yet suppressed the immunogenicity of dying tumor cells in several rodent models of neoplasia. Depletion of dendritic cells (DCs) or CD8+T cells abolished the immune response against DX-treated apoptotic tumor cells in vivo. Caspase inhibition suppressed the capacity of DX-killed cells to be phagocytosed by DCs, yet had no effect on their capacity to elicit DC maturation. Freshly excised tumors became immunogenic upon DX treatment in vitro, and intratumoral inoculation of DX could trigger the regression of established tumors in immunocompetent mice. These results delineate a procedure for the generation of cancer vaccines and the stimulation of anti-neoplastic immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Casares
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8125, Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
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45
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Kikuchi T, Uehara S, Ariga H, Tokunaga T, Kariyone A, Tamura T, Takatsu K. Augmented induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell response and antitumour resistance by T helper type 1-inducing peptide. Immunology 2006; 117:47-58. [PMID: 16423040 PMCID: PMC1782190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effector CD8(+) T cells recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I binding altered self-peptides expressed in tumour cells. Although the requirement for CD4(+) T helper type 1 (Th1) cells in regulating CD8(+) T cells has been documented, their target epitopes and functional impact in antitumour responses remain unclear. We examined whether a potent immunogenic peptide of Mycobacterium tuberculosis eliciting Th1 immunity contributes to the generation of CD8(+) T cells and to protective antitumour immune responses to unrelated tumour-specific antigens. Peptide-25, a major Th epitope of Ag85B from M. tuberculosis preferentially induced CD4(+) Th1 cells in C57BL/6 mice and had an augmenting effect on Th1 generation for coimmunized unrelated antigenic peptides. Coimmunization of mice with Peptide-25 and ovalbumin (OVA) or Peptide-25 and B16 melanoma peptide [tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2)] for MHC class I led to a profound increase in CD8(+) T cells specific for OVA and TRP-2 peptides, respectively. This heightened response depended on Peptide-25-specific CD4(+) T cells and interferon-gamma-producing T cells. In tumour protection assays, immunization with Peptide-25 and OVA resulted in the enhancement of CD8(+) cytotoxic cell generation specific for OVA and the growth inhibition of EL-4 thymoma expressing OVA peptide leading to the tumour rejection. These phenomena were not achieved by immunization with OVA alone. Peptide-25-reactive Th1 cells counteractivated dendritic cells in the presence of Peptide-25 leading them to activate and present OVA peptide to CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kikuchi
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nihon University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Uehara
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nihon University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ariga
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokunaga
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Kariyone
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tamura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
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46
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Takamura S, Matsuo K, Takebe Y, Yasutomi Y. Ag85B of mycobacteria elicits effective CTL responses through activation of robust Th1 immunity as a novel adjuvant in DNA vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2541-7. [PMID: 16081827 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in CTL generation in a DNA vaccination strategy. Several studies have demonstrated the requirement of CD4+ T cells for the induction of a sufficient immune response by coadministrating DNAs. In the present study we investigated the effectiveness of Ag85B of mycobacteria, which is known to be one of the immunogenic proteins for Th1 development, as an adjuvant of a DNA vaccine. HIV gp120 DNA vaccine mixed with Ag85B DNA as an adjuvant induced HIV gp120-specific Th1 responses, as shown by delayed-type hypersensitivity, cytokine secretion, and increasing HIV-specific CTL responses. Moreover, these responses were enhanced in mice primed with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin before immunization of HIV DNA vaccine mixed with Ag85B DNA. Furthermore, these immunized mice showed substantial reduction of HIV gp120-expressing recombinant vaccinia virus titers compared with the titers in other experimental mice after recombinant vaccinia virus challenge. Because most humans have been sensitized by spontaneous infection or by vaccination with mycobacteria, these findings indicate that Ag85B is a promising adjuvant for enhancing CTL responses in a DNA vaccination strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Acyltransferases/biosynthesis
- Acyltransferases/genetics
- Acyltransferases/physiology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-HIV Agents/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/physiology
- BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage
- BCG Vaccine/genetics
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- DNA, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- DNA, Bacterial/immunology
- Female
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/biosynthesis
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/microbiology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/microbiology
- Th1 Cells/virology
- Toll-Like Receptors/biosynthesis
- Toll-Like Receptors/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccinia/immunology
- Vaccinia/prevention & control
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47
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Röhn TA, Reitz A, Paschen A, Nguyen XD, Schadendorf D, Vogt AB, Kropshofer H. A Novel Strategy for the Discovery of MHC Class II–Restricted Tumor Antigens: Identification of a Melanotransferrin Helper T-Cell Epitope. Cancer Res 2005; 65:10068-78. [PMID: 16267033 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ helper T cells play a critical role in orchestrating host immune responses, including antitumor immunity. The limited availability of MHC class II-associated tumor antigens is still viewed as a major obstacle in the use of CD4+ T cells in cancer vaccines. Here, we describe a novel approach for the identification of MHC class II tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). By combining two-dimensional liquid chromatography and nanoelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, we developed a highly sensitive method for the detection of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR-associated peptides of dendritic cells upon exposure to necrotic tumor cells. This approach led to the identification of a novel MHC class II-restricted TAA epitope derived from melanotransferrin. The epitope stimulated T cells derived from melanoma patients and healthy individuals and displayed promiscuity in HLA-DR restriction. Moreover, the same peptide was also presented by MHC class II-positive melanoma cells. This strategy may contribute to increase the number of tumor epitopes presented by MHC class II molecules and may support the development of more efficacious vaccines against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till A Röhn
- Pharmaceutical Research and Roche Center for Medical Genomics, F. Hoffmann La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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48
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Pedersen AE, Buus S, Claesson MH. Treatment of transplanted CT26 tumour with dendritic cell vaccine in combination with blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and CTLA-4. Cancer Lett 2005; 235:229-38. [PMID: 15927356 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the anti CT26 tumour effect of dendritic cell based vaccination with the MuLV gp70 envelope protein-derived peptides AH1 and p320-333. Vaccination lead to generation of AH1 specific cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) and some decrease in tumour growth of simultaneously inoculated CT26 cells. After combination with an antibody against VEGF receptor 2 (DC101), a significant increase in survival of the tumour cell recipients was observed. Also, monotherapy with an antibody against CTLA-4 (9H10), led to approximately 100% survival of tumour cell recipients. However, effective treatment of mice with already established tumours was only obtained after combination of vaccination, DC101 and 9H10 treatment in which setting 80% of the mice rejected their tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Pedersen
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Medical Anatomy A, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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49
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Park JM, Terabe M, van den Broeke LT, Donaldson DD, Berzofsky JA. Unmasking immunosurveillance against a syngeneic colon cancer by elimination of CD4+ NKT regulatory cells and IL-13. Int J Cancer 2005; 114:80-7. [PMID: 15523692 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have previously observed a novel role of natural killer T (NKT) cells in negative regulation of antitumor immune responses against an immunogenic regressor tumor expressing a transfected viral antigen. Here, we investigated whether hidden spontaneous antitumor immunosurveillance, in the absence of a vaccine, could be revealed by disruption of this negative regulatory pathway involving CD4+ NKT cells and interleukin-13 (IL-13), in a murine pulmonary metastasis model of a nontransfected, nonregressor, syngeneic tumor, the CT26 colon carcinoma. Lung metastases of CT26 were decreased in CD4+ T cell-depleted BALB/c mice, suggesting that CD4+ T cells were involved in negative regulation of antitumor responses. CD1-knock out (CD1-KO) mice, which have conventional CD4+ T cells and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells but lack CD1-restricted CD4+ NKT cells, were significantly resistant to lung metastasis of CT26. The metastases were not further decreased in CD4+ T cell-depleted CD1-KO mice, implying that CD4+ NKT cells might be the primary negative regulator of antitumor immune responses in BALB/c mice. CD8+ T cells were found to act as effectors in antitumor immune responses, since the inhibition of lung metastases observed in naive CD1-KO or CD4+ T cell-depleted mice was abrogated by depletion of CD8+ T cells. Lung metastases were significantly decreased by treatment of mice with an IL-13 inhibitor, but not by deficiency or inhibition of IL-4. Thus, even for a nonregressor tumor, immunosurveillance exists but is negatively regulated via CD4+ NKT cells possibly mediated by IL-13, and can be unmasked by removal of these negative regulatory components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Myun Park
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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50
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Dengjel J, Decker P, Schoor O, Altenberend F, Weinschenk T, Rammensee HG, Stevanovic S. Identification of a naturally processed cyclin D1 T-helper epitope by a novel combination of HLA class II targeting and differential mass spectrometry. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:3644-51. [PMID: 15495271 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
T-helper (Th) cells play an important role in orchestrating the effector function of CTL in anti-tumor immunity. However, only a limited number of Th cell epitopes has been characterized. Here we describe a novel approach for identifying naturally processed and presented peptides derived from chosen antigens. This method combines a transfection step of antigen-presenting cells with a vector encoding a fusion protein between the Ii chain and the antigen of interest, elution of the HLA-bound peptides and identification of the antigen-derived peptides by mass spectrometric comparison to the non-transfected cells. In vitro-stimulated Th cells against the identified peptide of interest specifically recognize transfectants overexpressing the cognate antigen. Using this approach, we were able to identify the HLA-DR4-restricted Th cell epitope NPPSMVAAGSVVAAV derived from cyclin D1, which is frequently overexpressed in tumors. This method will help in identifying peptide candidates for vaccination studies for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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