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Höllerhage M. Secondary parkinsonism due to drugs, vascular lesions, tumors, trauma, and other insults. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 149:377-418. [PMID: 31779822 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In addition to neurodegenerative disorders, there are many secondary forms of parkinsonism. The most common cause for secondary parkinsonism is the intake of distinct drugs. Neuroleptics and calcium channel blockers have been mainly described to induce parkinsonism, but also other drugs were suspected to cause or worsen parkinsonism. Another common cause for secondary parkinsonism are vascular lesions (i.e. vascular parkinsonism). Furthermore, also brain tumors have been described as rare causes for parkinsonism. Moreover, parkinsonism can be caused by chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which is a special case, since secondary insults to the brain leads to the occurrence of a neuropathologically defined disease. Other rare causes for secondary parkinsonism are lesions caused by infectious or immunological diseases as well as toxins or street drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Höllerhage
- Department for Neurology Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
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2
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Peterová K, Brožová H, Klempíř J, Lišková I, Bezdicek O, Ridzoň P, Vaněčková M, Zakharov S, Pelclová D, Miovský M, Růžička E. Gait and Balance Impairment after Acute Methanol Poisoning. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 122:176-182. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Peterová
- Department of Neurology; Charles University; First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Hana Brožová
- Department of Neurology; Charles University; First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Klempíř
- Department of Neurology; Charles University; First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Irena Lišková
- Department of Neurology; Charles University; First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Bezdicek
- Department of Neurology; Charles University; First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ridzoň
- Department of Occupational Medicine; Charles University; First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology; Thomayer Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Vaněčková
- Department of Radiology; Charles University; First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Sergej Zakharov
- Department of Occupational Medicine; Charles University; First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Pelclová
- Department of Occupational Medicine; Charles University; First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Michal Miovský
- Department of Addictology; Charles University; First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Růžička
- Department of Neurology; Charles University; First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
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Doé de Maindreville A, Bakchine S, Papathanassiou D, Orquevaux P, Tranchant C, Roze E. Evidence of presynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction in acute methanol intoxication. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 173:420-422. [PMID: 28456384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S Bakchine
- Département de neurologie, CHU de Reims, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51100 Reims, France; Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardennes, Reims, France
| | - D Papathanassiou
- Unité de médecine nucléaire, institut Godinot, 51100 Reims, France; Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardennes, Reims, France
| | - P Orquevaux
- Département de neurologie, CHU de Reims, 45, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51100 Reims, France
| | - C Tranchant
- Département de neurologie, hôpital de hautepierre, fédération de médecine translationnelle, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Roze
- Département de neurologie, hôpital Pitie-Salpetrière, 75013 Paris, France; Université de la Sorbonne, UPMC Paris 06, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, 75013 Paris, France
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Melatoninergic System in Parkinson's Disease: From Neuroprotection to the Management of Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3472032. [PMID: 27829983 PMCID: PMC5088323 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3472032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is synthesized by several tissues besides the pineal gland, and beyond its regulatory effects in light-dark cycle, melatonin is a hormone with neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Melatonin acts as a free-radical scavenger, reducing reactive species and improving mitochondrial homeostasis. Melatonin also regulates the expression of neurotrophins that are involved in the survival of dopaminergic neurons and reduces α-synuclein aggregation, thus protecting the dopaminergic system against damage. The unbalance of pineal melatonin synthesis can predispose the organism to inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge about the potential role of the melatoninergic system in the pathogenesis and treatment of PD. The literature reviewed here indicates that PD is associated with impaired brain expression of melatonin and its receptors MT1 and MT2. Exogenous melatonin treatment presented an outstanding neuroprotective effect in animal models of PD induced by different toxins, such as 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), rotenone, paraquat, and maneb. Despite the neuroprotective effects and the improvement of motor impairments, melatonin also presents the potential to improve nonmotor symptoms commonly experienced by PD patients such as sleep and anxiety disorders, depression, and memory dysfunction.
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Silva BA, Einarsdóttir Ó, Fink AL, Uversky VN. Biophysical Characterization of α-Synuclein and Rotenone Interaction. Biomolecules 2013; 3:703-32. [PMID: 24970188 PMCID: PMC4030960 DOI: 10.3390/biom3030703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies revealed that pesticides interact with α-synuclein and accelerate the rate of fibrillation. These results are consistent with the prevailing hypothesis that the direct interaction of α-synuclein with pesticides is one of many suspected factors leading to α-synuclein fibrillation and ultimately to Parkinson's disease. In this study, the biophysical properties and fibrillation kinetics of α-synuclein in the presence of rotenone were investigated and, more specifically, the effects of rotenone on the early-stage misfolded forms of α-synuclein were considered. The thioflavine T (ThT) fluorescence assay studies provide evidence that early-phase misfolded α-synuclein forms are affected by rotenone and that the fibrillation process is accelerated. Further characterization by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) shows that rotenone increases the amount of ordered secondary structure in this intrinsically disordered protein. Morphological characterization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) provide visualization of the differences in the aggregated α-synuclein species developing during the early kinetics of the fibrillation process in the absence and presence of rotenone. We believe that these data provide useful information for a better understanding of the molecular basis of rotenone-induced misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca A. Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; E-Mails: (B.A.S.); (Ó.E.)
| | - Ólöf Einarsdóttir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; E-Mails: (B.A.S.); (Ó.E.)
| | - Anthony L. Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; E-Mails: (B.A.S.); (Ó.E.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 7, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142292, Moscow Region, Russia
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Lock EA, Zhang J, Checkoway H. Solvents and Parkinson disease: a systematic review of toxicological and epidemiological evidence. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 266:345-55. [PMID: 23220449 PMCID: PMC3621032 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative motor disorder, with its motor symptoms largely attributable to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The causes of PD remain poorly understood, although environmental toxicants may play etiologic roles. Solvents are widespread neurotoxicants present in the workplace and ambient environment. Case reports of parkinsonism, including PD, have been associated with exposures to various solvents, most notably trichloroethylene (TCE). Animal toxicology studies have been conducted on various organic solvents, with some, including TCE, demonstrating potential for inducing nigral system damage. However, a confirmed animal model of solvent-induced PD has not been developed. Numerous epidemiologic studies have investigated potential links between solvents and PD, yielding mostly null or weak associations. An exception is a recent study of twins indicating possible etiologic relations with TCE and other chlorinated solvents, although findings were based on small numbers, and dose-response gradients were not observed. At present, there is no consistent evidence from either the toxicological or epidemiologic perspective that any specific solvent or class of solvents is a cause of PD. Future toxicological research that addresses mechanisms of nigral damage from TCE and its metabolites, with exposure routes and doses relevant to human exposures, is recommended. Improvements in epidemiologic research, especially with regard to quantitative characterization of long-term exposures to specific solvents, are needed to advance scientific knowledge on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Lock
- Liverpool John Moores University, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Byrom Street, Liverpool, UK.
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Targeting the Chameleon: a Focused Look at α-Synuclein and Its Roles in Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:446-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Cannon JR, Greenamyre JT. The role of environmental exposures in neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:225-50. [PMID: 21914720 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration describes the loss of neuronal structure and function. Numerous neurodegenerative diseases are associated with neurodegeneration. Many are rare and stem from purely genetic causes. However, the prevalence of major neurodegenerative diseases is increasing with improvements in treating major diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases, resulting in an aging population. The neurological consequences of neurodegeneration in patients can have devastating effects on mental and physical functioning. The causes of most cases of prevalent neurodegenerative diseases are unknown. The role of neurotoxicant exposures in neurodegenerative disease has long been suspected, with much effort devoted to identifying causative agents. However, causative factors for a significant number of cases have yet to be identified. In this review, the role of environmental neurotoxicant exposures on neurodegeneration in selected major neurodegenerative diseases is discussed. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were chosen because of available data on environmental influences. The special sensitivity the nervous system exhibits to toxicant exposure and unifying mechanisms of neurodegeneration are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cannon
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Uversky VN, Eliezer D. Biophysics of Parkinson's disease: structure and aggregation of alpha-synuclein. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2009; 10:483-99. [PMID: 19538146 PMCID: PMC3786709 DOI: 10.2174/138920309789351921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive movement disorder that results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, a small area of cells in the mid-brain. PD is a multifactorial disorder with unknown etiology, in which both genetic and environmental factors play important roles. Substantial evidence links alpha-synuclein, a small highly conserved presynaptic protein with unknown function, to both familial and sporadic PD. Rare familial cases of PD are associated with missense point mutations in alpha-synuclein, or with the hyper-expression of the wild type protein due to its gene duplication/triplication. Furthermore, alpha-synuclein was identified as the major component of amyloid fibrils found in Lewy body and Lewy neurites, the characteristic proteinaceous deposits that are the diagnostic hallmarks of PD. alpha-Synuclein is abundant in various regions of the brain and has two closely related homologs, beta-synuclein and gamma-synuclein. When isolated in solution, the protein is intrinsically disordered, but in the presence of lipid surfaces alpha-synuclein adopts a highly helical structure that is believed to mediate its normal function(s). A number of different conformational states of alpha-synuclein have been observed. Besides the membrane-bound form, other critical conformations include a partially-folded state that is a key intermediate in aggregation and fibrillation, various oligomeric species, and fibrillar and amorphous aggregates. A number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that either accelerate or inhibit the rate of alpha-synuclein aggregation and fibrillation in vitro are known. There is a strong correlation between the conformation of alpha-synuclein (induced by various factors) and its rate of fibrillation. The aggregation process appears to be branched, with one pathway leading to fibrils and another to oligomeric intermediates that may ultimately form amorphous deposits. The molecular basis of Parkinson's disease appears to be tightly coupled to the aggregation of alpha-synuclein and the factors that affect its conformation. This review focuses on the contributions of Prof. Anthony L. Fink to the field and presents some recent developments in this exciting area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N. Uversky
- Institite for Intrinsically Disordered Protein Research, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - David Eliezer
- Department of Biochemistry and Program in Structural Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Abstract
Aggregation of alpha-synuclein, an abundant and conserved pre-synaptic brain protein, is implicated as a critical factor in several neurodegenerative diseases. These diseases, known as synucleinopathies, include Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies (LBs), diffuse LB disease, the LB variant of Alzheimer's disease, multiple system atrophy, and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type I. Although the precise nature of in vivoalpha-synuclein function remains elusive, considerable knowledge has been accumulated about its structural properties and conformational behavior. alpha-Synuclein is a typical natively unfolded protein. It is characterized by the lack of rigid, well-defined, 3-D structure and possesses remarkable conformational plasticity. The structure of this protein depends dramatically on its environment and it accommodates a number of unrelated conformations. This paper provides an overview of the biochemistry, biophysics, and neuropathology of alpha-synuclein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Abstract
Methanol poisoning in Australia is now very rare as methanol has been removed from methylated spirits. In acute intoxication methanol may result in a wide range of damage to the central nervous system. Few cases have been imaged with MRI. We present two cases and their striking neuroimaging findings with a discussion of the published work on methanol poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bessell-Browne
- Department of Radiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Sefidbakht S, Rasekhi AR, Kamali K, Borhani Haghighi A, Salooti A, Meshksar A, Abbasi HR, Moghadami M, Nabavizadeh SA. Methanol poisoning: acute MR and CT findings in nine patients. Neuroradiology 2007; 49:427-35. [PMID: 17294234 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-007-0210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methanol poisoning is an uncommon but potent central nervous system toxin. We describe here the CT and MR findings in nine patients following an outbreak of methanol poisoning. METHODS Five patients with a typical clinical presentation and elevated anion and osmolar gaps underwent conventional brain MRI with a 1.5-T Gyroscan Interna scanner. In addition nonenhanced CT was performed in another three patients with more severe toxicity. RESULTS Bilateral hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic necrosis of the putamina, diffuse white matter necrosis, and subarachnoid hemorrhage were among the radiological findings. Various patterns of enhancement of basal ganglial lesions were found including no enhancement, strong enhancement and rim enhancement. CONCLUSION A good knowledge of the radiological findings in methanol poisoning seems to be necessary for radiologists. The present study is unique in that it enables us to include in a single report most of the radiological findings that have been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sefidbakht
- Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Remião F, Carmo H, Duarte JA, Navarro AS, Bastos ML, Carvalho F. Paraquat exposure as an etiological factor of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology 2006; 27:1110-22. [PMID: 16815551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease influenced by age, and by genetic and environmental factors. The role of genetic predisposition in PD has been increasingly acknowledged and a number of relevant genes have been identified (e.g., genes encoding alpha-synuclein, parkin, and dardarin), while the search for environmental factors that influence the pathogenesis of PD has only recently begun to escalate. In recent years, the investigation on paraquat (PQ) toxicity has suggested that this herbicide might be an environmental factor contributing to this neurodegenerative disorder. Although the biochemical mechanism through which PQ causes neurodegeneration in PD is not yet fully understood, PQ-induced lipid peroxidation and consequent cell death of dopaminergic neurons can be responsible for the onset of the Parkinsonian syndrome, thus indicating that this herbicide may induce PD or influence its natural course. PQ has also been recently considered as an eligible candidate for inducing the Parkinsonian syndrome in laboratory animals, and can therefore constitute an alternative tool in suitable animal models for the study of PD. In the present review, the recent evidences linking PQ exposure with PD development are discussed, with the aim of encouraging new perspectives and further investigation on the involvement of environmental agents in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dinis-Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
Extracorporeal treatments have an important role in the management of several types of poisonings and drug overdosage. Methanol poisoning is a major problem in large parts of the developing world, especially among the economically depressed, and is responsible for innumerable deaths annually. Poisoning occurs when methanol, a contaminant of bootlegged alcohol, is consumed unknowingly. Toxicity is related to formaldehyde and formic acid formed as a result of methanol metabolism, and presents as metabolic acidosis, visual impairment, neurological manifestations, and shock. Initial symptoms are nonspecific and masked by the inebriating effect of ethanol. Appropriate management requires immediate administration of ethanol, which competitively inhibits methanol metabolism and prevents the generation of toxic formic acid and hemodialysis to achieve expeditious clearance of methanol and formic acid. Fomepizole, a safer metabolic inhibitor, has largely replaced ethanol in the western world. Delay in seeking medical attention contributes to mortality and morbidity. We report on a patient who presented to us 8 hr after consumption of countrymade alcohol with symptoms of methanol poisoning. Prompt administration of ethanol and institution of hemodialysis resulted in complete reversal of all manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Rathi
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Abstract
Methanol poisoning is an uncommon but potent central nervous system toxin. The diagnosis and the management of its sequelae remain a challenge to clinicians. A case is hereby presented in which computed tomography of the brain played an important role in making the diagnosis due to poor patient's history and unavailability of methanol assay. Parkinsonism and visual sequelae are well-recognised complications in the survivors. This patient developed parkinsonism in the form of mainly severe tremors and mild rigidity. He benefited from treatment on amantadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z I Bitar
- Medical department, Adan Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ahmadi City, Kuwait.
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Abstract
Juvenile parkinsonism (JP) describes patients in whom the clinical features of parkinsonism manifest before 21 years of age. Many reported cases that had a good response to levodopa have proved to have autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP) due to mutations in the parkin gene. With the exception of parkin mutations and dopa-responsive dystonia, most causes are associated with the presence of additional neurological signs, resulting from additional lesions outside of the basal ganglia. Lewy body pathology has only been reported in one case, suggesting that a juvenile form of idiopathic Parkinson's disease may be extremely rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic C Paviour
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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Uversky VN. Neurotoxicant-induced animal models of Parkinson?s disease: understanding the role of rotenone, maneb and paraquat in neurodegeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 318:225-41. [PMID: 15258850 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-0937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The etiologic basis of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder, is unknown. Recent epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that exposure to environmental agents, including a number of agricultural chemicals, may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder. Animal models are important tools in experimental medical science for studying the pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention strategies of human diseases. Since many human disorders do not arise spontaneously in animals, characteristic functional changes have to be mimicked by neurotoxic agents. Recently, agricultural chemicals, when administrated systemically, have been shown to reproduce specific features of PD in rodents, thus opening new routes for the development of animal models for this disorder. In addition to a brief historical overview of the toxin-induced PD models, this study provides a detailed description of exiting models in which Parkinsonism is initiated via the exposure of animals to such agricultural chemicals as rotenone, paraquat, and maneb. Suggested neurotoxicity mechanisms of these chemicals are considered, and the major lessons learned from the analysis of pesticide-induced PD models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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Finkelstein Y, Vardi J. Progressive parkinsonism in a young experimental physicist following long-term exposure to methanol. Neurotoxicology 2002; 23:521-5. [PMID: 12428724 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-813x(02)00033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A case is described of an experimental physicist who developed parkinsonism, apparently as delayed toxic effect of long exposure to vapors of methanol in the laboratory. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) supported the diagnosis, after exclusion of hereditary diseases and primary degenerative diseases. Screening for heavy metals in urine and plasma ceruloplasmin was negative. This case illustrates the neurotoxic delayed effect of long-term exposure to methanol with no episodes of acute intoxication. The setting of a research laboratory with prolonged exposure to mixed single crystals and inhalation of methanol vapors may exist in other academic and hi-tech environments, and pose the risk of similar delayed toxic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Finkelstein
- Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Davis LE, Hudson D, Benson BE, Jones Easom LA, Coleman JK. Methanol poisoning exposures in the United States: 1993-1998. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 2002; 40:499-505. [PMID: 12217003 DOI: 10.1081/clt-120006753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated U.S. methanol-poisoning exposures since little recent information is available about the frequency, sources of methanol, or outcomes of individuals who consume methanol. METHODS We reviewed human methanol exposures reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System 1993-1998. RESULTS The mean number of cases per year was 2254. Each year 167 cases had an outcome of moderate effect, major effect, or death. One death occurred in every 183 exposures to methanol. Symptomatic cases increased abruptly from 1.8 to 2.5% for infants and children, from 14.1 to 12.3% for adolescents and adults, while the intentional exposures increased from < 1 to 21% for adolescents, and 11% for adults. Cases occurred in every decade of life but toddlers had the highest number of exposures. In 68 methanol fatalities, confusion developedfollowed by coma, hypotension, respiratory depression, and cerebral edema. Blood methanol levels were above 100mg/dL (70%), metabolic acidoses (62%), and anion gaps > 25 (100%). Methanol products were recorded, showing windshield wiper fluids to be 60.8% of exposures. Other automotive sources were 23.7%. Commercial nonautomotive products were 12.2% and pure methanol products were 2.3%. Unintentional exposures were reported in 90.3% of all cases, while 8.3% were due to intentional exposures, and 1.4% wasfor unknown or mixed reasons. Intentional exposures resulted from suspected suicides (51.2%) and from abuse and misuse (38.8%). CONCLUSIONS Methanol poisonings continue to occur in the United States with toddlers at the highest risk for exposure, but adolescents and adults at the highest risk for life-threatening intoxications. Over half of product-identified cases were due to consumption of windshield wiperfluid. Efforts should be undertaken to minimize methanol exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry E Davis
- Neurology Service, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA.
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