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Hamad AA, Haredy AM. Designing a unique molecular size-dependent approach for determining levamisole via synergizing Rayleigh Scattering response of Cilefa Pink B dye; Application to bulk, dosage forms, and biofluids; method greenness evaluation. TALANTA OPEN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2023.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Native and substituted cyclodextrins as chiral selectors for capillary electrophoresis enantioseparations: Structures, features, application, and molecular modeling. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1676-1708. [PMID: 33956995 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CDs are cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of α-d-glucopyranosyl units linked through 1,4-linkages, which are obtained from enzymatic degradation of starch. The coexistence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions in the same structure makes these macrocycles extremely versatile as complexing host with application in food, cosmetics, environmental, agriculture, textile, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Due to their inherent chirality, CDs have been also successfully used as chiral selectors in enantioseparation science, in particular, for CE enantioseparations. In the last decades, multidisciplinary approaches based on CE, NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, microcalorimetry, and molecular modeling have shed light on some aspects of recognition mechanisms underlying enantiodiscrimination. With the ever growing improvement of computer facilities, hardware and software, computational techniques have become a useful tool to model at molecular level the dynamics of diastereomeric associate formation to sample low-energy conformations, the binding energies between the enantiomer and the CD, and to profile noncovalent interactions contributing to the stability of CD/enantiomer association. On this basis, the aim of this review is to provide the reader with a critical overview on the applications of CDs in CE. In particular, the contemporary theory of the electrophoretic technique and the main structural features of CDs are described, with a specific focus on techniques, methods, and approaches to model CE enantioseparations promoted by native and substituted CDs. A systematic compilation of all published literature has not been attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Li Punti, Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Fanali S, Chankvetadze B. Some thoughts about enantioseparations in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2420-2437. [PMID: 31081552 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this overview the goal of the authors was to analyze from the historical perspective the reasons of success and failure of chiral capillary electrophoresis. In addition, the current trends are analyzed, unique advantages of capillary electrophoresis are highlighted and some future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fanali
- School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Chankvetadze B. Contemporary theory of enantioseparations in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1567:2-25. [PMID: 30025609 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The first separation of enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis (CE) counts slightly longer than three decades. Fast development of the practice and theory of chiral CE occurred in the past 30 years and today one can consider this technology to have a solid and mature theoretical background. The goal of the present review is not only to summarize the history and contemporary theory of enantioseparations by using CE but also to present the authors personal view where shall we head to with this attractive technology not only from the viewpoint of separation of enantiomers but also for better understanding the mechanisms of non-covalent (enantioselective) interactions in chemistry, biology, medicine and related disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 1, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia.
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Development of RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Quantitation of Levamisole and Albendazole: Application to Assay Validation. Int J Anal Chem 2018; 2018:5746305. [PMID: 30057611 PMCID: PMC6051094 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5746305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of levamisole and albendazole in drug substance and in its combinational dosage form. The analysis was carried out using Inertsil ODS C18 (4.6 x 150 mm, 5 μm) column, and the separation was carried out using a mobile phase containing a buffer of pH 3.5 and acetonitrile (70:30 v/v) pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with variable wavelength UV-detection at 224 nm. Both the drugs were well resolved in the stationary phase and the retention times were 2.350 min and 4.055 for levamisole and albendazole, respectively. The method was validated and shown to be linear in the concentration range of 15-45μg/ml and 40-120μg/ml for levamisole and albendazole, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined based on standard deviation of the y-intercept and the slope of the calibration curve. LOD and LOQ values were 2.08μg/ml and 6.03μg/ml for levamisole and 3.15μg/ml and 10.40μg/ml for albendazole, respectively. The accuracy of the method was assessed by adding known amount of standard solution (75 %, 100 %, and 125% of the sample concentration) to the preanalyzed sample solution of 100% concentration. All the samples were prepared and analyzed in triplicate. The percentage mean recovery by standard addition experiments of levamisole and albendazole is 99.66% and 98.73%, respectively.
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Fu Y, Wang T, Xiu L, Shi X, Bian Z, Zhang Y, Ruhan A, Wang X. Levamisole promotes murine bone marrow derived dendritic cell activation and drives Th1 immune response in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 31:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Effect of Buffer Constituents on Retention and Separation in Achiral and Chiral HPLC Systems with β-Cyclodextrin-Based Stationary Phase. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Determination of levamisole and tetramisole in seized cocaine samples by enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography and circular dichroism detection. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1363:150-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chankvetadze B. Recent developments on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for liquid-phase separation of enantiomers. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:26-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lomsadze K, Vega ED, Salgado A, Crego AL, Scriba GK, Marina ML, Chankvetadze B. Separation of enantiomers of norephedrine by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as chiral selectors: Comparative CE and NMR studies. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1637-47. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ketevan Lomsadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi; Georgia
| | - Elena Domínguez Vega
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid; Spain
| | - Antonio Salgado
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO); Madrid; Spain
| | - Antonio L. Crego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid; Spain
| | - Gerhard K.E. Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Jena; Germany
| | - Maria Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid; Spain
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi; Georgia
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Asghari B, Ebrahimi S, Mirzajani F, Aboul-Enein H. Development and validation of a simple stability-indicating TLC method for the determination of levamisole in pharmaceutical tablet formulation. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.24.2011.5.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Vega ED, Lomsadze K, Chankvetadze L, Salgado A, Scriba GKE, Calvo E, López JA, Crego AL, Marina ML, Chankvetadze B. Separation of enantiomers of ephedrine by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as chiral selectors: Comparative CE, NMR and high resolution MS studies. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2640-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sohajda T, Varga E, Iványi R, Fejős I, Szente L, Noszál B, Béni S. Separation of vinca alkaloid enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis applying cyclodextrin derivatives and characterization of cyclodextrin complexes by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1258-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Servais AC, Rousseau A, Fillet M, Lomsadze K, Salgado A, Crommen J, Chankvetadze B. Capillary electrophoretic and nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the opposite affinity pattern of propranolol enantiomers towards various cyclodextrins. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1617-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Williams AA, Fakayode SO, Alptürk O, Jones CM, Lowry M, Strongin RM, Warner IM. Determination of enantiomeric compositions of analytes using novel fluorescent chiral molecular micelles and steady state fluorescence measurements. J Fluoresc 2008; 18:285-96. [PMID: 17985217 PMCID: PMC2662355 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-007-0268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel fluorescent chiral molecular micelles (FCMMs) were synthesized, characterized, and employed as chiral selectors for enantiomeric recognition of non-fluorescent chiral molecules using steady state fluorescence spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the fluorescence technique allowed for investigation of low concentrations of chiral selector (3.0 x 10(-5) M) and analyte (5.0 x 10(-6) M) to be used in these studies. The chiral interactions of glucose, tartaric acid, and serine in the presence of FCMMs poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-L-tryptophanate) [poly-L-SUW], poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-L-tyrosinate) [poly-L-SUY], and poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-L-phenylalininate) [poly-SUF] were based on diastereomeric complex formation. Poly-L-SUW had a significant fluorescence emission spectral difference as compared to poly-L-SUY and poly-L-SUF for the enantiomeric recognition of glucose, tartaric acid, and serine. Studies with the hydrophobic molecule alpha-pinene suggested that poly-L-SUY and poly-L-SUF had better chiral discrimination ability for hydrophobic analytes as compared to hydrophilic analytes. Partial-least-squares regression modeling (PLS-1) was used to correlate changes in the fluorescence emission spectra of poly-L-SUW due to varying enantiomeric compositions of glucose, tartaric acid, and serine for a set of calibration samples. Validation of the calibration regression models was determined by use of a set of independently prepared samples of the same concentration of chiral selector and analyte with varying enantiomeric composition. Prediction ability was evaluated by use of the root-mean-square percent relative error (RMS%RE) and was found to range from 2.04 to 4.06%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 434 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, e-mail:
| | - Sayo O. Fakayode
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA
| | - Onur Alptürk
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 434 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, e-mail:
| | - Christina M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 434 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, e-mail:
| | - Mark Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 434 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, e-mail:
| | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 434 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, e-mail:
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Chankvetadze B. Enantioseparations by using capillary electrophoretic techniques. The story of 20 and a few more years. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:45-70; discussion 44. [PMID: 17765908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides the author's insight on the past, present and future of performing enantioseparations using capillary electrophoretic (CE) techniques. These techniques are discussed from the historical point of view, as well as based on their potential as the separation techniques of today and the future. The overview covers mechanistic as well as practical aspects of CE techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences and Molecular Recognition and Separation Science Laboratory, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0128 Tbilisi, Georgia.
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Tyrpenou AE, Xylouri-Frangiadaki EM. Determination of Levamisole in Sheep Muscle Tissue by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Photo Diode Array Detection. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Matthijs N, Vander Heyden Y. Enantiomeric impurity determination in capillary electrophoresis using a highly-sulfated cyclodextrins-based method. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:696-709. [PMID: 16240285 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE), using highly-sulfated cyclodextrins as chiral selectors, has been applied to determine the chiral purity of pharmaceutical compounds. A chiral separation strategy, developed earlier for racaemic mixtures, was applied on four basic drugs (propranolol, atenolol, chlorpheniramine and tryptophan methylester). The aim was to develop validated separation methods which allow determination of 0.1% impurity levels of the unwanted enantiomers (distomer) in the presence of 99.9% of the active compound (eutomer). The linearity, quantification limits for the trace enantiomers and the precision of the measurements were determined. In a second part, impurity separations have been simulated in order to evaluate the required resolution when assaying impurities. It is shown that a baseline resolution of 1.5, generally accepted for racaemic mixtures, does not always allow good impurity determinations. Two alternative methods to solve this problem have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Matthijs
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Nhujak T, Sastravaha C, Palanuvej C, Petsom A. Chiral separation in capillary electrophoresis using dual neutral cyclodextrins: Theoretical models of electrophoretic mobility difference and separation selectivity. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3814-23. [PMID: 16217830 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple equations and theoretical models, related to enantioselectivity (kappa) and C, have been developed for prediction of electrophoretic mobility difference (Deltamu) and separation selectivity (alpha) for enantiomers in CE using dual CDs, where alpha and kappa are defined as the ratio of mu and the ratio of binding constant (K) for enantiomers to each CD, respectively, C the CD concentration, and the average K for enantiomers and each CD. Experiments were carried out using dual CDs as beta-CD and dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DM-beta-CD) and test analytes as five pairs of amphetamine drug enantiomers. A change in observed Deltamu and alpha of enantiomers in dual CDs was found to be in excellent agreement with the theoretical models. For example, in comparison with single CD1, dual CDs can enhance Deltamu and alpha up to the maximum value when enantiomers migrate with the same order in CD1 and CD2, and have the value of rho > 1.0, where rho is the enantioselectivity ratio for CD2 to CD1, while worse Deltamu and alpha are obtained for enantiomers with rho < 1.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thumnoon Nhujak
- Chromatography and Separation Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Millsaps College, 1701 North State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210, USA.
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Guerrero-Alvarez JA, Moncayo-Bautista A, Ariza-Castolo A. Assignment of the relative configuration of spiro[4.5]decanes by 13C, 15N and 17O NMR. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2004; 42:524-533. [PMID: 15137046 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The relative configuration of 11 1,4-diazaspiro[4.5]decanes (1a-1j and 1m), 15 1,4-oxazaspiro[4.5]decanes (2a-2o) and 10 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decanes (3a-3n) substituted at the 2-, 6-, 7- or 8-position by a methyl group or using the tert-butyl group as a model for the ananchomeric structure is reported. The relative stereochemistry was analyzed by 1H, 13C, 15N and 17O NMR and all isomers present were characterized spectroscopically. Compounds with a methyl group in the six-membered ring show a chair conformation preference with the methyl group in the equatorial position. Compounds with one or two nitrogens exhibit a tautomeric equilibrium between the imine-diazolidine forms, as demonstrated by IR and 13C NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Antonio Guerrero-Alvarez
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal, 14-740, 07000 México DF, Mexico
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