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Sun H, Li C, Li S, Ma J, Li S, Li X, Gao C, Yang R, Ma N, Yang J, Yang P, He X, Hu T. Identification and validation of stable reference genes for RT-qPCR analyses of Kobresia littledalei seedlings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:389. [PMID: 38730341 PMCID: PMC11088182 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kobreisa littledalei, belonging to the Cyperaceae family is the first Kobresia species with a reference genome and the most dominant species in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau alpine meadows. It has several resistance genes which could be used to breed improved crop varieties. Reverse Transcription Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) is a popular and accurate gene expression analysis method. Its reliability depends on the expression levels of reference genes, which vary by species, tissues and environments. However, K.littledalei lacks a stable and normalized reference gene for RT-qPCR analysis. RESULTS The stability of 13 potential reference genes was tested and the stable reference genes were selected for RT-qPCR normalization for the expression analysis in the different tissues of K. littledalei under two abiotic stresses (salt and drought) and two hormonal treatments (abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA)). Five algorithms were used to assess the stability of putative reference genes. The results showed a variation amongst the methods, and the same reference genes showed tissue expression differences under the same conditions. The stability of combining two reference genes was better than a single one. The expression levels of ACTIN were stable in leaves and stems under normal conditions, in leaves under drought stress and in roots under ABA treatment. The expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression was stable in the roots under the control conditions and salt stress and in stems exposed to drought stress. Expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were stable in stems of ABA-treated plants and in the roots under drought stress. Moreover, RPL6 expression was stable in the leaves and stems under salt stress and in the stems of the GA-treated plants. EF1-alpha expression was stable in leaves under ABA and GA treatments. The expression levels of 28 S were stable in the roots under GA treatment. In general, ACTIN and GAPDH could be employed as housekeeping genes for K. littledalei under different treatments. CONCLUSION This study identified the best RT-qPCR reference genes for different K. littledalei tissues under five experimental conditions. ACTIN and GAPDH genes can be employed as the ideal housekeeping genes for expression analysis under different conditions. This is the first study to investigate the stable reference genes for normalized gene expression analysis of K. littledalei under different conditions. The results could aid molecular biology and gene function research on Kobresia and other related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Sun
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Chunping Li
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Siyu Li
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Ma
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Cai Gao
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Rongchen Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Nan Ma
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Peizhi Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xueqing He
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Tianming Hu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
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Jiao S, Huang H, Wang L, Wuken S, Liu C, Kang L, Liu J, Hu Z, Tu P, Huang L, Chai X. Alashanines A-C, Three Quinone-Terpenoid Alkaloids from Syringa pinnatifolia with Cytotoxic Potential by Activation of ERK. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37178146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Three quinone-terpenoid alkaloids, alashanines A-C (1-3), possessing an unprecedented 6/6/6 tricyclic conjugated backbone and quinone-quinoline-fused characteristic, were isolated from the peeled stems of Syringa pinnatifolia. Their structures were elucidated by analysis of extensive spectroscopic data and quantum chemical calculations. A hypothesis of biosynthesis pathways for 1-3 was proposed on the basis of the potential precursor iridoid and benzoquinone. Compound 1 exhibited antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis and cytotoxicity against HepG2 and MCF-7 human cancer cell lines. The results of the cytotoxic mechanism revealed that compound 1 induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells through activation of ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shungang Jiao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Huiming Huang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Shana Wuken
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Changxin Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Kang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Zhongdong Hu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Xingyun Chai
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Lu J, Ma Y, Sun L, Wang S, Yue X, Yu J, Xue P. Establishment of fingerprint and mechanism of anti-myocardial ischemic effect of Syringa pinnatifolia. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5475. [PMID: 35947036 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the fingerprint of Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl. (SP), analyze the blood components of SP, and explore the possible mechanism of SP's anti-myocardial ischemia, so as to provide scientific basis for the follow-up development and research of SP and lay a foundation for its clinical application. METHODS The fingerprint of SP was established by UPLC-QE-MS and GC-MS. A rat Myocardial infarction (MI) was constructed by ligating the left anterior descending branch (LAD) of the rat coronary artery, and SP alcohol extract was administered to evaluate its anti-myocardial ischemic effect. We analyzed the blood components of SP, screened the active compounds, established a database of SP anti-myocardial ischemic targets, and explored the possible mechanism of SP in treating MI by bioinformatics. The rats were examined by echocardiography, serum biomarkers were determined, and pathological changes were observed by histopathological examination. TUNEL staining was performed to detect the apoptotic level of cells, and western blot and qRT-PCR were performed to detect the expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 in heart tissues. RESULTS In the fingerprint of SP, 24 common peaks were established, and the similarity evaluation results of 10 batches of SP were all > 0.9. UPLC-QE-MS and GC-MS detected a total of 17 active ingredients in the drug-containing serum, including terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, phenylpropanoids and phenolic acids, the most abundant of which was resveratrol. Enrichment analysis of SP targets against myocardial ischemia revealed that key candidate targets of SP were significantly enriched in multiple pathways associated with apoptosis. Resveratrol was administered to the successfully modeled rats, and the results showed that the resveratrol group significantly reduced LVEDd and LVEDs and significantly increased EF and FS in all groups compared with the model group. Resveratrol significantly reduced the levels of CK-MB and LDH in serum compared to the model group (p < 0.001). Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of rat myocardial tissue showed that all lesions were reduced under microscopic observation in the resveratrol group compared with the model group. RT-PCR and western blot results showed that resveratrol group down-regulated the expression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax, up-regulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2, and decreased the expression of Caspase-3. CONCLUSION The established fingerprints are accurate, reliable and reproducible, and can be used as an effective method for the quality control of the herbs. The anti-myocardial ischemia effect of SP may be that resveratrol can improve cardiac function and inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis to protect cardiomyocytes. The present study provides ample evidence for the clinical use of SP, suggesting that this drug has great potential in the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Jingkun Lu
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Yuheng Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Lijun Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Suwei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Xin Yue
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Jiuwang Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Peifeng Xue
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China
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Li S, Zhou Y, Yuan T, Feng Z, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Xie Q, Wang J, Li Q, Deng Z, Yu Y, Yuan X. Selection of internal reference gene for normalization of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:934907. [PMID: 35937288 PMCID: PMC9355380 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.934907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of swine enzootic pneumonia (EP), which resulting in considerable economic losses in pig farming globally. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a major tool for gene expression studies. However, no internal reference genes for normalization of RT-qPCR data of M. hyopneumoniae have been reported. The aim of this study was to screen the most stable genes for RT-qPCR analysis in M. hyopneumoniae under different conditions. Therefore, a total of 13 candidate internal reference genes (rpoC, Lipo, sgaB, oppB, hypo621, oppF, gyrB, uvrA, P146, prfA, proS, gatB, and hypo499) of M. hyopneumoniae filtered according to the reported quantitative proteomic analysis and the 16S rRNA internal reference gene frequently used in other bacteria were selected for RT-qPCR analysis. The mRNAs from different virulence strains (168, 168 L, J, NJ, and LH) at five different growth phases were extracted. The corresponding cycle threshold (Ct) values of the 25 reverse transcribed cDNAs using the 14 candidate genes were determined. Different internal reference genes or combinations were then screened for expression stability analysis using various statistical tools and algorithms, including geNorm, BestKeeper, and NormFinder software, to ensure the reliability of the analysis. Through further comprehensive evaluation of the RefFinder software, it is concluded that the gatB gene was the most suitable internal reference gene for samples of the different virulence strains in different growth phases for M. hyopneumoniae, followed by prfA, hypo499, and gyrB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingyun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhibang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yanfei Yu
| | - Xiaomin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Xiaomin Yuan
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Gao J, Li T, Jiao L, Jiang C, Chen S, Huang L, Liu J. Metabolome and transcriptome analyses identify the plant immunity systems that facilitate sesquiterpene and lignan biosynthesis in Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:132. [PMID: 35317751 PMCID: PMC8939180 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl. is a shrub belonging to the Oleaceae family. The peeled woody stems and roots of S. pinnatifolia are used in Chinese traditional medicine. This plant has been used for centuries, and modern pharmacological research has revealed its medicinal value. However, the wild populations of S. pinnatifolia have been decreasing, and it has been listed as an endangered plant in China. To elucidate the molecular mechanism leading to the synthesis of the major components of S. pinnatifolia for its further development and sustainable use, this study compared peeled stems and twigs at the metabolic and molecular levels. RESULTS Peeled stems with the purple substance visible (SSP) and peeled twigs without the purple substance (TSP) were compared at different levels. Microscopic observation showed resin-like fillers in SSP and wood fiber cell walls approximately 1.0 μm thicker than those in TSP (wood fiber cell thickness approximately 2.7 μm). In addition, 104 volatile organic compounds and 870 non-volatile metabolites were detected in the non-targeted and widely-targeted metabolome analyses, respectively. Among the 76 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) detected, 62 were up-accumulated in SSP. Most of these DAMs were terpenes, of which 90% were identified as sesquiterpenes in the volatile organic compound analysis. In the analysis of the non-volatile metabolites, 21 differentially accumulated lignans were identified, of which 18, including five subtypes, were accumulated in SSP. RNA sequencing revealed 4,421 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 5,522 downregulated DEGs in SSP compared with TSP, as well as 33,452 genes that were not differentially expressed. Analysis of the DEGs suggested that sesquiterpenes and lignans were mostly biosynthesized via the mevalonate and phenylpropanoid pathways, respectively. Additionally, in SSP, the enriched Gene Ontology terms included response to biotic stimulus and defense response, while the enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways included plant-pathogen interaction and many other pathways related to plant immunity. CONCLUSIONS This study provides metabolome and transcriptome information for S. pinnatifolia, suggesting that biotic stimuli, including pathogens, are potential and valuable approaches to promoting the biosynthesis of the metabolites linked to the medicinal properties of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxiao Li
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Lichao Jiao
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Suyile Chen
- Alashan Mongolian Hospital, Alashan East Banner of Alashan, 75030, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China.
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Juan Liu
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
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