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Pergande MR, Cologna SM. Isoelectric Point Separations of Peptides and Proteins. Proteomes 2017; 5:proteomes5010004. [PMID: 28248255 PMCID: PMC5372225 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of ampholytic components according to isoelectric point has played an important role in isolating, reducing complexity and improving peptide and protein detection. This brief review outlines the basics of isoelectric focusing, including a summary of the historical achievements and considerations in experimental design. Derivative methodologies of isoelectric focusing are also discussed including common detection methods used. Applications in a variety of fields using isoelectric point based separations are provided as well as an outlook on the field for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Pergande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Takácsi-Nagy A, Kilár F, Thormann W. Modeling of formation and prevention of a pure water zone in capillary isoelectric focusing with narrow pH range carrier ampholytes. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:677-688. [PMID: 27699824 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper comprises a continuation of computer simulation studies dealing with carrier ampholyte based CIEF in presence of narrow pH gradients. With this technique, amphoteric sample components with pI values outside the pH gradient are migrating isotachophoretically toward the cathode or anode whereas components with pI values within the gradient become focused. In order to understand the processes occurring in presence of the electric field, the behavior of both carrier ampholytes and amphoteric sample components is investigated by computer modeling. Characteristics of two pH unit gradients with end components having pI values at or around 7.00 and conditions that lead to the formation of a water zone at neutrality were investigated. Data obtained reveal that a zone of water is formed in focusing with carrier ampholytes when the applied pH range does not cover the neutral region, ends at pH 7.00 or begins at pH 7.00. The presence of additional amphoteric components that cover the neutrality region prevent water zone formation under current flow. This situation is met in experiments with narrow pH gradients that end or begin around neutrality. Simulation data reveal that no water zone evolves when atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolved in the catholyte causes the migration of carbonic acid (in the form of carbonate and/or hydrogen carbonate ions) from the catholyte through the focusing structure. An electrolyte change in the electrode solution does not have an impact on the focusing part but does change the isotachophoretic pattern migrating behind the leading ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Takácsi-Nagy
- Institute of Bioanalysis and Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kilár
- Institute of Bioanalysis and Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Porambo JR, Salicioni AM, Visconti PE, Platt MD. Sperm phosphoproteomics: historical perspectives and current methodologies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2013. [PMID: 23194270 DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian sperm are differentiated germ cells that transfer genetic material from the male to the female. Owing to this essential role in the reproductive process, an understanding of the complex mechanisms that underlie sperm function has implications ranging from the development of novel contraceptives to the treatment of male infertility. While the importance of phosphorylation in sperm differentiation, maturation and fertilization has been well established, the ability to directly determine the sites of phosphorylation within sperm proteins and to quantitate the extent of phosphorylation at these sites is a recent development that has relied almost exclusively on advances in the field of proteomics. This review will summarize the work that has been carried out to date on sperm phosphoproteomics and discuss how the resulting qualitative and quantitative information has been used to provide insight into the manner in which protein phosphorylation events modulate sperm function. The authors also present the proteomics process as it is most often utilized for the elucidation of protein expression, with a particular emphasis on the way in which the process has been modified for the analysis of protein phosphorylation in sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Porambo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
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Prestidge RL, Hearn MTW. The Application of Buffer Electrofocusing to Granulated Flat Bed Media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/03602548108066005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Slowik A, Iskra T, Turaj W, Hartwich J, Dembinska-Kiec A, Szczudlik A. LDL phenotype B and other lipid abnormalities in patients with large vessel disease and small vessel disease. J Neurol Sci 2003; 214:11-6. [PMID: 12972382 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(03)00166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Controversies concerning the significance of lipid abnormalities in stroke come mostly from the researches that studied lipid profile without considering stroke aetiologies. We investigated the prevalence of LDL phenotype B and other lipid abnormalities in stroke survivors with large vessel disease (LVD) or small vessel disease (SVD) (TOAST criteria) and in control subjects (CS). METHODS We studied 30 patients with LVD and 41 patients with SVD screened out of 585 stroke patients and 30 CS who fulfilled the following exclusion criteria: cardiac disorders, renal or hepatic failure, diabetes mellitus, or treatment with lipid-lowering agents. At least 3 months after stroke, the concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), apolipoprotein E (apoE), and lipoprotein (a) [lp(a)] were measured and LDL phenotypes and apoE isoforms were identified. RESULTS Patients with LVD had significantly higher concentrations of LDL-C than CS (p<0.05). They had higher concentrations of TGs and lower concentrations of HDL-C than patients with SVD and CS (p<0.05). LDL phenotype B was more frequent in patients with LVD (63.3%) than in patients with SVD (39.0%) or in CS (16.7%) (p<0.05). The concentration of apoE was higher in patients with LVD than in patients with SVD or in CS (p<0.05). The percentage of patients with increased level of lp(a) (i.e., >30 mg/ml) was greater in patients with LVD (36.7%) than in CS (10%) (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with stroke due to LVD, but not SVD, have high prevalence of atherogenic lipid abnormalities, including increased frequency of LDL phenotype B and higher percentage of increased lp(a) level, like patients with other atherogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Slowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Ul. Botaniczna 3, Cracow 31-503, Poland.
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Zhou XH, Yang D, Zhang JH, Liu CM, Lei KJ. Purification and N-terminal partial sequence of anti-epilepsy peptide from venom of the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch. Biochem J 1989; 257:509-17. [PMID: 2930463 PMCID: PMC1135608 DOI: 10.1042/bj2570509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An anti-epilepsy peptide (AEP) was isolated and purified from venom of the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch. The purification procedure included CM-Sephadex C-50 chromatography, gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. Its homogeneity was demonstrated by pH 4.3 polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis, focusing electrophoresis and SDS/polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis. The Mr of this peptide, calculated from measurements in SDS/15%-polyacrylamide-disc-gel and SDS/20%-polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis, is 8300. The isoelectric point is 8.52 by pH 8-9.5-range isoelectric focusing. No haemorrhagic or toxic activities were found. No toxicity was found even after the dose reached 28 mg/kg. The pharmacological tests showed that the AEP had no effect on heart rate, blood pressure or electrocardiogram, but strongly inhibited epilepsy induced by coriaria lactone and cephaloridine. The fluorescence spectrum showed that the peptide has a strong emission peak at 337 nm. Amino acid analysis suggested that the AEP is composed of 66 residues from 18 amino acids and has an Mr of 8290. The sequence of the first 50 N-terminal residues is as follows: Asp-Gly-Tyr-Ile-Arg-Gly-Ser-Asp-Asn-Cys-Lys-Val-Ser-Cys-Leu-Leu-Gly-Asn- Glu-Gly - Cys-Asn-Lys-Glu-Cys-Arg-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Ala-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Tyr-Cys-Trp-Thr-Val- Lys-Leu - Ala-Gln-Asp-Cys-Glu-Gly-Leu-Pro-Asp-Thr-.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Shenyang College of Pharmacy, China
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Jabs HU, Assmann G. Characterization of an apolipoprotein C-III mutant by high-performance liquid chromatography and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 414:323-33. [PMID: 3571400 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) C-III isoforms from a patient with a mutant apo C-III and from controls were isolated to homogeneity by isoelectric focusing and subjected to proteolytic digestion. The peptides obtained were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and their molecular masses were determined by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Molecular masses of peptides derived from apo C-III0, C-III1 and C-III2 were indistinguishable from control preparations, whereas the mutant apo C-III contained a COOH-terminal, carbohydrate-containing peptide with an abnormal retention time in high-performance liquid chromatography and a molecular mass higher by 291 daltons owing to oversialation at position 74 of the amino acid sequence (apo C-III3).
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Pushkin AV, Antoniuk LP, Solovieva NA, Shubin VV, Evstigneeva ZG, Kretovich WL, Cherednikova TV, Tsuprun VL, Zograf ON, Kiselev NA. Glutamine synthetases of pea leaf and seed cytosol. Structure and properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(85)90315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The specific activity of GMP synthetase was measured in several human tissues and found to be highest in cultured skin fibroblasts, followed by bone marrow, leukocytes, erythrocytes, placenta, and liver. The enzyme from fibroblasts was purified approximately 50-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration. The Km values were determined to be 4.9 microM for XMP, 270 microM for ATP, and 340 microM for glutamine. Ammonium sulfate could replace glutamine as the amino donor but was much less efficient. The enzyme was specific for ATP as the energy source. Unlike the calf thymus enzyme, the human enzyme has no requirement for a reduced sulfhydryl compound. Human GMP synthetase is inhibited by ATP, dATP, azaserine, and hydroxylamine.
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Nishida Y, Kamatani N, Miyamoto T. Properties and activities of phosphoribomutase in human leukemic cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1984; 165 Pt B:267-72. [PMID: 6326504 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-0390-0_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Omenyi SN, Snyder RS. Vertical ascending electrophoresis of cells with a minimal stabilizing medium. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 13:437-59. [PMID: 6669518 DOI: 10.1080/10826068308070602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vertical fractionation of a mixture of fixed horse and human red blood cells layered over a stabilizing support medium was done to give a valid comparison with proposed space experiments. In particular, the effects of sample thickness and concentration on zone migration rate were investigated. Electrophoretic mobilities of horse and human cells calculated from zone migration rates were compatible with those obtained by microelectrophoresis. Complete cell separation was observed when low power and effective cooling were employed.
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Hurst JH, Guchhait RB, Billingsley ML, Stolk JM, Lovenberg W. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase: notes on its purification from bovine adrenal medulla and separation from protein carboxymethyltransferase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 112:1061-8. [PMID: 6847678 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Standard procedures for the purification of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase were modified by the addition of an affinity chromatography step utilizing immobilized S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and by use of preparative isoelectric focusing. Enzyme derived from bovine adrenal medullae was bound to S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine agarose, and could be eluted with 0.1 M NaCl. Concentrations of S-adenosyl-L-methionine as high as 10 mM were ineffective in eluting the enzyme. Preparative isoelectric focusing of bovine phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase showed a single peak with the pI = 4.95. The potential use of immobilized S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine in the differential separation of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase from other methyltransferase enzymes is discussed.
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Bachmann M. Isolation and partial characterization of a toxin from the venom of the East African orthognath spider Pterinochilus spec. Toxicon 1982; 20:547-52. [PMID: 7101305 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(82)90048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A minor basic polypeptide in the venom of the East African orthognath spider Pterinochilus spec. was the most toxic of 16 basic components in this venom. This toxin A4/4 was purified by gel permeation on Sephadex G-50 and ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25 with a yield of 1.3% of the total protein content of the crude venom. The polypeptide has an isoelectric point of 9.39 and molecular weight of 10,500. The s.c. LD50 in mice is 0.1 mg/kg. Death occurred due to respiratory paralysis. After administration of sublethal doses rapid reversibility of the symptoms and total recovery of the animals was observed.
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Nishida Y, Miyamoto T. Properties and activities of phosphoribomutase in the human leukemic cells. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 14:961-3. [PMID: 6292018 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(82)90055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
1. The activities and properties of phosphoribomutase were determined in human leukemic leukocytes and normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes. 2. Leukemic leukocytes had markedly increased phosphoribomutase activity. 3. The Km value of leukemic cells to R-1-P was identical to normal cells. However, the Km value to glucose-1-6-diphosphate in leukemic cells had been shown to be low. 4. Inhibition rates by 2-3-DPG and Pi were lower in leukemic cells. 5. Leukemic cells enzyme was unstable by heating. 6. There were no significant differences in isoelectric points between normal cells and leukemic cells.
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Nishida Y, Akaoka I, Horiuchi Y. Altered isoelectric property of a superactive 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase in a patient with clinical gout. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1981; 26:387-94. [PMID: 6277305 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(81)90014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Geelhoed GW, Becker KL, O'Neill W, Snider RH, Moore CF, Silva OL. Calcitonin studies in the rhesus monkey. World J Surg 1981; 5:579-86. [PMID: 7324492 DOI: 10.1007/bf01655013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
Human liver cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase was found to exhibit five subforms with isoelectric points of 5.15, 5.30, 5.45, 5.60, and 5.80. Treatment with neuraminidase did not affect their electrophoretic mobility. The immunochemical and steady-state kinetic properties of the subforms were identical. Heat treatment increased the proportion of acidic subforms, but all forms were present in fresh tissue. 2-Mercaptoethanol or inhibitors of proteolysis failed to protect against the formation of the subforms with lower isoelectric points. Multiple molecular forms with similar properties were found for the enzyme of human erythrocytes. This evidence is consistent with deamidation of asparaginyl or glutaminyl residues as the origin of the multiple forms. Human mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase presented as a single molecular form with an isoelectric point of 9.7.
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Lin LF. Roles of phospholipid and detergent in soluble protein activation of squalene epoxidase. Biochemistry 1980; 19:5135-40. [PMID: 7459326 DOI: 10.1021/bi00563a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
"Soluble protein factor" (SPF) from hog liver stimulates hepatic microsome-associated squalene epoxidase in the presence of phosphatidylglycerol or phosphatidylserine. When SPF and phosphatidylglycerol are preincubated for 30 min at 37 degrees C before addition to the epoxidase system, this stimulation is abolished. On Sephadex chromatography of the protein--phospholipid mixture, both components appear in the void volume, whereas SPF alone is retarded on the column. These results suggest formation of a SPF--phosphatidylglycerol complex. Treatment of the complex with Tween 80 restores the stimulatory effects of SPF on squalene epoxidase. The stimulation of microsomal squalene epoxidase by SPF was abolished by pretreatment of the membrane with low concentrations of deoxycholate or by solubilizing the enzyme with Triton X-100, implying that an intact membrane system is required for SPF sensitivity. SPF has been purified 1200-fold from hog liver.
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Tuengler P, Stein TN, Long GL. Studies on the active center of D- and L-lactate dehydrogenases using oxamate-diaminohexyl-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:5832-6. [PMID: 6934514 PMCID: PMC350165 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.10.5832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate and invertebrate L-lactate dehydrogenases (L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) are effectively bound to oxamate-diaminohexyl-Sepharose, whereas several D-lactate dehydrogenases (D-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.28) do not bind to the same Sepharose. One explanation for our findings is that the enzymes' substrate is oriented in a reversed manner in the active center of the D- and L-lactate dehydrogenases.
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Prestidge RL, Hearn MT. Preparative flatbed electrofocusing in granulated gels with natural pH gradients generated from simple buffers. Anal Biochem 1979; 97:95-102. [PMID: 39470 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Artifacts in preparative isoelectric focusing: possible complex formation between Ampholines and alanine. J Chromatogr A 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)86419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Oeltgen PR, Spurrier WA, Bergmann LC. Hemoglobin alterations of the 13-lined ground squirrel while in various activity states. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 64:207-11. [PMID: 318302 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(79)90162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. Characterization of fetal, winter-hibernating, winter-active, summer-active and summer-induced hibernating hemoglobins of 13-lined ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus) by isoelectric focusing (IEF) pH 7.0-9.0 indicated that this molecule is extremely responsive to the various activity states of this hibernator. 2. Major alterations of ground squirrel hemoglobin occur with the varying activity states as evidenced by the distinctive changes in the isoelectric points (pIs) of these protein components. 3. Hemoglobin from winter-hibernating or summer-induced hibernating ground squirrels does not revert to a fetal type of hemoglobin. 4. The presence of an additional hemoglobin peak pI 6.55 in the summer-induced hibernator may serve as a possible assay for hibernation inducing trigger(s) (HIT) molecules under study in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Oeltgen
- Lexington Veterans Administration Medical Center, Kentucky
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Thomas JM, Hodes ME. Two-stage methods for alkaline-range analytical isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide gel: application to cationic proteins in serum. Anal Biochem 1978; 90:596-608. [PMID: 31821 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cann JR, Stimpson DI, Cox DJ. Isoelectric focusing of interacting systems III. Carrier ampholyte-induced macromolecular association or dissociation into subunits. Anal Biochem 1978; 86:34-49. [PMID: 26282 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ohlander C, Larsson A, Perlmann P. Specificity of Fc-receptors on lymphocytes and monocytes for guinea-pig IgG1 and IgG2: phagocytosis of erythrocytes. Scand J Immunol 1978; 7:285-96. [PMID: 77554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1978.tb00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of guinea-pig IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to induce lymphocyte (K-cell) mediated lysis or monocyte/macrophage mediated phagocytosis of erythrocytes was studied with both human and guinea-pig effector cells. For both species, induction of K-cell mediated lysis was restricted to IgG2 whereas both IgG1 and IgG2 could induce monocyte/macrophage mediated phagocytosis. In competitive inhibition experiments, only complexed IgG2 inhibited lysis mediated by K-cells. The results suggest that the fc-receptors on K-cells only recognize IgG2. In contrast, complexes of both subclasses inhibited phagocytosis by human monocytes, regardless of the subclass of the inducing antibodies. Inhibition of guinea-pig macrophage mediated phagocytosis by IgG2 complexes was also independent of the inducing antibody. Hence, Fc-receptors common for IgG1 and IgG2 seem to be involved in themonocyte/macrophage mediated effector reaction. Free IgG1 was significantly less ingibitory than free IgG2 for human monocytes and hardly at all for guinea-pig macrophages. However, free IgG2, which was cytophilic for these cells, was more aggregated than IgG1. Thus, both molecular structure and state of aggregation determine interaction of IgG with cellular Fc-receptors.
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Lee HS, Schulz AR, Fuller RW. Isolation and purification of rabbit adrenal norephinephrine N-methyl transferase isozymes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 185:222-7. [PMID: 623485 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Oeltgen PR, Bergmann LC, Spurrier WA, Jones SB. Isolation of a hibernation inducing trigger(s) from the plasma of hibernating woodchucks. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 8:171-88. [PMID: 568785 DOI: 10.1080/00327487808069058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasma from hibernating woodchucks was desalted utilizing a hollow fiber device having a M. W. cut-off of 5,000. This preparation was fractionated by isoelectric focusing (IEF) in a pH gradient extending from 3.5 to 10.0 resulting in protein components having isoelectric points (pIs) of 4.5, 5.2, 5.5, 6.3, and 7.0. Fraction I (comprised of proteins having pIs of 4.5 and 5.2) induced hibernation within 2 to 6 days in 8 out of 10 summer-active ground squirrels. Fraction II (pI 5.5) and Fraction III (pI 6.3 and 7.0) failed to induce any summer hibernation in 10 animal test groups at identical sample concentrations. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Fraction I indicated that albumin was a major constituent of this still heterogeneous preparation. Thus, in order to more clearly define the plasma locus of this hibernation inducing trigger(s) (HIT) molecule, whole plasma and/or Fraction I was fractionated by 3 distinct resolving techniques. These included sub-fractionation of Fraction I by isoelectric focusing utilizing a narrower pH gradient extending from 3.5 to 6.0, isotachophoresis of whole plasma and affinity chromatography of Fraction I and whole plasma. A total of 40 summer-active ground squirrels were injected and assayed for HIT activity with fractionated preparations derived by the three previously cited separation techniques. A total of 18 of these summer-active ground squirrels hibernated. However, a much more impressive figure is that 16 out of 21 animals hibernated when injected with resolved hibernating plasma fractions in which albumin was the predominant plasma protein. A total of 8 control animals were injected with vehicle and none of these hibernated.
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Hirsch RL, Gray I, Bellanti JA. Fractionation of rat blood lymphocytes by isoelectric focusing: separation of T- and B-lymphocytes. J Immunol Methods 1977; 18:95-104. [PMID: 303265 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(77)90161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cann JR, Stimpson DI. Isoelectric focusing of interacting systems. I. Carrier ampholyte-induced macromolecular isomerization. Biophys Chem 1977; 7:103-14. [PMID: 20171 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(77)80003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A phenomenological theory of isoelectric focusing is formulated for rapidly reversible, ampholyte-induced macromolecular isomerization. The calculations reveal that such interactions can give well resolved, bimodal transient and equilibrium isoelectric focusing patterns in which the two peaks correspond to different chemical equilibrium compositions and not to separated isomers. The kinetics of approach to the equilibrium pattern are characteristically biphasic: During the first phase, which is controlled by the rate of migration of the isomers in the electric field, two peaks are positioned in the region between the isoelectric points of the two isomers; one of the peaks then grows slowly at the expense of the other with a diffusion-dominated rate. The kinetics are dependent upon the initial distribution of macromolecule in the isoelectric focusing column, and in certain cases only a single peak is apparent during the first phase. These findings have practical implications for unambiguous interpretation of isoelectric focusing patterns, furnish explanations for hitherto puzzling experimental observations, and provide theoretical insights required for application of isoelectric focusing to the detection and characterization of macromolecular interactions in general.
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34
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Khar A, Anand SR. Studies on the glycosidases of semen. Further purification and characterization of two hexosaminidases from bull seminal plasma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 483:152-9. [PMID: 880304 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two isozymes of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxy glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.30) (A and B) from bull seminal plasma were purified to homogeneity by isoelectric focusing having pI values of 5.31 and 6.78. The two proteins were glycoproteins with very similar amino acid composition but isozyme A contained more sialic acid than isozyme B. The molecular weights of isozyme A and B were estimated at 200 000 and 190 000 by gel filtration. Two identical subunits corresponding to molecular weights of 53 000 and 13 400 were obtained from hexosaminidase A and B when subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Similar results were obtained when dissociation of the isozymes was effected with mercaptoethanol, guanidine hydrochloride and urea in presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate and the subunits separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two isozymes were more stable in frozen conditions than at the refrigerated temperature. Of the divalent ion tested, glucosaminidase and galactosaminidase activities of isozymes A and B were strongly inhibited by Hg2+ and Ag+ thus suggesting the presence of thiol groups in the two proteins. The two isozymes were active on natural substrates; isozyme B being more active than isozyme A.
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Kaguera E, Toki S. Purification and properties of a new testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) from guinea-pig liver. Biochem J 1977; 163:401-7. [PMID: 18133 PMCID: PMC1164717 DOI: 10.1042/bj1630401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a result of studies of guinea-pig live testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.64), a new testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase was discovered. The new enzyme was purified to a single homogeneous protein from the 105 000 g-supernatant fraction of guinea-pig liver by (NH4)2SO4 fractional precipitation and two gel-filtration stages, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and hydroxyapatite column chromatography. It was characterized by many properties. The enzyme has almost the same properties as the classical testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.64), with respect to cofactor requirement, pH optima for dehydrogenation, effect of phosphate ion on the NAD+-dependent reaction and molecular weight, but characteristic differences were observed in substrate-specificity between the two dehydrogenases. With various androstane derivatives, the configuration of the A/B-ring junction was closely connected with enzyme activity. 5alpha-Androstanes, such as 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol and 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one, and 5beta-congeners, such as 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, 5beta-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol and 17beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-3-one, served as substrates for both the EC 1.1.1.64 enzyme and the new enzyme. The EC 1.1.1.64 enzyme oxidized testosterone more rapidly than did the new enzyme. These comparisons were based on the relative activities, apparent Km values and apparent Vmax values.
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Flanagan PR, Zbarsky SH. Rat intestinal phosphodiesterase II. Properties of the highly purified enzyme and its inactivation by iodoacetic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 480:204-18. [PMID: 12824 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A highly purifed preparation of rat intestinal phosphodiesterase II (oligonucleate 3'-nucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.18) has been studied using a synthetic substrate, thymidine 3'(2,4-dinitrophenyl) phosphate. The enzyme was most active between pH 6.1 and pH 6.7 and was inhibited by Cu2+ and Zn2+ but unaffected by EDTA, Mg2+, Co2+, and Ni2+. The reaction rate decreased at high levels of enzyme because of competitive inhibition by deoxythymidine 3'-phosphate, a reaction product, which showed a Ki of 2-10(-5) M. The molecular weight of the enzyme by gel-filtration was 150 000-170 000. In electrofocusing experiments multiple peaks of activity were found at pH 3.4, 4.2-4.5and 7.2. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of freshly purified phosphodiesterase II showed up to 10 protein bands in the gels. If the preparations were stored at 4 degrees C for some time only one or two bands appeared. Investigation of the reaction of rat intestinal phosphodiesterase II with a number of possible phosphodiesterase substrates indicated that the enzyme required a nucleoside 3'-phosphoryl residue for the initiation of hydrolysis. Thus compounds such as NAD, ATP, bis-(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate, thymidine 5'-(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate, glycerylphosphorylcholine, guanylyl-(2' leads to 5')-adenosine and 3',5'-cyclic AMP which contain phosphodiester bonds, nevertheless were not substrates for the enzyme. The enzyme was inhibited reverisbly by p-chloromercuribenzoate and p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate and inactivated irreversibly by iodoacetic acid. Activity of the phosphodiesterase II was reduced to 50% by incubation with 2.0-10(-3)--5.0-10(-3) M iodoacetate for 20--30 min at 24 degrees C at pH 5.0--6.1. Iodoacetamide had no effect. The degree of inactivation by iodoacetate was reduced by the presence of a substrate for the enzyme or, more effectively by deoxythymidine 3'-phosphate, a competitive inhibitor. It is concluded that iodoacetic acid alkylates an essential residue at the active centre of the enzyme.
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37
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Hass LF, Sheibley RH, Kappel WK, Miller KB. A comparison of some of the physical and chemical properties of the phosphoglycerate mutases from human erythrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 72:976-83. [PMID: 186068 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(76)80227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Van Eijk HG, Van Noort WL. Isolation of rat transferrin using CNBr-activated sepharose 4B. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE CHEMIE UND KLINISCHE BIOCHEMIE 1976; 14:475-8. [PMID: 993733 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1976.14.1-12.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. The isolation of transferrin from rat serum by means of affinity chromatography on CNBr-activated Sepharose 4 B is described. -2. Subfractionation by isoelectric focusing yielded two transferrin fractions with identical biological behaviour but with small differences in isoelectric point (6.0 and 5.8) and sialic acid contents.
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Pectic lyase isozymes produced by Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkh. et. al. in polypectate broth or in Dieffenbachia leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-4059(76)90030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Brandtzaeg P, Gautvik KM, Nustad K, Pierce JV. Rat submandibular gland kallikreins: purification and cellular localization. Br J Pharmacol 1976; 56:155-67. [PMID: 1252668 PMCID: PMC1666871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1976.tb07438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
1 Four submandibular gland kallikreins (E.C.3.4.21.8) were isolated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and hydroxyapatite, followed by gel filtration and electrofocusing. The pI values were 3.87, 3.96, 4.07 and 4.16, and a common molecular weight of 34,000 was found. 2 The kallikreins were localized by direct immunofluorescence with an antibody to rat urinary kallikrein, to the granular tubules, striated duct cells and some main duct cells in the submandibular gland, and to striated duct cells in the sublingual gland. Kallikrein was not found in acini and stroma. 3 Several non-kallikrein esterases present in the submandibular gland reacted with the antibody to rat urinary kallikrein. The antibody was made monospecific for kallikrein by absorption with the crossreacting esterases. 4 We suggest that kallikrein is produced in striated duct cells. Granular tubules, which are differentiated from striated duct cells, have preserved the ability to produce kallikrein. These cells also store large quantities of kallikrein.
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Yates AD, Morgan WT, Watkins WM. Linkage-specific alpha-D-galactosidases from Trichomonas foetus: characterisation of the blood-group B-destroying enzyme as a 1, 3-alpha-galactosidase and the blood-group P1-destroying enzyme as a 1, 4-alpha-galactosidase. FEBS Lett 1975; 60:281-5. [PMID: 6322 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Righetti PG, Pagani M, Gianazza E. Characterization of synthetic carrier ampholytes for isoelectric focusing. J Chromatogr A 1975; 109:341-56. [PMID: 239018 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)91807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of carrier ampholytes suitable for isoelectric focusing is described. The mixture of hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) and pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) ampholytes closely resembles commercial Ampholine, and covers the pH range 3-9.5. We have been able to detect focused ampholytes in a gel slab, taking advantage of their different refractive indices, and to assess their relative amounts along the pH gradient. PEHA ampholytes contain up to 20% of chromophoric structures, with two UV peaks at 368 and 315 nm, in a pH-dependent equilibrium, associated with a very weak nitrogen function having a pK of 1.1. This could be the pK6 of the last amino group in PEHA. However, NMR spectra failed to reveal any nitrogen heterocyclic structure formed during the synthesis. This mixture of ampholytes exhibits good conductivity, produces smooth pH gradients and allows sharp protein separations in the pH range 3-9.5. Their synthesis is very easy and their cost is extremely low. Their availability sould make feasible large-scale preparative isoelectric focusing, and attract more interest to continuous-flow techniques, where large amounts of ampholytes are required.
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Hausman RE, Moscona AA. Purification and characterization of the retina-specific cell-aggregating factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:916-20. [PMID: 1055390 PMCID: PMC432432 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.3.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue-specific, cell-aggregating component of embryonic neural retina cells was purified from the retina cell-aggregating factor and characterized as a glycoprotein. Its molecular weight in solution is in the range of 50,000, and it contains 10-15% carbohydrate. The amino-acid and carbohydrate compositions have been determined. The glycoprotein is produced by embryonic neural retina cells in primary monolayered cultures and is released into the medium. Its tissue-specific, cell-aggregating effect requires integrity of the polypeptide portion, but not of the carbohydrate portion. We suggest that the isolated molecule is a specific determinant of the embryonic retina cell-surface and that it is involved in mediating self-recognition and selective adhesiveness of these cells.
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Freedman M, Yeger H, Milandre J, Slaughter M. Studies on hyperimmune restricted and partially restricted anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide antibodies from allotype-defined pedigreed rabbits—III: Fractionation of restricted rabbit anti-SIII and -SVIII antibodies from partially inbred rabbits by affinity chromatography and electrophoretic properties of these antibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(75)90110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Snapka RM, Sawyer TH, Barton RA, Gracy RW. Comparison of the electrophoretic properties of triosephosphate isomerases of various tissues and species. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 49:733-41. [PMID: 4434738 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(74)90259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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49
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Freedman M, Milandre J, Yeger H. The use of liquid and gel isoelectric focusing as a means of further evaluating the degree of restriction of rabbit antibodies. J Immunol Methods 1974; 6:165-76. [PMID: 4154957 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(74)90103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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Emes AV, Gallimore NJ, Hodson AW, Latner AL. The preparation of crystalline human L-lactate--nicotinamide--adenine dinucleotide oxidoreductase isoenzyme 1 involvoing preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Biochem J 1974; 143:453-60. [PMID: 4376947 PMCID: PMC1168402 DOI: 10.1042/bj1430453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented for the preparation of human heart lactate dehydrogenase (l-lactate-NAD(+) oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.27) isoenzyme 1; this involves the use of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis as a preparative step. The yield was about 10% with a final specific activity of 220 units/mg of protein, one unit being defined as the amount of enzyme catalysing the oxidation of 1mumol of NADH/min at 25 degrees C, in the presence of 0.33mm-pyruvate. The crystalline preparation contained less than 2% of the other isoenzymes, was homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge and showed only a trace of protein contamination on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Some properties of the crystalline isoenzyme are reported; E(1%) (1cm)=13.2 at 280nm, s(0) (20,w)=7.43S, pI=4.6, and the apparent K(m) for pyruvate=1.02x10(-4)m. The human isoenzyme and the isoenzyme from pig heart differ with respect to amino acid composition, electrophoretic mobility and solubility. It is possible that these differences do not involve the active site, or sites, but are due to changes in amino acid residues elsewhere in the molecule. The importance of purified human LDH-1 isoenzyme with regard to enzyme radioimmunoassay is emphasized.
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