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Chemical mutagenesis of a GPCR ligand: Detoxifying "inflammo-attraction" to direct therapeutic stem cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31177-31188. [PMID: 33219123 PMCID: PMC7733796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911444117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While inflammatory chemokines, constitutively produced by pathologic regions, are pivotal for attracting reparative stem cells, one would certainly not want to further “inflame” a diseased brain by instilling such molecules. Exploiting the fact that receptors for such cytokines (G protein-coupled receptors [GPCR]) possess two “pockets”—one for binding, the other for signaling—we created a synthetic GPCR-agonist that maximizes interaction with the former and narrows that with the latter. Homing is robust with no inflammation. The peptide successfully directed the integration of human induced pluripotent stem cell derivatives (known to have muted migration) in a model of a prototypical neurodegenerative condition, ameliorating symptomatology. A transplanted stem cell’s engagement with a pathologic niche is the first step in its restoring homeostasis to that site. Inflammatory chemokines are constitutively produced in such a niche; their binding to receptors on the stem cell helps direct that cell’s “pathotropism.” Neural stem cells (NSCs), which express CXCR4, migrate to sites of CNS injury or degeneration in part because astrocytes and vasculature produce the inflammatory chemokine CXCL12. Binding of CXCL12 to CXCR4 (a G protein-coupled receptor, GPCR) triggers repair processes within the NSC. Although a tool directing NSCs to where needed has been long-sought, one would not inject this chemokine in vivo because undesirable inflammation also follows CXCL12–CXCR4 coupling. Alternatively, we chemically “mutated” CXCL12, creating a CXCR4 agonist that contained a strong pure binding motif linked to a signaling motif devoid of sequences responsible for synthetic functions. This synthetic dual-moity CXCR4 agonist not only elicited more extensive and persistent human NSC migration and distribution than did native CXCL 12, but induced no host inflammation (or other adverse effects); rather, there was predominantly reparative gene expression. When co-administered with transplanted human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hNSCs in a mouse model of a prototypical neurodegenerative disease, the agonist enhanced migration, dissemination, and integration of donor-derived cells into the diseased cerebral cortex (including as electrophysiologically-active cortical neurons) where their secreted cross-corrective enzyme mediated a therapeutic impact unachieved by cells alone. Such a “designer” cytokine receptor-agonist peptide illustrates that treatments can be controlled and optimized by exploiting fundamental stem cell properties (e.g., “inflammo-attraction”).
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Wianny F, Vezoli J. Transplantation in the nonhuman primate MPTP model of Parkinson's disease: update and perspectives. Primate Biol 2017; 4:185-213. [PMID: 32110706 PMCID: PMC7041537 DOI: 10.5194/pb-4-185-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to calibrate stem cell exploitation for cellular therapy in neurodegenerative diseases, fundamental and preclinical research in NHP (nonhuman primate) models is crucial. Indeed, it is consensually recognized that it is not possible to directly extrapolate results obtained in rodent models to human patients. A large diversity of neurological pathologies should benefit from cellular therapy based on neural differentiation of stem cells. In the context of this special issue of Primate Biology on NHP stem cells, we describe past and recent advances on cell replacement in the NHP model of Parkinson's disease (PD). From the different grafting procedures to the various cell types transplanted, we review here diverse approaches for cell-replacement therapy and their related therapeutic potential on behavior and function in the NHP model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Wianny
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Julien Vezoli
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
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Espinosa‐Jeffrey A, Blanchi B, Biancotti JC, Kumar S, Hirose M, Mandefro B, Talavera‐Adame D, Benvenisty N, Vellis J. Efficient Generation of Viral and Integration‐Free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell‐Derived Oligodendrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 39:2D.18.1-2D.18.28. [DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Espinosa‐Jeffrey
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles California
| | - Bruno Blanchi
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles California
| | - Juan Carlos Biancotti
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Shalini Kumar
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles California
| | - Megumi Hirose
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles California
| | - Berhan Mandefro
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California
| | | | - Nissim Benvenisty
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Jean Vellis
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles California
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Espinosa-Jeffrey A, Blanchi B, Biancotti JC, Kumar S, Hirose M, Mandefro B, Talavera-Adame D, Benvenisty N, de Vellis J. Efficient Generation of Viral and Integration-Free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 38:2D.18.1-2D.18.27. [PMID: 27532816 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here we document three highly reproducible protocols: (1) a culture system for the derivation of human oligodendrocytes (OLs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) and their further maturation-our protocol generates viral- and integration-free OLs that efficiently commit and move forward in the OL lineage, recapitulating all the steps known to occur during in vivo development; (2) a method for the isolation, propagation and maintenance of neural stem cells (NSCs); and (3) a protocol for the production, isolation, and maintenance of OLs from perinatal rodent and human brain-derived NSCs. Our unique culture systems rely on a series of chemically defined media, specifically designed and carefully characterized for each developmental stage of OL as they advance from OL progenitors to mature, myelinating cells. We are confident that these protocols bring our field a step closer to efficient autologous cell replacement therapies and disease modeling. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Espinosa-Jeffrey
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruno Blanchi
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Juan Carlos Biancotti
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shalini Kumar
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Megumi Hirose
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Berhan Mandefro
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Nissim Benvenisty
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jean de Vellis
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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5
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Haragopal H, Yu D, Zeng X, Kim SW, Han IB, Ropper AE, Anderson JE, Teng YD. Stemness enhancement of human neural stem cells following bone marrow MSC coculture. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:645-59. [PMID: 25719952 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x687561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid loss of stemness capacity in purified prototype neural stem cells (NSCs) remains a serious challenge to basic and clinical studies aiming to repair the central nervous system. Based on the essential role of mesodermal guidance in the process of neurulation, we hypothesized that coculture of human NSCs (hNSCs) with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells (hMSCs) could enhance the stemness of hNSCs through Notch-1 signaling. We have now tested the hypothesis by assessing behaviors of hNSCs and hMSCs under systematically designed coculture conditions relative to monocultures, with or without Notch-1 manipulation in vitro. Our data demonstrate that expression levels of Notch-1 and Hes-1 as determined by immunocytochemistry are significantly higher in hNSCs cocultured with hMSCs than those of controls. Furthermore, coculturing significantly increases immunoreactivity of CD15, a neural stemness marker, but decreases CD24, a marker of neural/neuronal commitment in hNSCs. The effect is independent from the physical status of cell growth since coculture and notch signaling actually promotes hNSC adhesion. Importantly, coculture with hMSCs markedly augments hNSC proliferation rate (e.g., higher yield in G2/M phase subpopulation in a notch-dependent manner detected by flow cytometry) without diminishing their lineage differentiation capabilities. The results suggest that coculture of hNSCs with hMSCs enhances stemness biology of hNSCs partially via activation of Notch-1 signal transduction. Our finding sheds new light on mesoderm-ectoderm cell fate determination via contact-based hMSC-hNSC interactions and provides mechanistic leads for devising effective regimens to sustain and augment stemness of in vitro established hNSC and hMSC lines for basic science, translational and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariprakash Haragopal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Wakeman DR, Weiss S, Sladek JR, Elsworth JD, Bauereis B, Leranth C, Hurley PJ, Roth RH, Redmond DE. Survival and Integration of Neurons Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells in MPTP-Lesioned Primates. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:981-94. [DOI: 10.3727/096368913x664865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A human embryonic stem cell (HESC) line, H1, was studied after differentiation to a dopaminergic phenotype in vitro in order to carry out in vivo studies in Parkinsonian monkeys. To identify morphological characteristics of transplanted donor cells, HESCs were transfected with a GFP lentiviral vector. Gene expression studies were performed at each step of a neural rosette-based dopaminergic differentiation protocol by RT-PCR. In vitro immunofluorescence revealed that >90% of the differentiated cells exhibited a neuronal phenotype by β-III-tubulin immunocytochemistry, with 17% of the cells coexpressing tyrosine hydroxylase prior to implantation. Biochemical analyses demonstrated dopamine release in culture in response to potassium chloride-induced membrane depolarization, suggesting that the cells synthesized and released dopamine. These characterized, HESC-derived neurons were then implanted into the striatum and midbrain of MPTP (1-methyl-4- phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-exposed monkeys that were triple immunosuppressed. Here we demonstrate robust survival of transplanted HESC-derived neurons after 6 weeks, as well as morphological features consistent with polarization, organization, and extension of processes that integrated into the host striatum. Expression of the dopaminergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase was not maintained in HESC-derived neural grafts in either the striatum or substantia nigra, despite a neuronal morphology and expression of β-III-tubulin. These results suggest that dopamine neuronal cells derived from neuroectoderm in vitro will not maintain the correct midbrain phenotype in vivo in nonhuman primates, contrasted with recent studies showing dopamine neuronal survival using an alternative floorplate method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R. Wakeman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John R. Sladek
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - John D. Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian Bauereis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Csaba Leranth
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick J. Hurley
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert H. Roth
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D. Eugene Redmond
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St. Kitts-Nevis, West Indies
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7
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Wakeman DR, Redmond DE, Dodiya HB, Sladek JR, Leranth C, Teng YD, Samulski RJ, Snyder EY. Human neural stem cells survive long term in the midbrain of dopamine-depleted monkeys after GDNF overexpression and project neurites toward an appropriate target. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:692-701. [PMID: 24744393 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplanted multipotent human fetal neural stem cells (hfNSCs) significantly improved the function of parkinsonian monkeys in a prior study primarily by neuroprotection, with only 3%-5% of cells expressing a dopamine (DA) phenotype. In this paper, we sought to determine whether further manipulation of the neural microenvironment by overexpression of a developmentally critical molecule, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), in the host striatum could enhance DA differentiation of hfNSCs injected into the substantia nigra and elicit growth of their axons to the GDNF-expressing target. hfNSCs were transplanted into the midbrain of 10 green monkeys exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine. GDNF was delivered concomitantly to the striatum via an adeno-associated virus serotype 5 vector, and the fate of grafted cells was assessed after 11 months. Donor cells remained predominantly within the midbrain at the injection site and sprouted numerous neurofilament-immunoreactive fibers that appeared to course rostrally toward the striatum in parallel with tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers from the host substantia nigra but did not mature into DA neurons. This work suggests that hfNSCs can generate neurons that project long fibers in the adult primate brain. However, in the absence of region-specific signals and despite GDNF overexpression, hfNSCs did not differentiate into mature DA neurons in large numbers. It is encouraging, however, that the adult primate brain appeared to retain axonal guidance cues. We believe that transplantation of stem cells, specifically instructed ex vivo to yield DA neurons, could lead to reconstruction of some portion of the nigrostriatal pathway and prove beneficial for the parkinsonian condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Wakeman
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurosurgery, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Gene Therapy Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - D Eugene Redmond
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurosurgery, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Gene Therapy Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hemraj B Dodiya
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurosurgery, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Gene Therapy Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John R Sladek
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurosurgery, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Gene Therapy Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Csaba Leranth
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurosurgery, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Gene Therapy Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yang D Teng
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurosurgery, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Gene Therapy Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Jude Samulski
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurosurgery, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Gene Therapy Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Evan Y Snyder
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurosurgery, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Gene Therapy Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Mattis VB, Wakeman DR, Tom C, Dodiya HB, Yeung SY, Tran AH, Bernau K, Ornelas L, Sahabian A, Reidling J, Sareen D, Thompson LM, Kordower JH, Svendsen CN. Neonatal immune-tolerance in mice does not prevent xenograft rejection. Exp Neurol 2014; 254:90-8. [PMID: 24440640 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the efficacy of human stem cell transplantation in rodent models is complicated by the significant immune rejection that occurs. Two recent reports have shown conflicting results using neonatal tolerance to xenografts in rats. Here we extend this approach to mice and assess whether neonatal tolerance can prevent the rapid rejection of xenografts. In three strains of neonatal immune-intact mice, using two different brain transplant regimes and three independent stem cell types, we conclusively show that there is rapid rejection of the implanted cells. We also address specific challenges associated with the generation of humanized mouse models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia B Mattis
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Colton Tom
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Loren Ornelas
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anais Sahabian
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Dhruv Sareen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Clive N Svendsen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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9
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Goncharova V, Das S, Niles W, Schraufstatter I, Wong AK, Povaly T, Wakeman D, Miller L, Snyder EY, Khaldoyanidi SK. Homing of neural stem cells from the venous compartment into a brain infarct does not involve conventional interactions with vascular endothelium. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:229-40. [PMID: 24396034 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neural stem cells (hNSCs) hold great potential for treatment of a wide variety of neurodegenerative and neurotraumatic conditions. Heretofore, administration has been through intracranial injection or implantation of cells. Because neural stem cells are capable of migrating to the injured brain from the intravascular space, it seemed feasible to administer them intravenously if their ability to circumvent the blood-brain barrier was enhanced. In the present studies, we found that interactions of hNSCs in vitro on the luminal surface of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was enhanced following enforced expression of cutaneous lymphocyte antigen on cell surface moieties by incubation of hNSCs with fucosyltransferase VI and GDP-fucose (fhNSCs). Interestingly, ex vivo fucosylation of hNSCs not only did not improve the cells homing into the brain injured by stroke following intravenous administration but also increased mortality of rats compared with the nonfucosylated hNSC group. Efforts to explain these unexpected findings using a three-dimensional flow chamber device revealed that transmigration of fhNSCs (under conditions of physiological shear stress) mediated by stromal cell-derived factor 1α was significantly decreased compared with controls. Further analysis revealed that hNSCs poorly withstand physiological shear stress, and their ability is further decreased following fucosylation. In addition, fhNSCs demonstrated a higher frequency of cellular aggregate formation as well as a tendency for removal of fucose from the cell surface. In summary, our findings suggest that the behavior of hNSCs in circulation is different from that observed with other cell types and that, at least for stroke, intravenous administration is a suboptimal route, even when the in vitro rolling ability of hNSCs is optimized by enforced fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Goncharova
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, USA; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; America Stem Cell Inc., San Diego, California, USA; Cascade LifeSciences Inc., San Diego, California, USA
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10
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Human Stem/Progenitor Cell-Based Assays for Neurodevelopmental Toxicity Testing. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0521-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Gopalakrishnan V, Bie B, Sinnappah-Kang ND, Adams H, Fuller GN, Pan ZZ, Majumder S. Myoblast-derived neuronal cells form glutamatergic neurons in the mouse cerebellum. Stem Cells 2011; 28:1839-47. [PMID: 20799335 DOI: 10.1002/stem.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Production of neurons from non-neural cells has far-reaching clinical significance. We previously found that myoblasts can be converted to a physiologically active neuronal phenotype by transferring a single recombinant transcription factor, REST-VP16, which directly activates target genes of the transcriptional repressor, REST. However, the neuronal subtype of M-RV cells and whether they can establish synaptic communication in the brain have remained unknown. M-RV cells engineered to express green fluorescent protein (M-RV-GFP) had functional ion channels but did not establish synaptic communication in vitro. However, when transplanted into newborn mice cerebella, a site of extensive postnatal neurogenesis, these cells expressed endogenous cerebellar granule precursors and neuron proteins, such as transient axonal glycoprotein-1, neurofilament, type-III β-tubulin, superior cervical ganglia-clone 10, glutamate receptor-2, and glutamate decarboxylase. Importantly, they exhibited action potentials and were capable of receiving glutamatergic synaptic input, similar to the native cerebellar granule neurons. These results suggest that M-RV-GFP cells differentiate into glutamatergic neurons, an important neuronal subtype, in the postnatal cerebellar milieu. Our findings suggest that although activation of REST-target genes can reprogram myoblasts to assume a general neuronal phenotype, the subtype specificity may then be directed by the brain microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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12
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Redmond DE, Weiss S, Elsworth JD, Roth RH, Wakeman DR, Bjugstad KB, Collier TJ, Blanchard BC, Teng YD, Synder EY, Sladek JR. Cellular repair in the parkinsonian nonhuman primate brain. Rejuvenation Res 2010; 13:188-94. [PMID: 20370501 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2009.0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that provides a useful model for testing cell replacement strategies to rejuvenate the affected dopaminergic neural systems, which have been destroyed by aging and the disease. We first showed that grafts of fetal dopaminergic neurons can reverse parkinsonian motor deficits induced by the toxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), validating the feasibility of cellular repair in a primate nervous system. Subsequent clinical trials in Parkinson patients showed encouraging results, including long-term improvement of neurological signs and reduction of medications in some patients. However, many experienced little therapeutic benefit, and some recipients experienced dyskinesias, suggesting a lack of regulated control of the grafts. We have since attempted to improve cell replacements by placing grafts in their correct anatomical location in the substantia nigra and using strategies such as co-grafting fetal striatal tissue or growth factors into the physiologic striatal targets. Moreover, the use of fetal cells depends on a variable supply of donor material, making it difficult to standardize cell quality and quantity. Therefore, we have also explored possibilities of using human neural stem cells (hNSCs) to ameliorate parkinsonism in nonhuman primates with encouraging results. hNSCs implanted into the striatum showed a remarkable migratory ability and were found in the substantia nigra, where a small number appeared to differentiate into dopamine neurons. The majority became growth factor-producing glia that could provide beneficial effects on host dopamine neurons. Studies to determine the optimum stage of differentiation from embryonic stem cells and to derive useful cells from somatic cell sources are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Eugene Redmond
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
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