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Zhao Y, Descamps J, Léger Y, Sojic N, Loget G. Light Conversion by Electrochemiluminescence at Semiconductor Surfaces. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2144-2153. [PMID: 39014959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusElectrochemiluminescence (ECL) is the electrochemical generation of light. It involves an interfacial charge transfer that produces the excited state of a luminophore at the electrode surface. ECL is a powerful readout method that is widely employed for immunoassays and clinical diagnostics and is progressively evolving into a microscopy technique. On the other hand, photoelectrochemistry at illuminated semiconductors is a field of research that deals with the transfer of photogenerated charge carriers at the solid-liquid interface. This concept offers several advantages such as a considerable lowering of the onset potential required for triggering an electrochemical reaction as well as light addressable chemistry, via the spatial confinement of redox reactions at locally illuminated semiconductor electrodes. The combination of ECL with photoelectrochemistry at illuminated semiconductors is termed photoinduced ECL (PECL). It deals with the triggering of an ECL reaction through the transfer of photogenerated minority charge carriers at the illuminated solid/liquid interface. PECL results in the conversion of incident photons (λexc), that are absorbed by the semiconductor photoelectrode to emitted photons (λPECL), produced by the ECL reaction. Although demonstrated in the 1970s by Bard et al. in ultradry organic solvents, PECL remained unexplored until the last five years. Nowadays, as a result of the considerable progress achieved in semiconductor photoelectrodes and ECL systems, a large variety of PECL systems can be designed by combining photoelectrode materials with ECL luminophores, making it a versatile tool for light conversion in aqueous media.In this Account, we introduce the fundamentals of ECL and photoelectrochemistry at illuminated semiconductors and review the recent developments in PECL. We discuss the two main PECL light conversion schemes: downconversion (where λexc < λPECL) and upconversion (where λexc > λPECL). Besides, PECL can be used to simplify considerably the common electrochemical setups employed for ECL. Indeed, by engineering the photoelectrode material and carefully considering the reactivity involved for ECL and its counter-reaction, PECL enables the ultimate concept of all-optical ECL (AO-ECL), i.e., ECL generation at an illuminated monolithic device immersed into the electrolyte solution. As discussed in this Account, AO-ECL is an important breakthrough that allows the simplest ECL experimental configuration ever reported, eliminating constraints such as an electrical power supply, wires, electrodes, connections, and specific electrochemical knowledge. As shown at the end of this Account, due to the robustness of recently manufactured PECL systems, several applications can already be envisioned for microscopy, elucidation of solar conversion mechanisms, near-infrared imaging, and bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, Rennes 35000, France
| | - J Descamps
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Y Léger
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON - UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - N Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
| | - G Loget
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
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2
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Hallock CD, Rose MJ. Electrochemical Impedance of Well-Passivated Semiconductors Reveals Bandgaps, Fermi Levels, and Interfacial Density of States. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18989-18998. [PMID: 38975810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
For well-passivated semiconductor materials, the density of states (DOS) at the band edge determines the concentration of electrons (or holes) available to participate in photo/electrochemical redox and chemical reactions. Electrochemical impedance enables the characterization of photo-electrode DOS in a functional, in situ, electrochemical environment. However, the in situ electrochemical approach remains underutilized for band structure characterization of inorganic semiconductors. In this work, we demonstrate that the DOS of the well-passivated, highly ordered semiconductors silicon and germanium is directly probed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). More specifically, EIS measurements of the chemical capacitance in contact with electrolyte enable direct analysis of the DOS properties. From the capacitance-potential plot, the following parameters can be extracted: Fermi level, valence band maximum, conduction band minimum, and a quantitative value of the number of states at each potential. This study aims to establish the groundwork for future EIS investigations of electronically modified semiconductor interfaces with covalently bound organic molecules, organometallic catalysts, or more complex biorelated functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D Hallock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael J Rose
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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3
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Fabre B, Falaise C, Cadot E. Polyoxometalates-Functionalized Electrodes for (Photo)Electrocatalytic Applications: Recent Advances and Prospects. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fabre
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Clément Falaise
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (UMR-CNRS 8180), UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Emmanuel Cadot
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (UMR-CNRS 8180), UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78000 Versailles, France
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4
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Pishgar S, Gulati S, Strain JM, Liang Y, Mulvehill MC, Spurgeon JM. In Situ Analytical Techniques for the Investigation of Material Stability and Interface Dynamics in Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Applications. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100322. [PMID: 34927994 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry are critical to technologies like fuel cells, electrolysis, and solar fuels. Material stability and interfacial phenomena are central to the performance and long-term viability of these technologies. Researchers need tools to uncover the fundamental processes occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Numerous analytical instruments are well-developed for material characterization, but many are ex situ techniques often performed under vacuum and without applied bias. Such measurements miss dynamic phenomena in the electrolyte under operational conditions. However, innovative advancements have allowed modification of these techniques for in situ characterization in liquid environments at electrochemically relevant conditions. This review explains some of the main in situ electrochemical characterization techniques, briefly explaining the principle of operation and highlighting key work in applying the method to investigate material stability and interfacial properties for electrocatalysts and photoelectrodes. Covered methods include spectroscopy (in situ UV-vis, ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), and in situ Raman), mass spectrometry (on-line inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS)), and microscopy (in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)). Each technique's capabilities and advantages/disadvantages are discussed and summarized for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Pishgar
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Saumya Gulati
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Jacob M Strain
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Ying Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Matthew C Mulvehill
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Joshua M Spurgeon
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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5
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Barzgar Vishlaghi M, Kahraman A, Apaydin S, Usman E, Aksoy D, Balkan T, Munir S, Harfouche M, Ogasawara H, Kaya S. The significance of the local structure of cobalt-based catalysts on the photoelectrochemical water oxidation activity of BiVO4. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Abstract
ConspectusDue to the intermittent nature of sunlight, practical round-trip solar energy utilization systems require both efficient solar energy conversion and inexpensive large-scale energy storage. Conventional round-trip solar energy utilization systems typically rely on the combination of two or more separated devices to fulfill such requirements. Integrated solar flow batteries (SFBs) are a new type of device that integrates solar energy conversion and electrochemical storage. In SFBs, the solar energy absorbed by photoelectrodes is converted into chemical energy by charging up redox couples dissolved in electrolyte solutions in contact with the photoelectrodes. To deliver electricity on demand, the reverse redox reactions are carried out to release chemical energy stored in redox couples as one would do in the discharge of a normal redox flow battery (RFB). The integrated design of SFBs enables all the functions demanded by round trip solar energy utilization systems to be realized within a single device. Leveraging rapidly developing parallel technologies of photovoltaic solar cells and RFBs, significant progress in the field of SFBs has been made in the past few years. This Account aims to provide a general reference and tutorial for researchers who are interested in SFBs, and to describe the design principles and thus facilitate the development of this nascent field.The operation principle of SFBs is built on the working mechanism of RFBs and photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, so we first describe the basic concept and important features of RFBs and redox couples with the emphasis on the quantitative understanding of RFB cell potentials. We also introduce different types of PEC cells and highlight two different photoelectrode designs that are commonly seen in SFB literature: simple semiconductor photoelectrodes and PV cell photoelectrodes. A set of experimental protocols for characterizing the redox couples, RFBs, photoelectrodes, and SFBs are presented to promote comparable assessment and discussion of important figures of merits of SFBs.Solar-to-output electricity efficiency (SOEE) defines the round trip energy efficiency of SFBs and has received substantial research attention. We introduce a quantitative simulation method to find the relationship between the SOEE and cell potential of SFBs and reveal the design principles for highly efficient SFBs. Several other important performance metrics of SFBs are also introduced. Then we review the historical development of SFBs and identify the state-of-the-art demonstrations at each development stage with more emphasis on our own research efforts in developing SFBs built with PV photoelectrodes. Finally, we preview some promising future directions and the challenges for advancing both the scientific understanding and practical applications of SFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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7
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Wang L, Schmid M, Sambur JB. Single nanoparticle photoelectrochemistry: What is next? J Chem Phys 2019; 151:180901. [PMID: 31731844 DOI: 10.1063/1.5124710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor photoelectrochemistry is a fascinating field that deals with the chemistry and physics of photodriven reactions at solid/liquid interfaces. The interdisciplinary field attracts (electro)chemists, materials scientists, spectroscopists, and theorists to study fundamental and applied problems such as carrier dynamics at illuminated electrode/electrolyte interfaces and solar energy conversion to electricity or chemical fuels. In the pursuit of practical photoelectrochemical energy conversion systems, researchers are exploring inexpensive, solution-processed semiconductor nanomaterials as light absorbers. Harnessing the enormous potential of nanomaterials for energy conversion applications requires a fundamental understanding of charge carrier generation, separation, transport, and interfacial charge transfer at heterogeneous nanoscale interfaces. Our current understanding of these processes is derived mainly from ensemble-average measurements of nanoparticle electrodes that report on the average behavior of trillions of nanoparticles. Ensemble-average measurements conceal how nanoparticle heterogeneity (e.g., differences in particle size, shape, and surface structure) contributes to the overall photoelectrochemical response. This perspective article focuses on the emerging area of single particle photoelectrochemistry, which has opened up an exciting new frontier: direct investigations of photodriven reactions on individual nanomaterials, with the ability to elucidate the role of particle-dependent properties on the photoelectrochemical behavior. Here, we (1) review the basic principles of photoelectrochemical cells, (2) point out the potential advantages and differences between bulk and nanoelectrodes, (3) introduce approaches to single nanoparticle photoelectrochemistry and highlight key findings, and (4) provide our perspective on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Merranda Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Justin B Sambur
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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8
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Beranek R. Selectivity of Chemical Conversions: Do Light‐Driven Photoelectrocatalytic Processes Hold Special Promise? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radim Beranek
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
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9
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Beranek R. Selectivity of Chemical Conversions: Do Light‐Driven Photoelectrocatalytic Processes Hold Special Promise? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16724-16729. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radim Beranek
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
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10
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Zhao Y, Yu J, Xu G, Sojic N, Loget G. Photoinduced Electrochemiluminescence at Silicon Electrodes in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13013-13016. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhao
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jing Yu
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Gabriel Loget
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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11
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Wang L, Gao Y, Dai F, Kong D, Wang H, Sun P, Shi Z, Sheng X, Xu B, Yin L. Geometrical and Chemical-Dependent Hydrolysis Mechanisms of Silicon Nanomembranes for Biodegradable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:18013-18023. [PMID: 31010291 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable electronic devices that physically disappear in physiological or environmental solutions are of critical importance for widespread applications in healthcare management and environmental sustainability. The precise modulation of materials and devices dissolution with on-demand operational lifetime, however, remain a key challenge. Silicon nanomembranes (Si NMs) are one of the essential semiconductor components for high-performance biodegradable electronics at the system level. In this work, we discover unusual hydrolysis behaviors of Si NMs that are significantly dependent on the dimensions of devices as well as their surface chemistry statuses. The experiments show a pronounced increase in hydrolysis rates of p-type Si NMs with larger sizes, and mechanical stirring introduces a significant decrease in dissolution rates. The presence of phosphates and potassium ions in solutions, or lower dopant levels of Si NMs will facilitate the degradation of Si NMs and will also lead to a stronger size-dependent effect. Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to reveal ion adsorption mechanisms of Si NMs under different surface charge statuses and confirm our experimental observations. Through geometrical designs, Si NM-based electrode arrays with tunable dissolution lifetime are formed, and their electrochemical properties are analyzed in vitro. These results offer new controlling strategies to modulate the operational time frames of Si NMs through geometrical design and surface chemistry modification and provide crucial fundamental understandings for engineering high-performance biodegradable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Baoxing Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
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12
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Xu S, Carter EA. Theoretical Insights into Heterogeneous (Photo)electrochemical CO2 Reduction. Chem Rev 2018; 119:6631-6669. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Ghasemian S, Nasuhoglu D, Omanovic S, Yargeau V. Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical carbamazepine using Sb-doped Sn 80% -W 20% -oxide electrodes. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Kearney K, Rockett A, Ertekin E. Computational insights into charge transfer across functionalized semiconductor surfaces. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2017; 18:681-692. [PMID: 31001363 PMCID: PMC6454407 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2017.1370962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical water-splitting is a promising carbon-free fuel production method for producing H2 and O2 gas from liquid water. These cells are typically composed of at least one semiconductor photoelectrode which is prone to degradation and/or oxidation. Various surface modifications are known for stabilizing semiconductor photoelectrodes, yet stabilization techniques are often accompanied by a decrease in photoelectrode performance. However, the impact of surface modification on charge transport and its consequence on performance is still lacking, creating a roadblock for further improvements. In this review, we discuss how density functional theory and finite-element device simulations are reliable tools for providing insight into charge transport across modified photoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Kearney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Angus Rockett
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Elif Ertekin
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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15
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Li C, Li A, Luo Z, Zhang J, Chang X, Huang Z, Wang T, Gong J. Surviving High-Temperature Calcination: ZrO2-Induced Hematite Nanotubes for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Weijin Road 92 Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Weijin Road 92 Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhibin Luo
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Weijin Road 92 Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Weijin Road 92 Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Xiaoxia Chang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Weijin Road 92 Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhiqi Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Weijin Road 92 Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Tuo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Weijin Road 92 Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jinlong Gong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Weijin Road 92 Tianjin 300072 China
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16
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Li C, Li A, Luo Z, Zhang J, Chang X, Huang Z, Wang T, Gong J. Surviving High-Temperature Calcination: ZrO 2 -Induced Hematite Nanotubes for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4150-4155. [PMID: 28220996 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanotubular Fe2 O3 is a promising photoanode material, and producing morphologies that withstand high-temperature calcination (HTC) is urgently needed to enhance the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. This work describes the design and fabrication of Fe2 O3 nanotube arrays that survive HTC for the first time. By introducing a ZrO2 shell on hydrothermal FeOOH nanorods by atomic layer deposition, subsequent high-temperature solid-state reaction converts FeOOH-ZrO2 nanorods to ZrO2 -induced Fe2 O3 nanotubes (Zr-Fe2 O3 NTs). The structural evolution of the hematite nanotubes is systematically explored. As a result of the nanostructuring and shortened charge collection distance, the nanotube photoanode shows a greatly improved PEC water oxidation activity, exhibiting a photocurrent density of 1.5 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), which is the highest among hematite nanotube photoanodes without co-catalysts. Furthermore, a Co-Pi decorated Zr-Fe2 O3 NT photoanode reveals an enhanced onset potential of 0.65 V (vs. RHE) and a photocurrent of 1.87 mA cm-2 (at 1.23 V vs. RHE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhibin Luo
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaoxia Chang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiqi Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tuo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jinlong Gong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Pilarczyk K, Daly B, Podborska A, Kwolek P, Silverson VA, de Silva AP, Szaciłowski K. Coordination chemistry for information acquisition and processing. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Caramori S, Ronconi F, Argazzi R, Carli S, Boaretto R, Busatto E, Bignozzi CA. Solar Energy Conversion in Photoelectrochemical Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31671-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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19
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Plaza M, Huang X, Ko JYP, Shen M, Simpson BH, Rodríguez-López J, Ritzert NL, Letchworth-Weaver K, Gunceler D, Schlom DG, Arias TA, Brock JD, Abruña HD. Structure of the Photo-catalytically Active Surface of SrTiO3. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7816-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Plaza
- School of Applied
and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Applied
and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - J. Y. Peter Ko
- School of Applied
and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Burton H. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nicole L. Ritzert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Deniz Gunceler
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Darrell G. Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tomás A. Arias
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Joel D. Brock
- School of Applied
and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Héctor D. Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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20
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Zhao K, Pan Z, Zhong X. Charge Recombination Control for High Efficiency Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:406-417. [PMID: 26758605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Benefiting from the unique excellent optoelectronic properties of quantum dot light absorbers, quantum dot sensitized solar cell (QDSCs) are a promising candidate for the low-cost third-generation solar cells. Over the past few years, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of QDSCs presents a rapid evolution from less than 1% to beyond 8%. Charge recombination is regarded as one of the most significant factors in limiting the photovoltaic performance of QDSCs. A significant improvement in the PCE of QDSCs has been obtained by charge recombination control. Some effective routes to suppress charge recombination processes, such as adopting preprepared high-quality QD sensitizers, tailoring the electronic properties of QDs, and interface engineering with the use of organic or inorganic thin layer overcoating the sensitized photoanode have been overviewed in this perspective. Also, the possible accesses to better performance (higher efficiency and stability) of the QDSCs have been proposed on the basis of achievements obtained previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenxiao Pan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinhua Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
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21
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Chuang CH, Lu YG, Lee K, Ciston J, Dukovic G. Strong Visible Absorption and Broad Time Scale Excited-State Relaxation in (Ga1–xZnx)(N1–xOx) Nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6452-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hung Chuang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ying-Gang Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kyureon Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National
Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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22
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Miandari S, Jafarian M, Mahjani MG, Heidaripour A. Photo-electrochemical Studies by AC Impedance Spectroscopy on Electrodeposited n-Type PbS. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20140257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Majid Jafarian
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology
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23
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24
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Dalle Carbonare N, Cristino V, Berardi S, Carli S, Argazzi R, Caramori S, Meda L, Tacca A, Bignozzi CA. Hematite Photoanodes Modified with an FeIIIWater Oxidation Catalyst. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:1164-74. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Bao XQ, Ferreira R, Paz E, Leitao DC, Silva A, Cardoso S, Freitas PP, Liu L. Ordered arrays of tilted silicon nanobelts with enhanced solar hydrogen evolution performance. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:2097-2101. [PMID: 24407249 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05360a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Well-ordered tilted silicon nanobelt arrays have been fabricated over a large area (≥2.5 cm(2)) by metal assisted chemical etching of pre-patterned silicon, which demonstrated markedly enhanced solar hydrogen evolution performance, compared with planar silicon of the same type and previously reported silicon nanowires prepared in a similar way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Bao
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
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26
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Wielopolski M, Linton KE, Marszałek M, Gulcur M, Bryce MR, Moser JE. Harvesting UV photons for solar energy conversion applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:2090-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54914c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Fabre B, Li Y, Scheres L, Pujari SP, Zuilhof H. Light-Activated Electroactive Molecule-Based Memory Microcells Confined on a Silicon Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Fabre B, Li Y, Scheres L, Pujari SP, Zuilhof H. Light-Activated Electroactive Molecule-Based Memory Microcells Confined on a Silicon Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12024-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Riha SC, Klahr BM, Tyo EC, Seifert S, Vajda S, Pellin MJ, Hamann TW, Martinson ABF. Atomic layer deposition of a submonolayer catalyst for the enhanced photoelectrochemical performance of water oxidation with hematite. ACS NANO 2013; 7:2396-405. [PMID: 23398051 DOI: 10.1021/nn305639z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hematite photoanodes were coated with an ultrathin cobalt oxide layer by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The optimal coating-1 ALD cycle, which amounts to <1 monolayer of Co(OH)2/Co3O4-resulted in significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical water oxidation performance. A stable, 100-200 mV cathodic shift in the photocurrent onset potential was observed that is correlated to an order of magnitude reduction in the resistance to charge transfer at the Fe2O3/H2O interface. Furthermore, the optical transparency of the ultrathin Co(OH)2/Co3O4 coating establishes it as a particularly advantageous treatment for nanostructured water oxidation photoanodes. The photocurrent of catalyst-coated nanostructured inverse opal scaffold hematite photoanodes reached 0.81 and 2.1 mA/cm(2) at 1.23 and 1.53 V, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon C Riha
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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30
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31
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Kisch H. Semiconductor photocatalysis--mechanistic and synthetic aspects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:812-47. [PMID: 23212748 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Preceding work on photoelectrochemistry at semiconductor single-crystal electrodes has formed the basis for the tremendous growth in the three last decades in the field of photocatalysis at semiconductor powders. The reason for this is the unique ability of inorganic semiconductor surfaces to photocatalyze concerted reduction and oxidation reactions of a large variety of electron-donor and -acceptor substrates. Whereas great attention was paid to water splitting and the exhaustive aerobic degradation of pollutants, only a small amount of research also explored synthetic aspects. After introducing the basic mechanistic principles, standard experiments for the preparation and characterization of visible light active photocatalysts as well as the investigation of reaction mechanisms are discussed. Novel atom-economic C-C and C-N coupling reactions illustrate the relevance of semiconductor photocatalysis for organic synthesis, and demonstrate that the multidisciplinary field combines classical photochemistry with electrochemistry, solid-state chemistry, and heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Kisch
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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32
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Hsu CH, Chen DH. CdS nanoparticles sensitization of Al-doped ZnO nanorod array thin film with hydrogen treatment as an ITO/FTO-free photoanode for solar water splitting. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2012; 7:593. [PMID: 23098050 PMCID: PMC3502475 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) nanorod array thin film with hydrogen treatment possesses the functions of transparent conducting oxide thin film and 1-D nanostructured semiconductor simultaneously. To enhance the absorption in the visible light region, it is sensitized by cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles which efficiently increase the absorption around 460 nm. The CdS nanoparticles-sensitized AZO nanorod array thin film with hydrogen treatment exhibits significantly improved photoelectrochemical property. After further heat treatment, a maximum short current density of 5.03 mA cm-2 is obtained under illumination. They not only are much higher than those without CdS nanoparticles sensitization and those without Al-doping and/or hydrogen treatment, but also comparable and even slightly superior to some earlier works for the CdS-sensitized zinc oxide nanorod array thin films with indium tin oxide (ITO) or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) as substrates. This demonstrated successfully that the AZO nanorod array thin film with hydrogen treatment is quite suitable as an ITO/FTO-free photoanode and has great potentials in solar water splitting after sensitization by quantum dots capable of visible light absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsiung Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 701, Republic of China
| | - Dong-Hwang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 701, Republic of China
- Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 701, Republic of China
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33
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Eghbalnia M, Dixon DG. In situ electrochemical characterization of natural pyrite as a galvanic catalyst using single-particle microelectrode technique in ferric sulfate solutions. J Solid State Electrochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-012-1873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Berger T, Monllor-Satoca D, Jankulovska M, Lana-Villarreal T, Gómez R. The electrochemistry of nanostructured titanium dioxide electrodes. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:2824-75. [PMID: 22753152 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Several of the multiple applications of titanium dioxide nanomaterials are directly related to the introduction or generation of charge carriers in the oxide. Thus, electrochemistry plays a central role in the understanding of the factors that must be controlled for the optimization of the material for each application. Herein, the main conceptual tools needed to address the study of the electrochemical properties of TiO(2) nanostructured electrodes are reviewed, as well as the electrochemical methods to prepare and modify them. Particular attention is paid to the dark electrochemical response of these nanomaterials and its direct connection with the TiO(2) electronic structure, interfacial area and grain boundary density. The physical bases for the generation of currents under illumination are also presented. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the kinetics of charge-carrier transfer to solution determines the sign and value of the photocurrent. Furthermore, methods for extracting kinetic information from open-circuit potential and photocurrent measurements are briefly presented. Some aspects of the combination of electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements are also dealt with. Finally, some of the applications of TiO(2) nanostructured samples derived from their electrochemical properties are concisely reviewed. Particular attention is paid to photocatalytic processes and, to a lesser extent, to photosynthetic reactions as well as to applications related to energy from the aspects of both saving (electrochromic layers) and accumulation (batteries). The use of TiO(2) nanomaterials in solar cells is not covered, as a number of reviews have been published addressing this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Berger
- Institut Universitari d'Electroquímica i Departament de Química Física, Universitat d'Alacant, Apartat 99, 03080 Alacant, Spain
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35
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Yuan G, Zhao H, Liu X, Hasanali ZS, Zou Y, Levine A, Wang D. Synthesis and photoelectrochemical study of vertically aligned silicon nanowire arrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 48:9680-4. [PMID: 19918828 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangbi Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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36
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Yuan G, Zhao H, Liu X, Hasanali Z, Zou Y, Levine A, Wang D. Synthesis and Photoelectrochemical Study of Vertically Aligned Silicon Nanowire Arrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Hamann TW, Gstrein F, Brunschwig BS, Lewis NS. Measurement of the driving force dependence of interfacial charge-transfer rate constants in response to pH changes at n-ZnO/H2O interfaces. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Belghazi A, Böhm S, Worsley DA, McMurray HN. Photoelectrochemically Driven Charge Transport across Free Standing TiO2Pigmented Organic Polymer Films. Z PHYS CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2005.219.11.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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40
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Ozkan M, Ozkan CS, Kibar O, Wang MM, Bhatia S, Esener SC. Heterogeneous integration through electrokinetic migration. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY MAGAZINE : THE QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF THE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY SOCIETY 2001; 20:144-51. [PMID: 11838246 DOI: 10.1109/51.982286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ozkan
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of California at Riverside, USA.
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41
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Photocurrent instability of PbS-sensitized TiO2 electrodes in S2− and SO32− solution. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(01)00455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Lonergan MC, Jones FE. Calculation of transmission coefficients at nonideal semiconductor interfaces characterized by a spatial distribution of barrier heights. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1375154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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43
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Lewis NS. Frontiers of research in photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Tanaka S, Hsu CP. Theory of nonadiabatic electron transfer at electrode/liquid interfaces: Role of quantum effects. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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45
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Watts DK, Koval CA. Electrochemistry of GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice electrodes in acetonitrile solutions with metallocene redox couples. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Frumkin corrections for heterogeneous rate constants at semiconducting electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)05074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Charge transfer rate constants for the reduction of cobaltocenium at accumulated nSi electrodes. Inorganica Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1693(95)04881-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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