1
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Kunz D, Wang A, Chan CU, Pritchard RH, Wang W, Gallo F, Bradshaw CR, Terenzani E, Müller KH, Huang YYS, Xiong F. Downregulation of extraembryonic tension controls body axis formation in avian embryos. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3266. [PMID: 37277340 PMCID: PMC10241863 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic tissues undergoing shape change draw mechanical input from extraembryonic substrates. In avian eggs, the early blastoderm disk is under the tension of the vitelline membrane (VM). Here we report that the chicken VM characteristically downregulates tension and stiffness to facilitate stage-specific embryo morphogenesis. Experimental relaxation of the VM early in development impairs blastoderm expansion, while maintaining VM tension in later stages resists the convergence of the posterior body causing stalled elongation, failure of neural tube closure, and axis rupture. Biochemical and structural analysis shows that VM weakening is associated with the reduction of outer-layer glycoprotein fibers, which is caused by an increasing albumen pH due to CO2 release from the egg. Our results identify a previously unrecognized potential cause of body axis defects through mis-regulation of extraembryonic tissue tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Kunz
- Wellcome Trust / CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anfu Wang
- Wellcome Trust / CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chon U Chan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robyn H Pritchard
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Filomena Gallo
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charles R Bradshaw
- Wellcome Trust / CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elisa Terenzani
- Wellcome Trust / CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karin H Müller
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Fengzhu Xiong
- Wellcome Trust / CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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2
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Lee JY, Kim JW, Shim Y, Kim SP, Kim KH, Yang J, Kim SK, Wang KC. Myelomeningocele as an anomaly of secondary neurulation. Childs Nerv Syst 2022; 38:2091-2099. [PMID: 35821435 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-022-05591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myelomeningocele (MMC) is the representative entity of open neural tube defects resulting from an error during primary neurulation. However, cases of MMC in the region of the secondary neural tube (below the junction of S1 and S2 vertebrae) are sometimes encountered. We aimed to analyze the clinical features of atypical "low-lying" MMC in comparison to the typical MMC and suggest possible pathoembryogenesis. METHODS From 1986 to 2020, 95 MMC patients were treated in our institute. A retrospective review of the radiological and clinical information was performed. We defined "low-lying" MMCs as those with fascia or lamina defects below the S1-2 interspinous ligament. RESULTS Thirty-one out of the 95 MMC patients were identified as having low-lying MMC. The percentage of low-lying MMC within the entire MMC group increased dramatically (19% from 1990 to 1999 and 48% from 2000 to 2020). Thirty-nine percent of the low-lying MMCs were associated with hydrocephalus, and 36% showed the Chiari malformation. Clean intermittent catheterization was being performed by 52% of the patients and 46% had a motor weakness. The proportions of hydrocephalus, neurological symptoms, and the number of related procedures in the low-lying MMC were substantially lower than the typical MMC in our cohort and the literature. CONCLUSIONS We present cases of atypical MMC occurring in the region of secondary neurulation. These cases provide clues that secondary neurulation may lead to open neural defects. Future experiments with animal models supporting what we have seen in the clinics will greatly enhance the understanding of the developmental process of neurulation and the corresponding anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeoun Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Medical Research Center, Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Whan Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngbo Shim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Saet Pyoul Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeyul Yang
- Center for Rare Cancers, Neuro-Oncology Clinic, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Kyounggi-do, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Chang Wang
- Center for Rare Cancers, Neuro-Oncology Clinic, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Kyounggi-do, 10408, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Engelhardt DM, Martyr CA, Niswander L. Pathogenesis of neural tube defects: The regulation and disruption of cellular processes underlying neural tube closure. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1559. [PMID: 35504597 PMCID: PMC9605354 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube closure (NTC) is crucial for proper development of the brain and spinal cord and requires precise morphogenesis from a sheet of cells to an intact three-dimensional structure. NTC is dependent on successful regulation of hundreds of genes, a myriad of signaling pathways, concentration gradients, and is influenced by epigenetic and environmental cues. Failure of NTC is termed a neural tube defect (NTD) and is a leading class of congenital defects in the United States and worldwide. Though NTDs are all defined as incomplete closure of the neural tube, the pathogenesis of an NTD determines the type, severity, positioning, and accompanying phenotypes. In this review, we survey pathogenesis of NTDs relating to disruption of cellular processes arising from genetic mutations, altered epigenetic regulation, and environmental influences by micronutrients and maternal condition. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Neurological Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Neurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Engelhardt
- Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Cara A Martyr
- Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Lee Niswander
- Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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4
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Targeting choroid plexus epithelium as a novel therapeutic strategy for hydrocephalus. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:156. [PMID: 35715859 PMCID: PMC9205094 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus is a tissue located in the lateral ventricles of the brain and is composed mainly of choroid plexus epithelium cells. The main function is currently thought to be the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and the regulation of its pH, and more functions are gradually being demonstrated. Assistance in the removal of metabolic waste and participation in the apoptotic pathway are also the functions of choroid plexus. Besides, it helps to repair the brain by regulating the secretion of neuropeptides and the delivery of drugs. It is involved in the immune response to assist in the clearance of infections in the central nervous system. It is now believed that the choroid plexus is in an inflammatory state after damage to the brain. This state, along with changes in the cilia, is thought to be an abnormal physiological state of the choroid plexus, which in turn leads to abnormal conditions in cerebrospinal fluid and triggers hydrocephalus. This review describes the pathophysiological mechanism of hydrocephalus following choroid plexus epithelium cell abnormalities based on the normal physiological functions of choroid plexus epithelium cells, and analyzes the attempts and future developments of using choroid plexus epithelium cells as a therapeutic target for hydrocephalus.
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5
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Shim Y, Park HJ, Kim KH, Park SH, Wang KC, Lee JY. Retained medullary cord and terminal myelocystocele as a spectrum: case report. Childs Nerv Syst 2022; 38:1223-1228. [PMID: 34535806 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The caudal portion of the spinal cord, the medullary cord, is formed by secondary neurulation. One of the distinctive features of secondary neurulation compared to primary neurulation is that the medullary cord normally degenerates into a filum in humans. Various anomalies have been known to originate from degenerating process errors. One anomaly is terminal myelocystocele (TMCC), which is a closed spinal dysraphism with an elongated caudal spinal cord. The terminal part is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and protrudes into the dorsal extradural space. Another anomaly is the retained medullary cord (RMC), which is a nonfunctioning cord-like structure extending to the cul-de-sac. In a 1-month-old boy, we identified an RMC with cystic dilatation of the caudal end extending to the epidural space at the very bottom of the cul-de-sac, resembling a degenerating terminal balloon, which is an essential feature of TMCC. Hence, this case may be considered an intermediate form between TMCC and RMC. This case provides clinical evidence that TMCC and RMC share the same pathoembryogenic origin, namely, failure of the regression phase of secondary neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbo Shim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Chang Wang
- Center for Rare Cancers, Neuro-Oncology Clinic, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeoun Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Clarke T, Fernandez FE, Dawson PA. Sulfation Pathways During Neurodevelopment. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:866196. [PMID: 35495624 PMCID: PMC9047184 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.866196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfate is an important nutrient that modulates a diverse range of molecular and cellular functions in mammalian physiology. Over the past 2 decades, animal studies have linked numerous sulfate maintenance genes with neurological phenotypes, including seizures, impaired neurodevelopment, and behavioral abnormalities. Despite sulfation pathways being highly conserved between humans and animals, less than one third of all known sulfate maintenance genes are clinically reportable. In this review, we curated the temporal and spatial expression of 91 sulfate maintenance genes in human fetal brain from 4 to 17 weeks post conception using the online Human Developmental Biology Resource Expression. In addition, we performed a systematic search of PubMed and Embase, identifying those sulfate maintenance genes linked to atypical neurological phenotypes in humans and animals. Those findings, together with a search of the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database, identified a total of 18 candidate neurological dysfunction genes that are not yet considered in clinical settings. Collectively, this article provides an overview of sulfate biology genes to inform future investigations of perturbed sulfate homeostasis associated with neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Clarke
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, QLD, Australia
| | - Francesca E. Fernandez
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul A. Dawson
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Paul A. Dawson,
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7
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Bonner MG, Gudapati H, Mou X, Musah S. Microfluidic systems for modeling human development. Development 2022; 149:274363. [PMID: 35156682 PMCID: PMC8918817 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The proper development and patterning of organs rely on concerted signaling events emanating from intracellular and extracellular molecular and biophysical cues. The ability to model and understand how these microenvironmental factors contribute to cell fate decisions and physiological processes is crucial for uncovering the biology and mechanisms of life. Recent advances in microfluidic systems have provided novel tools and strategies for studying aspects of human tissue and organ development in ways that have previously been challenging to explore ex vivo. Here, we discuss how microfluidic systems and organs-on-chips provide new ways to understand how extracellular signals affect cell differentiation, how cells interact with each other, and how different tissues and organs are formed for specialized functions. We also highlight key advancements in the field that are contributing to a broad understanding of human embryogenesis, organogenesis and physiology. We conclude by summarizing the key advantages of using dynamic microfluidic or microphysiological platforms to study intricate developmental processes that cannot be accurately modeled by using traditional tissue culture vessels. We also suggest some exciting prospects and potential future applications of these emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makenzie G. Bonner
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Hemanth Gudapati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xingrui Mou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Samira Musah
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,MEDx Investigator and Faculty Member at the Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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8
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Wessely A, Steeb T, Berking C, Heppt MV. How Neural Crest Transcription Factors Contribute to Melanoma Heterogeneity, Cellular Plasticity, and Treatment Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115761. [PMID: 34071193 PMCID: PMC8198848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma represents one of the deadliest types of skin cancer. The prognosis strongly depends on the disease stage, thus early detection is crucial. New therapies, including BRAF and MEK inhibitors and immunotherapies, have significantly improved the survival of patients in the last decade. However, intrinsic and acquired resistance is still a challenge. In this review, we discuss two major aspects that contribute to the aggressiveness of melanoma, namely, the embryonic origin of melanocytes and melanoma cells and cellular plasticity. First, we summarize the physiological function of epidermal melanocytes and their development from precursor cells that originate from the neural crest (NC). Next, we discuss the concepts of intratumoral heterogeneity, cellular plasticity, and phenotype switching that enable melanoma to adapt to changes in the tumor microenvironment and promote disease progression and drug resistance. Finally, we further dissect the connection of these two aspects by focusing on the transcriptional regulators MSX1, MITF, SOX10, PAX3, and FOXD3. These factors play a key role in NC initiation, NC cell migration, and melanocyte formation, and we discuss how they contribute to cellular plasticity and drug resistance in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wessely
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.W.); (T.S.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theresa Steeb
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.W.); (T.S.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.W.); (T.S.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Vincent Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.W.); (T.S.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-35747
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9
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Maurya VP, Singh Y, Srivastava AK, Das KK, Bhaisora KS, Sardhara J, Behari S. Spinal Dermoid and Epidermoid Cyst: An Institutional Experience and Clinical Insight into the Neural Tube Closure Models. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2021; 12:495-503. [PMID: 34295103 PMCID: PMC8289537 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1724229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
The spinal dermoid and epidermoid cysts (SDECs) are rare entities comprising less than 1% of pediatric intraspinal tumors. The present study aims to extrapolate the clinicoradiological data, in order to identify the most plausible neural tube closure model in human and provide a retrospective representation from our clinical experience.
Materials and Methods
We collected the details of all histologically proven, newly diagnosed primary SDECs who underwent excision over the past 20 years. Secondary or recurrent lesions and other spinal cord tumors were excluded. Surgical and follow-up details of these patients as well as those with associated spinal dysraphism were reviewed. Clinical and radiological follow-up revealed the recurrence in these inborn spinal cord disorders.
Results
A total of 73 patients were included retrospectively, having a mean age of 22.4 ± 13.3 years, and 41 (56.2%) cases fell in the first two decades of life. Twenty-four (32.9%) dermoid and 49 (67.1%) epidermoid cysts comprised the study population and 20 of them had associated spinal dysraphism. The distribution of SDECs was the most common in lumbosacral region (
n
= 30) which was 10 times more common than in the sacral region (
n
= 3). Bladder dysfunction 50 (68.5%) and pain 48 (65.7%) were the most common presenting complaints. During follow-up visits, 40/48 (83.3%) cases showed sensory improvement while 11/16 (68.7%) regained normal bowel function. There was no surgical mortality with recurrence seen in eight till the last follow-up.
Conclusions
The protracted clinical course of the spinal inclusion cysts mandates a long-term follow-up. The results of our study support the multisite closure model and attempt to provide a retrospective reflection of neural tube closure model in humans by using SDECs as the surrogate marker of neural tube closure defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved P Maurya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashveer Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arun K Srivastava
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuntal K Das
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kamlesh S Bhaisora
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jayesh Sardhara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Behari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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10
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Girolamo F, de Trizio I, Errede M, Longo G, d'Amati A, Virgintino D. Neural crest cell-derived pericytes act as pro-angiogenic cells in human neocortex development and gliomas. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:14. [PMID: 33743764 PMCID: PMC7980348 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system diseases involving the parenchymal microvessels are frequently associated with a ‘microvasculopathy’, which includes different levels of neurovascular unit (NVU) dysfunction, including blood–brain barrier alterations. To contribute to the understanding of NVU responses to pathological noxae, we have focused on one of its cellular components, the microvascular pericytes, highlighting unique features of brain pericytes with the aid of the analyses carried out during vascularization of human developing neocortex and in human gliomas. Thanks to their position, centred within the endothelial/glial partition of the vessel basal lamina and therefore inserted between endothelial cells and the perivascular and vessel-associated components (astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)/NG2-glia, microglia, macrophages, nerve terminals), pericytes fulfil a central role within the microvessel NVU. Indeed, at this critical site, pericytes have a number of direct and extracellular matrix molecule- and soluble factor-mediated functions, displaying marked phenotypical and functional heterogeneity and carrying out multitasking services. This pericytes heterogeneity is primarily linked to their position in specific tissue and organ microenvironments and, most importantly, to their ontogeny. During ontogenesis, pericyte subtypes belong to two main embryonic germ layers, mesoderm and (neuro)ectoderm, and are therefore expected to be found in organs ontogenetically different, nonetheless, pericytes of different origin may converge and colonize neighbouring areas of the same organ/apparatus. Here, we provide a brief overview of the unusual roles played by forebrain pericytes in the processes of angiogenesis and barriergenesis by virtue of their origin from midbrain neural crest stem cells. A better knowledge of the ontogenetic subpopulations may support the understanding of specific interactions and mechanisms involved in pericyte function/dysfunction, including normal and pathological angiogenesis, thereby offering an alternative perspective on cell subtype-specific therapeutic approaches. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Girolamo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy.
| | - Ignazio de Trizio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy.,Intensive Care Unit, Department of Intensive Care, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Molecular Biology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio d'Amati
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy.,Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Pathology Section, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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11
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Kim KH, Lee JY, Wang KC. Secondary Neurulation Defects-1 : Retained Medullary Cord. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2020; 63:314-320. [PMID: 32336057 PMCID: PMC7218196 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2020.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Retained medullary cord (RMC) is a relatively recent term. Pang et al. newly defined the RMC as a late arrest of secondary neurulation leaving a non-functional vestigial portion at the tip of the conus medullaris. RMC, which belongs to the category of closed spinal dysraphism, is a cord-like structure that is elongated from the conus toward the cul-de-sac. Because intraoperative electrophysiological confirmation of a non-functional conus is essential for the diagnosis of RMC, only a tentative or an assumptive diagnosis is possible before surgery or in cases of limited surgical exposure. We suggest the term ‘possible RMC’ for these cases. An RMC may cause tethered cord syndrome and thus requires surgery. This article reviews the literature to elucidate the pathoembryogenesis, clinical significance and treatment of RMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hyun Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeoun Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Chang Wang
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Eibach S, Moes G, Hou YJ, Zovickian J, Pang D. Unjoined primary and secondary neural tubes: junctional neural tube defect, a new form of spinal dysraphism caused by disturbance of junctional neurulation. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:1633-1647. [PMID: 27796548 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-016-3288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary and secondary neurulation are the two known processes that form the central neuraxis of vertebrates. Human phenotypes of neural tube defects (NTDs) mostly fall into two corresponding categories consistent with the two types of developmental sequence: primary NTD features an open skin defect, an exposed, unclosed neural plate (hence an open neural tube defect, or ONTD), and an unformed or poorly formed secondary neural tube, and secondary NTD with no skin abnormality (hence a closed NTD) and a malformed conus caudal to a well-developed primary neural tube. METHODS AND RESULTS We encountered three cases of a previously unrecorded form of spinal dysraphism in which the primary and secondary neural tubes are individually formed but are physically separated far apart and functionally disconnected from each other. One patient was operated on, in whom both the lumbosacral spinal cord from primary neurulation and the conus from secondary neurulation are each anatomically complete and endowed with functioning segmental motor roots tested by intraoperative triggered electromyography and direct spinal cord stimulation. The remarkable feature is that the two neural tubes are unjoined except by a functionally inert, probably non-neural band. CONCLUSION The developmental error of this peculiar malformation probably occurs during the critical transition between the end of primary and the beginning of secondary neurulation, in a stage aptly called junctional neurulation. We describe the current knowledge concerning junctional neurulation and speculate on the embryogenesis of this new class of spinal dysraphism, which we call junctional neural tube defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eibach
- Paediatric Neurosurgery, Regional Centre of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals of Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
- Paediatric Neurosurgery, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Greg Moes
- Neuropathology, Regional Centre of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals of Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
- Adjunct Faculty of Neuropathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yong Jin Hou
- Intraoperative Neurophysiology, Regional Centre of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals of Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - John Zovickian
- Paediatric Neurosurgery, Regional Centre of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals of Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Dachling Pang
- Regional Centre of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals of Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA.
- Paediatric Neurosurgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London, UK.
- Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Kaiser Permanente Medical Centre, Third Floor, Suite 39, 3600 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94611, USA.
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Formation of neurodegenerative aggresome and death-inducing signaling complex in maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4489-4494. [PMID: 28396396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616119114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus in early pregnancy increases the risk in infants of birth defects, such as neural tube defects (NTDs), known as diabetic embryopathy. NTDs are associated with hyperglycemia-induced protein misfolding and Caspase-8-induced programmed cell death. The present study shows that misfolded proteins are ubiquitinylated, suggesting that ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation is impaired. Misfolded proteins form aggregates containing ubiquitin-binding protein p62, suggesting that autophagic-lysosomal clearance is insufficient. Additionally, these aggregates contain the neurodegenerative disease-associated proteins α-Synuclein, Parkin, and Huntingtin (Htt). Aggregation of Htt may lead to formation of a death-inducing signaling complex of Hip1, Hippi, and Caspase-8. Treatment with chemical chaperones, such as sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (PBA), reduces protein aggregation in neural stem cells in vitro and in embryos in vivo. Furthermore, treatment with PBA in vivo decreases NTD rate in the embryos of diabetic mice, as well as Caspase-8 activation and cell death. Enhancing protein folding could be a potential interventional approach to preventing embryonic malformations in diabetic pregnancies.
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Human Embryonic Stem Cells: A Model for the Study of Neural Development and Neurological Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2958210. [PMID: 27239201 PMCID: PMC4864561 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2958210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the mechanism of neurogenesis has been well documented in other organisms, there might be fundamental differences between human and those species referring to species-specific context. Based on principles learned from other systems, it is found that the signaling pathways required for neural induction and specification of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) recapitulated those in the early embryo development in vivo at certain degree. This underscores the usefulness of hESCs in understanding early human neural development and reinforces the need to integrate the principles of developmental biology and hESC biology for an efficient neural differentiation.
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Namba K. Vascular Anatomy of the Cauda Equina and Its Implication on the Vascular Lesions in the Caudal Spinal Structure. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2016; 56:310-6. [PMID: 27021641 PMCID: PMC4908074 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cauda equina is composed of the lumbosacral and the coccygeal nerve roots and the filum terminale. In the embryonic period, discrepancy in development between the termination of the spinal cord and the spinal column results in elongation of the nerve roots as well as the filum terminale in this region. Although the vascular anatomy of the caudal spinal structure shares many common features with the other metameric levels, this elongation forms the basis of the characteristic vascular anatomy in this region. With the evolution of the high quality imaging techniques, vascular lesions in the cauda equina are being diagnosed more frequently than ever before. Albeit the demand for accurate knowledge of the vascular anatomy in this region, descriptions are often fragmented and not easily accessible. In this review, the author attempted to organize the existing knowledge of the vascular anatomy in the cauda equina and its implication on the vascular lesions in this region. Also reviewed is the clinically relevant embryological development of the cauda equina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunari Namba
- Center for Endovascular Therapy, Division of Neuroendovascular Surgery, Jichi Medical University
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Junctional neurulation: a unique developmental program shaping a discrete region of the spinal cord highly susceptible to neural tube defects. J Neurosci 2014; 34:13208-21. [PMID: 25253865 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1850-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher vertebrates, the primordium of the nervous system, the neural tube, is shaped along the rostrocaudal axis through two consecutive, radically different processes referred to as primary and secondary neurulation. Failures in neurulation lead to severe anomalies of the nervous system, called neural tube defects (NTDs), which are among the most common congenital malformations in humans. Mechanisms causing NTDs in humans remain ill-defined. Of particular interest, the thoracolumbar region, which encompasses many NTD cases in the spine, corresponds to the junction between primary and secondary neurulations. Elucidating which developmental processes operate during neurulation in this region is therefore pivotal to unraveling the etiology of NTDs. Here, using the chick embryo as a model, we show that, at the junction, the neural tube is elaborated by a unique developmental program involving concerted movements of elevation and folding combined with local cell ingression and accretion. This process ensures the topological continuity between the primary and secondary neural tubes while supplying all neural progenitors of both the junctional and secondary neural tubes. Because it is distinct from the other neurulation events, we term this phenomenon junctional neurulation. Moreover, the planar-cell-polarity member, Prickle-1, is recruited specifically during junctional neurulation and its misexpression within a limited time period suffices to cause anomalies that phenocopy lower spine NTDs in human. Our study thus provides a molecular and cellular basis for understanding the causality of NTD prevalence in humans and ascribes to Prickle-1 a critical role in lower spinal cord formation.
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Biomedical and clinical promises of human pluripotent stem cells for neurological disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:656531. [PMID: 24171168 PMCID: PMC3793324 DOI: 10.1155/2013/656531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are characterized by the chronic and progressive loss of neuronal structures and functions. There is a variability of the onsets and causes of clinical manifestations. Cell therapy has brought a new concept to overcome brain diseases, but the advancement of this therapy is limited by the demands of specialized neurons. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been promised as a renewable resource for generating human neurons for both laboratory and clinical purposes. By the modulations of appropriate signalling pathways, desired neuron subtypes can be obtained, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide genetically matched neurons for treating patients. These hPSC-derived neurons can also be used for disease modeling and drug screening. Since the most urgent problem today in transplantation is the lack of suitable donor organs and tissues, the derivation of neural progenitor cells from hPSCs has opened a new avenue for regenerative medicine. In this review, we summarize the recent reports that show how to generate neural derivatives from hPSCs, and discuss the current evidence of using these cells in animal studies. We also highlight the possibilities and concerns of translating these hPSC-derived neurons for biomedical and clinical uses in order to fight against neurological disorders.
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Abstract
The potential for the formation of teratomas or other neoplasms is a major safety roadblock to clinical application of pluripotent stem cell therapies. Preclinical assessment of the risk of tumor formation in this context poses considerable scientific and regulatory challenges, especially because animal xenograft models may not properly reflect the long-term tumorigenic potential of human cells. A better understanding of the biology of spontaneously occurring teratomas and related tumors in humans can help to guide efforts to assess and minimize the potential hazards of embryonic stem cell or induced pluripotent stem cell therapeutics. Here we review the features of teratomas derived experimentally from human pluripotent stem cells and argue that they most closely resemble spontaneous benign teratomas that occur early in both mouse and human life. The natural history and pathology of these spontaneously occurring teratomas provide important clues for preclinical safety assessment and patient monitoring in trials of stem cell therapies.
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Lowery LA, Sive H. Totally tubular: the mystery behind function and origin of the brain ventricular system. Bioessays 2009; 31:446-58. [PMID: 19274662 DOI: 10.1002/bies.200800207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A unique feature of the vertebrate brain is the ventricular system, a series of connected cavities which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and surrounded by neuroepithelium. While CSF is critical for both adult brain function and embryonic brain development, neither development nor function of the brain ventricular system is fully understood. In this review, we discuss the mystery of why vertebrate brains have ventricles, and whence they originate. The brain ventricular system develops from the lumen of the neural tube, as the neuroepithelium undergoes morphogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying this ontogeny are described. We discuss possible functions of both adult and embryonic brain ventricles, as well as major brain defects that are associated with CSF and brain ventricular abnormalities. We conclude that vertebrates have taken advantage of their neural tube to form the essential brain ventricular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anne Lowery
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Abstract
Spinal dural arteriovenous (AV) fistulas are the most commonly encountered vascular malformation of the spinal cord and a treatable cause for progressive para- or tetraplegia. They most commonly affect elderly men and are classically found in the thoracolumbar region. The AV shunt is located inside the dura mater close to the spinal nerve root where the arterial blood from a radiculomeningeal artery enters a radicular vein. The increase in spinal venous pressure leads to decreased drainage of normal spinal veins, venous congestion, and the clinical findings of progressive myelopathy. On MR imaging, the combination of cord edema, perimedullary dilated vessels, and cord enhancement is characteristic. Therapy has to be aimed at occluding the shunting zone, either by superselective embolization with a liquid embolic agent or by a neurosurgical approach. Following occlusion of the fistula, the progression of the disease can be stopped and improvement of symptoms is typically observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Krings
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Availability of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) has enhanced human neural differentiation research. The derivation of neural progenitor (NP) cells from hESC facilitates the interrogation of human embryonic development through the generation of neuronal subtypes and supporting glial cells. These cells will likely lead to novel drug screening and cell therapy uses. This review will discuss the current status of derivation, maintenance and further differentiation of NP cells with special emphasis on the cellular signaling involved in these processes. The derivation process affects the yield and homogeneity of the NP cells. Then when exposed to the correct environmental signaling cues, NP cells can follow a unique and robust temporal cell differentiation process forming numerous phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy K Dhara
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Khorooshi MH, Hansen BF, Keeling JW, Nolting DS, Kjaer IM. p75NGFR immunoreactivity in normal prenatal human dorsal root ganglia. Pediatr Neurol 2001; 25:401-4. [PMID: 11744316 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-8994(01)00351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine immunohistochemically the expression of the low-affinity p75 nerve growth factor receptor in the dorsal root ganglia from 12 human fetuses (gestational ages, 10-24 weeks) located in three different spinal segments (cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral), using a monoclonal mouse-antihuman low-affinity p75 nerve growth factor receptor antibody. The low-affinity p75 nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity was present within the dorsal root ganglia and the surrounding nerve fibers in all spinal segments at the different gestational ages examined. From 10 weeks of gestation, three different types of neuronal staining were observed: dorsal root ganglia neurons without low-affinity p75 nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity (classified as type I neurons), neurons displaying weak low-affinity p75 nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity (classified as type II neurons), and neurons manifesting intense low-affinity p75 nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity (classified as type III neurons). The distribution of the three types of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia was identical in the three spinal segments and did not change between 10 and 24 weeks of gestation. This study provides the first demonstration of the low-affinity p75 nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity in the dorsal root ganglia from human fetuses at different gestational ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Khorooshi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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