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Secondary Metabolites of Plants as Modulators of Endothelium Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052533. [PMID: 33802468 PMCID: PMC7959468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. They may be caused by various factors or combinations of factors. Frequently, endothelial dysfunction is involved in either development of the disorder or results from it. On the other hand, the endothelium may be disordered for other reasons, e.g., due to infection, such as COVID-19. The understanding of the role and significance of the endothelium in the body has changed significantly over time—from a simple physical barrier to a complex system encompassing local and systemic regulation of numerous processes in the body. Endothelium disorders may arise from impairment of one or more signaling pathways affecting dilator or constrictor activity, including nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate activation, prostacyclin–cyclic adenosine monophosphate activation, phosphodiesterase inhibition, and potassium channel activation or intracellular calcium level inhibition. In this review, plants are summarized as sources of biologically active substances affecting the endothelium. This paper compares individual substances and mechanisms that are known to affect the endothelium, and which subsequently may cause the development of cardiovascular disorders.
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Schmitt FCF, Manolov V, Morgenstern J, Fleming T, Heitmeier S, Uhle F, Al-Saeedi M, Hackert T, Bruckner T, Schöchl H, Weigand MA, Hofer S, Brenner T. Acute fibrinolysis shutdown occurs early in septic shock and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality: results of an observational pilot study. Ann Intensive Care 2019; 9:19. [PMID: 30701381 PMCID: PMC6353981 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-019-0499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic coagulopathy represents a very dynamic disease entity, tilting from initial hypercoagulability towards a subsequent hypocoagulable disease state, entitled overt disseminated intravascular coagulation. Acute fibrinolysis shutdown has recently been described to be a crucial component of initial hypercoagulability in critically ill patients, although the underlying pathomechanisms, the specific temporal kinetics and its outcome relevance in patients with sepsis remain to be determined. METHODS In total, 90 patients (30 with septic shock, 30 surgical controls and 30 healthy volunteers) were enrolled. Blood samples were collected at sepsis onset or prior and immediately after the surgical procedure as well as 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 7 d later, whereas blood samples from healthy volunteers were collected once. Besides viscoelastic and aggregometric point-of-care testing (POCT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent and thrombin generation assays and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based measurements were performed. RESULTS As assessed by viscoelastic POCT, fibrinolysis shutdown occurred early in sepsis. Significant increases in tissue plasminogen activator had no effect on thromboelastometrical lysis indices (LIs). Contrariwise, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was already significantly increased at sepsis onset, which was paralleled by significantly increased LIs in patients suffering from septic shock in comparison with both control groups. This effect persisted throughout the 7-day observation period and was most pronounced in severely ill as well as non-surviving septic patients. Thromboelastometrical LI, therefore, proved to be suitable for early diagnosis [e.g. LI 45 min: area under the curve (AUC) up to 0.933] as well as prognosis (e.g. LI 60 min: AUC up to 1.000) of septic shock. CONCLUSIONS Early inhibition of plasminogen activation leads to acute fibrinolysis shutdown with improved clot stability and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in septic patients. Trial registration This study was approved by the local ethics committee (Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg; Trial-Code No. S247-2014/German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS)-ID: DRKS00008090; retrospectively registered: 07.05.2015). All study patients or their legal representatives signed written informed consent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Carl Fabian Schmitt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 110, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vasil Manolov
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 110, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Morgenstern
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Florian Uhle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 110, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Al-Saeedi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bruckner
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Schöchl
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, AUVA Trauma Centre Salzburg, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Alexander Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 110, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Hofer
- Clinic for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine I, Westpfalz Hospital, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thorsten Brenner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 110, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Schiffler MA, Antonysamy S, Bhattachar SN, Campanale KM, Chandrasekhar S, Condon B, Desai PV, Fisher MJ, Groshong C, Harvey A, Hickey MJ, Hughes NE, Jones SA, Kim EJ, Kuklish SL, Luz JG, Norman BH, Rathmell RE, Rizzo JR, Seng TW, Thibodeaux SJ, Woods TA, York JS, Yu XP. Discovery and Characterization of 2-Acylaminoimidazole Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 59:194-205. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Schiffler
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Stephen Antonysamy
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shobha N. Bhattachar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Kristina M. Campanale
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Srinivasan Chandrasekhar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Bradley Condon
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Prashant V. Desai
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Matthew J. Fisher
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | - Anita Harvey
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michael J. Hickey
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Norman E. Hughes
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Scott A. Jones
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Euibong J. Kim
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven L. Kuklish
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John G. Luz
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bryan H. Norman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Richard E. Rathmell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey GU20
6PH, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Rizzo
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Thomas W. Seng
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Stefan J. Thibodeaux
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Timothy A. Woods
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jeremy S. York
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Xiao-Peng Yu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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Borgdorff P, Handoko ML, Wong YY, Tangelder GJ. COX-2 Inhibition by Use of Rofecoxib or High Dose Aspirin Enhances ADP-Induced Platelet Aggregation in Fresh Blood. Open Dent J 2010; 4:198-205. [PMID: 21331307 PMCID: PMC3040455 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401004010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Increased cardiovascular risk after use of selective or nonselective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-inhibitors might partly be caused by enhanced platelet aggregability. However, an effect of COX-2 inhibition on platelets has so far not been observed in humans. Methods: We tested in healthy volunteers the effect of COX-2-inhibition nearly in-vivo, i.e. immediately after and even during blood sampling. Results: Measurement within 2 minutes after venipuncture, but not 60 minutes later, showed that 50 mg of rofecoxib (n=12) or 500 (n=8) or 1000 (n=8) mg of aspirin increased ADP-induced platelet aggregation in a whole-blood aggregometer to, respectively, 152, 176 and 204 % of basal level (p<0.01). No significant differences in aggregability were observed after ingestion of 80 mg of aspirin (n=16), or placebo (n=8). Plasma 6-keto-PGF1α was decreased to 74 % after rofecoxib and to 76 and 70 % after 500 and 1000 mg of aspirin but did not change after low dose aspirin. Continuous photometrical measurement of aggregation in blood flowing from a cannulated vein revealed that high dose aspirin did not elicit aggregation by itself, but increased ADP-induced aggregation in proportion to the decrease in prostacyclin formation (r=0.68, p = 0.004). Since in these experiments thromboxane production was virtually absent, the enhanced aggregation after partial COX-2 inhibition was not caused by unopposed thromboxane formation. Conclusions: We conclude that both selective and nonselective COX-2 inhibition enhances ADP-induced platelet aggregation in humans. This effect can only be detected during or immediately after venipuncture, possibly because of the short half-life of prostacyclin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Borgdorff
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nobe H, Nobe K, Paul RJ. Fibroblast fiber contraction: role of C and Rho kinase in activation by thromboxane A2. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 285:C1411-9. [PMID: 12904286 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00067.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms underlying regulation of contraction with measurements of isometric force and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in NIH 3T3 fibroblast reconstituted into fibers with the use of a collagen matrix. Treatment with the major phospholipids, neurotransmitters, and growth factors had little effect on baseline isometric force. However, U-46619, a thromboxane A2 (TxA2) analog, increased force and [Ca2+]i; EC50 values were 11.0 and 10.0 nM, respectively. The time courses were similar to those induced by calf serum (CS), and the maximal force was 65% of a CS-mediated contraction. The selective TxA2 receptor antagonist SQ-29548 abolished the U-46619-induced responses. CS-induced contractions are dependent on an intracellular Ca2+ store function; however, the U-46619 response depended not only on intracellular Ca2+ stores, but also on Ca2+ influx from the extracellular medium. Inhibition of Rho kinase suppressed U-46619- and CS-induced responses; in contrast, inhibition of C kinase (PKC) reduced only the U-46619 response. Moreover, addition of U-46619 to a CS contracture enhanced force and [Ca2+]i responses. These results indicate that U-46619-induced responses involve PKC and Rho kinase pathways, in contrast to activation by CS. Thus TxA2 may have a role in not only the initial step of wound repair as an activator of blood coagulation, but also in fibroblast contractility in later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Nobe
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
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