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Pyser J, Chakrabarty S, Romero EO, Narayan ARH. State-of-the-Art Biocatalysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1105-1116. [PMID: 34345663 PMCID: PMC8323117 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of enzyme-mediated reactions has transcended ancient food production to the laboratory synthesis of complex molecules. This evolution has been accelerated by developments in sequencing and DNA synthesis technology, bioinformatic and protein engineering tools, and the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of scientific research. Biocatalysis has become an indispensable tool applied in academic and industrial spheres, enabling synthetic strategies that leverage the exquisite selectivity of enzymes to access target molecules. In this Outlook, we outline the technological advances that have led to the field's current state. Integration of biocatalysis into mainstream synthetic chemistry hinges on increased access to well-characterized enzymes and the permeation of biocatalysis into retrosynthetic logic. Ultimately, we anticipate that biocatalysis is poised to enable the synthesis of increasingly complex molecules at new levels of efficiency and throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua
B. Pyser
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, and Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Suman Chakrabarty
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, and Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Evan O. Romero
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, and Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, and Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
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Ferrer M, Bargiela R, Martínez-Martínez M, Mir J, Koch R, Golyshina OV, Golyshin PN. Biodiversity for biocatalysis: A review of the α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily of esterases-lipases discovered in metagenomes. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2016.1151416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wiśniewska C, Koszelewski D, Zysk M, Ostaszewski R. The influence of cosolvent concentration on enzymatic kinetic resolution oftrans-2-phenyl-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid derivatives. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2015.1040005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Dey A, Chattopadhyay A, Saha P, Mukhopadhyay S, Maiti TK, Chatterjee S, Roy P. An Approach to the Identification and Characterisation of a Psychrotrophic Lipase Producing <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp ADT3 from Arctic Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2014.54040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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High cell density fed-batch fermentations for lipase production: feeding strategies and oxygen transfer. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 36:1527-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-0943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Chen HC, Kuo CH, Tsai WC, Chung YL, Chiang WD, Chang CMJ, Liu YC, Shieh CJ. Product Selectivity and Optimization of Lipase-Catalyzed 1,3-Propylene Glycol Esters by Mixture Design and RSM. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Alkaliphilic bacteria: applications in industrial biotechnology. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 38:769-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-0968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Berendsen W, Lapin A, Reuss M. Non-isothermal lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution in a packed bed reactor: Modeling, simulation and miniplant studies. Chem Eng Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Chaubey A, Parshad R, Koul S, Taneja SC, Qazi GN. Arthrobacter sp. lipase immobilization for improvement in stability and enantioselectivity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 73:598-606. [PMID: 16896604 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Arthrobacter sp. lipase (ABL, MTCC no. 5125) is being recognized as an efficient enzyme for the resolution of drugs and their intermediates. The immobilization of ABL on various matrices for its enantioselectivity, stability, and reusability has been studied. Immobilization by covalent bonding on sepharose and silica afforded a maximum of 380 and 40 IU/g activity, respectively, whereas sol-gel entrapment provided a maximum of 150 IU/g activity in dry powder. The immobilized enzyme displayed excellent stability in the pH range of 4-10 and even at higher temperature, i.e., 50-60 degrees C, compared to free enzyme, which is unstable under extreme conditions. The resolution of racemic auxiliaries like 1-phenyl ethanol and an intermediate of antidepressant drug fluoxetine, i.e., ethyl 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate alkyl acylates, provided exclusively R-(+) products ( approximately 99% ee, E=646 and 473), compared to cell free extract/whole cells which gave a product with approximately 96% ee (E=106 and 150). The repeated use (ten times) of covalently immobilized and entrapped ABL resulted in no loss in activity, thus demonstrating its prospects for commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Chaubey
- Regional Research Laboratory CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180001, India
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Singh R, Gupta N, Goswami VK, Gupta R. A simple activity staining protocol for lipases and esterases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 70:679-82. [PMID: 16170531 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple activity staining protocol for rapid detection and differentiation of lipases and esterases was developed based on pH drop due to fatty acids released following lipolysis. Though the detection of lipolysis as a function of drop in pH is not new, the present method has been made more sensitive by the judicious selection of the initial pH of the chromogenic substrate, which has been set near the end point of the dye so that even a slight drop in pH results in immediate color change. In the present case, the dye phenol red was taken, which has the end point at pH 7.3-7.4 where the color is pink. A slight drop due to fatty acid release results in yellow coloration. The assay has high reproducibility and can detect as low as 0.5 p-NPP enzyme units within 15 min. In addition, this method can be used for various lipidic substrates such as oils and tributyrin, making it suitable for both lipases and esterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Singh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110 021, India
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Enantioselective hydrolysis of (R,S)-naproxen 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ester in water-saturated solvents via lipases from Carica pentagona Heilborn and Carica papaya. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2005.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Palomo JM, Ortiz C, Fernández-Lorente G, Fuentes M, Guisán JM, Fernández-Lafuente R. Lipase–lipase interactions as a new tool to immobilize and modulate the lipase properties. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Anand N, Kapoor M, Koul S, Taneja SC, Sharma RL, Qazi GN. Chemoenzymatic approach to optically active phenylglycidates: resolution of bromo- and iodohydrins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Adamczak M, Bednarski W. Enhanced activity of intracellular lipases from Rhizomucor miehei and Yarrowia lipolytica by immobilization on biomass support particles. Process Biochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(03)00266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Palomo JM, Ortiz C, Fuentes M, Fernandez-Lorente G, Guisan JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Use of immobilized lipases for lipase purification via specific lipase–lipase interactions. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1038:267-73. [PMID: 15233541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (PFL), an enzyme with a great tendency to yield bimolecular aggregates, was immobilized via multipoint covalent attachment on glyoxyl-agarose in the presence of Triton X-100. This strategy permitted to obtain the enzyme with the active center oriented towards the reaction medium. This immobilized enzyme presents the capacity of specifically adsorbing PFL molecules, that can be easily desorbed by the use of detergents. More interesting, the enzyme was also able to adsorb other lipases. That is, the lipase from Bacillus thermocatenulatus (BTL2) cloned in Escherichia coli was selectively adsorbed on this immobilized enzyme, enabling a very simple purification strategy. Similar results were achieved with some other lipases (those from Rhizomucor miehei (RML), Rhizopus oryzae (ROL), and Humicola Lanuginosa (HLL)). In all cases, the enzyme could be easily desorbed by incubation with Triton X-100. The matrix could be used several cycles without any detrimental effect on the adsorption capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Palomo
- Departamento of Biocatalisis, Instituto of Catalisis (CSIC), Campus UAM Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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Huang SH, Tsai SW. Kinetic resolution of (R,S)-ethyl 2-hydroxyl-4-phenylbutyrate via lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis and transesterification in isooctane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fernández-Lorente G, Palomo JM, Fuentes M, Mateo C, Guisán JM, Fernández-Lafuente R. Self-assembly of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase into bimolecular aggregates dramatically affects functional properties. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 82:232-7. [PMID: 12584765 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been found that lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (PFL) is able to aggregate into bimolecular structures (MW around 66 kD) even at moderate enzyme concentrations. At very low enzyme concentrations and in the presence of detergents, the same enzyme displayed a unimolecular structure with a molecular weight of 33 kD. Both enzyme structures displayed different functional properties. First, the bimolecular structure was much more stable than the unimolecular species (the bimolecular structure maintained over 80% of initial activity after 72 hours at 45 degrees C, while the unimolecular structure retained only around 30% of initial activity after 4 hours of incubation under the same experimental conditions); and the bimolecular form presented a higher optimal T. Second, the unimolecular form showed a much lower K(M) for ethyl butyrate than the bimolecular form. Third, the interfacial activation in biphasic substrate-aqueous milieu was higher for the bimolecular form. Fourth, the unimolecular structure was less active but much more enantioselective than the unimolecular species in the model reaction used. It is proposed that the bimolecular aggregates of PFL might be formed by two open lipase molecules (mutual interfacial activation), in intimate contact, and that the bimolecular form represents an example of "pseudo-quaternary" structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Fernández-Lorente
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Hari Krishna S, Karanth NG. LIPASES AND LIPASE-CATALYZED ESTERIFICATION REACTIONS IN NONAQUEOUS MEDIA. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/cr-120015481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Tomić S, Kojić-Prodić B. A quantitative model for predicting enzyme enantioselectivity: application to Burkholderia cepacia lipase and 3-(aryloxy)-1,2-propanediol derivatives. J Mol Graph Model 2002; 21:241-52. [PMID: 12463642 DOI: 10.1016/s1093-3263(02)00148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new approach for predicting the enantioselectivity of enzymes towards racemic compounds. It is based on comparative binding energy (COMBINE) analysis. The approach is used to rationalise the enantioselectivity of Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) towards thirteen racemic 3-(aryloxy)-1,2-propanediols in the process of acylation. According to our molecular modelling study the two 3-(aryloxy)-1,2-propanediols enantiomers bind in the BCL active site in different orientations. To derive a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), the difference in the interaction energy between two enantiomers with each amino acid residue was computed. These residue-based energy differences were then subjected to chemometric analysis and 3D QSAR models were derived. The models were able to unambiguously predict the fast-reacting enantiomer and the approximate magnitude of the enantioselectivity. The study enabled identification of interactions between the substrate and the lipase amino acid residues that play key roles in secondary alcohol enantiodifferentiation. From the results, it was possible to propose modifications of both, substrate and protein, which would directionally modify enantioselectivity of BCL towards secondary aryl-alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Tomić
- Ruder Bosković Institute, PO Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Palomo JM, Muñoz G, Fernández-Lorente G, Mateo C, Fernández-Lafuente R, Guisán JM. Interfacial adsorption of lipases on very hydrophobic support (octadecyl–Sepabeads): immobilization, hyperactivation and stabilization of the open form of lipases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(02)00178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Bjurlin MA, Bloomer S, Haas MJ. Identification of carboxylesterase activities of commercial triacylglycerol hydrolase (lipase) preparations. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-9312(200203)104:3<143::aid-ejlt143>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Weber N, Weitkamp P, Mukherjee KD. Cholesterol-lowering food additives: lipase-catalysed preparation of phytosterol and phytostanol esters. Food Res Int 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0963-9969(01)00180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Rendón X, López-Munguía A, Castillo E. Solvent engineering applied to lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of triolein. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-001-0389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Rendón
- ; Departamento de Bioingeniería, Instituto de Biotecnología; UNAM; Apartado Postal 510-3 Cuernavaca 62271 Morelos México
| | - A. López-Munguía
- ; Departamento de Bioingeniería, Instituto de Biotecnología; UNAM; Apartado Postal 510-3 Cuernavaca 62271 Morelos México
| | - E. Castillo
- ; Departamento de Bioingeniería, Instituto de Biotecnología; UNAM; Apartado Postal 510-3 Cuernavaca 62271 Morelos México
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Liebeton K, Zonta A, Schimossek K, Nardini M, Lang D, Dijkstra BW, Reetz MT, Jaeger KE. Directed evolution of an enantioselective lipase. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2000; 7:709-18. [PMID: 10980451 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(00)00015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biocatalytic production of enantiopure compounds is of steadily increasing importance to the chemical and biotechnological industry. In most cases, however, it is impossible to identify an enzyme that possesses the desired enantioselectivity. Therefore, there is a strong need to create by molecular biological methods novel enzymes which display high enantioselectivity. RESULTS A bacterial lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAL) was evolved to catalyze with high enantioselectivity the hydrolysis of the chiral model substrate 2-methyldecanoic acid p-nitrophenyl ester. Successive rounds of random mutagenesis by ep-PCR and saturation mutagenesis resulted in an increase in enantioselectivity from E=1.1 for the wild-type enzyme to E=25.8 for the best variant which carried five amino acid substitutions. The recently solved three-dimensional structure of PAL allowed us to analyze the structural consequences of these substitutions. CONCLUSIONS A highly enantioselective lipase was created by increasing the flexibility of distinct loops of the enzyme. Our results demonstrate that enantioselective enzymes can be created by directed evolution, thereby opening up a large area of novel applications in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Liebeton
- Lehrstuhl für Biologie der Mikroorganismen, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
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Jaeger KE, Dijkstra BW, Reetz MT. Bacterial biocatalysts: molecular biology, three-dimensional structures, and biotechnological applications of lipases. Annu Rev Microbiol 1999; 53:315-51. [PMID: 10547694 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.53.1.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria produce and secrete lipases, which can catalyze both the hydrolysis and the synthesis of long-chain acylglycerols. These reactions usually proceed with high regioselectivity and enantioselectivity, and, therefore, lipases have become very important stereoselective biocatalysts used in organic chemistry. High-level production of these biocatalysts requires the understanding of the mechanisms underlying gene expression, folding, and secretion. Transcription of lipase genes may be regulated by quorum sensing and two-component systems; secretion can proceed either via the Sec-dependent general secretory pathway or via ABC transporters. In addition, some lipases need folding catalysts such as the lipase-specific foldases and disulfide-bond-forming proteins to achieve a secretion-competent conformation. Three-dimensional structures of bacterial lipases were solved to understand the catalytic mechanism of lipase reactions. Structural characteristics include an alpha/beta hydrolase fold, a catalytic triad consisting of a nucleophilic serine located in a highly conserved Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly pentapeptide, and an aspartate or glutamate residue that is hydrogen bonded to a histidine. Four substrate binding pockets were identified for triglycerides: an oxyanion hole and three pockets accommodating the fatty acids bound at position sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3. The differences in size and the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of these pockets determine the enantiopreference of a lipase. The understanding of structure-function relationships will enable researchers to tailor new lipases for biotechnological applications. At the same time, directed evolution in combination with appropriate screening systems will be used extensively as a novel approach to develop lipases with high stability and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Jaeger
- Lehrstuhl Biologie der Mikroorganismen, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany.
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Reetz MT, Jaeger KE. Overexpression, immobilization and biotechnological application of Pseudomonas lipases. Chem Phys Lipids 1998; 93:3-14. [PMID: 9720245 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(98)00033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas lipases play an important role in biotechnology both as hydrolases for detergent additives and as synthases catalyzing the kinetic resolution of racemic compounds. Large-scale production of Pseudomonas lipases requires correct folding and secretion through the bacterial membranes. Controllable expression of the gene lipH encoding a lipase-specific foldase proves to be important for overexpression in the homologous host Escherichia coli. Construction of appropriate His-tagged fusion proteins permitted overexpression, secretion and one-step purification of lipase from culture supernatants of the homologous host Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The immobilization of lipases in hydrophobic sol-gel materials derived from alkylsilane precursors of the type RSi(OCH3)3 or mixtures of RSi(OCH3)3 and Si(OCH3)4 provides highly active chemically and thermally stable heterogeneous biocatalysts. The entrapped lipases are excellent catalysts in a variety of synthetic organic transformations. Using directed evolution based on error prone PCR, the enantioselectivity of the hydrolysis of a chiral ester, catalyzed by the lipase from P. aeruginosa, can be increased from ee 2 to ee 81% in just four mutagenesis cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim, Ruhr, Germany.
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