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Khan F, Qiu H. Amyloid-β: A potential mediator of aging-related vascular pathologies. Vascul Pharmacol 2023; 152:107213. [PMID: 37625763 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2023.107213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Aging is one of the most promising risk factors for vascular diseases, however, the precise mechanisms mediating aging-related pathologies are not fully understood. Amyloid beta (Aβ), a peptide produced by the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), is known as a key mediator of brain damage involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, it was found that the accumulation of Aβ in the vascular wall is linked to a range of aging-related vascular pathologies, indicating a potential role of Aβ in the pathogenesis of aging-associated vascular diseases. In the present review, we have updated the molecular regulation of Aβ in vascular cells and tissues, summarized the relevance of the Aβ deposition with vascular aging and diseases, and the role of Aβ dysregulation in aging-associated vascular pathologies, including the impaired vascular response, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This review will provide advanced information in understanding aging-related vascular pathologies and a new avenue to explore therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlullah Khan
- Translational Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine-Phoenix, The University of Arizona, Phoenix 85004, AZ, USA
| | - Hongyu Qiu
- Translational Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, The University of Arizona, Phoenix 85004, AZ, USA.
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2
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Abstract
Hypertension affects a significant proportion of the adult and aging population and represents an important risk factor for vascular cognitive impairment and late-life dementia. Chronic high blood pressure continuously challenges the structural and functional integrity of the cerebral vasculature, leading to microvascular rarefaction and dysfunction, and neurovascular uncoupling that typically impairs cerebral blood supply. Hypertension disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity, promotes neuroinflammation, and may contribute to amyloid deposition and Alzheimer pathology. The mechanisms underlying these harmful effects are still a focus of investigation, but studies in animal models have provided significant molecular and cellular mechanistic insights. Remaining questions relate to whether adequate treatment of hypertension may prevent deterioration of cognitive function, the threshold for blood pressure treatment, and the most effective antihypertensive drugs. Recent advances in neurovascular biology, advanced brain imaging, and detection of subtle behavioral phenotypes have begun to provide insights into these critical issues. Importantly, a parallel analysis of these parameters in animal models and humans is feasible, making it possible to foster translational advancements. In this review, we provide a critical evaluation of the evidence available in experimental models and humans to examine the progress made and identify remaining gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Neuro and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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3
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Wan C, Zong RY, Chen XS. The new mechanism of cognitive decline induced by hypertension: High homocysteine-mediated aberrant DNA methylation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:928701. [PMID: 36352848 PMCID: PMC9637555 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.928701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and severity of hypertension-induced cognitive impairment increase with the prolonging of hypertension. The mechanisms of cognitive impairment induced by hypertension primarily include cerebral blood flow perfusion imbalance, white and gray matter injury with blood–brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation and amyloid-beta deposition, genetic polymorphisms and variants, and instability of blood pressure. High homocysteine (HHcy) is an independent risk factor for hypertension that also increases the risk of developing early cognitive impairment. Homocysteine (Hcy) levels increase in patients with cognitive impairment induced by hypertension. This review summarizes a new mechanism whereby HHcy-mediated aberrant DNA methylation and exacerbate hypertension. It involves changes in Hcy-dependent DNA methylation products, such as methionine adenosyltransferase, DNA methyltransferases, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). The mechanism also involves DNA methylation changes in the genes of hypertension patients, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, apolipoprotein E4, and estrogen receptor alpha, which contribute to learning, memory, and attention deficits. Studies have shown that methionine (Met) induces hypertension in mice. Moreover, DNA hypermethylation leads to cognitive behavioral changes alongside oligodendroglial and/or myelin deficits in Met-induced mice. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that DNA methylation regulates cognitive dysfunction in patients with hypertension. A better understanding of the function and mechanism underlying the effect of Hcy-dependent DNA methylation on hypertension-induced cognitive impairment will be valuable for early diagnosis, interventions, and prevention of further cognitive defects induced by hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wan
- Department of Military Medical Geography, Army Medical Training Base, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui-Yi Zong
- Department of Military Medical Geography, Army Medical Training Base, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- NCO School, Army Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xing-Shu Chen
- Department of Military Medical Geography, Army Medical Training Base, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xing-Shu Chen,
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4
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Chambers LC, Diaz-Otero JM, Fisher CL, Jackson WF, Dorrance AM. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism improves transient receptor potential vanilloid 4-dependent dilation of cerebral parenchymal arterioles and cognition in a genetic model of hypertension. J Hypertens 2022; 40:1722-1734. [PMID: 35943101 PMCID: PMC9373385 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a model of secondary hypertension, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonism during the development of hypertension prevents the impairment of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) activation in parenchymal arterioles (PAs) and cognitive impairment. However, it is unknown whether MR antagonism can improve these impairments when treatment begins after the onset of essential hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that MR activation in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) leads to impaired TRPV4-mediated dilation in PAs that is associated with cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation. METHODS 20-22-week-old male SHRSP ± eplerenone (EPL; 100 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks) were compared to normotensive Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Pressure myography was used to assess PA function. Cognition was tested using Y-maze. Neuroinflammation was assessed using immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. RESULTS Carbachol-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation was impaired in SHRSP, and MR antagonism improved this without affecting myogenic tone. Dilation to TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A was impaired in SHRSP, and ELP treatment restored this. Intermediate conductance potassium channel (IKCa)/small conductance potassium channel (SKCa)-mediated dilation was impaired by hypertension and unaffected by EPL treatment. TRPV4 and IKCa/SKCa channel mRNA expression were reduced in PAs from hypertensive rats, and EPL did not improve this. Impairments in PA dilation in SHRSP were associated with cognitive decline, microglial activation, reactive astrogliosis, and neuroinflammation; cognitive and inflammatory changes were improved with MR blockade. CONCLUSIONS These data advance our understanding of the effects of hypertension on cerebral arterioles using a clinically relevant model and treatment paradigm. Our studies suggest TRPV4 and the MR are potential therapeutic targets to improve cerebrovascular function and cognition during hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Chambers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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5
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Schrader JM, Stanisavljevic A, Xu F, Van Nostrand WE. Distinct Brain Proteomic Signatures in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Rat Models of Hypertension and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:731-745. [PMID: 35856898 PMCID: PMC9803909 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVDs) are prominent contributors to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia and can arise from a range of etiologies. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and hypertension (HTN), both prevalent in the elderly population, lead to cerebral microhemorrhages, macrohemorrhages, and white matter damage. However, their respective underlying mechanisms and molecular events are poorly understood. Here, we show that the transgenic rat model of CAA type 1 (rTg-DI) exhibits perivascular inflammation that is lacking in the spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHR-SP) rat model of HTN. Alternatively, SHR-SP rats display notable dilation of arteriolar perivascular spaces. Comparative proteomics analysis revealed few shared altered proteins, with key proteins such as ANXA3, H2A, and HTRA1 unique to rTg-DI rats, and Nt5e, Flot-1 and Flot-2 unique to SHR-SP rats. Immunolabeling confirmed that upregulation of ANXA3, HTRA1, and neutrophil extracellular trap proteins were distinctly associated with rTg-DI rats. Pathway analysis predicted activation of TGF-β1 and TNFα in rTg-DI rat brain, while insulin signaling was reduced in the SHR-SP rat brain. Thus, we report divergent protein signatures associated with distinct cerebral vessel pathologies in the SHR-SP and rTg-DI rat models and provide new mechanistic insight into these different forms of CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Schrader
- From the George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Aleksandra Stanisavljevic
- From the George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- From the George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - William E Van Nostrand
- Send correspondence to: William E. Van Nostrand, PhD, George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; E-mail:
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A Novel Rodent Model of Hypertensive Cerebral Small Vessel Disease with White Matter Hyperintensities and Peripheral Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115915. [PMID: 35682594 PMCID: PMC9180536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is the second most common cause of stroke and a major contributor to dementia. Manifestations of CSVD include cerebral microbleeds, intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH), lacunar infarcts, white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and enlarged perivascular spaces. Chronic hypertensive models have been found to reproduce most key features of the disease. Nevertheless, no animal models have been identified to reflect all different aspects of the human disease. Here, we described a novel model for CSVD using salt-sensitive ‘Sabra’ hypertension-prone rats (SBH/y), which display chronic hypertension and enhanced peripheral oxidative stress. SBH/y rats were either administered deoxycorticosteroid acetate (DOCA) (referred to as SBH/y-DOCA rats) or sham-operated and provided with 1% NaCl in drinking water. Rats underwent neurological assessment and behavioral testing, followed by ex vivo MRI and biochemical and histological analyses. SBH/y-DOCA rats show a neurological decline and cognitive impairment and present multiple cerebrovascular pathologies associated with CSVD, such as ICH, lacunes, enlarged perivascular spaces, blood vessel stenosis, BBB permeability and inflammation. Remarkably, SBH/y-DOCA rats show severe white matter pathology as well as WMH, which are rarely reported in commonly used models. Our model may serve as a novel platform for further understanding the mechanisms underlying CSVD and for testing novel therapeutics.
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Koncz R, Wen W, Makkar SR, Lam BCP, Crawford JD, Rowe CC, Sachdev P. The Interaction Between Vascular Risk Factors, Cerebral Small Vessel Disease, and Amyloid Burden in Older Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:1617-1628. [PMID: 35213365 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) and Alzheimer's disease pathology, namely amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, commonly co-occur. Exactly how they interact remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE Using participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (n = 216; mean age 73.29±7.08 years, 91 (42.1%) females), we examined whether the presence of vascular risk factors and/or baseline cerebral SVD was related to a greater burden of Aβ cross-sectionally, and at 24 months follow-up. METHOD Amyloid burden, assessed using 18F-florbetapir PET, was quantified as the global standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR). Multimodal imaging was used to strengthen the quantification of baseline SVD as a composite variable, which included white matter hyperintensity volume using MRI, and peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity using diffusion tensor imaging. Structural equation modelling was used to analyze the associations between demographic factors, Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 carrier status, vascular risk factors, SVD burden and cerebral amyloid. RESULTS SVD burden had a direct association with Aβ burden cross-sectionally (coeff. = 0.229, p = 0.004), and an indirect effect over time (indirect coeff. = 0.235, p = 0.004). Of the vascular risk factors, a history of hypertension (coeff. = 0.094, p = 0.032) and a lower fasting glucose at baseline (coeff. = -0.027, p = 0.014) had a direct effect on Aβ burden at 24 months, but only the direct effect of glucose persisted after regularization. CONCLUSION While Aβ and SVD burden have an association cross-sectionally, SVD does not appear to directly influence the accumulation of Aβ longitudinally. Glucose regulation may be an important modifiable risk factor for Aβ accrual over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Koncz
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney Specialty of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steve R Makkar
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben C P Lam
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John D Crawford
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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8
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Evans LE, Taylor JL, Smith CJ, Pritchard HAT, Greenstein AS, Allan SM. Cardiovascular co-morbidities, inflammation and cerebral small vessel disease. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2575-2588. [PMID: 34499123 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is the most common cause of vascular cognitive impairment and affects all levels of the brain's vasculature. Features include diverse structural and functional changes affecting small arteries and capillaries that lead to a decline in cerebral perfusion. Due to an aging population, incidence of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is continually rising. Despite its prevalence and its ability to cause multiple debilitating illnesses, such as stroke and dementia, there are currently no therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cSVD. In the healthy brain, interactions between neuronal, vascular and inflammatory cells are required for normal functioning. When these interactions are disturbed, chronic pathological inflammation can ensue. The interplay between cSVD and inflammation has attracted much recent interest and this review discusses chronic cardiovascular diseases, particularly hypertension, and explores how the associated inflammation may impact on the structure and function of the small arteries of the brain in cSVD. Molecular approaches in animal studies are linked to clinical outcomes in patients and novel hypotheses regarding inflammation and cSVD are proposed that will hopefully stimulate further discussion and study in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowri E Evans
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jade L Taylor
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Craig J Smith
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC)
| | - Harry A T Pritchard
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam S Greenstein
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Kent SA, Spires-Jones TL, Durrant CS. The physiological roles of tau and Aβ: implications for Alzheimer's disease pathology and therapeutics. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:417-447. [PMID: 32728795 PMCID: PMC7498448 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tau and amyloid beta (Aβ) are the prime suspects for driving pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and, as such, have become the focus of therapeutic development. Recent research, however, shows that these proteins have been highly conserved throughout evolution and may have crucial, physiological roles. Such functions may be lost during AD progression or be unintentionally disrupted by tau- or Aβ-targeting therapies. Tau has been revealed to be more than a simple stabiliser of microtubules, reported to play a role in a range of biological processes including myelination, glucose metabolism, axonal transport, microtubule dynamics, iron homeostasis, neurogenesis, motor function, learning and memory, neuronal excitability, and DNA protection. Aβ is similarly multifunctional, and is proposed to regulate learning and memory, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, repair leaks in the blood-brain barrier, promote recovery from injury, and act as an antimicrobial peptide and tumour suppressor. This review will discuss potential physiological roles of tau and Aβ, highlighting how changes to these functions may contribute to pathology, as well as the implications for therapeutic development. We propose that a balanced consideration of both the physiological and pathological roles of tau and Aβ will be essential for the design of safe and effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Kent
- Translational Neuroscience PhD Programme, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Scotland, UK
| | - Tara L. Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Scotland, UK
| | - Claire S. Durrant
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Scotland, UK
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Scheifele HM, Ulbrich P, Garz C, Carare RO, Heinze HJ, Schreiber S, Jandke S. Retinal Vascular Pathology in a Rat Model of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:533. [PMID: 32695061 PMCID: PMC7338761 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The initial disease stages of hypertensive arteriopathy (HA) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), the two main forms of sporadic human cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVD), are too subtle to be detectable on clinical routine imaging. Small vessel disease (SVD) is a systemic condition, affecting not only the brain, but also other organs. The retina appears as an ideal marker for the early detection of incipient CSVD. We therefore investigated the retinal microvasculature of the spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rat (SHRSP), an animal model of sporadic CSVD. Materials and Methods: The brains and retinas of 26 male SHRSP (18–44 weeks) were examined histologically and immunohistochemically for the presence of HA phenomena (erythrocyte thrombi, small perivascular bleeds) and amyloid angiopathy (AA). Results: CAA and AA in the retina showed a significant correlation with age (CAA: rho = 0.55, p = 0.005; AA: rho = 0.89, p < 0.001). The number of erythrocyte thrombi in the brain correlated with the severity of retinal erythrocyte thrombi (rho = 0.46, p = 0.023), while the occurrence of CAA correlated with the appearance of AA in the retina (rho = 0.51, p = 0.012). Retinal SVD markers predicted CSVD markers with good sensitivity. Conclusions: These results indicate that SVD also occurs in the retinal microvasculature of SHRSP and the prediction of cerebral erythrocyte thrombi and CAA might be possible using retinal biomarkers. This underlines the important role of the investigation of the retina in the early diagnosis of CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Maximilian Scheifele
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Ulbrich
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Garz
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Solveig Jandke
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
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Drews HJ, Yenkoyan K, Lourhmati A, Buadze M, Kabisch D, Verleysdonk S, Petschak S, Beer-Hammer S, Davtyan T, Frey WH, Gleiter CH, Schwab M, Danielyan L. Intranasal Losartan Decreases Perivascular Beta Amyloid, Inflammation, and the Decline of Neurogenesis in Hypertensive Rats. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:725-740. [PMID: 30796737 PMCID: PMC6694377 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the local angiotensin receptor system to neuroinflammation, impaired neurogenesis, and amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in hypertension is consistent with the remarkable neuroprotection provided by angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) independent of their blood pressure-lowering effect. Considering the causal relationship between hypertension and AD and that targeting cerebrovascular pathology with ARBs does not necessarily require their systemic effects, we tested intranasal losartan in the rat model of chronic hypertension (spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats, SHRSP). Intranasal losartan at a subdepressor dose decreased mortality, neuroinflammation, and perivascular content of Aβ by enhancing key players in its metabolism and clearance, including insulin-degrading enzyme, neprilysin, and transthyretin. Furthermore, this treatment improved neurologic deficits and increased brain IL-10 concentration, hippocampal cell survival, neurogenesis, and choroid plexus cell proliferation in SHRSP. Losartan (1 μM) also reduced LDH release from cultured astroglial cells in response to toxic glutamate concentrations. This effect was completely blunted by IL-10 antibodies. These findings suggest that intranasal ARB treatment is a neuroprotective, neurogenesis-inducing, and Aβ-decreasing strategy for the treatment of hypertensive stroke and cerebral amyloid angiopathy acting at least partly through the IL-10 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning J Drews
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Yenkoyan
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Clinical Pharmacology, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Ali Lourhmati
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marine Buadze
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Kabisch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Verleysdonk
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Petschak
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research (ICePhA), University of Tuebingen, 72074, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tigran Davtyan
- Analytical Laboratory Branch of E. Gabriyelian Scientific Center of Drug and Medical Technology Expertise of Ministry Health of Armenia, 0051, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - William H Frey
- Center for Memory & Aging, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Christoph H Gleiter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Clinical Pharmacology, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lusine Danielyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Clinical Pharmacology, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
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12
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Nakazaki M, Sasaki M, Kataoka-Sasaki Y, Oka S, Suzuki J, Sasaki Y, Nagahama H, Hashi K, Kocsis JD, Honmou O. Intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells improves impaired cognitive function in a cerebral small vessel disease model. Neuroscience 2019; 408:361-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Tayler HM, Palmer JC, Thomas TL, Kehoe PG, Paton JF, Love S. Cerebral Aβ 40 and systemic hypertension. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1993-2005. [PMID: 28782443 PMCID: PMC6259324 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17724930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mid-life hypertension and cerebral hypoperfusion may be preclinical abnormalities in people who later develop Alzheimer's disease. Although accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) is characteristic of Alzheimer's disease and is associated with upregulation of the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 within the brain, it is unclear how this affects systemic arterial pressure. We have investigated whether infusion of Aβ40 into ventricular cerebrospinal fluid modulates blood pressure in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat. The Dahl salt-sensitive rat develops hypertension if given a high-salt diet. Intracerebroventricular infusion of Aβ induced a progressive rise in blood pressure in rats with pre-existing hypertension produced by a high-salt diet ( p < 0.0001), but no change in blood pressure in normotensive rats. The elevation in arterial pressure in high-salt rats was associated with an increase in low frequency spectral density in systolic blood pressure, suggesting autonomic imbalance, and reduced cardiac baroreflex gain. Our results demonstrate the potential for intracerebral Aβ to exacerbate hypertension, through modulation of autonomic activity. Present findings raise the possibility that mid-life hypertension in people who subsequently develop Alzheimer's disease may in some cases be a physiological response to reduced cerebral perfusion complicating the accumulation of Aβ within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Tayler
- 1 School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Taya L Thomas
- 1 School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Patrick G Kehoe
- 1 School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julian Fr Paton
- 2 School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Seth Love
- 1 School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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14
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Jandke S, Garz C, Schwanke D, Sendtner M, Heinze HJ, Carare RO, Schreiber S. The association between hypertensive arteriopathy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:844-859. [PMID: 30062722 PMCID: PMC8028507 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to test the hypothesis that in spontaneously hypertensive stroke‐prone rats (SHRSP), non‐amyloid cerebral small vessel disease/hypertensive arteriopathy (HA) results in vessel wall injury that may promote cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Our study comprised 21 male SHRSP (age 17–44 weeks) and 10 age‐ and sex‐matched Wistar control rats, that underwent two‐photon (2PM) imaging of the arterioles in the parietal cortex using Methoxy‐X04, Dextran and cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements. Our data suggest that HA in SHRSP progresses in a temporal and age‐dependent manner, starting from small vessel wall damage (stage 1A), proceeding to CBF reduction (stage 1B), non‐occlusive (stage 2), and finally, occlusive thrombi (stage 3). Wistar animals also demonstrated small vessel wall damage, but were free of any of the later HA stages. Nearly half of all SHRSP additionally displayed vascular Methoxy‐X04 positivity indicative of cortical CAA. Vascular β‐amyloid deposits were found in small vessels characterized by thrombotic occlusions (stage 2 or 3). Post‐mortem analysis of the rat brains confirmed the findings derived from intravital 2PM microscopy. Our data thus overall suggest that advanced HA may play a role in CAA development with the two small vessel disease entities might be related to the same pathological spectrum of the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Jandke
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Garz
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schwanke
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
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15
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Brothers HM, Gosztyla ML, Robinson SR. The Physiological Roles of Amyloid-β Peptide Hint at New Ways to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:118. [PMID: 29922148 PMCID: PMC5996906 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-ß (Aß) is best known as the misfolded peptide that is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and it is currently the primary therapeutic target in attempts to arrest the course of this disease. This notoriety has overshadowed evidence that Aß serves several important physiological functions. Aß is present throughout the lifespan, it has been found in all vertebrates examined thus far, and its molecular sequence shows a high degree of conservation. These features are typical of a factor that contributes significantly to biological fitness, and this suggestion has been supported by evidence of functions that are beneficial for the brain. The putative roles of Aß include protecting the body from infections, repairing leaks in the blood-brain barrier, promoting recovery from injury, and regulating synaptic function. Evidence for these beneficial roles comes from in vitro and in vivo studies, which have shown that the cellular production of Aß rapidly increases in response to a physiological challenge and often diminishes upon recovery. These roles are further supported by the adverse outcomes of clinical trials that have attempted to deplete Aß in order to treat AD. We suggest that anti-Aß therapies will produce fewer adverse effects if the known triggers of Aß deposition (e.g., pathogens, hypertension, and diabetes) are addressed first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Brothers
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Maya L Gosztyla
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Stephen R Robinson
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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16
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Wang Y, Zhang R, Tao C, Xu Z, Chen W, Wang C, Song L, Zheng J, Gao F. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Perivascular Beta-Amyloid Accumulation in the Brain of Aged Rats with Spontaneous Hypertension: Evaluation with Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Korean J Radiol 2018; 19:498-507. [PMID: 29713228 PMCID: PMC5904477 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2018.19.3.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Whether blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption induced by chronic spontaneous hypertension is associated with beta-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation in the brain remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between BBB disruption and Aβ influx and accumulation in the brain of aged rats with chronic spontaneous hypertension. Materials and Methods Five aged spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and five age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were studied. The volume transfer constant (Ktrans) obtained from dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) was used to evaluate BBB permeability in the hippocampus and cortex in vivo. The BBB tight junctions, immunoglobulin G (IgG), Aβ, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the hippocampus and cortex were examined with immunohistochemistry. Results As compared with WKY rats, the Ktrans values in the hippocampus and cortex of the SHRs increased remarkably (0.316 ± 0.027 min-1 vs. 0.084 ± 0.017 min-1, p < 0.001 for hippocampus; 0.302 ± 0.072 min-1 vs. 0.052 ± 0.047 min-1, p < 0.001 for cortex). Dramatic occludin and zonula occludens-1 losses were detected in the hippocampus and cortex of SHRs, and obvious IgG exudation was found there. Dramatic Aβ accumulation was found and limited to the area surrounding the BBB, without extension to other parenchyma regions in the hippocampus and cortex of aged SHRs. Alternatively, differences in APP expression in the hippocampus and cortex were not significant. Conclusion Blood-brain barrier disruption is associated with Aβ influx and accumulation in the brain of aged rats with chronic spontaneous hypertension. DCE-MRI can be used as an effective method to investigated BBB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ruzhi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chuanyuan Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ziqian Xu
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis 63110, MO, USA
| | - Fabao Gao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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17
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Inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase reverses the effect of exercise on improving cognitive function in hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2018; 41:414-425. [PMID: 29568075 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension-induced endothelial dysfunction is associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, a typical pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation, impaired by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase-B(Akt) pathway abnormalities in hypertensive rats, has a critical role in endothelial function. However, it is unknown whether eNOS participates in the hypertension-induced pathology of AD. In this study, we investigated the role of eNOS in Aβ deposition and cognitive function in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats. Physical exercise was used as a promoter, and Nω-nitro L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was used as an inhibitor of eNOS to determine the effects of eNOS on SHRSP rats. Compared with Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, the hypertensive challenge caused cognitive impairment, decreased eNOS levels and increased amyloid precursor protein (APP), β-secretase, and Aβ levels in the cortex and hippocampus. Sixteen weeks of exercise lowered blood pressure (BP), promoted eNOS expression, ameliorated Alzheimer's pathology, and improved cognitive function in 29-week-old SHRSP rats. Furthermore, daily treatment with L-NAME reversed the beneficial effects of exercise on SHRSP rats. Exercise also decreased the protein levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), PI3K, and phospho-Akt (p-Akt, ser473). In addition, long-term exercise increased the expression levels of IGF-1, PI3K, and p-Akt (ser473) in the brains of SHRSP rats. In conclusion, eNOS downregulation contributed to hypertension-induced Alzheimer pathology and cognitive impairment. Long-term exercise initiated in rats at a young age promoted eNOS expression and attenuated vascular-related Alzheimer's pathology via the IGF-1/PI3K/p-Akt pathway in SHRSP rats.
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18
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Vicario A, Cerezo GH, Del Sueldo M, Zilberman J, Pawluk SM, Lódolo N, De Cerchio AE, Ruffa RM, Plunkett R, Giuliano ME, Forcada P, Hauad S, Flores R. Neurocognitive disorder in hypertensive patients. Heart-Brain Study. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2018; 35:169-176. [PMID: 29456127 DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The relation between hypertension and cognitive impairment is an undisputable fact. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment in hypertensive patients, to identify the most affected cognitive domain, and to observe the association with different parameters of hypertension and other vascular risk factors. A multicentre study was carried out, and 1281 hypertensive patients of both genders and ≥21 years of age were included. Data on the following parameters were obtained: cognitive status (Minimal Cognitive Examination), behavioural status (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), blood pressure, anthropometry, and biochemical profile. The average age was 60.2±13.5 years (71% female), and the educational level was 9.9±5.1 years. Global cognitive impairment was seen in 22.1%, executive dysfunction in 36.2%, and semantic memory impairment in 48.9%. Cognitive impairment was higher in males (36.8% vs. 30.06%) within both the 70-79-year-old and the ≥80-year-old (50% vs. 40%) age groups. Abnormal Clock Drawing Test results were related to high pulse pressure (p<0.0036), and abnormal Mini-Boston Naming Test results to both high systolic blood pressure (p<0.052) and pulse pressure (p<0.001). The treated/uncontrolled hypertensive group showed abnormal results both in the Mini Mental State Examination (OR, 0.73; p=0.036) and the Mini-Boston Naming Test (OR, 1.36; p=0.021). Among patients without cognitive impairment (MMSE >24), 29.4% presented executive dysfunction, and 41.5% semantic memory impairment. Cognitive impairment was higher in hypertensive patients than in the general population. Executive functions and semantic memory were the most affected cognitive domains. High systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were associated with abnormal results in cognitive tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vicario
- Heart-Brain Unit, Cardiovascular Institute of Buenos Aires (ICBA), Argentina.
| | - G H Cerezo
- Epidemiology and Cardiovascular Prevention Area, Cardiovascular Institute of Buenos Aires (ICBA), Argentina
| | - M Del Sueldo
- Specialty Clinic, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J Zilberman
- Hypertension Area, Cardiovascular Institute of Buenos Aires (ICBA), Argentina
| | - S M Pawluk
- Laboratory of Genetic Epidemiology, Research Unit, CEMIC-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Lódolo
- "Arturo Oñativia" Reference Regional Center, Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - A E De Cerchio
- "Juana Cabral" Institute of Cardiology, Corrientes, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - R M Ruffa
- "Julio Méndez" Hospital, C.A.B.A., Argentina
| | - R Plunkett
- HAM Hospital, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M E Giuliano
- "Garibaldi" Italian Hospital, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - P Forcada
- DIM Institute, Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Hauad
- Tucumán Institute of Cardiology, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - R Flores
- University Hospital, Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero, Argentina
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19
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Hase Y, Craggs L, Hase M, Stevenson W, Slade J, Chen A, Liang D, Ennaceur A, Oakley A, Ihara M, Horsburgh K, Kalaria RN. The effects of environmental enrichment on white matter pathology in a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:151-165. [PMID: 28273725 PMCID: PMC5757440 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17694904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
White matter (WM) disintegration is common in the older population and is associated with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). This study explored the effects of environmental enrichment (EE) on pathological sequelae in a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). Male C57BL/6 J mice underwent BCAS or sham surgery. One-week after surgery, mice were exposed to three different degrees of EE; either standard housing conditions (std), limited 3 h exposure to EE per day (3 h) or full-time exposure to EE (full) for 12 weeks. At 13 weeks after surgery, cognitive testing was performed using a three-dimensional 9-arm radial maze. At 16 weeks after surgery, nesting ability was assessed in each mouse immediately before euthanasia. Brains retrieved after perfusion fixation were examined for WM pathology. BCAS caused WM changes, as demonstrated by corpus callosum atrophy and greater WM disintegrity. BCAS also caused impaired nesting ability and cognitive function. These pathological changes and working memory deficits were attenuated, more so by limited rather than full-time exposure to EE regime. Our results suggest that limited exposure to EE delays the onset of WM degeneration. Therefore, the implementation of even limited EE may be beneficial for patients diagnosed with VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Hase
- 1 Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lucinda Craggs
- 1 Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mai Hase
- 1 Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - William Stevenson
- 1 Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Janet Slade
- 1 Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Aiqing Chen
- 1 Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Di Liang
- 1 Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Abdel Ennaceur
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, Sunderland Pharmacy School, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | - Arthur Oakley
- 1 Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- 3 Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- 4 Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- 1 Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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20
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Fei YL, Lv HJ, Li YB, Liu J, Qian YH, Yang WN, Ma KG, Li HB, Qu QM. Tongxinluo improves cognition by decreasing β-amyloid in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Brain Res 2017; 1663:151-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Hase Y, Craggs L, Hase M, Stevenson W, Slade J, Lopez D, Mehta R, Chen A, Liang D, Oakley A, Ihara M, Horsburgh K, Kalaria RN. Effects of environmental enrichment on white matter glial responses in a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:81. [PMID: 28399892 PMCID: PMC5387261 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was designed to explore the beneficial effects of environmental enrichment (EE) on white matter glial changes in a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). Methods A total of 74 wild-type male C57BL/6J mice underwent BCAS or sham surgery. One week after surgery, the mice were randomly assigned into three different groups having varied amounts of EE—standard housing with no EE conditions (std), limited exposure with 3 h EE a day (3 h) and full-time exposure to EE (full) for 12 weeks. At 16 weeks after BCAS surgery, behavioural and cognitive function were assessed prior to euthanasia. Brain tissues were analysed for the degree of gliosis including morphological changes in astrocytes and microglia. Results Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (or BCAS) increased clasmatodendrocytes (damaged astrocytes) with disruption of aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity and an increased degree of microglial activation/proliferation. BCAS also impaired behavioural and cognitive function. These changes were significantly attenuated, by limited exposure compared to full-time exposure to EE. Conclusions Our results suggest that moderate or limited exposure to EE substantially reduced glial damage/activation. Our findings also suggest moderate rather than continuous exposure to EE is beneficial for patients with subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia characterised by white matter disease-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Hase
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Lucinda Craggs
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Mai Hase
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - William Stevenson
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Janet Slade
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Dianne Lopez
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Rubin Mehta
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Aiqing Chen
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Di Liang
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Arthur Oakley
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
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22
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Albargothy NJ, Sharp MM, Gatherer M, Morris A, Weller RO, Hawkes C, Carare RO. Investigating the Lymphatic Drainage of the Brain: Essential Skills and Tools. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1559:343-365. [PMID: 28063056 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6786-5_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter we describe in detail the surgical and imaging techniques employed for the study of the anatomical routes of drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) from the brain. The types of tracers, sites of injection, and volumes injected are crucial. For example, when testing the drainage of ISF from the parenchyma, volumes larger than 0.5 μL result in spillage of ISF into the ventricular CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazira J Albargothy
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew MacGregor Sharp
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Maureen Gatherer
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Alan Morris
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Roy O Weller
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Cheryl Hawkes
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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23
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Abstract
Cognitive impairment, an underappreciated consequence of hypertension, is linked to cerebral arteriolar disease through poorly defined mechanisms. A study by Faraco et al. in this issue of the JCI points to perturbations of neurovascular unit coupling caused by perivascular macrophages (PVMs) as a cause of hypertension-related cognitive impairment. Angiotensin II (Ang II) was shown to activate PVMs, causing them to produce superoxide and thereby alter the proper functioning of the adjacent arterioles. Faraco and colleagues also show that disruption of the blood-brain barrier occurs in hypertension, allowing circulating Ang II to access PVMs. This study provides important new insight into the role of inflammatory cells in the genesis of vascular dementia.
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24
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Yang Y, Kimura-Ohba S, Thompson J, Rosenberg GA. Rodent Models of Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:407-14. [PMID: 27498679 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment dementia (VCID), which is an increasingly important cause of dementia in the elderly, lacks effective treatments. Many different types of vascular disease are included under the diagnosis of VCID, including large vessel disease with multiple strokes and small vessel disease with lacunar infarcts and white matter disease. Animal models have been developed to study the multiple forms of VCID. Because of its progressive course, small vessel disease (SVD) is thought to be the optimal form of VCID for treatment. One theory is that the pathophysiology involves hypoxic hypoperfusion resulting in injury to the white matter and neuronal death. Bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries (BCAO) in a normotensive rat, which reduces cerebral blood flow, induces hypoxia with white matter damage; this model has been used to test drugs to block the injury. Another model is the spontaneously hypertensive/stroke prone rat (SHR/SP). Hypertension leads to small vessel disease resulting in progressive damage to the white matter, cortex, and hippocampus. Bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) with coils or ameroid constrictors produces a slower development of changes than BCAO, avoiding the acute ischemia. A few studies have been done with the two-clip, two-vessel occlusion renal model for induction of hypertension. There are benefits and drawbacks to each of these models with the model selected depending on the type of vascular damage that is to be studied. This review describes the most commonly used models, and the drugs that have been used to reduce the damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Shihoko Kimura-Ohba
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jeffrey Thompson
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Gary A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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25
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Li JM, Cai Y, Liu F, Yang L, Hu X, Patrylo PR, Cai H, Luo XG, Xiao D, Yan XX. Experimental microembolism induces localized neuritic pathology in guinea pig cerebrum. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10772-85. [PMID: 25871402 PMCID: PMC4484418 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbleeds are a common finding in aged human brains. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), neuritic plaques composed of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits and dystrophic neurites occur frequently around cerebral vasculature, raising a compelling question as to whether, and if so, how, microvascular abnormality and amyloid/neuritic pathology might be causally related. Here we used a guinea pig model of cerebral microembolism to explore a potential inductive effect of vascular injury on neuritic and amyloid pathogenesis. Brains were examined 7-30 days after experimental microvascular embolization occupying ~0.5% of total cortical area. Compared to sham-operated controls, glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity was increased in the embolized cerebrum, evidently around intracortical vasculature. Swollen/sprouting neurites exhibiting increased reactivity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase, parvalbumin, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and choline acetyltransferase appeared locally in the embolized brains in proximity to intracortical vasculature. The embolization-induced swollen/sprouting neurites were also robustly immunoreactive for β-amyloid precursor protein and β-secretase-1, the substrate and initiating enzyme for Aβ genesis. These experimental data suggest that microvascular injury can induce multisystem neuritic pathology associated with an enhanced amyloidogenic potential in wild-type mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Neuroscience Research Center, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - La Yang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peter R Patrylo
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
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26
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Shih YH, Tsai SF, Huang SH, Chiang YT, Hughes MW, Wu SY, Lee CW, Yang TT, Kuo YM. Hypertension impairs hippocampus-related adult neurogenesis, CA1 neuron dendritic arborization and long-term memory. Neuroscience 2016; 322:346-57. [PMID: 26921651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive impairment. Several studies using spontaneous hypertensive rats to study the effect of hypertension on memory performance and adult hippocampal neurogenesis have reached inconsistent conclusions. The contradictory findings may be related to the genetic variability of spontaneous hypertensive rats due to the conventional breeding practices. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of hypertension on hippocampal structure and function in isogenic mice. Hypertension was induced by the '2 kidneys, 1 clip' method (2K1C) which constricted one of the two renal arteries. The blood pressures of 2K1C mice were higher than the sham group on post-operation day 7 and remained high up to day 28. Mice with 2K1C-induced hypertension had impaired long-term, but not short-term, memory. Dendritic complexity of CA1 neurons and hippocampal neurogenesis were reduced by 2K1C-induced hypertension on post-operation day 28. Furthermore, 2K1C decreased the levels of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor, while blood vessel density and activation status of astrocytes and microglia were not affected. In conclusion, hypertension impairs hippocampus-associated long-term memory, dendritic arborization and neurogenesis, which may be caused by down-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Shih
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - S-F Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - S-H Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Y-T Chiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - M W Hughes
- International Research Center of Wound Repair & Regeneration, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - S-Y Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - C-W Lee
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - T-T Yang
- Department of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Y-M Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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27
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Ashby EL, Miners JS, Kehoe PG, Love S. Effects of Hypertension and Anti-Hypertensive Treatment on Amyloid-β (Aβ) Plaque Load and Aβ-Synthesizing and Aβ-Degrading Enzymes in Frontal Cortex. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:1191-203. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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28
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The neuropathology and cerebrovascular mechanisms of dementia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:172-86. [PMID: 26174330 PMCID: PMC4758551 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia is increasing in our aging population at an alarming rate. Because of the heterogeneity of clinical presentation and complexity of disease neuropathology, dementia classifications remain controversial. Recently, the National Plan to address Alzheimer’s Disease prioritized Alzheimer’s disease-related dementias to include: Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia, and mixed dementias. While each of these dementing conditions has their unique pathologic signature, one common etiology shared among all these conditions is cerebrovascular dysfunction at some point during the disease process. The goal of this comprehensive review is to summarize the current findings in the field and address the important contributions of cerebrovascular, physiologic, and cellular alterations to cognitive impairment in these human dementias. Specifically, evidence will be presented in support of small-vessel disease as an underlying neuropathologic hallmark of various dementias, while controversial findings will also be highlighted. Finally, the molecular mechanisms shared among all dementia types including hypoxia, oxidative stress, mitochondrial bioenergetics, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and blood–brain barrier permeability responsible for disease etiology and progression will be discussed.
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Levy Nogueira M, Epelbaum S, Steyaert JM, Dubois B, Schwartz L. Mechanical stress models of Alzheimer's disease pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 12:324-33. [PMID: 26718585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β protein and intracellular accumulation of tau in brain tissues have been described in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mechanical stress-based diseases of different mechanisms, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), arterial hypertension (HTN), and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). METHODS We provide a brief overview of experimental models of TBI, HTN, and NPH showing features of tau-amyloid pathology, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss. RESULTS "Alzheimer-like" hallmarks found in these mechanical stress-based models were compared with AD features found in transgenic models. DISCUSSION The goal of this review is, therefore, to build on current concepts of onset and progression of AD lesions. We point to the importance of accumulated mechanical stress in brain as an environmental and endogenous factor that pushes protein deposition and neuronal injury over the disease threshold. We further encourage the development of preventing strategies and drug screening based on mechanical stress models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Levy Nogueira
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Institut des Neurosciences Translationnelles de Paris (IHU-A-ICM), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Paris, France; Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), UMR 7161, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Stéphane Epelbaum
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; INSERM, CNRS, UMR-S975, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Steyaert
- Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), UMR 7161, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Institut des Neurosciences Translationnelles de Paris (IHU-A-ICM), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM, CNRS, UMR-S975, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Schwartz
- Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), UMR 7161, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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