1
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Villoria-González A, Zierfuss B, Parzer P, Heuböck E, Zujovic V, Waidhofer-Söllner P, Ponleitner M, Rommer P, Göpfert J, Forss-Petter S, Berger J, Weinhofer I. Efficacy of HDAC Inhibitors in Driving Peroxisomal β-Oxidation and Immune Responses in Human Macrophages: Implications for Neuroinflammatory Disorders. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1696. [PMID: 38136568 PMCID: PMC10741867 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of saturated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in cell membranes and secreted lipoparticles have been associated with neurotoxicity and, therefore, require tight regulation. Excessive VLCFAs are imported into peroxisomes for degradation by β-oxidation. Impaired VLCFA catabolism due to primary or secondary peroxisomal alterations is featured in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders such as X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we identified that healthy human macrophages upregulate the peroxisomal genes involved in β-oxidation during myelin phagocytosis and pro-inflammatory activation, and that this response is impaired in peripheral macrophages and phagocytes in brain white matter lesions in MS patients. The pharmacological targeting of VLCFA metabolism and peroxisomes in innate immune cells could be favorable in the context of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We previously identified the epigenetic histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors entinostat and vorinostat to enhance VLCFA degradation and pro-regenerative macrophage polarization. However, adverse side effects currently limit their use in chronic neuroinflammation. Here, we focused on tefinostat, a monocyte/macrophage-selective HDAC inhibitor that has shown reduced toxicity in clinical trials. By using a gene expression analysis, peroxisomal β-oxidation assay, and live imaging of primary human macrophages, we assessed the efficacy of tefinostat in modulating VLCFA metabolism, phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and immune function. Our results revealed the significant stimulation of VLCFA degradation with the upregulation of genes involved in peroxisomal β-oxidation and interference with immune cell recruitment; however, tefinostat was less potent than the class I HDAC-selective inhibitor entinostat in promoting a regenerative macrophage phenotype. Further research is needed to fully explore the potential of class I HDAC inhibition and downstream targets in the context of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Villoria-González
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.)
| | - Bettina Zierfuss
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Patricia Parzer
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.)
| | - Elisabeth Heuböck
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.)
| | - Violetta Zujovic
- Institut du Cerveau—Paris Brain Institute—ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière—University Hospital, Sorbonne University, DMU Neuroscience 6, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Petra Waidhofer-Söllner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Ponleitner
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paulus Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Göpfert
- Department of Pharma and Biotech, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.)
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.)
| | - Isabelle Weinhofer
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.)
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2
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Huang F, Cai F, Dahabieh MS, Gunawardena K, Talebi A, Dehairs J, El-Turk F, Park JY, Li M, Goncalves C, Gagnon N, Su J, LaPierre JH, Gaub P, Joyal JS, Mitchell JJ, Swinnen JV, Miller WH, del Rincón SV. Peroxisome disruption alters lipid metabolism and potentiates antitumor response with MAPK-targeted therapy in melanoma. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e166644. [PMID: 37616051 PMCID: PMC10575734 DOI: 10.1172/jci166644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanomas reprogram their metabolism to rapidly adapt to therapy-induced stress conditions, allowing them to persist and ultimately develop resistance. We report that a subpopulation of melanoma cells tolerate MAPK pathway inhibitors (MAPKis) through a concerted metabolic reprogramming mediated by peroxisomes and UDP-glucose ceramide glycosyltransferase (UGCG). Compromising peroxisome biogenesis, by repressing PEX3 expression, potentiated the proapoptotic effects of MAPKis via an induction of ceramides, an effect limited by UGCG-mediated ceramide metabolism. Cotargeting PEX3 and UGCG selectively eliminated a subset of metabolically active, drug-tolerant CD36+ melanoma persister cells, thereby sensitizing melanoma to MAPKis and delaying resistance. Increased levels of peroxisomal genes and UGCG were found in patient-derived MAPKi-relapsed melanomas, and simultaneously inhibiting PEX3 and UGCG restored MAPKi sensitivity in multiple models of therapy resistance. Finally, combination therapy consisting of a newly identified inhibitor of the PEX3-PEX19 interaction, a UGCG inhibitor, and MAPKis demonstrated potent antitumor activity in preclinical melanoma models, thus representing a promising approach for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Huang
- Lady Davis Institute
- Department of Experimental Medicine, and
| | - Feiyang Cai
- Lady Davis Institute
- Department of Experimental Medicine, and
| | | | | | - Ali Talebi
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonas Dehairs
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Farah El-Turk
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jae Yeon Park
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mengqi Li
- Lady Davis Institute
- Department of Experimental Medicine, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Perrine Gaub
- Centre de Recherche, CHU St. Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Johannes V. Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wilson H. Miller
- Lady Davis Institute
- Department of Experimental Medicine, and
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sonia V. del Rincón
- Lady Davis Institute
- Department of Experimental Medicine, and
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Manuel AM, Dai Y, Jia P, Freeman LA, Zhao Z. A gene regulatory network approach harmonizes genetic and epigenetic signals and reveals repurposable drug candidates for multiple sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:998-1009. [PMID: 36282535 PMCID: PMC9991005 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex dysimmune disorder of the central nervous system. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 233 genetic variations associated with MS at the genome-wide significant level. Epigenetic studies have pinpointed differentially methylated CpG sites in MS patients. However, the interplay between genetic risk factors and epigenetic regulation remains elusive. Here, we employed a network model to integrate GWAS summary statistics of 14 802 MS cases and 26 703 controls with DNA methylation profiles from 140 MS cases and 139 controls and the human interactome. We identified differentially methylated genes by aggregating additive effects of differentially methylated CpG sites within promoter regions. We reconstructed a gene regulatory network (GRN) using literature-curated transcription factor knowledge. Colocalization of the MS GWAS and methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTL) was performed to assess the GRN. The resultant MS-associated GRN highlighted several single nucleotide polymorphisms with GWAS-mQTL colocalization: rs6032663, rs6065926 and rs2024568 of CD40 locus, rs9913597 of STAT3 locus, and rs887864 and rs741175 of CIITA locus. Moreover, synergistic mQTL and expression QTL signals were identified in CD40, suggesting gene expression alteration was likely induced by epigenetic changes. Web-based Cell-type Specific Enrichment Analysis of Genes (WebCSEA) indicated that the GRN was enriched in T follicular helper cells (P-value = 0.0016). Drug target enrichment analysis of annotations from the Therapeutic Target Database revealed the GRN was also enriched with drug target genes (P-value = 3.89 × 10-4), revealing repurposable candidates for MS treatment. These candidates included vorinostat (HDAC1 inhibitor) and sivelestat (ELANE inhibitor), which warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M Manuel
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yulin Dai
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peilin Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Leorah A Freeman
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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4
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Di Cara F, Savary S, Kovacs WJ, Kim P, Rachubinski RA. The peroxisome: an up-and-coming organelle in immunometabolism. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:70-86. [PMID: 35788297 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential metabolic organelles, well known for their roles in the metabolism of complex lipids and reactive ionic species. In the past 10 years, peroxisomes have also been cast as central regulators of immunity. Lipid metabolites of peroxisomes, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are precursors for important immune mediators, including leukotrienes (LTs) and resolvins. Peroxisomal redox metabolism modulates cellular immune signaling such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. Additionally, peroxisomal β-oxidation and ether lipid synthesis control the development and aspects of the activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Finally, peroxisome number and metabolic activity have been linked to inflammatory diseases. These discoveries have opened avenues of investigation aimed at targeting peroxisomes for therapeutic intervention in immune disorders, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Cara
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Stéphane Savary
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Werner J Kovacs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kim
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
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5
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Al-Ahmad AJ. Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Model of the Blood-Brain at 10 Years: A Retrospective on Past and Current Disease Models. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 281:141-156. [PMID: 36943490 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The initial discovery and derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by Yamanaka and colleagues in 2006 revolutionized the field of personalized medicine, as it opened the possibility to model diseases using patient-derived stem cells. A decade of adoption of iPSCs within the community of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) significantly opened the door for modeling diseases at the BBB, a task until then considered challenging, if not impossible.In this book chapter, we provided an extensive review of the literature on the use of iPSC-based models of the human BBB to model neurological diseases including infectious diseases (COVID-19, Streptococcus, Neisseria) neurodevelopmental diseases (adrenoleukodystrophy, Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome, Batten's disease, GLUT1 deficiency syndrome), and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, the current findings and observations, but also the challenges and limitations inherent to the use of iPSC-based models in reproducing the human BBB during health and diseases in a Petri dish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.
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6
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Wanders RJA, Baes M, Ribeiro D, Ferdinandusse S, Waterham HR. The physiological functions of human peroxisomes. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:957-1024. [PMID: 35951481 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00051.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are subcellular organelles that play a central role in human physiology by catalyzing a range of unique metabolic functions. The importance of peroxisomes for human health is exemplified by the existence of a group of usually severe diseases caused by an impairment in one or more peroxisomal functions. Among others these include the Zellweger spectrum disorders, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, and Refsum disease. To fulfill their role in metabolism, peroxisomes require continued interaction with other subcellular organelles including lipid droplets, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. In recent years it has become clear that the metabolic alliance between peroxisomes and other organelles requires the active participation of tethering proteins to bring the organelles physically closer together, thereby achieving efficient transfer of metabolites. This review intends to describe the current state of knowledge about the metabolic role of peroxisomes in humans, with particular emphasis on the metabolic partnership between peroxisomes and other organelles and the consequences of genetic defects in these processes. We also describe the biogenesis of peroxisomes and the consequences of the multiple genetic defects therein. In addition, we discuss the functional role of peroxisomes in different organs and tissues and include relevant information derived from model systems, notably peroxisomal mouse models. Finally, we pay particular attention to a hitherto underrated role of peroxisomes in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Zierfuss B, Buda A, Villoria-González A, Logist M, Fabjan J, Parzer P, Battin C, Vandersteene S, Dijkstra IME, Waidhofer-Söllner P, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Steinberger P, Kemp S, Forss-Petter S, Berger J, Weinhofer I. Saturated very long-chain fatty acids regulate macrophage plasticity and invasiveness. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:305. [PMID: 36528616 PMCID: PMC9759912 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Saturated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA, ≥ C22), enriched in brain myelin and innate immune cells, accumulate in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) due to inherited dysfunction of the peroxisomal VLCFA transporter ABCD1. In its severest form, X-ALD causes cerebral myelin destruction with infiltration of pro-inflammatory skewed monocytes/macrophages. How VLCFA levels relate to macrophage activation is unclear. Here, whole transcriptome sequencing of X-ALD macrophages indicated that VLCFAs prime human macrophage membranes for inflammation and increased expression of factors involved in chemotaxis and invasion. When added externally to mimic lipid release in demyelinating X-ALD lesions, VLCFAs did not activate toll-like receptors in primary macrophages. In contrast, VLCFAs provoked pro-inflammatory responses through scavenger receptor CD36-mediated uptake, cumulating in JNK signalling and expression of matrix-degrading enzymes and chemokine release. Following pro-inflammatory LPS activation, VLCFA levels increased also in healthy macrophages. With the onset of the resolution, VLCFAs were rapidly cleared in control macrophages by increased peroxisomal VLCFA degradation through liver-X-receptor mediated upregulation of ABCD1. ABCD1 deficiency impaired VLCFA homeostasis and prolonged pro-inflammatory gene expression upon LPS treatment. Our study uncovers a pivotal role for ABCD1, a protein linked to neuroinflammation, and associated peroxisomal VLCFA degradation in regulating macrophage plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Zierfuss
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Buda
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Villoria-González
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maxime Logist
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jure Fabjan
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Parzer
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claire Battin
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Streggi Vandersteene
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Inge M E Dijkstra
- Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Waidhofer-Söllner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Grabmeier-Pfistershammer
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabelle Weinhofer
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Yu J, Chen T, Guo X, Zafar MI, Li H, Wang Z, Zheng J. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in X-Link Adrenoleukodystrophy. Front Nutr 2022; 9:864358. [PMID: 35463999 PMCID: PMC9024313 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.864358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited disease caused by a mutation in the ABCD1 gene encoding a peroxisomal transmembrane protein. It is characterized by the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in body fluids and tissues, leading to progressive demyelination and adrenal insufficiency. ALD has various phenotypes, among which the most common and severe is childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCALD). The pathophysiological mechanisms of ALD remain unclear, but some in vitro/in vivo research showed that VLCFA could induce oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to damage. In addition, the evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation are increased in patients with X-ALD also proves that it is a potential mechanism of brain and adrenal damage. Therefore, normalizing the redox balance becomes a critical therapeutic target. This study focuses on the possible predictors of the severity and progression of X-ALD, the potential mechanisms of pathogenesis, and the promising targeted drugs involved in oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mohammad Ishraq Zafar
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Zheng,
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9
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Newborn Screening for X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: Review of Data and Outcomes in Pennsylvania. Int J Neonatal Screen 2022; 8:ijns8020024. [PMID: 35466195 PMCID: PMC9036281 DOI: 10.3390/ijns8020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most common peroxisomal disorder. It results from pathogenic variants in ABCD1, which encodes the peroxisomal very-long-chain fatty acid transporter, causing a spectrum of neurodegenerative phenotypes. The childhood cerebral form of the disease is particularly devastating. Early diagnosis and intervention improve outcomes. Because newborn screening facilitates identification of at-risk individuals during their asymptomatic period, X-ALD was added to the Pennsylvania newborn screening program in 2017. We analyzed outcomes from the first four years of X-ALD newborn screening, which employed a two-tier approach and reflexive ABCD1 sequencing. There were 51 positive screens with elevated C26:0-lysophosphatidylcholine on second-tier screening. ABCD1 sequencing identified 21 hemizygous males and 24 heterozygous females, and clinical follow up identified four patients with peroxisomal biogenesis disorders. There were two false-positive cases and one false-negative case. Three unscreened individuals, two of whom were symptomatic, were diagnosed following their young siblings' newborn screening results. Combined with experiences from six other states, this suggests a U.S. incidence of roughly 1 in 10,500, higher than had been previously reported. Many of these infants lack a known family history of X-ALD. Together, these data highlight both the achievements and challenges of newborn screening for X-ALD.
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10
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Ma CY, Li C, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Liu H, Chen HJ, Tse HF, Liao C, Lian Q. Management of adrenoleukodystrophy: From pre-clinical studies to the development of new therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112214. [PMID: 34560537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder associated with mutations of the ABCD1 gene that encodes a peroxisomal transmembrane protein. It results in accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in tissues and body fluid. Along with other factors such as epigenetic and environmental involvement, ABCD1 mutation-provoked disorders can present different phenotypes including cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD), adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), and peripheral neuropathy. cALD is the most severe form that causes death in young childhood. Bone marrow transplantation and hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy are only effective when performed at an early stage of onsets in cALD. Nonetheless, current research and development of novel therapies are hampered by a lack of in-depth understanding disease pathophysiology and a lack of reliable cALD models. The Abcd1 and Abcd1/Abcd2 knock-out mouse models as well as the deficiency of Abcd1 rabbit models created in our lab, do not develop cALD phenotypes observed in human beings. In this review, we summarize the clinical and biochemical features of X-ALD, the progress of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Challenges and perspectives for future X-ALD studies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui Yan Ma
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cheng Li
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoya Zhou
- Prenatal Diagnostic Centre and Cord Blood Bank, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Haematology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, the University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Can Liao
- Prenatal Diagnostic Centre and Cord Blood Bank, China
| | - Qizhou Lian
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Prenatal Diagnostic Centre and Cord Blood Bank, China.
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11
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Tieu JH, Sahasrabudhe SA, Orchard PJ, Cloyd JC, Kartha RV. Translational and clinical pharmacology considerations in drug repurposing for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy-A rare peroxisomal disorder. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:2552-2563. [PMID: 34558098 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited, neurodegenerative rare disease that can result in devastating symptoms of blindness, gait disturbances and spastic quadriparesis due to progressive demyelination. Typically, the disease progresses rapidly, causing death within the first decade of life. With limited treatments available, efforts to determine an effective therapy that can alter disease progression or mitigate symptoms have been undertaken for many years, particularly through drug repurposing. Repurposing has generally been guided through clinical experience and small trials. At this time, none of the drug candidates have been approved for use, which may be due, in part, to the lack of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic information on the repurposed medications in the target patient population. Greater consideration for the disease pathophysiology, drug pharmacology and potential drug-target interactions, specifically at the site of action, would improve drug repurposing and facilitate drug development. Incorporating advanced translational and clinical pharmacological approaches in preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials will improve the success of repurposed drugs for X-ALD as well as other rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne H Tieu
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Siddhee A Sahasrabudhe
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul J Orchard
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - James C Cloyd
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Reena V Kartha
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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12
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Peroxisomal ABC Transporters: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116093. [PMID: 34198763 PMCID: PMC8201181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute one of the largest superfamilies of conserved proteins from bacteria to mammals. In humans, three members of this family are expressed in the peroxisomal membrane and belong to the subfamily D: ABCD1 (ALDP), ABCD2 (ALDRP), and ABCD3 (PMP70). These half-transporters must dimerize to form a functional transporter, but they are thought to exist primarily as tetramers. They possess overlapping but specific substrate specificity, allowing the transport of various lipids into the peroxisomal matrix. The defects of ABCD1 and ABCD3 are responsible for two genetic disorders called X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and congenital bile acid synthesis defect 5, respectively. In addition to their role in peroxisome metabolism, it has recently been proposed that peroxisomal ABC transporters participate in cell signaling and cell control, particularly in cancer. This review presents an overview of the knowledge on the structure, function, and mechanisms involving these proteins and their link to pathologies. We summarize the different in vitro and in vivo models existing across the species to study peroxisomal ABC transporters and the consequences of their defects. Finally, an overview of the known and possible interactome involving these proteins, which reveal putative and unexpected new functions, is shown and discussed.
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13
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Moser AB, Liu Y, Shi X, Schrifl U, Hiebler S, Fatemi A, Braverman NE, Steinberg SJ, Watkins PA. Drug discovery for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: An unbiased screen for compounds that lower very long-chain fatty acids. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1337-1349. [PMID: 34056752 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (XALD) is a genetic neurologic disorder with multiple phenotypic presentations and limited therapeutic options. The childhood cerebral phenotype (CCALD), a fatal demyelinating disorder affecting about 35% of patients, and the adult-onset adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), a peripheral neuropathy affecting 40%-45% of patients, are both caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene. Both phenotypes are characterized biochemically by elevated tissue and plasma levels of saturated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA), and an increase in plasma cerotic acid (C26:0), along with the clinical presentation, is diagnostic. Administration of oils containing monounsaturated fatty acids, for example, Lorenzo's oil, lowers patient VLCFA levels and reduced the frequency of development of CCALD in presymptomatic boys. However, this therapy is not currently available. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant and gene therapy remain viable therapies for boys with early progressive cerebral disease. We asked whether any existing approved drugs can lower VLCFA and thus open new therapeutic possibilities for XALD. Using SV40-transformed and telomerase-immortalized skin fibroblasts from an XALD patient, we conducted an unbiased screen of a library of approved drugs and natural products for their ability to decrease VLCFA, using measurement of C26:0 in lysophosphatidyl choline (C26-LPC) by tandem mass spectrometry as the readout. While several candidate drugs were initially identified, further testing in primary fibroblast cell lines from multiple CCALD and AMN patients narrowed the list to one drug, the anti-hypertensive drug irbesartan. In addition to lowering C26-LPC, levels of C26:0 and C28:0 in total fibroblast lipids were reduced. The effect of irbesartan was dose dependent between 2 and 10 μM. When male XALD mice received orally administered irbesartan at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day, there was no reduction in plasma C26-LPC. However, irbesartan failed to lower mouse fibroblast C26-LPC consistently. The results of these studies indicate a potential therapeutic benefit of irbesartan in XALD that should be validated by further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann B Moser
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaohai Shi
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ulrike Schrifl
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shandi Hiebler
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nancy E Braverman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steven J Steinberg
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul A Watkins
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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14
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Athira KV, Sadanandan P, Chakravarty S. Repurposing Vorinostat for the Treatment of Disorders Affecting Brain. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 23:449-465. [PMID: 33948878 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on the findings in recent years, we summarize the therapeutic potential of vorinostat (VOR), the first approved histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, in disorders of brain, and strategies to improve drug efficacy and reduce side effects. Scientific evidences provide a strong case for the therapeutic utility of VOR in various disorders affecting brain, including stroke, Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, epilepsy, Niemann-Pick type C disease, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Further elucidation of the neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties of VOR using proper clinical study designs could provide momentum towards its clinical application. To improve the therapeutic prospect, concerns on systemic toxicity and off-target actions need to be addressed along with the improvement in formulation and delivery aspects, especially with respect to solubility, permeability, and pharmacokinetic properties. Newer approaches in this regard include poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(DL-lactic acid) micelles, VOR-pluronic F127 micelles, encapsulation of iron complexes of VOR into PEGylated liposomes, human serum albumin bound VOR nanomedicine, magnetically guided layer-by-layer assembled nanocarriers, as well as convection-enhanced delivery. Even though targeting specific class or isoform of HDAC is projected as advantageous over pan-HDAC inhibitor like VOR, in terms of adverse effects and efficacy, till clinical validation, the idea is debated. As the VOR treatment-related adverse changes are mostly found reversible, further optimization of the therapeutic strategies with respect to dose, dosage regimen, and formulations of VOR could propel its clinical prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Athira
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041, Kerala, India.
| | - Prashant Sadanandan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041, Kerala, India
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
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15
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Bradbury AM, Ream MA. Recent Advancements in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Leukodystrophies. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2021; 37:100876. [PMID: 33892849 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2021.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leukodystrophies and genetic leukoencephalopathies comprise a growing group of inherited white matter disorders. Diagnostic rates have improved with increased utilization of next generation sequencing. As treatment options continue to advance for leukodystrophies, so will candidacy for inclusion in the United States' newborn Recommended Universal Screening Panel as was achieved for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Stem cell therapies have become standard of care for selected leukodystrophies. However, transplantation-related risks remain high and outcomes are not fully satisfactory. Transduction of autologous hematopoietic stem cells with lentiviral vectors, referred to as ex vivo gene therapy, circumvents some, but not all, of the risks of traditional transplantation and has recently been demonstrated to be safe and efficective in clinical studies of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and metachromatic leukodystrophy. Gene therapy, through direct infusion of adeno-associated virus vectors, has emerged as a safer alternative for many monogenetic pediatric neurological disorders. Numerous preclinical studies have shown safety and efficacy of adeno-associated virus gene therapy in leukodystrophies allowing expanded access treatment for Canavan disease prior to initiation of a clinical trial. For inherited white matter disorders resulting from overexpression of a protein, such as Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, emerging RNA therapies have shown success in preclinical studies and promise for rapid translation to the clinic. Lastly, small molecule and protein therapies remain a long-term treatment option for a number of leukodystrophies, including intrathecal enzyme replacement therapy for metachromatic leukodystrophy. Herein we review recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of inherited white matter disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margie A Ream
- Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
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16
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Zierfuss B, Weinhofer I, Buda A, Popitsch N, Hess L, Moos V, Hametner S, Kemp S, Köhler W, Forss‐Petter S, Seiser C, Berger J. Targeting foam cell formation in inflammatory brain diseases by the histone modifier MS-275. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:2161-2177. [PMID: 32997393 PMCID: PMC7664285 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess class I-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition on formation of lipid-accumulating, disease-promoting phagocytes upon myelin load in vitro, relevant for neuroinflammatory disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS) and cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). METHODS Immunohistochemistry on postmortem brain tissue of acute MS (n = 6) and cerebral ALD (n = 4) cases to analyze activation and foam cell state of phagocytes. RNA-Seq of in vitro differentiated healthy macrophages (n = 8) after sustained myelin-loading to assess the metabolic shift associated with foam cell formation. RNA-Seq analysis of genes linked to lipid degradation and export in MS-275-treated human HAP1 cells and RT-qPCR analysis of HAP1 cells knocked out for individual members of class I HDACs or the corresponding enzymatically inactive knock-in mutants. Investigation of intracellular lipid/myelin content after MS-275 treatment of myelin-laden human foam cells. Analysis of disease characteristic very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) metabolism and inflammatory state in MS-275-treated X-ALD macrophages. RESULTS Enlarged foam cells coincided with a pro-inflammatory, lesion-promoting phenotype in postmortem tissue of MS and cerebral ALD patients. Healthy in vitro myelin laden foam cells upregulated genes linked to LXRα/PPARγ pathways and mimicked a program associated with tissue repair. Treating these cells with MS-275, amplified this gene transcription program and significantly reduced lipid and cholesterol accumulation and, thus, foam cell formation. In macrophages derived from X-ALD patients, MS-275 improved the disease-associated alterations of VLCFA metabolism and reduced the pro-inflammatory status of these cells. INTERPRETATION These findings identify class I-HDAC inhibition as a potential novel strategy to prevent disease promoting foam cell formation in CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Zierfuss
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous SystemCentre for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - Isabelle Weinhofer
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous SystemCentre for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - Agnieszka Buda
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous SystemCentre for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - Niko Popitsch
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyVienna1030Austria
| | - Lena Hess
- Division of Cell and Developmental BiologyCenter for Anatomy and Cell BiologyMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - Verena Moos
- Division of Cell and Developmental BiologyCenter for Anatomy and Cell BiologyMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - Simon Hametner
- Department of Neuropathology and NeurochemistryMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic DiseasesAmsterdam UMCAmsterdam Gastroenterology & MetabolismAmsterdam NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdam1105AZThe Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Köhler
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Leipzig Medical CentreLeukodystrophy ClinicLeipzig04103Germany
| | - Sonja Forss‐Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous SystemCentre for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - Christian Seiser
- Division of Cell and Developmental BiologyCenter for Anatomy and Cell BiologyMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous SystemCentre for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
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