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Dando CJ, Nahouli Z, Hart A, Pounder Z. Real-world implications of aphantasia: episodic recall of eyewitnesses with aphantasia is less complete but no less accurate than typical imagers. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:231007. [PMID: 37885991 PMCID: PMC10598423 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with aphantasia report an inability to voluntarily visually image and reduced episodic memory, yet episodic accounts provided by witnesses and victims are fundamental for criminal justice. Using the mock-witness paradigm, we investigated eyewitness memory of individuals with aphantasia versus typical imagers. Participants viewed a mock crime and 48 hours later were interviewed about the event, randomly allocated to one of three conditions. Two interview conditions included techniques designed to support episodic retrieval mode, namely (i) Mental Reinstatement of Context (MRC) and (ii) Sketch Reinstatement of Context (Sketch-RC). A third Control condition did not include retrieval support. Aphantasic mock-eyewitnesses recalled 30% less correct information and accounts were less complete, but they made no more errors and were as accurate as typical imagers. Interaction effects revealed reduced correct recall and less complete accounts for aphantasic participants in MRC interviews versus Sketch-RC and Control. Aphantaisic participants in the Control outperformed those in both the Sketch-RC and MRC, although Sketch-RC improved completeness by 15% versus MRC. Our pattern of results indicates reduced mental imagery ability might be compensated for by alternative self-initiated cognitive strategies. Findings offer novel insights into episodic recall performance in information gathering interviews when ability to voluntarily visualize is impoverished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral J. Dando
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London W1B 2HW, UK
| | | | - Alison Hart
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London W1B 2HW, UK
| | - Zoe Pounder
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Interviewing in virtual environments: Towards understanding the impact of rapport-building behaviours and retrieval context on eyewitness memory. Mem Cognit 2023; 51:404-421. [PMID: 36251160 PMCID: PMC9575624 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Given the complexities of episodic memory and necessarily social nature of in-person face-to-face interviews, theoretical and evidence-based techniques for collecting episodic information from witnesses, victims, and survivors champion rapport-building. Rapport is believed to reduce some of the social demands of recalling an experienced event in an interview context, potentially increasing cognitive capacity for remembering. Cognitive and social benefits have also emerged in remote interview contexts with reduced anxiety and social pressure contributing to improved performance. Here, we investigated episodic memory in mock-eyewitness interviews conducted in virtual environments (VE) and in-person face-to-face (FtF), where rapport-building behaviours were either present or absent. Main effects revealed when rapport was present and where interviews were conducted in a VE participants recalled more correct event information, made fewer errors and were more accurate. Moreover, participants in the VE plus rapport-building present condition outperformed participants in all other conditions. Feedback indicated both rapport and environment were important for reducing the social demands of a recall interview, towards supporting effortful remembering. Our results add to the emerging literature on the utility of virtual environments as interview spaces and lend further support to the importance of prosocial behaviours in applied contexts.
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3
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Deeb H, Vrij A, Leal S, Mann S, Burkhardt J. The Model Sketch for Enhancing Lie Detection and Eliciting Information. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1180. [PMID: 36138916 PMCID: PMC9497198 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sketching while narrating is an effective interview technique for eliciting information and cues to deceit. The current research examined the effects of introducing a Model Sketch in investigative interviews andis pre-registered on https://osf.io/kz9mc (accessed on 18 January 2022). METHODS Participants (N = 163) completed a mock mission and were asked to tell the truth or to lie about it in an interview. In Phase 1 of the interview, participants provided either a free recall (control condition), sketched and narrated with exposure to a Model Sketch (Model Sketch-present condition), or sketched and narrated without exposure to a Model Sketch (Model Sketch-absent condition). In Phase 2, all participants provided a free recall without sketching. RESULTS Truth tellers reported significantly more information than lie tellers. The Model Sketch elicited more location details than a Free recall in Phase 1 and more veracity differences than the other Modality conditions in Phase 2. CONCLUSION The Model Sketch seems to enhance the elicitation of information and to have carryover veracity effects in a follow-up free recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Deeb
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
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Thielgen MM, Schade S, Niegisch P. Police Officers' Interrogation Expertise and Major Objectives in Police Service and Training: A Comprehensive Overview of the Literature. Front Psychol 2022; 13:823179. [PMID: 35719474 PMCID: PMC9202082 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.823179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interrogation is a core task of practical police work. The outcomes of interrogation often provide crucial evidence for solving criminal cases. The success of interrogation depends on interactions between police officers and citizens. Based on a comprehensive literature overview, we propose a three-factor typology for interrogations by police officers. First, the competencies of police officers refer to the application of personal, professional, social, and methodological capabilities. The underlying concept of interrogation refers to the application of both explicit and implicit experience-based interrogation models. Communication refers to the goal-directed application of communication tactics and techniques. According to this typology, we discuss the major objectives of police interrogation in police service and training from police officers' perspectives. The present study provides guidance for practical police services and training by offering an evidence-based interrogation standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M. Thielgen
- Area of Study VIII – Social Sciences, Department I – University Education, Rhineland-Palatinate Police University, Büchenbeuren, Germany
| | - Stefan Schade
- Area of Study VIII – Social Sciences, Department I – University Education, Rhineland-Palatinate Police University, Büchenbeuren, Germany
| | - Patrick Niegisch
- Criminal Investigation Department of Wittlich, Police Headquarter of Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate State Police, Wittlich, Germany
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5
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Deeb H, Vrij A, Leal S, Mann S. Combining the model statement and the sketching while narrating interview techniques to elicit information and detect lies in multiple interviews. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Deeb
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Samantha Mann
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
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Carol RN, Kieckhaefer JM, Johnson J, Peek J, Schreiber Compo N. Being a good witness: The roles of benevolence and working memory capacity in rapport’s effect on eyewitness memory. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolando N. Carol
- Department of Psychology Auburn University at Montgomery Montgomery AL USA
| | | | - Joy Johnson
- Department of Psychology Auburn University at Montgomery Montgomery AL USA
| | - Jillian Peek
- Department of Psychology Auburn University at Montgomery Montgomery AL USA
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7
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Fodarella C, Marsh JE, Chu S, Athwal-Kooner P, Jones HS, Skelton FC, Wood E, Jackson E, Frowd CD. The importance of detailed context reinstatement for the production of identifiable composite faces from memory. VISUAL COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2021.1890292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fodarella
- School of Psychology and Computer Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - John E. Marsh
- School of Psychology and Computer Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
- Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Humans and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Simon Chu
- School of Psychology and Computer Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | | | - Helen S. Jones
- School of Psychology and Computer Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Faye C. Skelton
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ellena Wood
- School of Psychology and Computer Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Elizabeth Jackson
- School of Psychology and Computer Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Charlie D. Frowd
- School of Psychology and Computer Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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8
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Dalton G, Milne R, Hope L, Vernham Z, Nunan J. ‘He was just your typical average guy’ Examining how person descriptions are elicited by frontline police officers. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Dalton
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Rebecca Milne
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Lorraine Hope
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Zarah Vernham
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Jordan Nunan
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
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Deeb H, Vrij A, Leal S, Burkhardt J. The effects of sketching while narrating on information elicitation and deception detection in multiple interviews. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 213:103236. [PMID: 33360343 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sketching while narrating is effective for eliciting information and veracity cues in single interviews. In the current research, we tested this technique in multiple interviews. Participants were interviewed three times over three weeks about a genuine (truth tellers) or a fabricated (lie tellers) memorable event. They sketched while narrating in Week 1, Week 2, Weeks 1 and 2, or not at all (verbal statement only). Statements were coded for total, core, peripheral, and common knowledge details, self-handicapping strategies, complications, plausibility, and proportions of complications and core details. In the third interview and across interviews, the Sketch instruction resulted in a higher proportion of core details. Truth tellers reported more total and core details and complications and fewer common knowledge details and exhibited a higher proportion of complications than lie tellers. Truth tellers' stories also sounded more plausible than lie tellers' stories. The interaction effects were not significant. Thus, sketching while narrating seemed to have a similar effect on truth tellers and lie tellers in the current study.
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10
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Izotovas A, Vrij A, Strömwall LA, Mann S. Facilitating Memory-Based Lie Detection in Immediate and Delayed Interviewing: The Role of Sketch Mnemonic. PSICHOLOGIJA 2020. [DOI: 10.15388/psichol.2020.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory enhancing techniques, or mnemonics, are typically recommended in evidence-based investigative interviewing guidelines. In the current study, the use of a sketch mnemonic and its effect on the responses of truth tellers and liars was examined. Participants (n = 49) watched a mock intelligence operation video. They were instructed to tell the truth or lie about this operation in an interview immediately afterwards, and again after a two-week delay. In both interviews participants were requested to make a sketch of the place of the mock operation, and then to verbally describe the drawing. Results revealed that truth tellers reported more visual, spatial, temporal, and action details than liars in the immediate interview. Truth tellers also reported more spatial, temporal and action details than liars in the delayed interview. Truth tellers experienced a decline in reporting action details after the delay, whereas liars did not show a decline in reporting any details over time. Thus, truth-tellers showed patterns of reporting indicative of genuine memory decay, whereas liars produced patterns reflecting a ‘stability bias’. Between-statement consistency was not different across veracity conditions.
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11
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Maras K, Dando C, Stephenson H, Lambrechts A, Anns S, Gaigg S. The Witness-Aimed First Account (WAFA): A new technique for interviewing autistic witnesses and victims. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2020; 24:1449-1467. [PMID: 32168990 PMCID: PMC7376626 DOI: 10.1177/1362361320908986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Autistic people may be more likely to be interviewed by police as a victim/witness, yet they experience social communication difficulties alongside specific memory difficulties that can impact their ability to recall information from memory. Police interviewing techniques do not take account of these differences, and so are often ineffective. We developed a new technique for interviewing autistic witnesses, referred to a Witness-Aimed First Account, which was designed to better support differences in the way that autistic witnesses process information in memory. The Witness-Aimed First Account technique encourages witnesses to first segment the witnessed event into discrete, parameter-bound event topics, which are then displayed on post-it notes while the witness goes onto freely recall as much information as they can from within each parameter-bound topic in turn. Since witnessed events are rarely cohesive stories with a logical chain of events, we also explored autistic and non-autistic witnesses' recall when the events were witnessed in a random (nonsensical) order. Thirty-three autistic and 30 typically developing participants were interviewed about their memory for two videos depicting criminal events. Clip segments of one video were 'scrambled', disrupting the event's narrative structure; the other video was watched intact. Although both autistic and non-autistic witnesses recalled fewer details with less accuracy from the scrambled video, Witness-Aimed First Account interviews resulted in more detailed and accurate recall from both autistic and non-autistic witnesses, for both scrambled and unscrambled videos. The Witness-Aimed First Account technique may be a useful tool to improve witnesses' accounts within a legally appropriate, non-leading framework.
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12
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Dando CJ, Gabbert F, Hope L. Supporting older eyewitnesses' episodic memory: the self-administered interview and sketch reinstatement of context. Memory 2020; 28:712-723. [PMID: 32459141 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2020.1757718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental support at retrieval improves episodic performance, yet there exists very few empirically evaluated techniques for supporting older witnesses/victims' remembering (>65 years). We investigated two techniques for use in a criminal justice context - the Self-Administered Interview and Sketch Reinstatement of Context. Older adults (N = 134) witnessed an unexpected live event, following which half immediately completed a Self-Administered Interview and half did not (Time 1). All were interviewed 48 h later (Time 2) using one of three face-to-face interview techniques: Sketch Reinstatement of Context, Mental Reinstatement of Context, or no support Control. Those who completed a Self-Administered Interview at Time 1 recalled more correct information at Time 2 irrespective of interview condition and confabulated less. Likewise, participants interviewed using the Sketch Reinstatement of Context technique recalled more correct information and confabulated less, whether they had completed a Self-Administered Interview, or not. However, the Self-Administered Interview + Sketch Reinstatement of Context was the most effective combination, indicating an interaction between stabilising a memory trace quickly and how sketching appears to scaffold memory retrieval during face-to-face interviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral J Dando
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Fiona Gabbert
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| | - Lorraine Hope
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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13
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Cunial KJ, Casey LM, Bell C, Kebbell MR. Investigative interviewing of youth with ADHD - recommendations for detective training. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 27:797-814. [PMID: 33833610 PMCID: PMC8009112 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1742241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in youth can lead to a trajectory of early and repeated contact with the criminal justice system (CJS), where such youth face significant challenges due to the nature of their diagnosis and the lack of specialized detective training in this area. This article reviews Australian detectives' perceptions regarding contact with ADHD-affected youth, ongoing contact of such youth with the CJS, and the impact of ADHD on interviewing time efficiency and quality of information gathered. It explores detectives' perceived impact of ADHD on components of the Cognitive Interview (CI). It overviews detectives' perceptions regarding their own skill/ability, training availability and future training preferences regarding the interviewing of ADHD-affected youth. The authors highlight best practice in specialized detective training, as well as in working with ADHD-affected youth. Recommendations are made regarding the design features of a potential specialized training programme for detectives interviewing ADHD-affected youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leanne M. Casey
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Clare Bell
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark R. Kebbell
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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14
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Cunial KJ, Casey LM, Bell C, Kebbell MR. Police perceptions of the impact that ADHD has on conducting cognitive interviews with youth. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2018; 26:252-273. [PMID: 31984076 PMCID: PMC6762124 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2018.1504241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in youth witnesses, victims and suspects can significantly impact the investigative interviewing process. In this study, 102 Child Protection Investigation Unit (CPIU) detectives were asked to read four vignettes of adolescents being interviewed by police, two as witnesses and two as suspects, in which one witness and one suspect display ADHD-type behaviour. The detectives rated the degree to which the behaviour in each vignette would impact the interviewer's ability to use the 10 key components of the cognitive interview (CI). They perceived ADHD-type interviewee behaviour as significantly hampering the use of all 10 CI components. There is also a significant difference between the detectives' rated severity of each CI component; they rated Encourage Concentration, Mentally Recreate and Change Order as exerting the strongest impact on the interview process. Implications for police perceptions of training options, needs and preferences regarding interviewing youth with ADHD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leanne M. Casey
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Clare Bell
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark R. Kebbell
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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15
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Ginet M, Dodier O, Bardin B, Désert M, Greffeuille C, Verkampt F. Perspective Effects on Recall in a Testimony Paradigm. The Journal of General Psychology 2018; 145:313-341. [PMID: 30325715 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2018.1494126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The two present studies examined the influence of perspective instructions given during encoding and retrieval on the recall of a visual event. Participants viewed slides or a film depicting a day in the life of a man. Before viewing the to-be-remembered event, they were instructed to adopt the perspective of an alcoholic vs. an unemployed man vs. no perspective (Experiment 1), or of an unemployed man vs. no perspective (Experiment 2). Participants in the first study were interviewed twice, with the second recall being preceded by either a change perspective instruction or without any specific instruction. In the second study, participants were interviewed using either a cognitive interview (CI) or a CI without the change perspective instruction. Results showed that adopting a perspective during encoding impaired recall performance and failed to demonstrate a significant benefit of the change perspective instruction. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
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16
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Eastwood J, Snook B, Luther K. Measuring the effectiveness of the sketch procedure for recalling details of a live interactive event. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Eastwood
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology; Oshawa Ontario Canada
| | - Brent Snook
- Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador Canada
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17
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Taylor DA, Dando CJ. Eyewitness Memory in Face-to-Face and Immersive Avatar-to-Avatar Contexts. Front Psychol 2018; 9:507. [PMID: 29719520 PMCID: PMC5913374 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological advances offer possibilities for innovation in the way eyewitness testimony is elicited. Typically, this occurs face-to-face. We investigated whether a virtual environment, where interviewer and eyewitness communicate as avatars, might confer advantages by attenuating the social and situational demands of a face-to-face interview, releasing more cognitive resources for invoking episodic retrieval mode. In conditions of intentional encoding, eyewitnesses were interviewed 48 h later, either face-to-face or in a virtual environment (N = 38). Participants in the virtual environment significantly outperformed those interviewed face-to-face on all episodic performance measures - improved correct reporting reduced errors, and increased accuracy. Participants reported finding it easier to admit not remembering event information to the avatar, and finding the avatar easier to talk to. These novel findings, and our pattern of retrieval results indicates the potential of avatar-to-avatar communication in virtual environments, and provide impetus for further research investigating eyewitness cognition in contemporary retrieval contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Coral J. Dando
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Response to 'No Evidence Against Sketch Reinstatement of Context, Verbal Labels or Registered Intermediaries'. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:2597-2599. [PMID: 29468572 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Wheeler RL, Gabbert F. Using Self-Generated Cues to Facilitate Recall: A Narrative Review. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1830. [PMID: 29163254 PMCID: PMC5664228 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We draw upon the Associative Network model of memory, as well as the principles of encoding-retrieval specificity, and cue distinctiveness, to argue that self-generated cue mnemonics offer an intuitive means of facilitating reliable recall of personally experienced events. The use of a self-generated cue mnemonic allows for the spreading activation nature of memory, whilst also presenting an opportunity to capitalize upon cue distinctiveness. Here, we present the theoretical rationale behind the use of this technique, and highlight the distinction between a self-generated cue and a self-referent cue in autobiographical memory research. We contrast this mnemonic with a similar retrieval technique, Mental Reinstatement of Context, which is recognized as the most effective mnemonic component of the Cognitive Interview. Mental Reinstatement of Context is based upon the principle of encoding-retrieval specificity, whereby the overlap between encoded information and retrieval cue predicts the likelihood of accurate recall. However, it does not incorporate the potential additional benefit of self-generated retrieval cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wheeler
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Gabbert
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Henry LA, Crane L, Nash G, Hobson Z, Kirke-Smith M, Wilcock R. Verbal, Visual, and Intermediary Support for Child Witnesses with Autism During Investigative Interviews. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:2348-2362. [PMID: 28502038 PMCID: PMC5509826 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Three promising investigative interview interventions were assessed in 270 children (age 6-11 years): 71 with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 199 who were typically developing (TD). Children received 'Verbal Labels', 'Sketch Reinstatement of Context' or 'Registered Intermediary' interviews designed to improve interview performance without decreasing accuracy. Children with ASD showed no increases in the number of correct details recalled for any of the three interview types (compared to a Best-Practice police interview), whereas TD children showed significant improvements in the Registered Intermediary and Verbal Labels interviews. Findings suggested that children with ASD can perform as well as TD children in certain types of investigative interviews, but some expected benefits (e.g., of Registered Intermediaries) were not apparent in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Henry
- Division and Language and Communication Science, City, University of London, 10 Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK.
| | - Laura Crane
- Division and Language and Communication Science, City, University of London, 10 Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK
- Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gilly Nash
- Division and Language and Communication Science, City, University of London, 10 Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Zoe Hobson
- Division and Language and Communication Science, City, University of London, 10 Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
- Metropolitan Police Service, London, UK
| | - Mimi Kirke-Smith
- Division and Language and Communication Science, City, University of London, 10 Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
- West Heath School, Ashgrove Road, Sevenoaks, Kent, UK
| | - Rachel Wilcock
- Department of Psychology, University of Winchester, Winchester, SO22 4NR, UK
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Mattison M, Dando CJ, Ormerod TC. Drawing the answers: Sketching to support free and probed recall by child witnesses and victims with autism spectrum disorder. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016; 22:181-194. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361316669088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The success of witness interviews in the criminal justice system depends on the accuracy of information obtained, which is a function of both amount and quality of information. Attempts to enhance witness retrieval such as mental reinstatement of context have been designed with typically developed adults in mind. In this article, the relative benefits of mental and sketch reinstatement mnemonics are explored with both typically developing children and children with autism. Children watched a crime event video, and their retrieval of event information was examined in free and probed recall phases of a cognitive interview. As expected, typically developing children recalled more correct information of all types than children with autism during free and probed recall phases. Sketching during free recall was more beneficial for both groups in both phases in reducing the amount of incorrect items, but the relative effect of sketching on enhancing retrieval accuracy was greater for children with autism. The results indicate the benefits of choosing retrieval mnemonics that are sensitive to the specific impairments of autistic individuals and suggest that retrieval accuracy during interviews can be enhanced, in some cases to the same level as that of typically developing individuals.
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Buchli DR, Storm BC, Bjork RA. Explaining retrieval-induced forgetting: A change in mental context between the study and restudy practice phases is not sufficient to cause forgetting. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 69:1197-209. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1076866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Retrieving information can impair the subsequent recall of related information. Such retrieval-induced forgetting is often attributed to inhibitory mechanisms, but Jonker, MacLeod, and Seli (2013) recently proposed an alternative account. In their view, the study and retrieval-practice phases constitute two disparate contexts, and impairment of unpractised members from practised categories is attributable to their being absent from the retrieval-practice context, which is where, according to Jonker et al., participants preferentially search at the time of final test. In evidence of this account, Jonker et al. showed that even restudy practice—which is assumed by the inhibitory account to be insufficient to cause forgetting (i.e., retrieval-specificity)—can cause forgetting when a mental context change is inserted between study and restudy. The present research sought to replicate this finding while also testing the possibility that a far mental context change would cause more forgetting than a near mental context change. In Experiment 1, participants described a vacation inside the United States (near) or outside the United States (far). In Experiments 2 and 3, participants described the layout of their own home (near) or their parents’ home (far). In contrast to the predictions of the context account, however, but consistent with the predictions of the inhibitory account, none of the restudy-plus-context-change conditions resulted in significant forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert A. Bjork
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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23
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Jack F, Martyn E, Zajac R. Getting the Picture: Effects of Sketch Plans and Photographs on Children's, Adolescents' and Adults' Eyewitness Recall. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Jack
- Department of Psychology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Elise Martyn
- Department of Psychology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Rachel Zajac
- Department of Psychology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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Paulo RM, Albuquerque PB, Saraiva M, Bull R. The Enhanced Cognitive Interview: Testing Appropriateness Perception, Memory Capacity and Error Estimate Relation with Report Quality. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui M. Paulo
- School of Psychology; University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar Braga Portugal
| | | | - Magda Saraiva
- School of Psychology; University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar Braga Portugal
| | - Ray Bull
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth United Kingdom
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25
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Sketching to Remember: Episodic Free Recall Task Support for Child Witnesses and Victims with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 45:1751-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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The influence of social instructions on the effectiveness of a cognitive interview used with very young child witnesses. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Leins DA, Fisher RP, Pludwinski L, Rivard J, Robertson B. Interview Protocols to Facilitate Human Intelligence Sources' Recollections of Meetings. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew A. Leins
- Cognitive Solutions Division; Applied Research Associates; Albuquerque USA
| | - Ronald P. Fisher
- Department of Psychology; Florida International University; Miami USA
| | - Leonie Pludwinski
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology; Yeshiva University; Bronx USA
| | - Jillian Rivard
- Department of Psychology; Florida International University; Miami USA
| | - Belinda Robertson
- Department of Psychology; Florida International University; Miami USA
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Mastroberardino S, Vredeveldt A. Eye-closure increases children's memory accuracy for visual material. Front Psychol 2014; 5:241. [PMID: 24715881 PMCID: PMC3970005 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research shows that closing the eyes during retrieval can help both adults and children to remember more about witnessed events. In this study, we investigated whether the eye-closure effect in children is explained by general cognitive load, modality-specific interference, or a combination. 120 children (60 female) aged between 8 and 11 years viewed a 5-min clip depicting a theft and were questioned about the event. During the cued-recall interview, children either viewed a blank screen (blank-screen condition), kept their eyes closed (eye-closure condition), were exposed to visual stimuli (visual-distraction condition), or were exposed to auditory stimuli (auditory-distraction condition). Children in the blank-screen and eye-closure conditions provided significantly more correct and fewer incorrect responses about visual details than children in the visual- and auditory-distraction conditions. No advantage was found for auditory details. These results support neither a pure cognitive-load explanation (in which the effect is expected to be observed for recall of both visual and auditory details), nor a pure modality-specific account (in which recall of visual details should only be disrupted by visual distractions). Practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annelies Vredeveldt
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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29
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Scoboria A, Memon A, Trang H, Frey M. Improving responding to questioning using a brief retrieval training. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Paulo RM, Albuquerque PB, Bull R. The Enhanced Cognitive Interview: Towards a Better Use and Understanding of This Procedure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1350/ijps.2013.15.3.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Enhanced Cognitive Interview is accepted as one of the most successful techniques for enhancing witness recollection. This type of interview has been studied all over the world (eg, Europe or the USA) and is used by police officers in many different countries (eg, the UK and New Zealand). Nonetheless, it is essential for police officers to understand how, and when, to properly apply this interview. Therefore, we examined the underlying psychological processes involved in this interview, and what research can tells us about the situations and purposes that can benefit from applying it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ray Bull
- School of Law and Criminology, University of Derby, Derby, UK
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31
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Brunel M, Py J. Questioning the acceptability of the Cognitive Interview to improve its use. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2013. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy.133.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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32
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33
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Dando CJ. Drawing to remember: external support of older adults' eyewitness performance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69937. [PMID: 23922863 PMCID: PMC3726749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although healthy aging is accompanied by a general decline in memory functioning, environmental support at retrieval can improve older adults' (+65 years) episodic remembering. Despite those over the age of 65 years representing a growing proportion of the population, few environmental retrieval support methods have been empirically evaluated for use with older witnesses and victims of crime. Here, the efficacy of a novel retrieval technique, the Sketch Mental Reinstatement of Context, is compared with a standard Mental Reinstatement of Context and a no support control (Control). Fifty-one participants witnessed an unexpected live event, and 48 hours later were interviewed using one of three aforementioned techniques. In line with predictions emanating from cognitive theories of aging and the environmental support hypothesis, participants in the Sketch Mental Reinstatement of Context condition recalled significantly more correct information and fewer inaccurate items. The Sketch Mental Reinstatement of Context technique appears to scaffold memory retrieval in an age-appropriate manner during a post-event interview, possibly by encouraging more effortful retrieval and reducing dual-task load. As such, this procedure offers an effective alternative to current approaches, adding to the toolbox of techniques available to forensic and other interviewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral J Dando
- Department of Psychology, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom.
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34
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Oxburgh GE, Dando CJ. Psychology and interviewing: what direction now in our quest for reliable information? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1108/14636641111134378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss two distinct but interrelated areas, namely witness/victim and suspect interviewing, and to argue that both must continue to evolve, suggest how they might do so, and that this process must be driven by emergent theory and contemporary empirical research.Design/methodology/approachThe paper outlines the impact of psychological theory and empirical research to investigative interviewing in recent decades.FindingsIt is argued that in order to stay ahead of the game, the field of investigative interviewing (suspect and witness) must continue to evolve in such a manner that not only protects and fosters the important practitioner/academic relationship, but also ensures that future directions are driven by empirical research, with recourse to emergent theory.Originality/valueThe paper outlines the impact of psychological theory and empirical research on investigative interviewing and the consequent enhancement of the interviewing of both suspected offenders and witnesses. The paper demonstrates that working closely together academic research can make a difference, and influence law, policy decisions and training guidelines in order to improve practice.
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Bensi L, Nori R, Gambetti E, Giusberti F. The Enhanced Cognitive Interview: A study on the efficacy of shortened variants and single techniques. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2011.497485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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37
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Wagstaff GF, Wheatcroft JM, Caddick AM, Kirby LJ, Lamont E. Enhancing witness memory with techniques derived from hypnotic investigative interviewing: focused meditation, eye-closure, and context reinstatement. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2011; 59:146-64. [PMID: 21390976 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2011.546180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to several well-documented problems, hypnosis as a forensic interviewing tool has been largely replaced by the cognitive interview; however, the latter is problematic in time and complexity. This article builds on previous research showing that some procedures used in traditional hypnotic forensic interviewing might still be useful in developing alternative procedures for use in investigative interviewing. Two experiments are described that include a focused meditation with eye-closure technique with similarities to conventional hypnotic induction but without the label of hypnosis. In the first, focused meditation was comparable to a context reinstatement, or revivification, technique in facilitating memory in children aged 6 to 7 without increasing errors or inflating confidence. In the second, when used in combination with context reinstatement, focused meditation was resistant to the effects of misleading information in adults. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham F Wagstaff
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, UK.
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