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Leung H, Lim M, Lim WO, Lee SA, Lee J. Psychological well-being of healthcare workers during COVID-19 in a mental health institution. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300329. [PMID: 38498513 PMCID: PMC10947715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the psychological wellbeing of Healthcare Workers (HCWs) during COVID-19 in a mental health setting, associations of psychosocial wellbeing with coping style, and ways that organisations can mitigate the psychosocial burden on HCWs. METHODS Thirty-seven Mental HCWs (MHCWs) from infected and non-infected wards (control group), were recruited and assessed at three timepoints. Psychological wellbeing, perceived cohesion, and coping style (Brief-COPE) were assessed. Reports on individual coping and feedback on the organisation were collected through in-depth interview. Comparison between infected and non-infected wards, as well as comparison of psychosocial measures and perceived cohesion, across the three timepoints were made. As there were no significant changes in coping styles across the timepoints, Timepoint 1 (T1) coping style was used to correlate with the psychosocial measures across all timepoints. Thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. RESULTS MHCWs from infected wards reported significantly higher levels of stress, χ2(1) = 6.74, p = 0.009, effect size: medium (ε2 = 0.198), and more severe sleep disturbance (PSQI), χ2(1) = 6.20, p = 0.013, effect size: medium (ε2 = 0.182), as compared to the control group at T2. They also engaged in more problem-focused coping (T2 and T3) and emotion-focused coping (T2). As expected, negative coping style was correlated with negative outcomes except problem-focused coping that was correlated with both negative (sleep disturbance and anxiety symptoms) and positive outcomes (wellbeing). Emotion-focused coping was moderately correlated (Tb = 0.348, p<0.017) with higher levels of wellbeing at T2. Thematic analyses revealed MHCWs felt supported by the responsiveness of the institution, emotional and informational support, and the availability from direct leaders, presence of team and hospital leaders on the ground, helped build trust and confidence in the leadership. CONCLUSIONS MHCWs experienced significantly higher levels of stress and sleep disturbance during COVID-19. The ways that organizations can offset the psychological burden of pandemics on MHCWs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- HoiTing Leung
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Madeline Lim
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Onn Lim
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sara-Ann Lee
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Population and Global Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- North Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
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Ahmad S, Jafree SR. Influence of gender identity on the adoption of religious-spiritual, preventive and emotion-focused coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. Ann Med 2023; 55:2291464. [PMID: 38105479 PMCID: PMC10732200 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2291464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Academic research has highlighted the gendered impacts and amplifications of gender disparities of COVID-19. Traditionally, Pakistan is a patriarchal society, where it is a parenthood norm to socialize specific gender social roles. OBJECTIVES The current research asserts that these normative gender roles may influence individuals throughout their life course, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the present study explored the influence of gender identity in adopting different coping strategies such as religious-spiritual, preventive, emotion-focused and non-constructive coping against the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Due to the lockdown in various areas of Pakistan, data were collected through an online questionnaire using Qualtrics. In a cross-sectional study, 955 respondents completed responses. Factors analysis and reliability analysis were run to ensure the scales' reliability, validity and robustness for different coping strategies. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to find model fitness. CONCLUSIONS For theoretical explanation, the current study used social role theory that argues that each gender benefits differently from distinct coping behaviours. The findings highlighted that women were more likely to adopt most coping strategies, with the most significant difference in religious-spiritual coping and preventative coping strategies even in the presence of control variables such as level of education, household monthly income, family structure, marital status and family size. There was no gender difference in adopting non-constructive strategies. The empirical evidence suggested that females might be at an increased risk of stress due to the burden of unbalanced household-based social norms and care responsibilities. The current research also expanded the base of coping to religious-spiritual coping, emotion-focused coping and non-constructive coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Sara Rizvi Jafree
- Department of Sociology, Forman Christian College University (FCCU), Lahore, Pakistan
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Ishaky L, Sivanthan M, Tadrous M, Nowrouzi-Kia B, McCarthy L, Papadopoulos A, Gohar B. Pharmacists' Mental Health during the First Two Years of the Pandemic: A Socio-Ecological Scoping Review. PHARMACY 2023; 11:pharmacy11020064. [PMID: 37104070 PMCID: PMC10141393 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers have been under a great deal of stress and have been experiencing burnout throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Among these, healthcare workers are pharmacists who have been instrumental in the fight against the pandemic. This scoping review examined the impact of the pandemic on pharmacists' mental health and their antecedents using three databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO). Eligible studies included primary research articles that examined the mental health antecedents and outcomes among pharmacists during the first two years of the pandemic. We used the Social Ecological Model to categorize antecedents per outcome. The initial search yielded 4165 articles, and 23 met the criteria. The scoping review identified pharmacists experiencing poor mental health during the pandemic, including anxiety, burnout, depression, and job stress. In addition, several individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy-level antecedents were identified. As this review revealed a general decline in pharmacists' mental health during the pandemic, further research is required to understand the long-term impacts of the pandemic on pharmacists. Furthermore, we recommend practical mitigation strategies to improve pharmacists' mental health, such as implementing crisis/pandemic preparedness protocols and leadership training to foster a better workplace culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Ishaky
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Myuri Sivanthan
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mina Tadrous
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Behdin Nowrouzi-Kia
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety & Health, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Lisa McCarthy
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
- Institute for Better Health, Trillium Health Partners, 100 Queensway West, Mississauga, ON L5B 1B8, Canada
| | - Andrew Papadopoulos
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Basem Gohar
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety & Health, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
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Lin C, Siao S, Lin Y, Hsin P, Shelley M, Lee Y. Cognitive appraisals and coping strategies of registered nurses in the emergency department combating COVID-19: A scoping review. J Nurs Scholarsh 2022; 55:79-96. [PMID: 36138561 PMCID: PMC9538970 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Explore the relevant evidence about stress-related cognitive appraisal and coping strategies among registered nurses in the emergency department (EDRNs) coping with the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This scoping review followed the methodological framework of Arksey and O'Malley to map relevant evidence and synthesize the findings. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus electronic databases for related studies from inception through February 2, 2022. This review further conducted study selection based on the PRISMA flow diagram and applied Lazarus and Folkman's Psychological Stress and Coping Theory to systematically organize, summarize, and report the findings. FINDINGS Sixteen studies were included for synthesis. Most of the studies showed that the majority of EDRNs were overwhelmed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression, triaging distress, physical exhaustion, and intention to leave ED nursing were cited as major threats to their wellness. Additionally, comprehensive training, a modified triage system, a safe workplace, psychological support, promotion of resilience, and accepting responsibility may help EDRNs cope with pandemic-related challenges effectively. CONCLUSION The long-lasting pandemic has affected the physical and mental health of EDRNs because they have increased their effort to respond to the outbreak with dynamically adjusted strategies. Future research should address a modified triage system, prolonged psychological issues, emergency healthcare quality, and solutions facing EDRNs during the COVID-19 or related future pandemics. CLINICAL RELEVANCE EDRNs have experienced physical and psychological challenges during the pandemic. The ED administrators need to take action to ensure EDRNs' safety in the workplace, an up-to-date triage system, and mental health of frontline nurses to provide high-quality emergency care for combating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐Hung Lin
- School of Nursing, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan,Department of NursingTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Shu‐Fen Siao
- School of Nursing, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - You‐Jie Lin
- Department of NursingTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Pin‐Hsien Hsin
- Department of NursingTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Mack Shelley
- Department of Political Science, Department of StatisticsIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Yen‐Han Lee
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
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Zhang Q, Zhou Y, Ho SMY. Active and avoidant coping profiles in children and their relationship with anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13430. [PMID: 35927558 PMCID: PMC9352659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15793-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Active and avoidant coping styles are important dispositional factors in the development of anxiety and depression symptoms. Children use both active and avoidant coping strategies together in daily life. No studies have investigated the relationship between active–avoidant coping profiles and internalizing symptoms in children. The present study aimed to investigate children’s active–avoidant coping profiles and assess the relationship that active–avoidant coping profiles have with anxiety and depression symptoms. A two-wave longitudinal study was conducted among 322 Chinese children in the People’s Republic of China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants completed the Children’s Coping Strategies Checklist-Revised 1 at Time 1 and the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale at Time 1 and 6 months later (Time 2). Four active–avoidant coping profiles were revealed: low active copers, high active copers, balanced copers, and avoidant copers. Low and high active copers had lower levels of anxiety and depression symptoms than balanced copers and avoidant copers. Avoidant copers showed a larger decrease in depression symptoms than balanced copers and high active copers during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to improve children’s active–avoidant coping profiles to relieve anxiety and depression symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaochu Zhang
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Floor 7, AC1, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Yanlin Zhou
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Floor 7, AC1, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Rd, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou, China
| | - Samuel M Y Ho
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Floor 7, AC1, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Gustafson DR, Yucel R, Apple SJ, Cirrone G, Gao H, Huang AJ, Ma X, Saad A, Wilson J, Kabariti S, Motov S. Mental Health of Emergency Department Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 in Brooklyn, New York. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2022; 10:2903. [PMID: 36465877 PMCID: PMC9718537 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v10i7.2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining good mental health among Emergency Department healthcare workers (ED HCW) is paramount to well-functioning healthcare. We measured mental health and COVID-19 symptoms in ED HCW at a COVID-19 epicenter. METHODS A cross-sectional, convenience sample of adult (≥18 years) ED HCW in Brooklyn, New York, USA, who were employed at ≥50% of a full-time effort, was surveyed September-December, 2020 with reference period March-May 2020. An anonymous email-distributed survey assessed gender, age, race, healthcare worker status (clinical versus non-clinical), SARS-CoV-2 testing, number of people to talk to, COVID-19-related home problems, mental health care interruption during COVID-19, loneliness, and survey date. Outcomes included symptoms of depression, psychological distress, perceived stress, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and resilience measured using validated scales. RESULTS Of 774 HCW, 247 (31.9%) responded (mean age 38.2±10.8 years; 59.4% White; 52.5% men; 80.1% clinical; 61.6% SARS-CoV-2 tested). Average mental health scores were significantly higher among clinical vs non-clinical HCW (P's<0.0001-0.019). The proportion reporting a clinically-relevant psychological distress symptom burden was higher among clinical vs non-clinical HCW (35.8% vs 13.8%, p=0.019); and suggested for depression (53.9% clinical vs 35.7% non-clinical, p=0.072); perceived stress (63.6% clinical vs 44.8% non-clinical, p=0.053); and PTSD (18.2% clinical vs 3.6% non-clinical, p=0.064). Compared to non-clinical staff, Medical Doctors and Doctors of Osteopathy reported 4.8-fold higher multivariable-adjusted odds of clinically-relevant perceived stress (95%CI 1.8-12.9, p=0.002); Emergency Medical Technicians reported 15.5-fold higher multivariable-adjusted odds of clinically-relevant PTSD (95%CI 1.6-150.4, p=0.018). Increasing age, number of COVID-19-related home problems and people to talk to, loneliness and mental health care interruption were adversely associated with mental health; being male and SARS-CoV-2 testing were beneficial. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19-related mental health burden was high among ED HCW in Brooklyn. Mental health support services are essential for ED HCW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Recai Yucel
- Department of Biostatistics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel J Apple
- State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Gianna Cirrone
- State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Haoyuan Gao
- Department of Biostatistics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron J Huang
- State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Xinrui Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ayesha Saad
- State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Jeremy Wilson
- State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Sarah Kabariti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn New York
| | - Sergey Motov
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn New York
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