1
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Li Y, Plummer A, Werner JG. Chemically Nanostructured Organogel Monoliths from Cross-Linked Block Copolymers for Selective Infusion Templating. ACS NANO 2024; 18:19150-19160. [PMID: 39001859 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Soft gels with spatially defined mesoscale distributions of chemical activity that guide and accelerate reactions by chemical nanoconfinement are found ubiquitously in nature but are rare in artificial systems. In this study, we introduce chemically nanostructured bulk organogels with periodically ordered morphologies from self-assembled block copolymer monoliths with a single selectively cross-linked block (xBCP). Ordered bulk organogels are fabricated with various distinct morphologies including hexagonally packed cylinders and two gyroidal three-dimensionally periodic network structures that exhibit macroscopic and nanoscopic structural integrity upon swelling. Small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the periodic arrangement of the chemically distinct blocks in the self-assembled xBCP is retained at polymer fractions as low as 15 vol %. Our results reveal that the swelling equilibrium is not exclusively determined by the cross-linked block despite its structural role but is strongly influenced by the weighted interactions between solvent and the individual nanophases, including the non-cross-linked blocks. Therefore, substantial swelling can be obtained even for solvents that the cross-linked block itself has unfavorable interactions with. Since these ordered organogels present a class of solvent-laden bulk materials that exhibit chemically distinct nanoenvironments on a periodic mesoscale lattice, we demonstrate their use for selective infusion templating (SIT) in a proof-of-concept nanoconfined synthesis of poly(acrylonitrile) from which a monolithic ordered gyroidal mesoporous carbon is obtained. Going forward, we envision using xBCP gels and SIT to enable the fabrication of traditionally hard-to-template materials as periodically nanostructured monoliths due to the extensive tunability in their physicochemical parameter space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Abigail Plummer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15 St. Mary's Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jörg G Werner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15 St. Mary's Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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2
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Toshikj N, Richard J, Ramonda M, Robin JJ, Blanquer S. Self-assembled biodegradable block copolymer precursors for the generation of nanoporous poly(trimethylene carbonate) thin films. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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3
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Qian Z, Zhu YL, Lu ZY, Qian HJ. Unexpected Solvent Effect Leading to Interface Segregation of Single-Chain Nanoparticles in All-Polymer Nanocomposite Films upon Solvent Evaporation. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - You-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hu-Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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4
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Thedford RP, Yu F, Tait WRT, Shastri K, Monticone F, Wiesner U. The Promise of Soft-Matter-Enabled Quantum Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203908. [PMID: 35863756 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The field of quantum materials has experienced rapid growth over the past decade, driven by exciting new discoveries with immense transformative potential. Traditional synthetic methods to quantum materials have, however, limited the exploration of architectural control beyond the atomic scale. By contrast, soft matter self-assembly can be used to tailor material structure over a large range of length scales, with a vast array of possible form factors, promising emerging quantum material properties at the mesoscale. This review explores opportunities for soft matter science to impact the synthesis of quantum materials with advanced properties. Existing work at the interface of these two fields is highlighted, and perspectives are provided on possible future directions by discussing the potential benefits and challenges which can arise from their bridging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paxton Thedford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - William R T Tait
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Kunal Shastri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Francesco Monticone
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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5
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Hendeniya N, Hillery K, Chang BS. Processive Pathways to Metastability in Block Copolymer Thin Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030498. [PMID: 36771799 PMCID: PMC9920306 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) self-assemble into intricate nanostructures that enhance a multitude of advanced applications in semiconductor processing, membrane science, nanopatterned coatings, nanocomposites, and battery research. Kinetics and thermodynamics of self-assembly are crucial considerations in controlling the nanostructure of BCP thin films. The equilibrium structure is governed by a molecular architecture and the chemistry of its repeat units. An enormous library of materials has been synthesized and they naturally produce a rich equilibrium phase diagram. Non-equilibrium phases could potentially broaden the structural diversity of BCPs and relax the synthetic burden of creating new molecules. Furthermore, the reliance on synthesis could be complicated by the scalability and the materials compatibility. Non-equilibrium phases in BCPs, however, are less explored, likely due to the challenges in stabilizing the metastable structures. Over the past few decades, a variety of processing techniques were introduced that influence the phase transformation of BCPs to achieve a wide range of morphologies. Nonetheless, there is a knowledge gap on how different processive pathways can induce and control the non-equilibrium phases in BCP thin films. In this review, we focus on different solvent-induced and thermally induced processive pathways, and their potential to control the non-equilibrium phases with regards to their unique aspects and advantages. Furthermore, we elucidate the limitations of these pathways and discuss the potential avenues for future investigations.
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6
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Lee TL, Lin JW, Ho RM. Controlled Self-Assembly of Polystyrene- block-Polydimethylsiloxane for Fabrication of Nanonetwork Silica Monoliths. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:54194-54202. [PMID: 36404593 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, this work aims to carry out controlled self-assembly of single-composition block copolymer for the fabrication of various nanonetwork silica monoliths. With the use of lamellae-forming polystyrene-block-polydimethylsiloxane (PS-b-PDMS), nanonetwork-structured films could be fabricated by solvent annealing using a PS-selective solvent (chloroform). By simply tuning the flow rate of nitrogen purge to the PS-selective solvent for the controlled self-assembly of the PS-b-PDMS, gyroid- and diamond-structured monoliths can be formed due to the difference in the effective volume of PS in the PS-b-PDMS during solvent annealing. As a result, well-ordered nanonetwork SiO2 (silica) monoliths can be fabricated by templated sol-gel reaction using hydrofluoric acid etched PS-b-PDMS film as a template followed by the removal of the PS. This bottom-up approach for the fabrication of nanonetwork materials through templated synthesis is appealing to create nanonetwork materials for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu30013, Taiwan
| | - Jheng-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu30013, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu30013, Taiwan
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7
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Ma S, Hou Y, Hao J, Lin C, Zhao J, Sui X. Well-Defined Nanostructures by Block Copolymers and Mass Transport Applications in Energy Conversion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214568. [PMID: 36365562 PMCID: PMC9655174 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With the speedy progress in the research of nanomaterials, self-assembly technology has captured the high-profile interest of researchers because of its simplicity and ease of spontaneous formation of a stable ordered aggregation system. The self-assembly of block copolymers can be precisely regulated at the nanoscale to overcome the physical limits of conventional processing techniques. This bottom-up assembly strategy is simple, easy to control, and associated with high density and high order, which is of great significance for mass transportation through membrane materials. In this review, to investigate the regulation of block copolymer self-assembly structures, we systematically explored the factors that affect the self-assembly nanostructure. After discussing the formation of nanostructures of diverse block copolymers, this review highlights block copolymer-based mass transport membranes, which play the role of “energy enhancers” in concentration cells, fuel cells, and rechargeable batteries. We firmly believe that the introduction of block copolymers can facilitate the novel energy conversion to an entirely new plateau, and the research can inform a new generation of block copolymers for more promotion and improvement in new energy applications.
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8
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Lee WY, Chapman DV, Yu F, Tait WRT, Thedford RP, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Estroff LA, Wiesner UB. Triblock Terpolymer Thin Film Nanocomposites Enabling Two-Color Optical Super-Resolution Microscopy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wennie Yun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Dana V. Chapman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - William R. T. Tait
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - R. Paxton Thedford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Lara A. Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ulrich B. Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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9
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Pula P, Leniart A, Majewski PW. Solvent-assisted self-assembly of block copolymer thin films. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4042-4066. [PMID: 35608282 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-assisted block copolymer self-assembly is a compelling method for processing and advancing practical applications of these materials due to the exceptional level of the control of BCP morphology and significant acceleration of ordering kinetics. Despite substantial experimental and theoretical efforts devoted to understanding of solvent-assisted BCP film ordering, the development of a universal BCP patterning protocol remains elusive; possibly due to a multitude of factors which dictate the self-assembly scenario. The aim of this review is to aggregate both seminal reports and the latest progress in solvent-assisted directed self-assembly and to provide the reader with theoretical background, including the outline of BCP ordering thermodynamics and kinetics phenomena. We also indicate significant BCP research areas and emerging high-tech applications where solvent-assisted processing might play a dominant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Pula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Leniart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
| | - Pawel W Majewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
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10
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Kulkarni AA, Doerk GS. Thin film block copolymer self-assembly for nanophotonics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:292001. [PMID: 35358955 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The nanophotonic engineering of light-matter interactions has profoundly changed research behind the design and fabrication of optical materials and devices. Metasurfaces-arrays of subwavelength nanostructures that interact resonantly with electromagnetic radiation-have emerged as an integral nanophotonic platform for a new generation of ultrathin lenses, displays, polarizers and other devices. Their success hinges on advances in lithography and nanofabrication in recent decades. While existing nanolithography techniques are suitable for basic research and prototyping, issues of cost, throughput, scalability, and substrate compatibility may preclude their use for many metasurface applications. Patterning via spontaneous self-assembly of block copolymer thin films offers an enticing alternative for nanophotonic manufacturing that is rapid, inexpensive, and applicable to large areas and diverse substrates. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of block copolymer-based nanopatterning and highlights recent progress in their use for broadband antireflection, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and other nanophotonic applications. Recent advances in diversification of self-assembled block copolymer nanopatterns and improved processes for enhanced scalability of self-assembled nanopatterning using block copolymers are also discussed, with a spotlight on directions for future research that would enable a wider array of nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish A Kulkarni
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
| | - Gregory S Doerk
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
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11
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Smilgies D. GISAXS
: A versatile tool to assess structure and self‐assembly kinetics in block copolymer thin films. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef‐M. Smilgies
- Center for Advanced Microelectronics Manufacturing (CAMM) Binghamton University Binghamton New York USA
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University Binghamton New York USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program Binghamton University Binghamton New York USA
- R.F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
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12
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Chen W, Zhang X, Tan D, Xu P, Yang B, Shi K, Zhu B, Liu Q, Lei Y, Liu S, Xue L. Improvement in Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PEEK Structure by Nonsolvent Vapor Annealing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100874. [PMID: 35139235 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The broad applications of 3D-printed poly-ether-ether-ketone (3D-PEEK) structures are largely hampered by their inadequate mechanical properties which can be improved by post treatments. At present, thermal annealing is generally used to improve the mechanical properties of 3D-PEEK. However, it cannot simultaneously improve the strength and ductility. Here, a cost-effective post-processing method is developed to improve the mechanical properties of 3D-PEEK, based on annealing in nonsolvent vapor at room temperature. The annealing in nonsolvent vapor at room temperature simultaneously improves the strength, ductility, and fracture energy of as-printed 3D-PEEK by 22.6%, 151.3% and 109.1%, respectively. The improved mechanical properties are attributed to enhanced interfacial bonding, increased crystallinity, decreased pinhole defects, and stress relaxation in the 3D-PEEK. Moreover, the annealing in both polar solvents (such as acetone and chloroform) and nonpolar solvents (such as n-hexane) are demonstrated to be effective for improving the mechanical properties of 3D-PEEK. The nonsolvent vapor-annealed 3D-PEEK can thus have potential applications in the fields of medical implants, automotive, aerospace, and more. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Chen
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Di Tan
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Peng Xu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Baisong Yang
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kui Shi
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Quan Liu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yifeng Lei
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Longjian Xue
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
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13
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Giammaria TJ, Laus M, Chiarcos R, Ober CK, Seguini G, Perego M. Influence of spin casting solvent on the self‐assembly of silicon‐containing block copolymer thin films via high temperature thermal treatment. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) Universitá del Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro’ Alessandria Italy
| | - Riccardo Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) Universitá del Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro’ Alessandria Italy
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Cornell University New York NY USA
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14
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Jo S, Jun T, Jeon HI, Seo S, Kim H, Lee S, Ryu DY. Optical Reflection from Unforbidden Diffraction of Block Copolymer Templated Gyroid Films. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1609-1615. [PMID: 35549137 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We present material substitutions and optical characterization of block copolymer (BCP)-templated gyroid structures that are obtained from a volume-asymmetric polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA). In addition to the structural analyses reported earlier, we elucidate the optical responses to the nonaffine gyroid planes, in which the PMMA channels are complexed with Al2O3 by sequential infiltration synthesis and the organic components are further eliminated to produce an inorganic air-Al2O3 gyroid film. Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering measurements show that three-dimensional gyroid lattices are retained in both in-plane and out-of-plane directions through these material substitution processes. Our BCP-templated gyroid films respond to the middle UV wavelength from 200 to 300 nm, and peculiar optical reflectance peaks correlate with the unforbidden {110} diffraction spots. Together with the red- and blue-shifts of the reflectance peaks by the component substitutions, the air-Al2O3 gyroid structure reveals the high-amplitude spectrum due to the large refractive-index difference between channel and matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyun Jo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesuk Jun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Il Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunggi Seo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Biomicrosystem Technology, and KU Photonics Center, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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15
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Chen L, Yu Q, Jia Y, Xu M, Wang Y, Wang J, Wen T, Wang L. Micro-and-nanometer topological gradient of block copolymer fibrous scaffolds towards region-specific cell regulation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 606:248-260. [PMID: 34390992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regulating cell behavior and function by surface topography has drawn significant attention in tissue engineering. Herein, a gradient fibrous scaffold comprising anisotropic aligned fibers and isotropic annealed fibers was developed to provide a controllable direction of cell migration, adhesion, and spreading. The electrospun aligned fibers were engraved to create surface gradients with micro-and-nanometer roughness through block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly induced by selective solvent vapor annealing (SVA). The distinct manipulation of cell behavior by annealed fibrous scaffolds with tailored self-assembled nanostructure and welded fibrous microstructure has been illustrated by in situ/ex situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and in vitro cell culture. Further insights into the effect of integrated gradient fibrous scaffold were gained at the level of protein expression. From the perspective of gradient topology, this region-specific scaffold based on BCP fibers shows the prospect of guiding cell migration, adhesion and spreading and provides a generic method for designing biomaterials for tissue-engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yifan Jia
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jing Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tao Wen
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Linge Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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16
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Robertson M, Zhou Q, Ye C, Qiang Z. Developing Anisotropy in Self-Assembled Block Copolymers: Methods, Properties, and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100300. [PMID: 34272778 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) self-assembly has continually attracted interest as a means to provide bottom-up control over nanostructures. While various methods have been demonstrated for efficiently ordering BCP nanodomains, most of them do not generically afford control of nanostructural orientation. For many applications of BCPs, such as energy storage, microelectronics, and separation membranes, alignment of nanodomains is a key requirement for enabling their practical use or enhancing materials performance. This review focuses on summarizing research progress on the development of anisotropy in BCP systems, covering a variety of topics from established aligning techniques, resultant material properties, and the associated applications. Specifically, the significance of aligning nanostructures and the anisotropic properties of BCPs is discussed and highlighted by demonstrating a few promising applications. Finally, the challenges and outlook are presented to further implement aligned BCPs into practical nanotechnological applications, where exciting opportunities exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Qingya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Changhuai Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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17
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Mullen E, Morris MA. Green Nanofabrication Opportunities in the Semiconductor Industry: A Life Cycle Perspective. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1085. [PMID: 33922231 PMCID: PMC8146645 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The turn of the 21st century heralded in the semiconductor age alongside the Anthropocene epoch, characterised by the ever-increasing human impact on the environment. The ecological consequences of semiconductor chip manufacturing are the most predominant within the electronics industry. This is due to current reliance upon large amounts of solvents, acids and gases that have numerous toxicological impacts. Management and assessment of hazardous chemicals is complicated by trade secrets and continual rapid change in the electronic manufacturing process. Of the many subprocesses involved in chip manufacturing, lithographic processes are of particular concern. Current developments in bottom-up lithography, such as directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs), are being considered as a next-generation technology for semiconductor chip production. These nanofabrication techniques present a novel opportunity for improving the sustainability of lithography by reducing the number of processing steps, energy and chemical waste products involved. At present, to the extent of our knowledge, there is no published life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluating the environmental impact of new bottom-up lithography versus conventional lithographic techniques. Quantification of this impact is central to verifying whether these new nanofabrication routes can replace conventional deposition techniques in industry as a more environmentally friendly option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Mullen
- CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, D02 W085 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael A. Morris
- CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, D02 W085 Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Shi LY, Lee S, Du Q, Zhou B, Weng L, Liu R, Ross CA. Bending Behavior and Directed Self-Assembly of Rod-Coil Block Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10437-10445. [PMID: 33606493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of zigzags, chevrons, Y-junctions, and line segments is demonstrated in thin films formed from cylindrical morphology silicon-containing conformationally asymmetric rod-coil diblock copolymers and triblock terpolymers under solvent annealing. Directed self-assembly of the block copolymers within trenches yields well-ordered cylindrical microdomains oriented either parallel or transverse to the sidewalls depending on the chemical functionalization of the sidewalls, and the location and structure of concentric bends in the cylinders is determined by the shape of the trenches. The innate etching contrast, the spontaneous sharp bends and junctions, and the range of demonstrated periodicity and line/space ratios make these conformationally asymmetric rod-coil polymers attractive for nanoscale pattern generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ying Shi
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qingyang Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lin Weng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Runze Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Caroline A Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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19
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Shi LY, Yin C, Zhou B, Xia W, Weng L, Ross CA. Annealing Process Dependence of the Self-Assembly of Rod–Coil Block Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ying Shi
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chengxiao Yin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wei Xia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lin Weng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Caroline A. Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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20
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Zenati A, Kada I, Zaouia GK. Thermal Properties and Self-Assembly Behaviors of Triblock Copolymers Consisting of PEG Segment and Acrylamide-Based Block Bearing Alkyl Side Chains Prepared by RAFT Method. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athmen Zenati
- Central Directorate of Research and Development, Sonatrach, Avenue du 1er Novembre, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria
- Refining and Petrochemistry, Division of Method and Operation, Sonatrach, Arzew 31200, Algeria
| | - Ismail Kada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Oran, Oran 31000, Algeria
| | - Gherici-Kaddour Zaouia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Mascara, Mascara 29000, Algeria
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21
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Workineh ZG, Pellicane G, Tsige M. Tuning Solvent Quality Induces Morphological Phase Transitions in Miktoarm Star Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Pellicane
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1 (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico “G.Martino”), 98125 Messina, Italy
- CNR-IPCF, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres, 37-98158 Messina, Italy
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Mesfin Tsige
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio United States
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22
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Jung FA, Berezkin AV, Tejsner TB, Posselt D, Smilgies D, Papadakis CM. Solvent Vapor Annealing of a Diblock Copolymer Thin Film with a Nonselective and a Selective Solvent: Importance of Pathway for the Morphological Changes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000150. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian A. Jung
- Technische Universität München Physik‐Department Physik der weichen Materie James‐Franck‐Str. 1 Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Anatoly V. Berezkin
- Technische Universität München Physik‐Department Physik der weichen Materie James‐Franck‐Str. 1 Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Tim B. Tejsner
- IMFUFA Department of Science and Environment Roskilde University P.O. Box 260 Roskilde 4000 Denmark
| | - Dorthe Posselt
- IMFUFA Department of Science and Environment Roskilde University P.O. Box 260 Roskilde 4000 Denmark
| | - Detlef‐M. Smilgies
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) Wilson Laboratory Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Technische Universität München Physik‐Department Physik der weichen Materie James‐Franck‐Str. 1 Garching 85748 Germany
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23
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Shi LY, Lan J, Lee S, Cheng LC, Yager KG, Ross CA. Vertical Lamellae Formed by Two-Step Annealing of a Rod-Coil Liquid Crystalline Block Copolymer Thin Film. ACS NANO 2020; 14:4289-4297. [PMID: 32182037 PMCID: PMC7309319 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Silicon-containing block copolymer thin films with high interaction parameter and etch contrast are ideal candidates to generate robust nanotemplates for advanced nanofabrication, but they typically form in-plane oriented microdomains as a result of the dissimilar surface energies of the blocks. Here, we describe a two-step annealing method to produce vertically aligned lamellar structures in thin film of a silicon-containing rod-coil thermotropic liquid crystalline block copolymer. The rod-coil block copolymer with the volume fraction of the Si-containing block of 0.22 presents an asymmetrical lamellar structure in which the rod block forms a hexatic columnar nematic liquid crystalline phase. A solvent vapor annealing step first produces well-ordered in-plane cylinders of the Si-containing block, then a subsequent thermal annealing promotes the phase transition from in-plane cylinders to vertical lamellae. The pathways of the order-order transition were examined by microscopy and in situ using grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ying Shi
- College
of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ji Lan
- College
of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Li-Chen Cheng
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin G. Yager
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Caroline A. Ross
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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24
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Cao W, Xia S, Appold M, Saxena N, Bießmann L, Grott S, Li N, Gallei M, Bernstorff S, Müller-Buschbaum P. Self-Assembly in ultrahigh molecular weight sphere-forming diblock copolymer thin films under strong confinement. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18269. [PMID: 31797983 PMCID: PMC6892843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) diblock copolymers (DBCs) have emerged as a promising template for fabricating large-sized nanostructures. Therefore, it is of high significance to systematically study the influence of film thickness and solvent vapor annealing (SVA) on the structure evolution of UHMW DBC thin films. In this work, spin coating of an asymmetric linear UHMW polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) DBC is used to fabricate thin films, which are spherically structured with an inter-domain distance larger than 150 nm. To enhance the polymer chain mobility and facilitate approaching equilibrium nanostructures, SVA is utilized as a post-treatment of the spin coated films. With increasing film thickness, a local hexagonal packing of PMMA half-spheres on the surface can be obtained, and the order is improved at larger thickness, as determined by grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Additionally, the films with locally hexagonal packed half-spherical morphology show a poor order-order-poor order transition upon SVA, indicating the realization of ordered structure using suitable SVA parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Senlin Xia
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Appold
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Ernst-Berl-Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nitin Saxena
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bießmann
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Grott
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Nian Li
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Saarland University, Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Campus C4 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sigrid Bernstorff
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, in AREA Science Park, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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25
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Seeing mesoatomic distortions in soft-matter crystals of a double-gyroid block copolymer. Nature 2019; 575:175-179. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Hulkkonen H, Salminen T, Niemi T. Automated solvent vapor annealing with nanometer scale control of film swelling for block copolymer thin films. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:7909-7917. [PMID: 31538173 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly of block copolymers has been pursued as a next generation high-resolution, low-cost lithography technique. Solvent vapor annealing is a promising way of achieving self-assembled patterns from polymers with high interaction parameters, χ, or high molecular weights. Compared to thermal annealing, the assembly in a solvated state can be much faster, but the film swelling process is typically challenging to control and reproduce. We report the design and implementation of an automated solvent annealing system that addresses these issues. In this system the film swelling is controlled via local heating or cooling, which enables exceptionally fast and precise modulation of the swelling. The swelling of the polymer films follows preprogrammed annealing profiles with the help of a feedback loop that compares and tunes the film thickness with respect to the set point. The system therefore enables complex annealing profiles such as rapid cyclic swelling and deswelling. We show that the orientation of the pattern morphology and the amount of lattice defects are influenced by the used annealing profile. We demonstrate that optimized profiles significantly shorten the annealing time (<15 min) of high-χ and high-molecular weight poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hulkkonen
- Nanophotonics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33101 Tampere, Finland.
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27
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Yu J, Cai K, Jin L, Ning HL, Deng PY, Ma JT, Guo D. Self-assembled full nanowire P(VDF-TrFE) films with both anisotropic and high bidirectional piezoelectricity. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14896-14906. [PMID: 31360983 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05427h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the explosive growth of flexible electronics, the prototype piezoelectric polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] has gained tremendous attention due to potential applications in flexible sensors, energy harvesters, and new smart devices. However, full realization of these applications is still challenging due to the lack of high quality films with strong piezoelectricity, which requires tailored molecular organization. Here we report unique 'full nanowire' P(VDF-TrFE) films with substantially enhanced bidirectional performance by a simple self-assembly via selective vapor annealing. Structural analysis showed that the solvent molecules significantly enhanced the copolymer chain mobility, giving highly ordered nanowires, whose quantity increased with time and finally formed a full flat-on lamellar nanowire array with backbones highly aligned along the film plane, leading to high lateral piezoelectricity as revealed by vector piezoresponse force microscopy and confirmed by electrical measurements. Surprisingly, the nanowire films also showed a much higher vertical piezoelectric coefficient (-35.2 pC N-1 directly measured by using a Berlincourt meter) than that of usually crystallized films owing to simultaneously enhanced molecular order and dipole switching ability. The scalability of the new method might boost industrial applications, and the findings may provide hints on new routes to nanostructured polymers with novel functionalities and deepen our understanding of the self-assembly of random copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
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28
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Cheng X, Böker A, Tsarkova L. Temperature-Controlled Solvent Vapor Annealing of Thin Block Copolymer Films. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1312. [PMID: 31390732 PMCID: PMC6722758 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvent vapor annealing is as an effective and versatile alternative to thermal annealing to equilibrate and control the assembly of polymer chains in thin films. Here, we present scientific and practical aspects of the solvent vapor annealing method, including the discussion of such factors as non-equilibrium conformational states and chain dynamics in thin films in the presence of solvent. Homopolymer and block copolymer films have been used in model studies to evaluate the robustness and the reproducibility of the solvent vapor processing, as well as to assess polymer-solvent interactions under confinement. Advantages of utilizing a well-controlled solvent vapor environment, including practically interesting regimes of weakly saturated vapor leading to poorly swollen states, are discussed. Special focus is given to dual temperature control over the set-up instrumentation and to the potential of solvo-thermal annealing. The evaluated insights into annealing dynamics derived from the studies on block copolymer films can be applied to improve the processing of thin films of crystalline and conjugated polymers as well as polymer composite in confined geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cheng
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Larisa Tsarkova
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West (DNTW), Adlerstr. 1, 47798 Krefeld, Germany.
- Chair of Colloid Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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29
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Shi LY, Liao F, Cheng LC, Lee S, Ran R, Shen Z, Ross CA. Core-Shell and Zigzag Nanostructures from a Thin Film Silicon-Containing Conformationally Asymmetric Triblock Terpolymer. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:852-858. [PMID: 35619504 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly of multiblock copolymers generates diverse hierarchical nanostructures and greatly extends the range of microdomain geometries beyond those produced by diblock copolymers. We report the synthesis of a conformationally asymmetric ABC triblock terpolymer in which the end blocks are a mesogen-jacketed liquid crystalline polymer and poly(dimethylsiloxane), respectively, and its self-assembly under mixed solvent vapor annealing forms a range of sphere, cylinder, and perforated lamellar core-shell morphologies, as well as stacked multilevel structures. Sub-7 nm diameter SiOx nanopatterns were generated by selective plasma etching of the small volume fraction Si-containing core block giving a line/space ratio of ∼1:4. Moreover, the conformational asymmetry of this terpolymer leads to zigzag cylinders on a flat substrate and stable cylinder alignment transverse to template sidewalls within lithographically patterned trenches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ying Shi
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fen Liao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li-Chen Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rong Ran
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhihao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Caroline A. Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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30
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Lee S, Cheng LC, Yager KG, Mumtaz M, Aissou K, Ross CA. In Situ Study of ABC Triblock Terpolymer Self-Assembly under Solvent Vapor Annealing. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Li-Chen Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin G. Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Muhammad Mumtaz
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), CNRS − ENSCPB, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Karim Aissou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), CNRS − ENSCPB, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Caroline A. Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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31
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Tan KW, Wiesner U. Block Copolymer Self-Assembly Directed Hierarchically Structured Materials from Nonequilibrium Transient Laser Heating. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Wee Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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32
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Rahim S, Bhayo AM, Siddiqui GU, Maalik A, Memon N, Shah MR, Malik MI. The selectivity of poly(2-vinylpyridine-block-methyl methacrylate) copolymer films: an AFM study. RSC Adv 2019; 9:16455-16466. [PMID: 35516396 PMCID: PMC9064383 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00831d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the surface morphologies of poly(2-vinyl pyridine-block-methyl methacrylate), P(2VP-MMA), copolymer films were analyzed by atomic force microscopy. P(2VP-MMA) samples varying in total molar mass and individual block length were evaluated for variations in the surface morphologies of films cast from toluene on Si wafers. The incorporation of AuNPs into the polymer domain significantly influenced the surface morphology of the films. Variations in the surface morphology as a function of the polarity of the casting solvent were also examined. In this context toluene (a non-polar solvent), chloroform (of intermediate polarity) and ethyl acetate (a polar solvent) were employed as casting solvents. Toluene is a good solvent for PMMA compared to P2VP, chloroform has no preferential solvation, while ethyl acetate is a good solvent for P2VP compared to PMMA. The morphology of the films cast on substrates of distinctly different polarities, such as mica, Si wafers, and HOPG, were studied to appraise their selectivity. Finally, a detailed study of the effects of thermal annealing on the surface morphologies of P(2VP-MMA) and P(2VP-MMA)-AuNPs was conducted. In this study, the surface morphologies of poly(2-vinyl pyridine-block-methyl methacrylate), P(2VP-MMA), copolymer films were analyzed by atomic force microscopy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Rahim
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Adnan Murad Bhayo
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Ghayas Uddin Siddiqui
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Aneela Maalik
- Department of Chemistry
- COMSATS University Islamabad Campus
- Islamabad 45550
- Pakistan
| | - Najma Memon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry
- University of Sindh
- Jamshoro
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
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33
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Wei W, Xiong H. Orientation and Morphology Control of the Liquid Crystalline Block Copolymer Thin Film by Liquid Crystalline Solvent. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15455-15461. [PMID: 30422666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The critical challenge to engineer the morphological structures in the strongly phase-segregated block copolymer thin film is to overcome the preferential wetting of the blocks at the interface and direct the self-assembly process. Herein, we utilize surface activity and selective solvation of a nematic (N) liquid crystalline (LC) solvent, 5CB, to facilely alter the LC anchoring and the orientation of the nanophase separated structures of the smectic-nematic (S-N) LC block copolymer thin film. For the neat S-N diblock copolymer thin film, the nanostructures are parallel aligned. In contrast, with continuous introduction of 5CB into the system, the orientations of the characteristic nanostructures and the morphologies of the LC thin film can be consequently changed, yielding the perpendicularly oriented lamellar or cylindrical structures with the feature size below 10 nm. The homeotropic alignment of the 5CB nematics near the air interface plays a critical role to induce this unique behavior in the S-N/5CB systems, which offers an opportunity to fine-tune the interfacial structures and the morphological patterning in the block copolymer thin film.
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34
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Ogawa H, Takenaka M, Miyazaki T, Kabe T, Kanaya T. Order–Order Transition Processes of Thin-Film Symmetric and Asymmetric PS-b-P2VP during Spin Coating. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-001, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Mikihito Takenaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Miyazaki
- Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Taizo Kabe
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Toshiji Kanaya
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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35
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Dolan JA, Korzeb K, Dehmel R, Gödel KC, Stefik M, Wiesner U, Wilkinson TD, Baumberg JJ, Wilts BD, Steiner U, Gunkel I. Controlling Self-Assembly in Gyroid Terpolymer Films By Solvent Vapor Annealing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802401. [PMID: 30252206 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy with which solvent vapor annealing (SVA) can control block copolymer self-assembly has so far been demonstrated primarily for the simplest class of copolymer, the linear diblock copolymer. Adding a third distinct block-thereby creating a triblock terpolymer-not only provides convenient access to complex continuous network morphologies, particularly the gyroid phases, but also opens up a route toward the fabrication of novel nanoscale devices such as optical metamaterials. Such applications, however, require the generation of well-ordered 3D continuous networks, which in turn requires a detailed understanding of the SVA process in terpolymer network morphologies. Here, in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) is employed to study the self-assembly of a gyroid-forming triblock terpolymer during SVA, revealing the effects of several key SVA parameters on the morphology, lateral order, and, in particular, its preservation in the dried film. The robustness of the terpolymer gyroid morphology is a key requirement for successful SVA, allowing the exploration of annealing parameters which may enable the generation of films with long-range order, e.g., for optical metamaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Dolan
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karolina Korzeb
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Dehmel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karl C Gödel
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Morgan Stefik
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 541 Main St, Horizon I BLDG, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Timothy D Wilkinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, 214 Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ilja Gunkel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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36
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Chiu YJ, Chiu HL, Tseng HF, Wu BH, Li JW, Lu TC, Chen JT. Fabrication and Thermal Insulation Properties of Bamboo-Shaped Polymer Fibers by Selective Solvent Vapor Annealing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800424. [PMID: 30142232 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fibrillar materials have gained much attention recently because of their unique properties and potential applications. Although many methods have been developed to fabricate materials, it remains challenging to prepare fibrillar materials containing multicomponent materials or even with complex structures. Here, a facile strategy is developed to fabricate bamboo-shaped fibers by treating electrospun polymer core-shell fibers with solvent vapor annealing. Electrospun polystyrene (PS)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) core-shell fibers are first prepared by electrospinning PS/PMMA blend solutions via a phase separation process. When the PS/PMMA core-shell fibers are annealed with the vapor of cyclohexane, which swells and delocalizes the PS domains selectively, the fibers transform into bamboo-shaped structures. The bamboo-shaped structures can be further examined by swelling and delocalizing the PMMA domains selectively, revealing the undulated PS structures. The thermal insulation properties of the fibers with bamboo-shaped structures are observed to be enhanced compared with the original polymer core-shell fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Chiu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30010.,Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program Academia Sinica and National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30010
| | - Han-Lun Chiu
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30010
| | - Hsiao-Fan Tseng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30010
| | - Bo-Hao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30010
| | - Jia-Wei Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30010
| | - Tien-Chang Lu
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30010
| | - Jiun-Tai Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30010.,Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program Academia Sinica and National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30010.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30010
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37
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Gentekos DT, Jia J, Tirado ES, Barteau KP, Smilgies DM, DiStasio RA, Fors BP. Exploiting Molecular Weight Distribution Shape to Tune Domain Spacing in Block Copolymer Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dillon T. Gentekos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Junteng Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Erika S. Tirado
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Katherine P. Barteau
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Detlef-M. Smilgies
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Robert A. DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brett P. Fors
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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38
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Zhang Q, Matsuoka F, Suh HS, Beaucage PA, Xiong S, Smilgies DM, Tan KW, Werner JG, Nealey PF, Wiesner UB. Pathways to Mesoporous Resin/Carbon Thin Films with Alternating Gyroid Morphology. ACS NANO 2018; 12:347-358. [PMID: 29236479 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) mesoporous thin films with sub-100 nm periodic lattices are of increasing interest as templates for a number of nanotechnology applications, yet are hard to achieve with conventional top-down fabrication methods. Block copolymer self-assembly derived mesoscale structures provide a toolbox for such 3D template formation. In this work, single (alternating) gyroidal and double gyroidal mesoporous thin-film structures are achieved via solvent vapor annealing assisted co-assembly of poly(isoprene-block-styrene-block-ethylene oxide) (PI-b-PS-b-PEO, ISO) and resorcinol/phenol formaldehyde resols. In particular, the alternating gyroid thin-film morphology is highly desirable for potential template backfilling processes as a result of the large pore volume fraction. In situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering during solvent annealing is employed as a tool to elucidate and navigate the pathway complexity of the structure formation processes. The resulting network structures are resistant to high temperatures provided an inert atmosphere. The thin films have tunable hydrophilicity from pyrolysis at different temperatures, while pore sizes can be tailored by varying ISO molar mass. A transfer technique between substrates is demonstrated for alternating gyroidal mesoporous thin films, circumventing the need to re-optimize film formation protocols for different substrates. Increased conductivity after pyrolysis at high temperatures demonstrates that these gyroidal mesoporous resin/carbon thin films have potential as functional 3D templates for a number of nanomaterials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Fumiaki Matsuoka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Hyo Seon Suh
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Peter A Beaucage
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Shisheng Xiong
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Detlef-M Smilgies
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Kwan Wee Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jörg G Werner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Paul F Nealey
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ulrich B Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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39
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Yang Q, Loos K. Perpendicular Structure Formation of Block Copolymer Thin Films during Thermal Solvent Vapor Annealing: Solvent and Thickness Effects. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E525. [PMID: 30965824 PMCID: PMC6418618 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvent vapor annealing of block copolymer (BCP) thin films can produce a range of interesting morphologies, especially when the perpendicular orientation of micro-domains with respect to the substrate plays a role. This, for instance, allows BCP thin films to serve as useful templates for nanolithography and hybrid materials preparation. However, precise control of the arising morphologies is essential, but in most cases difficult to achieve. In this work, we investigated the solvent and thickness effects on the morphology of poly(styrene-b-2 vinyl pyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) thin films with a film thickness range from 0.4 L₀ up to 0.8 L₀. Ordered perpendicular structures were achieved. One of the main merits of our work is that the phase behavior of the ultra-high molecular weight BCP thin films, which hold a 100-nm sized domain distance, can be easily monitored via current available techniques, such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Systematic monitoring of the self-assembly behavior during solvent vapor annealing can thus provide an experimental guideline for the optimization of processing conditions of related BCP films systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Yang
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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40
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Lee KS, Lee J, Kwak J, Moon HC, Kim JK. Reduction of Line Edge Roughness of Polystyrene-block-Poly(methyl methacrylate) Copolymer Nanopatterns By Introducing Hydrogen Bonding at the Junction Point of Two Block Chains. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:31245-31251. [PMID: 28218827 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To apply well-defined block copolymer nanopatterns to next-generation lithography or high-density storage devices, small line edge roughness (LER) of nanopatterns should be realized. Although polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer (PS-b-PMMA) has been widely used to fabricate nanopatterns because of easy perpendicular orientation of the block copolymer nanodomains and effective removal of PMMA block by dry etching, the fabricated nanopatterns show poorer line edge roughness (LER) due to relatively small Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ) between PS and PMMA chains. Here, we synthesized PS-b-PMMA with urea (U) and N-(4-aminomethyl-benzyl)-4-hydroxymethyl-benzamide (BA) moieties at junction of PS and PMMA chains (PS-U-BA-PMMA) to improve the LER. The U-BA moieties serves as favorable interaction (hydrogen bonding) sites. The LER of PS line patterns obtained from PS-U-BA-PMMA was reduced ∼25% compared with that obtained from neat PS-b-PMMA without BA and U moieties. This is attributed to narrower interfacial width induced by hydrogen bonding between two blocks, which is confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering. This result implies that the introduction of hydrogen bonding into block copolymer interfaces offers an opportunity to fabricate well-defined nanopatterns with improved LER by block copolymer self-assembly, which could be a promising alternative to next-generation extreme ultraviolet lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Seong Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyong Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongheon Kwak
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul , Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
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41
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Dehmel R, Dolan JA, Gu Y, Wiesner U, Wilkinson TD, Baumberg JJ, Steiner U, Wilts BD, Gunkel I. Optical Imaging of Large Gyroid Grains in Block Copolymer Templates by Confined Crystallization. Macromolecules 2017; 50:6255-6262. [PMID: 28919648 PMCID: PMC5594442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly is a promising route to manufacture functional nanomaterials for applications from nanolithography to optical metamaterials. Self-assembled cubic morphologies cannot, however, be conveniently optically characterized in the lab due to their structural isotropy. Here, the aligned crystallization behavior of a semicrystalline-amorphous polyisoprene-b-polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (ISO) triblock terpolymer was utilized to visualize the grain structure of the cubic microphase-separated morphology. Upon quenching from a solvent swollen state, ISO first self-assembles into an alternating gyroid morphology, in the confinement of which the PEO crystallizes preferentially along the least tortuous pathways of the single gyroid morphology with grain sizes of hundreds of micrometers. Strikingly, the resulting anisotropic alignment of PEO crystallites gives rise to a unique optical birefringence of the alternating gyroid domains, which allows imaging of the self-assembled grain structure by optical microscopy alone. This study provides insight into polymer crystallization within a tortuous three-dimensional network and establishes a useful method for the optical visualization of cubic BCP morphologies that serve as functional nanomaterial templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Dehmel
- Department
of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - James A. Dolan
- Department
of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Department
of Engineering, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Yibei Gu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, 214 Bard Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-1501, United States
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, 214 Bard Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-1501, United States
| | - Timothy D. Wilkinson
- Department
of Engineering, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- Department
of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle
Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bodo D. Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle
Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ilja Gunkel
- Adolphe Merkle
Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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42
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Hou X, Cheng XF, Xiao X, He JH, Xu QF, Li H, Li NJ, Chen DY, Lu JM. Surface Engineering of ITO Substrates to Improve the Memory Performance of an Asymmetric Conjugated Molecule with a Side Chain. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2278-2283. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hou
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Institution; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xue-Feng Cheng
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Institution; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xin Xiao
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Institution; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Jing-Hui He
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Institution; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Qing-Feng Xu
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Institution; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Institution; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Na-Jun Li
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Institution; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Dong-Yun Chen
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Institution; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Jian-Mei Lu
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Institution; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
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43
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Park S, Kim Y, Lee W, Hur SM, Ryu DY. Gyroid Structures in Solvent Annealed PS-b-PMMA Films: Controlled Orientation by Substrate Interactions. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Park
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yeongsik Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Wooseop Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Su-Mi Hur
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
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44
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Aissou K, Mumtaz M, Portale G, Brochon C, Cloutet E, Fleury G, Hadziioannou G. Templated Sub-100-nm-Thick Double-Gyroid Structure from Si-Containing Block Copolymer Thin Films. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603777. [PMID: 28383179 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The directed self-assembly of diblock copolymer chains (poly(1,1-dimethyl silacyclobutane)-block-polystyrene, PDMSB-b-PS) into a thin film double gyroid structure is described. A decrease of the kinetics of a typical double-wave pattern formation is reported within the 3D-nanostructure when the film thickness on mesas is lower than the gyroid unit cell. However, optimization of the solvent-vapor annealing process results in very large grains (over 10 µm²) with specific orientation (i.e., parallel to the air substrate) and direction (i.e., along the groove direction) of the characteristic (211) plane, demonstrated by templating sub-100-nm-thick PDMSB-b-PS films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Aissou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, CNRS - ENSCPB - Université de Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Muhammad Mumtaz
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, CNRS - ENSCPB - Université de Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cyril Brochon
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, CNRS - ENSCPB - Université de Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Eric Cloutet
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, CNRS - ENSCPB - Université de Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Fleury
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, CNRS - ENSCPB - Université de Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Georges Hadziioannou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, CNRS - ENSCPB - Université de Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607, Pessac Cedex, France
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Jamal A, Nyrkova I, Mesini P, Militzer S, Reiter G. Solvent-controlled reversible switching between adsorbed self-assembled nanoribbons and nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:3293-3303. [PMID: 28225113 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr08211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that solutions of 3,5-bis-(5-hexylcarbamoylpentyloxy)-benzoic acid decyl ester (BHPB-10) can form metastable nanostructures on solid substrates and in the bulk. BHPB-10 is an achiral molecule involving several distinct, strongly interacting groups (SIGs), one aromatic-ester ring and two amide groups per molecule. Specific solvents affect the interactions between particular SIGs, thus promoting various nano-structures: lamellae, nanoribbons, helical ribbons, or nanotubes. In cyclohexane, a solvent allowing for both inter-amide hydrogen bonds and mutual attraction of rings, the formation of nanotubes with a diameter of 28 ± 5 nm was observed in the bulk and on surfaces. By contrast, in cyclohexanone, which suppresses inter-amide hydrogen bonds, flat nanoribbons with a specific width of 12 ± 4 nm were formed on solid substrates after drying. By annealing in cyclohexane vapor, we followed the process of switching surface structures from nanoribbons to nanotubes and observed helical ribbons as the precursor of nanotubes. We also turned nanotubes back into nanoribbons by adding cyclohexanone, thus demonstrating reversible switching along the route: tubes → lamellae → flat ribbons → helical ribbons → tubes. We propose models explaining the observed nanostructures and their transformations, including the origin of spontaneous chirality of the helical ribbons. Our findings on the self-assembly in the achiral BHPB-10 solutions provide insight into the influence of complementary inter-molecular specific SIG-based interactions and demonstrate an effective route for tailoring the shape and size of nanostructures derived from the same building unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Jamal
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Herman-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. and Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irina Nyrkova
- Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess BP 84047, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Philippe Mesini
- Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess BP 84047, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Swann Militzer
- Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess BP 84047, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Herman-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. and Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Posselt D, Zhang J, Smilgies DM, Berezkin AV, Potemkin II, Papadakis CM. Restructuring in block copolymer thin films: In situ GISAXS investigations during solvent vapor annealing. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mola GT, Oseni SO, Kaviyarasu K, Maaza M. Co-solvent additives influence on the performance of PTB7:PCBM based Thin film organic solar cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hou X, Xiao X, Zhou QH, Cheng XF, He JH, Xu QF, Li H, Li NJ, Chen DY, Lu JM. Surface engineering to achieve organic ternary memory with a high device yield and improved performance. Chem Sci 2016; 8:2344-2351. [PMID: 28451339 PMCID: PMC5364995 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03986c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic memories fabricated on surface-engineered indium tin oxide show the highest ternary yield (82%) to date and better performance.
Squaraine molecules deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates modified with phosphonic acids crystalize more orderly than do those on untreated ITO. The as-fabricated electro-resistive memories show the highest ternary device yield observed to date (82%), a narrower switching voltage distribution, and better retention as well as resistance uniformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China . ;
| | - Xin Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China . ;
| | - Qian-Hao Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China . ;
| | - Xue-Feng Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China . ;
| | - Jing-Hui He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China . ;
| | - Qing-Feng Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China . ;
| | - Hua Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China . ;
| | - Na-Jun Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China . ;
| | - Dong-Yun Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China . ;
| | - Jian-Mei Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China . ;
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Cetintas M, Kamperman M. Self-assembly of PS-b-PNIPAM-b-PS block copolymer thin films via selective solvent annealing. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Block copolymer thin films: Characterizing nanostructure evolution with in situ X-ray and neutron scattering. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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