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Kavand A, Noverraz F, Gerber-Lemaire S. Recent Advances in Alginate-Based Hydrogels for Cell Transplantation Applications. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:469. [PMID: 38675129 PMCID: PMC11053880 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
With its exceptional biocompatibility, alginate emerged as a highly promising biomaterial for a large range of applications in regenerative medicine. Whether in the form of microparticles, injectable hydrogels, rigid scaffolds, or bioinks, alginate provides a versatile platform for encapsulating cells and fostering an optimal environment to enhance cell viability. This review aims to highlight recent studies utilizing alginate in diverse formulations for cell transplantation, offering insights into its efficacy in treating various diseases and injuries within the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandrine Gerber-Lemaire
- Group for Functionalized Biomaterials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.K.); (F.N.)
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2
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Abadpour S, Niemi EM, Orrhult LS, Hermanns C, de Vries R, Nogueira LP, Haugen HJ, Josefsen D, Krauss S, Gatenholm P, van Apeldoorn A, Scholz H. Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Preserve Pancreatic Islet Function in a Transplantable 3D Bioprinted Scaffold. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300640. [PMID: 37781993 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Intra-portal islet transplantation is currently the only clinically approved beta cell replacement therapy, but its outcome is hindered by limited cell survival due to a multifactorial reaction against the allogeneic tissue in liver. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) can potentially improve the islet micro-environment by their immunomodulatory action. The challenge is to combine both islets and ASCs in a relatively easy and consistent long-term manner in a deliverable scaffold. Manufacturing the 3D bioprinted double-layered scaffolds with primary islets and ASCs using a mix of alginate/nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) bioink is reported. The diffusion properties of the bioink and the supportive effect of human ASCs on islet viability, glucose sensing, insulin secretion, and reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines are demonstrated. Diabetic mice transplanted with islet-ASC scaffolds reach normoglycemia seven days post-transplantation with no significant difference between this group and the group received islets under the kidney capsules. In addition, animals transplanted with islet-ASC scaffolds stay normoglycemic and show elevated levels of C-peptide compared to mice transplanted with islet-only scaffolds. The data present a functional 3D bioprinted scaffold for islets and ASCs transplanted to the extrahepatic site and suggest a possible role of ASCs on improving the islet micro-environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Abadpour
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0372, Norway
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0372, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0372, Norway
| | - Essi M Niemi
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0372, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0372, Norway
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Aker Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0586, Norway
| | - Linnea Strid Orrhult
- 3D Bioprinting Center, WWSC, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Carolin Hermanns
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229, The Netherlands
| | - Rick de Vries
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Dag Josefsen
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0379, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0372, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0372, Norway
| | - Paul Gatenholm
- 3D Bioprinting Center, WWSC, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
- CELLHEAL AS, Sandvika, 1337, Norway
| | - Aart van Apeldoorn
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Scholz
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0372, Norway
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0372, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0372, Norway
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0379, Norway
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Wu J, Wu C, Zou S, Li X, Ho B, Sun R, Liu C, Chen M. Investigation of Biomaterial Ink Viscosity Properties and Optimization of the Printing Process Based on Pattern Path Planning. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1358. [PMID: 38135949 PMCID: PMC10740413 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10121358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extruded bioprinting is widely used for the biomanufacturing of personalized, complex tissue structures, which requires biomaterial inks with a certain viscosity to enable printing. However, there is still a lack of discussion on the controllable preparation and printability of biomaterial inks with different viscosities. In this paper, biomaterial inks composed of gelatin, sodium alginate, and methylcellulose were utablesed to investigate the feasibility of adjustment of rheological properties, thereby analyzing the effects of different rheological properties on the printing process. Based on the response surface methodology, the relationship between the material components and the rheological properties of biomaterial inks was discussed, followed by the prediction of the rheological properties of biomaterial inks. The prediction accuracies of the power-law index and consistency coefficient could reach 96% and 79%, respectively. The material group can be used to prepare biomaterial inks with different viscosity properties in a wide range. Latin hypercube sampling and computational fluid dynamics were used to analyze the effects of different rheological properties and extrusion pressure on the flow rate at the nozzle. The relationship between the rheological properties of the biomaterial ink and the flow rate was established, and the simulation results showed that the changes in the rheological properties of the biomaterial ink in the high-viscosity region resulted in slight fluctuations in the flow rate, implying that the printing process for high-viscosity biomaterial inks may have better versatility. In addition, based on the characteristics of biomaterial inks, the printing process was optimized from the planning of the print pattern to improve the location accuracy of the starting point, and the length accuracy of filaments can reach 99%. The effect of the overlap between the fill pattern and outer frame on the print quality was investigated to improve the surface quality of complex structures. Furthermore, low- and high-viscosity biomaterial inks were tested, and various printing protocols were discussed for improving printing efficiency or maintaining cell activity. This study provides feasible printing concepts for a wider range of biomaterials to meet the biological requirements of cell culture and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (J.W.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (R.S.); (C.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Chunya Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (J.W.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (R.S.); (C.L.); (M.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Siyang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (J.W.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (R.S.); (C.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Xiguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (J.W.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (R.S.); (C.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Bo Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (J.W.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (R.S.); (C.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Ruijiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (J.W.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (R.S.); (C.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (J.W.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (R.S.); (C.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Mingjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (J.W.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (B.H.); (R.S.); (C.L.); (M.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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4
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Wu Y, Qin M, Yang X. Organ bioprinting: progress, challenges and outlook. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:10263-10287. [PMID: 37850299 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting, as a groundbreaking technology, enables the fabrication of biomimetic tissues and organs with highly complex structures, multiple cell types, mechanical heterogeneity, and diverse functional gradients. With the growing demand for organ transplantation and the limited number of organ donors, bioprinting holds great promise for addressing the organ shortage by manufacturing completely functional organs. While the bioprinting of complete organs remains a distant goal, there has been considerable progress in the development of bioprinted transplantable tissues and organs for regenerative medicine. This review article recapitulates the current achievements of organ 3D bioprinting, primarily encompassing five important organs in the human body (i.e., the heart, kidneys, liver, pancreas, and lungs). Challenges from cellular techniques, biomanufacturing technologies, and organ maturation techniques are also deliberated for the broad application of organ bioprinting. In addition, the integration of bioprinting with other cutting-edge technologies including machine learning, organoids, and microfluidics is envisioned, which strives to offer the reader the prospect of bioprinting in constructing functional organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Minghao Qin
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Choi J, Lee EJ, Jang WB, Kwon SM. Development of Biocompatible 3D-Printed Artificial Blood Vessels through Multidimensional Approaches. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:497. [PMID: 37888162 PMCID: PMC10607080 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the human body, the intricate network of blood vessels plays a pivotal role in transporting nutrients and oxygen and maintaining homeostasis. Bioprinting is an innovative technology with the potential to revolutionize this field by constructing complex multicellular structures. This technique offers the advantage of depositing individual cells, growth factors, and biochemical signals, thereby facilitating the growth of functional blood vessels. Despite the challenges in fabricating vascularized constructs, bioprinting has emerged as an advance in organ engineering. The continuous evolution of bioprinting technology and biomaterial knowledge provides an avenue to overcome the hurdles associated with vascularized tissue fabrication. This article provides an overview of the biofabrication process used to create vascular and vascularized constructs. It delves into the various techniques used in vascular engineering, including extrusion-, droplet-, and laser-based bioprinting methods. Integrating these techniques offers the prospect of crafting artificial blood vessels with remarkable precision and functionality. Therefore, the potential impact of bioprinting in vascular engineering is significant. With technological advances, it holds promise in revolutionizing organ transplantation, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. By mimicking the natural complexity of blood vessels, bioprinting brings us one step closer to engineering organs with functional vasculature, ushering in a new era of medical advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Choi
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (E.J.L.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Lee
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (E.J.L.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Bi Jang
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (E.J.L.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mo Kwon
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (E.J.L.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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Windisch J, Reinhardt O, Duin S, Schütz K, Rodriguez NJN, Liu S, Lode A, Gelinsky M. Bioinks for Space Missions: The Influence of Long-Term Storage of Alginate-Methylcellulose-Based Bioinks on Printability as well as Cell Viability and Function. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300436. [PMID: 37125819 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting is considered a key technology for future space missions and is currently being established on the International Space Station (ISS). With the aim to perform bioink production as a critical and resource-consuming preparatory step already on Earth and transport a bioink cartridge "ready to use" to the ISS, the storability of bioinks is investigated. Hydrogel blends based on alginate and methylcellulose are laden with either green microalgae of the species Chlorella vulgaris or with different human cell lines including immortilized human mesenchymal stem cells, SaOS-2 and HepG2, as well as with primary human dental pulp stem cells. The bioinks are filled into printing cartridges and stored at 4°C for up to four weeks. Printability of the bioinks is maintained after storage. Viability and function of the cells embedded in constructs bioprinted from the stored bioinks are investigated during subsequent cultivation: The microalgae survive the storage period very well and show no loss of growth and functionality, however a significant decrease is visible for human cells, varying between the different cell types. The study demonstrates that storage of bioinks is in principle possible and is a promising starting point for future research, making complex printing processes more effective and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Windisch
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olena Reinhardt
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Duin
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kathleen Schütz
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nuria Juliana Novoa Rodriguez
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Suihong Liu
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Klak M, Wszoła M, Berman A, Filip A, Kosowska A, Olkowska-Truchanowicz J, Rachalewski M, Tymicki G, Bryniarski T, Kołodziejska M, Dobrzański T, Ujazdowska D, Wejman J, Uhrynowska-Tyszkiewicz I, Kamiński A. Bioprinted 3D Bionic Scaffolds with Pancreatic Islets as a New Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes-Analysis of the Results of Preclinical Studies on a Mouse Model. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:371. [PMID: 37504866 PMCID: PMC10381593 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, tissue engineering, including 3D bioprinting of the pancreas, has acquired clinical significance and has become an outstanding potential method of customized treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus. The study aimed to evaluate the function of 3D-bioprinted pancreatic petals with pancreatic islets in the murine model. A total of 60 NOD-SCID (Nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency) mice were used in the study and divided into three groups: control group; IsletTx (porcine islets transplanted under the renal capsule); and 3D bioprint (3D-bioprinted pancreatic petals with islets transplanted under the skin, on dorsal muscles). Glucose, C-peptide concentrations, and histological analyses were performed. In the obtained results, significantly lower mean fasting glucose levels (mg/dL) were observed both in a 3D-bioprint group and in a group with islets transplanted under the renal capsule when compared with untreated animals. Differences were observed in all control points: 7th, 14th, and 28th days post-transplantation (129, 119, 118 vs. 140, 139, 140; p < 0.001). Glucose levels were lower on the 14th and 28th days in a group with bioprinted petals compared to the group with islets transplanted under the renal capsule. Immunohistochemical staining indicated the presence of secreted insulin-living pancreatic islets and neovascularization within 3D-bioprinted pancreatic petals after transplantation. In conclusion, bioprinted bionic petals significantly lowered plasma glucose concentration in studied model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Klak
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
- Polbionica Sp. z o.o., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Wszoła
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
- Polbionica Sp. z o.o., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Berman
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
- Polbionica Sp. z o.o., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Filip
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kosowska
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Grzegorz Tymicki
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bryniarski
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Jarosław Wejman
- Center for Pathomorphological Diagnostics Sp. z o.o., 01-496 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Artur Kamiński
- Department of Transplantology and Central Tissue Bank, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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Muallah D, Matschke J, Kappler M, Kroschwald LM, Lauer G, Eckert AW. Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Salivary Gland Regeneration-Where Are We Today? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108664. [PMID: 37240009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia is the phenomenon of dry mouth and is mostly caused by hypofunction of the salivary glands. This hypofunction can be caused by tumors, head and neck irradiation, hormonal changes, inflammation or autoimmune disease such as Sjögren's syndrome. It is associated with a tremendous decrease in health-related quality of life due to impairment of articulation, ingestion and oral immune defenses. Current treatment concepts mainly consist of saliva substitutes and parasympathomimetic drugs, but the outcome of these therapies is deficient. Regenerative medicine is a promising approach for the treatment of compromised tissue. For this purpose, stem cells can be utilized due to their ability to differentiate into various cell types. Dental pulp stem cells are adult stem cells that can be easily harvested from extracted teeth. They can form tissues of all three germ layers and are therefore becoming more and more popular for tissue engineering. Another potential benefit of these cells is their immunomodulatory effect. They suppress proinflammatory pathways of lymphocytes and could therefore probably be used for the treatment of chronic inflammation and autoimmune disease. These attributes make dental pulp stem cells an interesting tool for the regeneration of salivary glands and the treatment of xerostomia. Nevertheless, clinical studies are still missing. This review will highlight the current strategies for using dental pulp stem cells in the regeneration of salivary gland tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Muallah
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Matschke
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Kappler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Lysann Michaela Kroschwald
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Günter Lauer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander W Eckert
- Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Breslauer Straße 201, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany
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Samadi A, Moammeri A, Pourmadadi M, Abbasi P, Hosseinpour Z, Farokh A, Shamsabadipour A, Heydari M, Mohammadi MR. Cell Encapsulation and 3D Bioprinting for Therapeutic Cell Transplantation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1862-1890. [PMID: 36877212 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The promise of cell therapy has been augmented by introducing biomaterials, where intricate scaffold shapes are fabricated to accommodate the cells within. In this review, we first discuss cell encapsulation and the promising potential of biomaterials to overcome challenges associated with cell therapy, particularly cellular function and longevity. More specifically, cell therapies in the context of autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer are reviewed from the perspectives of preclinical findings as well as available clinical data. Next, techniques to fabricate cell-biomaterials constructs, focusing on emerging 3D bioprinting technologies, will be reviewed. 3D bioprinting is an advancing field that enables fabricating complex, interconnected, and consistent cell-based constructs capable of scaling up highly reproducible cell-biomaterials platforms with high precision. It is expected that 3D bioprinting devices will expand and become more precise, scalable, and appropriate for clinical manufacturing. Rather than one printer fits all, seeing more application-specific printer types, such as a bioprinter for bone tissue fabrication, which would be different from a bioprinter for skin tissue fabrication, is anticipated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirmasoud Samadi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6000 Interdisciplinary Science & Engineering Building (ISEB), Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Ali Moammeri
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Enghelab Square, 16 Azar Street, Tehran 1417935840, Iran
| | - Mehrab Pourmadadi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Enghelab Square, 16 Azar Street, Tehran 1417935840, Iran
| | - Parisa Abbasi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran 1458889694, Iran
| | - Zeinab Hosseinpour
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol 4714871167, Mazandaran Province, Iran
| | - Arian Farokh
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Enghelab Square, 16 Azar Street, Tehran 1417935840, Iran
| | - Amin Shamsabadipour
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Enghelab Square, 16 Azar Street, Tehran 1417935840, Iran
| | - Maryam Heydari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Kharazmi, Tehran 199389373, Iran
| | - M Rezaa Mohammadi
- Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, United States
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10
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The Use of Biomaterials in Three-Dimensional Culturing of Cancer Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1100-1112. [PMID: 36826018 PMCID: PMC9954970 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culture is an important tool in biological research. Most studies use 2D cell culture, but cells grown in 2D cell culture have drawbacks, including limited cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, which make it inaccurate to model conditions in vivo. Anticancer drug screening is an important research and development process for developing new drugs. As an experiment to mimic the cancer environment in vivo, several studies have been carried out on 3-dimensional (3D) cell cultures with added biomaterials. The use of hydrogel in 3D culture cells is currently developing. The type of hydrogel used might influence cell morphology, viability, and drug screening outcome. Therefore, this review discusses 3D cell culture research regarding the addition of biomaterials.
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11
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Jammed microgels fabricated via various methods for biological studies. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Khazaei M, Khazaei F, Niromand E, Ghanbari E. Tissue engineering approaches and generation of insulin-producing cells to treat type 1 diabetes. J Drug Target 2023; 31:14-31. [PMID: 35896313 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2107653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) has become a new effective solution to a variety of medical problems, including diabetes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which have the ability to differentiate into endodermal and mesodermal cells, appear to be appropriate for this function. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the outcomes of various researches on the insulin-producing cells (IPCs) generation from MSCs with TE approaches to increase efficacy of type 1 diabetes treatments. The search was performed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Embase databases until 2021. Studies revealed that MSCs could also differentiate into IPCs under certain conditions. Therefore, a wide range of protocols have been used for this differentiation, but their effectiveness is very different. Scaffolds can provide a microenvironment that enhances the MSCs to IPCs differentiation, improves their metabolic activity and up-regulate pancreatic-specific transcription factors. They also preserve IPCs architecture and enhance insulin production as well as protect against cell death. This systematic review offers a framework for prospective research based on data. In vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that scaffold-based TE can improve the viability and function of IPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khazaei
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elham Niromand
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elham Ghanbari
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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13
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Effects of Berberine against Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238630. [PMID: 36500723 PMCID: PMC9738201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pancreas is a glandular organ with endocrine and exocrine functions necessary for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis and secretion of digestive enzymes. Pancreatitis is characterized by inflammation of the pancreas leading to temporary or permanent pancreatic dysfunction. Inflammation and fibrosis caused by chronic pancreatitis exacerbate malignant transformation and significantly increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer, the world's most aggressive cancer with a 5-year survival rate less than 10%. Berberine (BBR) is a naturally occurring plant-derived polyphenol present in a variety of herbal remedies used in traditional medicine to treat ulcers, infections, jaundice, and inflammation. The current review summarizes the existing in vitro and in vivo evidence on the effects of BBR against pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer with a focus on the signalling mechanisms underlying the effects of BBR.
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14
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Xu Y, Song D, Wang X. 3D Bioprinting for Pancreas Engineering/Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235143. [PMID: 36501537 PMCID: PMC9741443 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the most common chronic disease in the world, and it brings a heavy burden to people's health. Against this background, diabetic research, including islet functionalization has become a hot topic in medical institutions all over the world. Especially with the rapid development of microencapsulation and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technologies, organ engineering and manufacturing have become the main trends for disease modeling and drug screening. Especially the advanced 3D models of pancreatic islets have shown better physiological functions than monolayer cultures, suggesting their potential in elucidating the behaviors of cells under different growth environments. This review mainly summarizes the latest progress of islet capsules and 3D printed pancreatic organs and introduces the activities of islet cells in the constructs with different encapsulation technologies and polymeric materials, as well as the vascularization and blood glucose control capabilities of these constructs after implantation. The challenges and perspectives of the pancreatic organ engineering/manufacturing technologies have also been demonstrated.
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15
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Kilian D, Kilian W, Troia A, Nguyen TD, Ittermann B, Zilberti L, Gelinsky M. 3D Extrusion Printing of Biphasic Anthropomorphic Brain Phantoms Mimicking MR Relaxation Times Based on Alginate-Agarose-Carrageenan Blends. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48397-48415. [PMID: 36270624 PMCID: PMC9634698 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The availability of adapted phantoms mimicking different body parts is fundamental to establishing the stability and reliability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods. The primary purpose of such phantoms is the mimicking of physiologically relevant, contrast-creating relaxation times T1 and T2. For the head, frequently examined by MRI, an anthropomorphic design of brain phantoms would imply the discrimination of gray matter and white matter (WM) within defined, spatially distributed compartments. Multichannel extrusion printing allows the layer-by-layer fabrication of multiple pastelike materials in a spatially defined manner with a predefined shape. In this study, the advantages of this method are used to fabricate biphasic brain phantoms mimicking MR relaxation times and anthropomorphic geometry. The printable ink was based on purely naturally derived polymers: alginate as a calcium-cross-linkable gelling agent, agarose, ι-carrageenan, and GdCl3 in different concentrations (0-280 μmol kg-1) as the paramagnetic component. The suggested inks (e.g., 3Alg-1Agar-6Car) fulfilled the requirements of viscoelastic behavior and printability of large constructs (>150 mL). The microstructure and distribution of GdCl3 were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In closely monitored steps of technological development and characterization, from monophasic and biphasic samples as printable inks and cross-linked gels, we describe the construction of large-scale phantom models whose relaxation times were characterized and checked for stability over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kilian
- Centre
for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of
Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität
Dresden (TUD), Dresden01307, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kilian
- Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin10587, Germany
| | - Adriano Troia
- Istituto
Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Turin10135, Italy
| | - Thanh-Duc Nguyen
- Centre
for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of
Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität
Dresden (TUD), Dresden01307, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin10587, Germany
| | - Luca Zilberti
- Istituto
Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Turin10135, Italy
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre
for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of
Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität
Dresden (TUD), Dresden01307, Germany
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16
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Panda S, Hajra S, Mistewicz K, Nowacki B, In-Na P, Krushynska A, Mishra YK, Kim HJ. A focused review on three-dimensional bioprinting technology for artificial organ fabrication. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5054-5080. [PMID: 35876134 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00797e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has attracted a great deal of interest because it can be easily adapted to many industries and research sectors, such as biomedical, manufacturing, education, and engineering. Specifically, 3D bioprinting has provided significant advances in the medical industry, since such technology has led to significant breakthroughs in the synthesis of biomaterials, cells, and accompanying elements to produce composite living tissues. 3D bioprinting technology could lead to the immense capability of replacing damaged or injured tissues or organs with newly dispensed cell biomaterials and functional tissues. Several types of bioprinting technology and different bio-inks can be used to replicate cells and generate supporting units as complex 3D living tissues. Bioprinting techniques have undergone great advancements in the field of regenerative medicine to provide 3D printed models for numerous artificial organs and transplantable tissues. This review paper aims to provide an overview of 3D-bioprinting technologies by elucidating the current advancements, recent progress, opportunities, and applications in this field. It highlights the most recent advancements in 3D-bioprinting technology, particularly in the area of artificial organ development and cancer research. Additionally, the paper speculates on the future progress in 3D-bioprinting as a versatile foundation for several biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Panda
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu-42988, South Korea.
| | - Sugato Hajra
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu-42988, South Korea.
| | - Krystian Mistewicz
- Institute of Physics - Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Nowacki
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, Katowice, Poland
| | - Pichaya In-Na
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phyathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok-10330, Thailand
| | - Anastasiia Krushynska
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Hoe Joon Kim
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu-42988, South Korea. .,Robotics and Mechatronics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu-42988, South Korea
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17
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Viability and Functionality of Neonatal Porcine Islet-like Cell Clusters Bioprinted in Alginate-Based Bioinks. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061420. [PMID: 35740440 PMCID: PMC9220255 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of pancreatic islets can prevent severe long-term complications in diabetes mellitus type 1 patients. With respect to a shortage of donor organs, the transplantation of xenogeneic islets is highly attractive. To avoid rejection, islets can be encapsulated in immuno-protective hydrogel-macrocapsules, whereby 3D bioprinted structures with macropores allow for a high surface-to-volume ratio and reduced diffusion distances. In the present study, we applied 3D bioprinting to encapsulate the potentially clinically applicable neonatal porcine islet-like cell clusters (NICC) in alginate-methylcellulose. The material was additionally supplemented with bovine serum albumin or the human blood plasma derivatives platelet lysate and fresh frozen plasma. NICC were analysed for viability, proliferation, the presence of hormones, and the release of insulin in reaction to glucose stimulation. Bioprinted NICC are homogeneously distributed, remain morphologically intact, and show a comparable viability and proliferation to control NICC. The number of insulin-positive cells is comparable between the groups and over time. The amount of insulin release increases over time and is released in response to glucose stimulation over 4 weeks. In summary, we show the successful bioprinting of NICC and could demonstrate functionality over the long-term in vitro. Supplementation resulted in a trend for higher viability, but no additional benefit on functionality was observed.
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18
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Pavan Kalyan BG, Kumar L. 3D Printing: Applications in Tissue Engineering, Medical Devices, and Drug Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:92. [PMID: 35301602 PMCID: PMC8929713 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gemstone of 3-dimensional (3D) printing shines up from the pyramid of additive manufacturing. Three-dimensional bioprinting technology has been predicted to be a game-changing breakthrough in the pharmaceutical industry since the last decade. It is fast evolving and finds its seats in a variety of domains, including aviation, defense, automobiles, replacement components, architecture, movies, musical instruments, forensic, dentistry, audiology, prosthetics, surgery, food, and fashion industry. In recent years, this miraculous manufacturing technology has become increasingly relevant for pharmaceutical purposes. Computer-aided drug (CAD) model will be developed by computer software and fed into bioprinters. Based on material inputs, the printers will recognize and produce the model scaffold. Techniques including stereolithography, selective laser sintering, selective laser melting, material extrusion, material jetting, inkjet-based, fused deposition modelling, binder deposition, and bioprinting expedite the printing process. Distinct advantages are rapid prototyping, flexible design, print on demand, light and strong parts, fast and cost-effective, and environment friendly. The present review gives a brief description of the conceptional 3-dimensional printing, followed by various techniques involved. A short note was explained about the fabricating materials in the pharmaceutical sector. The beam of light is thrown on the various applications in the pharma and medical arena.
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19
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Kim D, Kim M, Lee J, Jang J. Review on Multicomponent Hydrogel Bioinks Based on Natural Biomaterials for Bioprinting 3D Liver Tissues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:764682. [PMID: 35237569 PMCID: PMC8884173 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.764682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D)-printed in vitro tissue models have been used in various biomedical fields owing to numerous advantages such as enhancements in cell response and functionality. In liver tissue engineering, several studies have been reported using 3D-printed liver tissue models with improved cellular responses and functions in drug screening, liver disease, and liver regenerative medicine. However, the application of conventional single-component bioinks for the printing of 3D in vitro liver constructs remains problematic because of the complex structural and physiological characteristics of the liver. The use of multicomponent bioinks has become an attractive strategy for bioprinting 3D functional in vitro liver tissue models because of the various advantages of multicomponent bioinks, such as improved mechanical properties of the printed tissue construct and cell functionality. Therefore, it is essential to review various 3D bioprinting techniques and multicomponent hydrogel bioinks proposed for liver tissue engineering to suggest future directions for liver tissue engineering. Accordingly, we herein review multicomponent bioinks for 3D-bioprinted liver tissues. We first describe the fabrication methods capable of printing multicomponent bioinks and introduce considerations for bioprinting. We subsequently categorize and evaluate the materials typically utilized for multicomponent bioinks based on their characteristics. In addition, we also review recent studies for the application of multicomponent bioinks to fabricate in vitro liver tissue models. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current studies and emphasize aspects that must be resolved to enhance the future applicability of such bioinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daekeun Kim
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, South Korea.,Department of Aeronautics, Mechanical and Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, South Korea
| | - Jongwan Lee
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jinah Jang
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea.,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea.,Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Kovacevic B, Jones M, Ionescu C, Walker D, Wagle S, Chester J, Foster T, Brown D, Mikov M, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. The emerging role of bile acids as critical components in nanotechnology and bioengineering: Pharmacology, formulation optimizers and hydrogel-biomaterial applications. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Development of a 3D subcutaneous construct containing insulin-producing beta cells using bioprinting. Biodes Manuf 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Guduric V, Wieckhusen J, Bernhardt A, Ahlfeld T, Lode A, Wu C, Gelinsky M. Composite Bioinks With Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses-A Critical Evaluation of Results Obtained by In Vitro Experiments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:767256. [PMID: 35087798 PMCID: PMC8787041 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.767256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides osteoconductivity and a high degradation rate, mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) are specific for their highly ordered channel structure and high specific surface area, making them suitable as drug and/or growth factor delivery systems. On the other hand, the mesoporous channel structure and MBG composition can have an effect on common cell evaluation assays, leading to inconclusive results. This effect is especially important when MBG is mixed in composite bioinks, together with cells. Additionally, the hydrogel component of the ink can influence the degradation of MBG, leading to different ion releases, which can additionally affect the analyses. Hence, our aim here was to show how the MBG structure and composition influence common cell viability and differentiation assays when calcium (Ca)- or magnesium (Mg)-containing glass is part of an alginate-based composite bioink. We suggested pre-labeling of cells with DiI prior to bioprinting and staining with calcein-AM to allow identification of metabolically active cells expressing signals in both green and red channels, allowing the use of fluorescence imaging for cell viability evaluations in the presence of high amounts (7 wt %) of MBGs. The release and uptake of ions during degradation of CaMBG and MgMBG were significantly changed by alginate in the composite bioinks, as confirmed by higher release and uptake from bulk glasses. Additionally, we detected a burst release of Mg2+ from composites only after 24 h of incubation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that released ions and the mesoporous channel structure affect the measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) in bioprinted composite scaffolds. Measured LDH activity was significantly decreased in the presence of CaMBG. On the other hand, the presence of MgMBG induced increased signal measured for the ALP. Taken together, our findings show how composite bioinks containing MBGs can interfere with common analyses, obtaining misleading results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Guduric
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Wieckhusen
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Bernhardt
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilman Ahlfeld
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chengtie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
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23
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Controlled and Local Delivery of Antibiotics by 3D Core/Shell Printed Hydrogel Scaffolds to Treat Soft Tissue Infections. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122151. [PMID: 34959430 PMCID: PMC8705560 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue infections in open fractures or burns are major cause for high morbidity in trauma patients. Sustained, long-term and localized delivery of antimicrobial agents is needed for early eradication of these infections. Traditional (topical or systemic) antibiotic delivery methods are associated with a variety of problems, including their long-term unavailability and possible low local concentration. Novel approaches for antibiotic delivery via wound coverage/healing scaffolds are constantly being developed. Many of these approaches are associated with burst release and thus seldom maintain long-term inhibitory concentrations. Using 3D core/shell extrusion printing, scaffolds consisting of antibiotic depot (in the core composed of low concentrated biomaterial ink 3% alginate) surrounded by a denser biomaterial ink (shell) were fabricated. Denser biomaterial ink (composed of alginate and methylcellulose or alginate, methylcellulose and Laponite) retained scaffold shape and modulated antibiotic release kinetics. Release of antibiotics was observed over seven days, indicating sustained release characteristics and maintenance of potency. Inclusion of Laponite in shell, significantly reduced burst release of antibiotics. Additionally, the effect of shell thickness on release kinetics was demonstrated. Amalgamation of such a modular delivery system with other biofabrication methods could potentially open new strategies to simultaneously treat soft tissue infections and aid wound regeneration.
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24
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Mansoor S, Kondiah PPD, Choonara YE. Advanced Hydrogels for the Controlled Delivery of Insulin. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2113. [PMID: 34959394 PMCID: PMC8703368 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a peptide hormone that is key to regulating physiological glucose levels. Its molecular size and susceptibility to conformational change under physiological pH make it challenging to orally administer insulin in diabetes. The most effective route for insulin delivery remains daily injection. Unfortunately, this results in poor patient compliance and increasing the risk of micro- and macro-vascular complications and thus rising morbidity and mortality rates in diabetics. The use of 3D hydrogels has been used with much interest for various biomedical applications. Hydrogels can mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) and retain large quantities of water with tunable properties, which renders them suitable for administering a wide range of sensitive therapeutics. Several studies have demonstrated the fixation of insulin within the structural mesh of hydrogels as a bio-scaffold for the controlled delivery of insulin. This review provides a concise incursion into recent developments for the safe and effective controlled delivery of insulin using advanced hydrogel platforms with a special focus on sustained release injectable formulations. Various hydrogel platforms in terms of their methods of synthesis, properties, and unique features such as stimuli responsiveness for the treatment of Type 1 diabetes mellitus are critically appraised. Key criteria for classifying hydrogels are also outlined together with future trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yahya E. Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (S.M.); (P.P.D.K.)
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25
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In Vitro Disease Models of the Endocrine Pancreas. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101415. [PMID: 34680532 PMCID: PMC8533367 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ethical constraints and shortcomings of animal models, combined with the demand to study disease pathogenesis under controlled conditions, are giving rise to a new field at the interface of tissue engineering and pathophysiology, which focuses on the development of in vitro models of disease. In vitro models are defined as synthetic experimental systems that contain living human cells and mimic tissue- and organ-level physiology in vitro by taking advantage of recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication. This review provides an overview of in vitro models and focuses specifically on in vitro disease models of the endocrine pancreas and diabetes. First, we briefly review the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the human pancreas, with an emphasis on islets of Langerhans and beta cell dysfunction. We then discuss different types of in vitro models and fundamental elements that should be considered when developing an in vitro disease model. Finally, we review the current state and breakthroughs in the field of pancreatic in vitro models and conclude with some challenges that need to be addressed in the future development of in vitro models.
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26
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Ghasemi A, Akbari E, Imani R. An Overview of Engineered Hydrogel-Based Biomaterials for Improved β-Cell Survival and Insulin Secretion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:662084. [PMID: 34513805 PMCID: PMC8427138 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.662084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation provides a promising strategy in treating type 1 diabetes as an autoimmune disease, in which damaged β-cells are replaced with new islets in a minimally invasive procedure. Although islet transplantation avoids the complications associated with whole pancreas transplantations, its clinical applications maintain significant drawbacks, including long-term immunosuppression, a lack of compatible donors, and blood-mediated inflammatory responses. Biomaterial-assisted islet transplantation is an emerging technology that embeds desired cells into biomaterials, which are then directly transplanted into the patient, overcoming the aforementioned challenges. Among various biomaterials, hydrogels are the preferred biomaterial of choice in these transplants due to their ECM-like structure and tunable properties. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of hydrogel-based biomaterials that are engineered for encapsulation of insulin-secreting cells, focusing on new hydrogel design and modification strategies to improve β-cell viability, decrease inflammatory responses, and enhance insulin secretion. We will discuss the current status of clinical studies using therapeutic bioengineering hydrogels in insulin release and prospective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rana Imani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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27
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Pössl A, Hartzke D, Schlupp P, Runkel FE. Calculation of Mass Transfer and Cell-Specific Consumption Rates to Improve Cell Viability in Bioink Tissue Constructs. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164387. [PMID: 34442913 PMCID: PMC8401414 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biofabrication methods such as extrusion-based bioprinting allow the manufacture of cell-laden structures for cell therapy, but it is important to provide a sufficient number of embedded cells for the replacement of lost functional tissues. To address this issue, we investigated mass transfer rates across a bioink hydrogel for the essential nutrients glucose and glutamine, their metabolites lactate and ammonia, the electron acceptor oxygen, and the model protein bovine serum albumin. Diffusion coefficients were calculated for these substances at two temperatures. We could confirm that diffusion depends on the molecular volume of the substances if the bioink has a high content of polymers. The analysis of pancreatic 1.1B4 β-cells revealed that the nitrogen source glutamine is a limiting nutrient for homeostasis during cultivation. Taking the consumption rates of 1.1B4 β-cells into account during cultivation, we were able to calculate the cell numbers that can be adequately supplied by the cell culture medium and nutrients in the blood using a model tissue construct. For blood-like conditions, a maximum of ~106 cells·mL−1 was suitable for the cell-laden construct, as a function of the diffused substrate and cell consumption rate for a given geometry. We found that oxygen and glutamine were the limiting nutrients in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Pössl
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen—University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (A.P.); (D.H.)
| | - David Hartzke
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen—University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (A.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Peggy Schlupp
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen—University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (A.P.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (F.E.R.)
| | - Frank E. Runkel
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen—University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (A.P.); (D.H.)
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Ludwigstrasse 23, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (F.E.R.)
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Wszoła M, Nitarska D, Cywoniuk P, Gomółka M, Klak M. Stem Cells as a Source of Pancreatic Cells for Production of 3D Bioprinted Bionic Pancreas in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Cells 2021; 10:1544. [PMID: 34207441 PMCID: PMC8234129 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the third most common autoimmune disease which develops due to genetic and environmental risk factors. Often, intensive insulin therapy is insufficient, and patients require a pancreas or pancreatic islets transplant. However, both solutions are associated with many possible complications, including graft rejection. The best approach seems to be a donor-independent T1D treatment strategy based on human stem cells cultured in vitro and differentiated into insulin and glucagon-producing cells (β and α cells, respectively). Both types of cells can then be incorporated into the bio-ink used for 3D printing of the bionic pancreas, which can be transplanted into T1D patients to restore glucose homeostasis. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge about stem cells sources and their transformation into key pancreatic cells. Last, but not least, we comment on possible solutions of post-transplant immune response triggered stem cell-derived pancreatic cells and their potential control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wszoła
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.C.); (M.G.)
- Polbionica Ltd., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland;
- Medispace Medical Centre, 01-044 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Cywoniuk
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Magdalena Gomółka
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Marta Klak
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.C.); (M.G.)
- Polbionica Ltd., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland;
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Velasco-Mallorquí F, Rodríguez-Comas J, Ramón-Azcón J. Cellulose-based scaffolds enhance pseudoislets formation and functionality. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 34075893 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac00c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vitroresearch for the study of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is frequently limited by the availability of a functional model for islets of Langerhans. To overcome the limitations of obtaining pancreatic islets from different sources, such as animal models or human donors, immortalized cell lines as the insulin-producing INS1Eβ-cells have appeared as a valid alternative to model insulin-related diseases. However, immortalized cell lines are mainly used in flat surfaces or monolayer distributions, not resembling the spheroid-like architecture of the pancreatic islets. To generate islet-like structures, the use of scaffolds appeared as a valid tool to promote cell aggregations. Traditionally-used hydrogel encapsulation methods do not accomplish all the requisites for pancreatic tissue engineering, as its poor nutrient and oxygen diffusion induces cell death. Here, we use cryogelation technology to develop a more resemblance scaffold with the mechanical and physical properties needed to engineer pancreatic tissue. This study shows that carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) cryogels prompted cells to generateβ-cell clusters in comparison to gelatin-based scaffolds, that did not induce this cell organization. Moreover, the high porosity achieved with CMC cryogels allowed us to create specific range pseudoislets. Pseudoislets formed within CMC-scaffolds showed cell viability for up to 7 d and a better response to glucose over conventional monolayer cultures. Overall, our results demonstrate that CMC-scaffolds can be used to control the organization and function of insulin-producingβ-cells, representing a suitable technique to generateβ-cell clusters to study pancreatic islet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Velasco-Mallorquí
- Biosensors for Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Júlia Rodríguez-Comas
- Biosensors for Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Javier Ramón-Azcón
- Biosensors for Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Teng K, An Q, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Y. Recent Development of Alginate-Based Materials and Their Versatile Functions in Biomedicine, Flexible Electronics, and Environmental Uses. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1302-1337. [PMID: 33764038 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alginate is a natural polysaccharide that is easily chemically modified or compounded with other components for various types of functionalities. The alginate derivatives are appealing not only because they are biocompatible so that they can be used in biomedicine or tissue engineering but also because of the prospering bioelectronics that require various biomaterials to interface between human tissues and electronics or to serve as electronic components themselves. The study of alginate-based materials, especially hydrogels, have repeatedly found new frontiers over recent years. In this Review, we document the basic properties of alginate, their chemical modification strategies, and the recent development of alginate-based functional composite materials. The newly thrived functions such as ionically conductive hydrogel or 3D or 4D cell culturing matrix are emphasized among other appealing potential applications. We expect that the documentation of relevant information will stimulate scientific efforts to further develop biocompatible electronics or smart materials and to help the research domain better address the medicine, energy, and environmental challenges faced by human societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Teng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi An
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yihe Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yantao Zhao
- Institute of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of CPLA, Beijing 100048, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Orthopedics Implants, Beijing 100048, China
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Abstract
3D-Bioprinting has seen a rapid expansion in the last few years, with an increasing number of reported bioinks. Alginate is a natural biopolymer that forms hydrogels by ionic cross-linking with calcium ions. Due to its biocompatibility and ease of gelation, it is an ideal ingredient for bioinks. This review focuses on recent advances on bioink formulations based on the combination of alginate with other polysaccharides. In particular, the molecular weight of the alginate and its loading level have an impact on the material's performance, as well as the loading of the divalent metal salt and its solubility, which affects the cross-linking of the gel. Alginate is often combined with other polysaccharides that can sigificantly modify the properties of the gel, and can optimise alginate for use in different biological applications. It is also possible to combine alginate with sacrificial polymers, which can temporarily reinforce the 3D printed construct, but then be removed at a later stage. Other additives can be formulated into the gels to enhance performance, including nanomaterials that tune rheological properties, peptides to encourage cell adhesion, or growth factors to direct stem cell differentiation. The ease of formulating multiple components into alginate gels gives them considerable potential for further development. In summary, this review will facilitate the identification of different alginate-polysaccharide bioink formulations and their optimal applications, and help inform the design of second generation bioinks, allowing this relatively simple gel system to achieve more sophisticated control over biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C Piras
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - David K Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Bionic Organs: Shear Forces Reduce Pancreatic Islet and Mammalian Cell Viability during the Process of 3D Bioprinting. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12030304. [PMID: 33799490 PMCID: PMC7999205 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: 3D bioprinting is the future of constructing functional organs. Creating a bioactive scaffold with pancreatic islets presents many challenges. The aim of this paper is to assess how the 3D bioprinting process affects islet viability. Methods: The BioX 3D printer (Cellink), 600 μm inner diameter nozzles, and 3% (w/v) alginate cell carrier solution were used with rat, porcine, and human pancreatic islets. Islets were divided into a control group (culture medium) and 6 experimental groups (each subjected to specific pressure between 15 and 100 kPa). FDA/PI staining was performed to assess the viability of islets. Analogous studies were carried out on α-cells, β-cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Results: Viability of human pancreatic islets was as follows: 92% for alginate-based control and 94%, 90%, 74%, 48%, 61%, and 59% for 15, 25, 30, 50, 75, and 100 kPa, respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed between control and 50, 75, and 100 kPa, respectively. Similar observations were made for porcine and rat islets. Conclusions: Optimal pressure during 3D bioprinting with pancreatic islets by the extrusion method should be lower than 30 kPa while using 3% (w/v) alginate as a carrier.
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
β cell replacement via whole pancreas or islet transplantation has greatly evolved for the cure of type 1 diabetes. Both these strategies are however still affected by several limitations. Pancreas bioengineering holds the potential to overcome these hurdles aiming to repair and regenerate β cell compartment. In this review, we detail the state-of-the-art and recent progress in the bioengineering field applied to diabetes research.
Recent Findings
The primary target of pancreatic bioengineering is to manufacture a construct supporting insulin activity in vivo. Scaffold-base technique, 3D bioprinting, macro-devices, insulin-secreting organoids, and pancreas-on-chip represent the most promising technologies for pancreatic bioengineering.
Summary
There are several factors affecting the clinical application of these technologies, and studies reported so far are encouraging but need to be optimized. Nevertheless pancreas bioengineering is evolving very quickly and its combination with stem cell research developments can only accelerate this trend.
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Guduric V, Belton N, Richter RF, Bernhardt A, Spangenberg J, Wu C, Lode A, Gelinsky M. Tailorable Zinc-Substituted Mesoporous Bioactive Glass/Alginate-Methylcellulose Composite Bioinks. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1225. [PMID: 33807758 PMCID: PMC7961332 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive glasses have been used for bone regeneration applications thanks to their excellent osteoconductivity, an osteostimulatory effect, and high degradation rate, releasing biologically active ions. Besides these properties, mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBG) are specific for their highly ordered mesoporous channel structure and high specific surface area, making them suitable for drug and growth factor delivery. In the present study, calcium (Ca) (15 mol%) in MBG was partially and fully substituted with zinc (Zn), known for its osteogenic and antimicrobial properties. Different MBG were synthesized, containing 0, 5, 10, or 15 mol% of Zn. Up to 7 wt.% of Zn-containing MBG could be mixed into an alginate-methylcellulose blend (algMC) while maintaining rheological properties suitable for 3D printing of scaffolds with sufficient shape fidelity. The suitability of these composites for bioprinting applications has been demonstrated with immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells. Uptake of Ca and phosphorus (P) (phosphate) ions by composite scaffolds was observed, while the released concentration of Zn2+ corresponded to the initial amount of this ion in prepared glasses, suggesting that it can be controlled at the MBG synthesis step. The study introduces a tailorable bioprintable material system suitable for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Guduric
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (V.G.); (N.B.); (R.F.R.); (A.B.); (J.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Niall Belton
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (V.G.); (N.B.); (R.F.R.); (A.B.); (J.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Richard Frank Richter
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (V.G.); (N.B.); (R.F.R.); (A.B.); (J.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Anne Bernhardt
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (V.G.); (N.B.); (R.F.R.); (A.B.); (J.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Janina Spangenberg
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (V.G.); (N.B.); (R.F.R.); (A.B.); (J.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Chengtie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dingxi Road 1295, Shanghai 200050, China;
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (V.G.); (N.B.); (R.F.R.); (A.B.); (J.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (V.G.); (N.B.); (R.F.R.); (A.B.); (J.S.); (A.L.)
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Taymour R, Kilian D, Ahlfeld T, Gelinsky M, Lode A. 3D bioprinting of hepatocytes: core-shell structured co-cultures with fibroblasts for enhanced functionality. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5130. [PMID: 33664366 PMCID: PMC7933206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim of understanding and recapitulating cellular interactions of hepatocytes in their physiological microenvironment and to generate an artificial 3D in vitro model, a co-culture system using 3D extrusion bioprinting was developed. A bioink based on alginate and methylcellulose (algMC) was first shown to be suitable for bioprinting of hepatocytes; the addition of Matrigel to algMC enhanced proliferation and morphology of them in monophasic scaffolds. Towards a more complex system that allows studying cellular interactions, we applied core-shell bioprinting to establish tailored 3D co-culture models for hepatocytes. The bioinks were specifically functionalized with natural matrix components (based on human plasma, fibrin or Matrigel) and used to co-print fibroblasts and hepatocytes in a spatially defined, coaxial manner. Fibroblasts acted as supportive cells for co-cultured hepatocytes, stimulating the expression of certain biomarkers of hepatocytes like albumin. Furthermore, matrix functionalization positively influenced both cell types in their respective compartments by enhancing their adhesion, viability, proliferation and function. In conclusion, we established a functional co-culture model with independently tunable compartments for different cell types via core-shell bioprinting. This provides the basis for more complex in vitro models allowing co-cultivation of hepatocytes with other liver-specific cell types to closely resemble the liver microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Taymour
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Kilian
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilman Ahlfeld
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Bonetti L, De Nardo L, Farè S. Thermo-Responsive Methylcellulose Hydrogels: From Design to Applications as Smart Biomaterials. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 27:486-513. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bonetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi De Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- INSTM, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Farè
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- INSTM, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Florence, Italy
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Wu Y, Wenger A, Golzar H, Tang XS. 3D bioprinting of bicellular liver lobule-mimetic structures via microextrusion of cellulose nanocrystal-incorporated shear-thinning bioink. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20648. [PMID: 33244046 PMCID: PMC7691334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
3D bioprinting of living cellular constructs with heterogeneity in cell types and extra cellular matrices (ECMs) matching those of biological tissues remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate that, through bioink material design, microextrusion-based (ME) bioprinting techniques have the potential to address this challenge. A new bioink employing alginate (1%), cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) (3%), and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) (5%) (namely 135ACG hybrid ink) was formulated for the direct printing of cell-laden and acellular architectures. The 135ACG ink displayed excellent shear-thinning behavior and solid-like properties, leading to high printability without cell damage. After crosslinking, the ACG gel can also provide a stiff ECM ideal for stromal cell growth. By controlling the degree of substitution and polymer concentration, a GelMA (4%) bioink was designed to encapsulate hepatoma cells (hepG2), as GelMA gel possesses the desired low mechanical stiffness matching that of human liver tissue. Four different versions of to-scale liver lobule-mimetic constructs were fabricated via ME bioprinting, with precise positioning of two different cell types (NIH/3T3 and hepG2) embedded in matching ECMs (135ACG and GelMA, respectively). The four versions allowed us to exam effects of mechanical cues and intercellular interactions on cell behaviors. Fibroblasts thrived in stiff 135ACG matrix and aligned at the 135ACG/GelMA boundary due to durotaxis, while hepG2 formed spheroids exclusively in the soft GelMA matrix. Elevated albumin production was observed in the bicellular 3D co-culture of hepG2 and NIH/3T3, both with and without direct intercellular contact, indicating that improved hepatic cell function can be attributed to soluble chemical factors. Overall, our results showed that complex constructs with multiple cell types and varying ECMs can be bioprinted and potentially useful for both fundamental biomedical research and translational tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Andrew Wenger
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hossein Golzar
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xiaowu Shirley Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Mota C, Camarero-Espinosa S, Baker MB, Wieringa P, Moroni L. Bioprinting: From Tissue and Organ Development to in Vitro Models. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10547-10607. [PMID: 32407108 PMCID: PMC7564098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting techniques have been flourishing in the field of biofabrication with pronounced and exponential developments in the past years. Novel biomaterial inks used for the formation of bioinks have been developed, allowing the manufacturing of in vitro models and implants tested preclinically with a certain degree of success. Furthermore, incredible advances in cell biology, namely, in pluripotent stem cells, have also contributed to the latest milestones where more relevant tissues or organ-like constructs with a certain degree of functionality can already be obtained. These incredible strides have been possible with a multitude of multidisciplinary teams around the world, working to make bioprinted tissues and organs more relevant and functional. Yet, there is still a long way to go until these biofabricated constructs will be able to reach the clinics. In this review, we summarize the main bioprinting activities linking them to tissue and organ development and physiology. Most bioprinting approaches focus on mimicking fully matured tissues. Future bioprinting strategies might pursue earlier developmental stages of tissues and organs. The continuous convergence of the experts in the fields of material sciences, cell biology, engineering, and many other disciplines will gradually allow us to overcome the barriers identified on the demanding path toward manufacturing and adoption of tissue and organ replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mota
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration,
MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Camarero-Espinosa
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration,
MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew B. Baker
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration,
MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Wieringa
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration,
MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration,
MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
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39
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Gurlin RE, Giraldo JA, Latres E. 3D Bioprinting and Translation of Beta Cell Replacement Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 27:238-252. [PMID: 32907514 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's own immune system selectively attacks beta cells within pancreatic islets resulting in insufficient insulin production and loss of the ability to regulate blood glucose (BG) levels. Currently, the standard of care consists of BG level monitoring and insulin administration, which are essential to avoid the consequences of dysglycemia and long-term complications. Although recent advances in continuous glucose monitoring and automated insulin delivery systems have resulted in improved clinical outcomes for users, nearly 80% of people with T1D fail to achieve their target hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels defined by the American Diabetes Association. Intraportal islet transplantation into immunosuppressed individuals with T1D suffering from impaired awareness of hypoglycemia has resulted in lower HbA1c, elimination of severe hypoglycemic events, and insulin independence, demonstrating the unique potential of beta cell replacement therapy (BCRT) in providing optimal glycemic control and a functional cure for T1D. BCRTs need to maximize cell engraftment, long-term survival, and function in the absence of immunosuppression to provide meaningful clinical outcomes to all people living with T1D. One innovative technology that could enable widespread translation of this approach into the clinic is three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. Herein, we review how bioprinting could facilitate translation of BCRTs as well as the current and forthcoming techniques used for bioprinting of a BCRT product. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of 3D bioprinting in this context in addition to the road ahead for the development of BCRTs. Impact statement Significant research developments in beta cell replacement therapies show its promise in providing a functional cure for type 1 diabetes (T1D); yet, their widespread clinical use has been difficult to achieve. This review provides a brief overview of the requirements for a beta cell replacement product followed by a discussion on both the promise and limitations of three-dimensional bioprinting in facilitating the fabrication of such products to enable translation into the clinic. Advancements in this area could be a key component to unlocking the safety and effectiveness of beta cell therapy for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Gurlin
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Pahlevanzadeh F, Mokhtari H, Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Emadi R, Kharaziha M, Valiani A, Poursamar SA, Ismail AF, RamaKrishna S, Berto F. Recent Trends in Three-Dimensional Bioinks Based on Alginate for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3980. [PMID: 32911867 PMCID: PMC7557490 DOI: 10.3390/ma13183980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an appealing and revolutionary manufacturing approach for the accurate placement of biologics, such as living cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components, in the form of a 3D hierarchical structure to fabricate synthetic multicellular tissues. Many synthetic and natural polymers are applied as cell printing bioinks. One of them, alginate (Alg), is an inexpensive biomaterial that is among the most examined hydrogel materials intended for vascular, cartilage, and bone tissue printing. It has also been studied pertaining to the liver, kidney, and skin, due to its excellent cell response and flexible gelation preparation through divalent ions including calcium. Nevertheless, Alg hydrogels possess certain negative aspects, including weak mechanical characteristics, poor printability, poor structural stability, and poor cell attachment, which may restrict its usage along with the 3D printing approach to prepare artificial tissue. In this review paper, we prepare the accessible materials to be able to encourage and boost new Alg-based bioink formulations with superior characteristics for upcoming purposes in drug delivery systems. Moreover, the major outcomes are discussed, and the outstanding concerns regarding this area and the scope for upcoming examination are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh Pahlevanzadeh
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mokhtari
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Bakhsheshi-Rad
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Rahmatollah Emadi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Mahshid Kharaziha
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Ali Valiani
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - S Ali Poursamar
- Biomaterials, Nanotechnology, and Tissue Engineering Group, Advanced Medical Technology Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Seeram RamaKrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Filippo Berto
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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GhavamiNejad A, Ashammakhi N, Wu XY, Khademhosseini A. Crosslinking Strategies for 3D Bioprinting of Polymeric Hydrogels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002931. [PMID: 32734720 PMCID: PMC7754762 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has recently advanced as an important tool to produce viable constructs that can be used for regenerative purposes or as tissue models. To develop biomimetic and sustainable 3D constructs, several important processing aspects need to be considered, among which crosslinking is most important for achieving desirable biomechanical stability of printed structures, which is reflected in subsequent behavior and use of these constructs. In this work, crosslinking methods used in 3D bioprinting studies are reviewed, parameters that affect bioink chemistry are discussed, and the potential toward improving crosslinking outcomes and construct performance is highlighted. Furthermore, current challenges and future prospects are discussed. Due to the direct connection between crosslinking methods and properties of 3D bioprinted structures, this Review can provide a basis for developing necessary modifications to the design and manufacturing process of advanced tissue-like constructs in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin GhavamiNejad
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiao Yu Wu
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Cui X, Li J, Hartanto Y, Durham M, Tang J, Zhang H, Hooper G, Lim K, Woodfield T. Advances in Extrusion 3D Bioprinting: A Focus on Multicomponent Hydrogel-Based Bioinks. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901648. [PMID: 32352649 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
3D bioprinting involves the combination of 3D printing technologies with cells, growth factors and biomaterials, and has been considered as one of the most advanced tools for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). However, despite multiple breakthroughs, it is evident that numerous challenges need to be overcome before 3D bioprinting will eventually become a clinical solution for a variety of TERM applications. To produce a 3D structure that is biologically functional, cell-laden bioinks must be optimized to meet certain key characteristics including rheological properties, physico-mechanical properties, and biofunctionality; a difficult task for a single component bioink especially for extrusion based bioprinting. As such, more recent research has been centred on multicomponent bioinks consisting of a combination of two or more biomaterials to improve printability, shape fidelity and biofunctionality. In this article, multicomponent hydrogel-based bioink systems are systemically reviewed based on the inherent nature of the bioink (natural or synthetic hydrogels), including the most current examples demonstrating properties and advances in application of multicomponent bioinks, specifically for extrusion based 3D bioprinting. This review article will assist researchers in the field in identifying the most suitable bioink based on their requirements, as well as pinpointing current unmet challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Cui
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
- Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jun Li
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Yusak Hartanto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Mitchell Durham
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Junnan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Gary Hooper
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
- Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Khoon Lim
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
- Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tim Woodfield
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
- Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Kilian D, Ahlfeld T, Akkineni AR, Bernhardt A, Gelinsky M, Lode A. 3D Bioprinting of osteochondral tissue substitutes - in vitro-chondrogenesis in multi-layered mineralized constructs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8277. [PMID: 32427838 PMCID: PMC7237416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For the generation of multi-layered full thickness osteochondral tissue substitutes with an individual geometry based on clinical imaging data, combined extrusion-based 3D printing (3D plotting) of a bioink laden with primary chondrocytes and a mineralized biomaterial phase was introduced. A pasty calcium phosphate cement (CPC) and a bioink based on alginate-methylcellulose (algMC) - both are biocompatible and allow 3D plotting with high shape fidelity - were applied in monophasic and combinatory design to recreate osteochondral tissue layers. The capability of cells reacting to chondrogenic biochemical stimuli inside the algMC-based 3D hydrogel matrix was assessed. Towards combined osteochondral constructs, the chondrogenic fate in the presence of CPC in co-fabricated and biphasic mineralized pattern was evaluated. Majority of expanded and algMC-encapsulated cells survived the plotting process and the cultivation period, and were able to undergo redifferentiation in the provided environment to produce their respective extracellular matrix (ECM) components (i.e. sulphated glycosaminoglycans, collagen type II), examined after 3 weeks. The presence of a mineralized zone as located in the physiological calcified cartilage region suspected to interfere with chondrogenesis, was found to support chondrogenic ECM production by altering the ionic concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in in vitro culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kilian
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilman Ahlfeld
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ashwini Rahul Akkineni
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Bernhardt
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Multifunctional alginate-based hydrogel with reversible crosslinking for controlled therapeutics delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:315-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ghilan A, Chiriac AP, Nita LE, Rusu AG, Neamtu I, Chiriac VM. Trends in 3D Printing Processes for Biomedical Field: Opportunities and Challenges. JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2020; 28:1345-1367. [PMID: 32435165 PMCID: PMC7224028 DOI: 10.1007/s10924-020-01722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Ghilan
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Aurica P. Chiriac
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Loredana E. Nita
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Alina G. Rusu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Iordana Neamtu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Polymers, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, 700487 Romania
| | - Vlad Mihai Chiriac
- “Gh. Asachi” Technical University, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Bd. Carol I, 11A, Iasi, 700506 Romania
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Ahlfeld T, Guduric V, Duin S, Akkineni AR, Schütz K, Kilian D, Emmermacher J, Cubo-Mateo N, Dani S, Witzleben MV, Spangenberg J, Abdelgaber R, Richter RF, Lode A, Gelinsky M. Methylcellulose – a versatile printing material that enables biofabrication of tissue equivalents with high shape fidelity. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:2102-2110. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This minireview highlights the use of the polysaccharide methylcellulose for biofabrication applications. Its properties are useful for printing of dissolvable support structures as well as the development of novel bioinks.
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Espona-Noguera A, Ciriza J, Cañibano-Hernández A, Orive G, Hernández RM, Saenz del Burgo L, Pedraz JL. Review of Advanced Hydrogel-Based Cell Encapsulation Systems for Insulin Delivery in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E597. [PMID: 31726670 PMCID: PMC6920807 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of β-cells in the pancreatic islets. In this regard, islet transplantation aims for the replacement of the damaged β-cells through minimally invasive surgical procedures, thereby being the most suitable strategy to cure T1DM. Unfortunately, this procedure still has limitations for its widespread clinical application, including the need for long-term immunosuppression, the lack of pancreas donors and the loss of a large percentage of islets after transplantation. To overcome the aforementioned issues, islets can be encapsulated within hydrogel-like biomaterials to diminish the loss of islets, to protect the islets resulting in a reduction or elimination of immunosuppression and to enable the use of other insulin-producing cell sources. This review aims to provide an update on the different hydrogel-based encapsulation strategies of insulin-producing cells, highlighting the advantages and drawbacks for a successful clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Espona-Noguera
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.E.-N.); (J.C.); (A.C.-H.); (R.M.H.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jesús Ciriza
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.E.-N.); (J.C.); (A.C.-H.); (R.M.H.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alberto Cañibano-Hernández
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.E.-N.); (J.C.); (A.C.-H.); (R.M.H.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.E.-N.); (J.C.); (A.C.-H.); (R.M.H.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), 01006 Vitoria, Spain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Rosa María Hernández
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.E.-N.); (J.C.); (A.C.-H.); (R.M.H.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Laura Saenz del Burgo
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.E.-N.); (J.C.); (A.C.-H.); (R.M.H.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.E.-N.); (J.C.); (A.C.-H.); (R.M.H.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Zhang Y, Zhou D, Chen J, Zhang X, Li X, Zhao W, Xu T. Biomaterials Based on Marine Resources for 3D Bioprinting Applications. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E555. [PMID: 31569366 PMCID: PMC6835706 DOI: 10.3390/md17100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has become a flexible tool in regenerative medicine with potential for various applications. Further development of the new 3D bioprinting field lies in suitable bioink materials with satisfied printability, mechanical integrity, and biocompatibility. Natural polymers from marine resources have been attracting increasing attention in recent years, as they are biologically active and abundant when comparing to polymers from other resources. This review focuses on research and applications of marine biomaterials for 3D bioprinting. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms, material requirements, and applications of commonly used 3D bioprinting technologies based on marine-derived resources. Commonly used marine materials for 3D bioprinting including alginate, carrageenan, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, collagen, and gelatin are also discussed, especially in regards to their advantages and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Dezhi Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomanufacturing Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xiuxiu Zhang
- Department of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xinda Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomanufacturing Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Wenxiang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomanufacturing Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomanufacturing Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pancreatic islet cell transplantation is currently the only curative cell therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, its potential to treat many more patients is limited by several challenges. The emergence of 3D bioprinting technology from recent advances in 3D printing, biomaterials, and cell biology has provided the means to overcome these challenges. RECENT FINDINGS 3D bioprinting allows for the precise fabrication of complex 3D architectures containing spatially distributed cells, biomaterials (bioink), and bioactive factors. Different strategies to capitalize on this ability have been investigated for the 3D bioprinting of pancreatic islets. In particular, with co-axial bioprinting technology, the co-printability of islets with supporting cells such as endothelial progenitor cells and regulatory T cells, which have been shown to accelerate revascularization of islets and improve the outcome of various transplantations, respectively, has been achieved. 3D bioprinting of islets for generation of an artificial pancreas is a newly emerging field of study with a vast potential to improve islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juewan Kim
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Kyungwon Kang
- Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Christopher J Drogemuller
- Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterial Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - P Toby Coates
- Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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Pina S, Ribeiro VP, Marques CF, Maia FR, Silva TH, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Scaffolding Strategies for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1824. [PMID: 31195642 PMCID: PMC6600968 DOI: 10.3390/ma12111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, tissue engineering and the regenerative medicine field have invested in the regeneration and reconstruction of pathologically altered tissues, such as cartilage, bone, skin, heart valves, nerves and tendons, and many others. The 3D structured scaffolds and hydrogels alone or combined with bioactive molecules or genes and cells are able to guide the development of functional engineered tissues, and provide mechanical support during in vivo implantation. Naturally derived and synthetic polymers, bioresorbable inorganic materials, and respective hybrids, and decellularized tissue have been considered as scaffolding biomaterials, owing to their boosted structural, mechanical, and biological properties. A diversity of biomaterials, current treatment strategies, and emergent technologies used for 3D scaffolds and hydrogel processing, and the tissue-specific considerations for scaffolding for Tissue engineering (TE) purposes are herein highlighted and discussed in depth. The newest procedures focusing on the 3D behavior and multi-cellular interactions of native tissues for further use for in vitro model processing are also outlined. Completed and ongoing preclinical research trials for TE applications using scaffolds and hydrogels, challenges, and future prospects of research in the regenerative medicine field are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pina
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Viviana P Ribeiro
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Catarina F Marques
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - F Raquel Maia
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Tiago H Silva
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - J Miguel Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
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