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Toosi S, Javid-Naderi MJ, Tamayol A, Ebrahimzadeh MH, Yaghoubian S, Mousavi Shaegh SA. Additively manufactured porous scaffolds by design for treatment of bone defects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1252636. [PMID: 38312510 PMCID: PMC10834686 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1252636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
There has been increasing attention to produce porous scaffolds that mimic human bone properties for enhancement of tissue ingrowth, regeneration, and integration. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, i.e., three dimensional (3D) printing, have played a substantial role in engineering porous scaffolds for clinical applications owing to their high level of design and fabrication flexibility. To this end, this review article attempts to provide a detailed overview on the main design considerations of porous scaffolds such as permeability, adhesion, vascularisation, and interfacial features and their interplay to affect bone regeneration and osseointegration. Physiology of bone regeneration was initially explained that was followed by analysing the impacts of porosity, pore size, permeability and surface chemistry of porous scaffolds on bone regeneration in defects. Importantly, major 3D printing methods employed for fabrication of porous bone substitutes were also discussed. Advancements of MA technologies have allowed for the production of bone scaffolds with complex geometries in polymers, composites and metals with well-tailored architectural, mechanical, and mass transport features. In this way, a particular attention was devoted to reviewing 3D printed scaffolds with triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) geometries that mimic the hierarchical structure of human bones. In overall, this review enlighten a design pathway to produce patient-specific 3D-printed bone substitutions with high regeneration and osseointegration capacity for repairing large bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Toosi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Javid-Naderi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | | | - Sima Yaghoubian
- Orthopedic Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mousavi Shaegh
- Orthopedic Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Laboratory for Microfluidics and Medical Microsystems, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
- Clinical Research Unit, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Timofticiuc IA, Călinescu O, Iftime A, Dragosloveanu S, Caruntu A, Scheau AE, Badarau IA, Didilescu AC, Caruntu C, Scheau C. Biomaterials Adapted to Vat Photopolymerization in 3D Printing: Characteristics and Medical Applications. J Funct Biomater 2023; 15:7. [PMID: 38248674 PMCID: PMC10816811 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Along with the rapid and extensive advancements in the 3D printing field, a diverse range of uses for 3D printing have appeared in the spectrum of medical applications. Vat photopolymerization (VPP) stands out as one of the most extensively researched methods of 3D printing, with its main advantages being a high printing speed and the ability to produce high-resolution structures. A major challenge in using VPP 3D-printed materials in medicine is the general incompatibility of standard VPP resin mixtures with the requirements of biocompatibility and biofunctionality. Instead of developing completely new materials, an alternate approach to solving this problem involves adapting existing biomaterials. These materials are incompatible with VPP 3D printing in their pure form but can be adapted to the VPP chemistry and general process through the use of innovative mixtures and the addition of specific pre- and post-printing steps. This review's primary objective is to highlight biofunctional and biocompatible materials that have been adapted to VPP. We present and compare the suitability of these adapted materials to different medical applications and propose other biomaterials that could be further adapted to the VPP 3D printing process in order to fulfill patient-specific medical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif-Aliodor Timofticiuc
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavian Călinescu
- Department of Biophysics, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Iftime
- Department of Biophysics, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Serban Dragosloveanu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Orthopaedics, “Foisor” Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 021382 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea-Elena Scheau
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Anca Badarau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Cristiana Didilescu
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Dentistry, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N.C. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Scheau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, “Foisor” Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 021382 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Zhou J, See CW, Sreenivasamurthy S, Zhu D. Customized Additive Manufacturing in Bone Scaffolds-The Gateway to Precise Bone Defect Treatment. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0239. [PMID: 37818034 PMCID: PMC10561823 DOI: 10.34133/research.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
In the advancing landscape of technology and novel material development, additive manufacturing (AM) is steadily making strides within the biomedical sector. Moving away from traditional, one-size-fits-all implant solutions, the advent of AM technology allows for patient-specific scaffolds that could improve integration and enhance wound healing. These scaffolds, meticulously designed with a myriad of geometries, mechanical properties, and biological responses, are made possible through the vast selection of materials and fabrication methods at our disposal. Recognizing the importance of precision in the treatment of bone defects, which display variability from macroscopic to microscopic scales in each case, a tailored treatment strategy is required. A patient-specific AM bone scaffold perfectly addresses this necessity. This review elucidates the pivotal role that customized AM bone scaffolds play in bone defect treatment, while offering comprehensive guidelines for their customization. This includes aspects such as bone defect imaging, material selection, topography design, and fabrication methodology. Additionally, we propose a cooperative model involving the patient, clinician, and engineer, thereby underscoring the interdisciplinary approach necessary for the effective design and clinical application of these customized AM bone scaffolds. This collaboration promises to usher in a new era of bioactive medical materials, responsive to individualized needs and capable of pushing boundaries in personalized medicine beyond those set by traditional medical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncen Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Carmine Wang See
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sai Sreenivasamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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4
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Yang T, Hao Z, Wu Z, Xu B, Liu J, Fan L, Wang Q, Li Y, Li D, Tang S, Liu C, Li W, Teng W. An engineered lamellar bone mimicking full-scale hierarchical architecture for bone regeneration. Bioact Mater 2023; 27:181-199. [PMID: 37091064 PMCID: PMC10120318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamellar bone, compactly and ingeniously organized in the hierarchical pattern with 6 ordered scales, is the structural motif of mature bone. Each hierarchical scale exerts an essential role in determining physiological behavior and osteogenic bioactivity of bone. Engineering lamellar bone with full-scale hierarchy remains a longstanding challenge. Herein, using bioskiving and mineralization, we attempt to engineer compact constructs resembling full-scale hierarchy of lamellar bone. Through systematically investigating the effect of mineralization on physicochemical properties and bioactivities of multi-sheeted collagen matrix fabricated by bioskiving, the hierarchical mimicry and hierarchy-property relationship are elucidated. With prolongation of mineralization, hierarchical mimicry and osteogenic bioactivity of constructs are performed in a bidirectional manner, i.e. first rising and then descending, which is supposed to be related with transformation of mineralization mechanism from nonclassical to classical crystallization. Construct mineralized 9 days can accurately mimic each hierarchical scale and efficiently promote osteogenesis. Bioinformatic analysis further reveals that this construct potently activates integrin α5-PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through mechanical and biophysical cues, and thereby repairing critical-sized bone defect. The present study provides a bioinspired strategy for completely resembling complex hierarchy of compact mineralized tissue, and offers a critical research model for in-depth studying the structure-function relationship of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Zhichao Hao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binxin Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Jiangchen Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Le Fan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Qinmei Wang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Cardiovascular Division, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanshan Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Dongying Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Sangzhu Tang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Chuanzi Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Weichang Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Wei Teng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055, China
- Corresponding author.
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5
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Nedrelow DS, Rassi A, Ajeeb B, Jones CP, Huebner P, Ritto FG, Williams WR, Fung KM, Gildon BW, Townsend JM, Detamore MS. Regenerative Engineering of a Biphasic Patient-Fitted Temporomandibular Joint Condylar Prosthesis. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2023; 29:307-320. [PMID: 37335050 PMCID: PMC10402699 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2023.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine approaches to restore the mandibular condyle of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) may fill an unmet patient need. In this study, a method to implant an acellular regenerative TMJ prosthesis was developed for orthotopic implantation in a pilot goat study. The scaffold incorporated a porous, polycaprolactone-hydroxyapatite (PCL-HAp, 20wt% HAp) 3D printed condyle with a cartilage-matrix-containing hydrogel. A series of material characterizations was used to determine the structure, fluid transport, and mechanical properties of 3D printed PCL-HAp. To promote marrow uptake for cell seeding, a scaffold pore size of 152 ± 68 μm resulted in a whole blood transport initial velocity of 3.7 ± 1.2 mm·s-1 transported to the full 1 cm height. The Young's modulus of PCL was increased by 67% with the addition of HAp, resulting in a stiffness of 269 ± 20 MPa for etched PCL-HAp. In addition, the bending modulus increased by 2.06-fold with the addition of HAp to 470 MPa for PCL-HAp. The prosthesis design with an integrated hydrogel was compared with unoperated contralateral control and no-hydrogel group in a goat model for 6 months. A guide was used to make the condylectomy cut, and the TMJ disc was preserved. MicroCT assessment of bone suggested variable tissue responses with some regions of bone growth and loss, although more loss may have been exhibited by the hydrogel group than the no-hydrogel group. A benchtop load transmission test suggested that the prosthesis was not shielding load to the underlying bone. Although variable, signs of neocartilage formation were exhibited by Alcian blue and collagen II staining on the anterior, functional surface of the condyle. Overall, this study demonstrated signs of functional TMJ restoration with an acellular prosthesis. There were apparent limitations to continuous, reproducible bone formation, and stratified zonal cartilage regeneration. Future work may refine the prosthesis design for a regenerative TMJ prosthesis amenable to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Nedrelow
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ali Rassi
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Boushra Ajeeb
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Cameron P. Jones
- College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Pedro Huebner
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Fabio G. Ritto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Wendy R. Williams
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Bradford W. Gildon
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, University of Oklahoma College of Allied Health, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jakob M. Townsend
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael S. Detamore
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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6
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Gao J, Liu X, Cheng J, Deng J, Han Z, Li M, Wang X, Liu J, Zhang L. Application of photocrosslinkable hydrogels based on photolithography 3D bioprinting technology in bone tissue engineering. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad037. [PMID: 37250979 PMCID: PMC10219790 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been proven to be an effective method for the treatment of bone defects caused by different musculoskeletal disorders. Photocrosslinkable hydrogels (PCHs) with good biocompatibility and biodegradability can significantly promote the migration, proliferation and differentiation of cells and have been widely used in BTE. Moreover, photolithography 3D bioprinting technology can notably help PCHs-based scaffolds possess a biomimetic structure of natural bone, meeting the structural requirements of bone regeneration. Nanomaterials, cells, drugs and cytokines added into bioinks can enable different functionalization strategies for scaffolds to achieve the desired properties required for BTE. In this review, we demonstrate a brief introduction of the advantages of PCHs and photolithography-based 3D bioprinting technology and summarize their applications in BTE. Finally, the challenges and potential future approaches for bone defects are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junhao Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Zhenchuan Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- Correspondence address: E-mail: (X.W); (J.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jianheng Liu
- Correspondence address: E-mail: (X.W); (J.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Correspondence address: E-mail: (X.W); (J.L.); (L.Z.)
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7
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Cao H, Li L, Li L, Meng X, Liu Y, Cheng W, Zhang P, Gao Y, Qin L, Wang X. New use for old drug: Local delivery of puerarin facilitates critical-size defect repair in rats by promoting angiogenesis and osteogenesis. J Orthop Translat 2022; 36:52-63. [PMID: 35979175 PMCID: PMC9352809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Methods Results Conclusion The Translational Potential of this Article
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8
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Kirillova A, Yeazel TR, Gall K, Becker ML. Thiol-Based Three-Dimensional Printing of Fully Degradable Poly(propylene fumarate) Star Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38436-38447. [PMID: 35977091 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(propylene fumarate) star polymers photochemically 3D printed with degradable thiol cross-linkers yielded highly tunable biodegradable polymeric materials. Tailoring the alkene:thiol ratio (5:1, 10:1, 20:1 and 30:1) and thus the cross-link density within the PPF star systems yielded a wide variation of both the mechanical and degradation properties of the printed materials. Fundamental trends were established between the polymer network cross-link density, glass transition temperature, and tensile and thermomechanical properties of the materials. The tensile properties of the PPF star-based systems were compared to commercial state-of-the-art non-degradable polymer resins. The thiolene-cross-linked materials are fully degradable and possess properties over a wide range of mechanical properties relevant to regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kirillova
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Taylor R Yeazel
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ken Gall
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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9
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Li J, Kim C, Pan CC, Babian A, Lui E, Young JL, Moeinzadeh S, Kim S, Yang YP. Hybprinting for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. iScience 2022; 25:104229. [PMID: 35494239 PMCID: PMC9051619 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents bioprinting methods, biomaterials, and printing strategies that may be used for composite tissue constructs for musculoskeletal applications. The printing methods discussed include those that are suitable for acellular and cellular components, and the biomaterials include soft and rigid components that are suitable for soft and/or hard tissues. We also present strategies that focus on the integration of cell-laden soft and acellular rigid components under a single printing platform. Given the structural and functional complexity of native musculoskeletal tissue, we envision that hybrid bioprinting, referred to as hybprinting, could provide unprecedented potential by combining different materials and bioprinting techniques to engineer and assemble modular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, 416 Escondido Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chi-Chun Pan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, 416 Escondido Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron Babian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Elaine Lui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, 416 Escondido Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Young
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Seyedsina Moeinzadeh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sungwoo Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yunzhi Peter Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive BMI 258, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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10
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Shin Y, Becker ML. Gradient versus End-Capped Degradable Polymer Sequence Variations Result in Stiff to Elastic Photochemically 3D-Printed Substrates. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2106-2115. [PMID: 35471033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing affords the construction of complex scaffolds for tissue engineering, yet the limitation in material choice remains a barrier to clinical translation. Herein, a series of poly(propylene fumarate-co-propylene succinate) were synthesized using both one-pot and sequential ring-opening copolymerization reactions. Continuous liquid interface production-based photochemical 3D printing utilizing thiol-ene chemistry was used to fabricate precise structures with improved build time over the traditional poly(propylene fumarate)/diethyl fumarate 3D printing processes. Significantly, the materials do not exhibit a yield point under tension and Young's modulus of the 3D printed products can be tuned by more than 2 orders of magnitude (0.6-110 MPa) using polymer composition and the degree of polymerization. Printed constructs degrade fully under hydrolytic conditions and degradation rates can be tailored using polymer composition, polymer sequence, and resin formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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11
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Zheng J, Zhao Z, Yang Y, Wang S, Zhao Y, Xiong Y, Yang S, Qiu Z, Song T, Zhang C, Wang X. Biphasic mineralized collagen based composite scaffold for cranial bone regeneration in developing sheep. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac004. [PMID: 35592140 PMCID: PMC9113234 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate mechanical support and excellent osteogenic capability are two essential prerequisites of customized implants for regenerating large-sized cranial bone defect. Although porous bone scaffolds have been widely proven to promote bone regeneration, their weak mechanical properties limit the clinical applications in cranioplasty. Herein, we applied two previously developed mineralized collagen-based bone scaffolds (MC), porous MC (pMC) and compact MC (cMC) to construct a biphasic MC composite bone scaffold (bMC) to repair the large-sized cranial bone defect in developing sheep. A supporting frame composed of cMC phase in the shape of tic–tac–toe structure was fabricated first and then embedded in pMC phase. The two phases had good interfacial bond, attributing to the formation of an interfacial zone. The in vivo performance of the bMC scaffold was evaluated by using a cranial bone defect model in 1-month-old sheep. The computed tomography imaging, X-ray scanning and histological evaluation showed that the pMC phase in the bMC scaffold, similar to the pMC scaffold, was gradually replaced by the regenerative bone tissues with comprehensively increased bone mineral density and complete connection of bone bridge in the whole region. The cMC frame promoted new bone formation beneath the frame without obvious degradation, thus providing appropriate mechanical protection and ensuring the structural integrity of the implant. In general, the sheep with bMC implantation exhibited the best status of survival, growth and the repair effect. The biphasic structural design may be a prospective strategy for developing new generation of cranioplasty materials to regenerate cranial bone defect in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhijun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical School, Baotou, 014010, China
| | - Yongdong Yang
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yonggang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiye Qiu
- Beijing Allgens Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd., 100176, China, Beijing
| | - Tianxi Song
- Beijing Allgens Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd., 100176, China, Beijing
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical School, Baotou, 014010, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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12
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Cheng L, Suresh K S, He H, Rajput RS, Feng Q, Ramesh S, Wang Y, Krishnan S, Ostrovidov S, Camci-Unal G, Ramalingam M. 3D Printing of Micro- and Nanoscale Bone Substitutes: A Review on Technical and Translational Perspectives. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4289-4319. [PMID: 34211272 PMCID: PMC8239380 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s311001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology offer immense potential in fabricating scaffolds and implants for various biomedical applications, especially for bone repair and regeneration. As the availability of autologous bone sources and commercial products is limited and surgical methods do not help in complete regeneration, it is necessary to develop alternative approaches for repairing large segmental bone defects. The 3D printing technology can effectively integrate different types of living cells within a 3D construct made up of conventional micro- or nanoscale biomaterials to create an artificial bone graft capable of regenerating the damaged tissues. This article reviews the developments and applications of 3D printing in bone tissue engineering and highlights the numerous conventional biomaterials and nanomaterials that have been used in the production of 3D-printed scaffolds. A comprehensive overview of the 3D printing methods such as stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and ink-jet 3D printing, and their technical and clinical applications in bone repair and regeneration has been provided. The review is expected to be useful for readers to gain an insight into the state-of-the-art of 3D printing of bone substitutes and their translational perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shoma Suresh K
- Biomaterials and Organ Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular, and Molecular Theranostics, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Hongyan He
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ritu Singh Rajput
- Biomaterials and Organ Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular, and Molecular Theranostics, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Qiyang Feng
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, People’s Republic of China
| | - Saravanan Ramesh
- Biomaterials and Organ Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular, and Molecular Theranostics, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Yuzhuang Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sasirekha Krishnan
- Biomaterials and Organ Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular, and Molecular Theranostics, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Serge Ostrovidov
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gulden Camci-Unal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Biomaterials and Organ Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular, and Molecular Theranostics, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
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13
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Freeman FE, Burdis R, Kelly DJ. Printing New Bones: From Print-and-Implant Devices to Bioprinted Bone Organ Precursors. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:700-711. [PMID: 34090809 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regenerating large bone defects remains a significant clinical challenge, motivating increased interest in additive manufacturing and 3D bioprinting to engineer superior bone graft substitutes. 3D bioprinting enables different biomaterials, cell types, and growth factors to be combined to develop patient-specific implants capable of directing functional bone regeneration. Current approaches to bioprinting such implants fall into one of two categories, each with their own advantages and limitations. First are those that can be 3D bioprinted and then directly implanted into the body and second those that require further in vitro culture after bioprinting to engineer more mature tissues prior to implantation. This review covers the key concepts, challenges, and applications of both strategies to regenerate damaged and diseased bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Freeman
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ross Burdis
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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14
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Kirillova A, Yeazel TR, Asheghali D, Petersen SR, Dort S, Gall K, Becker ML. Fabrication of Biomedical Scaffolds Using Biodegradable Polymers. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11238-11304. [PMID: 33856196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Degradable polymers are used widely in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Maturing capabilities in additive manufacturing coupled with advances in orthogonal chemical functionalization methodologies have enabled a rapid evolution of defect-specific form factors and strategies for designing and creating bioactive scaffolds. However, these defect-specific scaffolds, especially when utilizing degradable polymers as the base material, present processing challenges that are distinct and unique from other classes of materials. The goal of this review is to provide a guide for the fabrication of biodegradable polymer-based scaffolds that includes the complete pathway starting from selecting materials, choosing the correct fabrication method, and considering the requirements for tissue specific applications of the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kirillova
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Taylor R Yeazel
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Darya Asheghali
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Shannon R Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Sophia Dort
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ken Gall
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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15
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Liang R, Gu Y, Wu Y, Bunpetch V, Zhang S. Lithography-Based 3D Bioprinting and Bioinks for Bone Repair and Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:806-816. [PMID: 33715367 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of scaffolds that precisely mimic the natural structure and physiochemical properties of bone is still one of the most challenging tasks in bone tissue engineering. 3D printing techniques have drawn increasing attention due to their ability to fabricate scaffolds with complex structures and multiple bioinks. For bone tissue engineering, lithography-based 3D bioprinting is frequently utilized due to its printing speed, mild printing process, and cost-effective benefits. In this review, lithography-based 3D bioprinting technologies including SLA and DLP are introduced; their typical applications in biological system and bioinks are also explored and summarized. Furthermore, we discussed possible evolution of the hardware/software systems and bioinks of lithography-based 3D bioprinting, as well as their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Liang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuqing Gu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yicong Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Varitsara Bunpetch
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China
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16
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Le Fer G, Becker ML. 4D Printing of Resorbable Complex Shape-Memory Poly(propylene fumarate) Star Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22444-22452. [PMID: 32337967 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
3D/4D printing is enabling transformative advances in device manufacturing and medicine but remains limited by the lack of printable resorbable materials with advanced properties and functions. Herein, we report the rapid and precise 4D printing of shape-memory scaffolds based on poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) star polymers. Scaffolds with tunable and distinguishable properties can be produced with identical polymer formulation and stoichiometry. The resulting scaffold glass transition temperatures and Young's moduli increase with the postcuring time. Significantly, both the extent and rate of shape recovery following compression can be tuned by varying the strut design, the postcuring step duration, and/or the temperature applied for the recovery step. Finally, accelerated degradation studies confirmed the resorbability of the PPF star polymer gyroid scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Le Fer
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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17
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Shin Y, Becker ML. Alternating ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides with saturated and unsaturated cyclic anhydrides: reduced viscosity poly(propylene fumarate) oligomers for use in cDLP 3D printing. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00453g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A ring-opening copolymerization of propylene oxide with saturated and unsaturated anhydrides using Mg(BHT)2(THF)2 catalyst followed by an isomerization yields poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) oligomers with improved properties for 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Shin
- Department of Polymer Science
- The University of Akron
- Akron
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Duke University
- Durham
- USA
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