1
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Srivastava K, Jacobs TS, Ostendorp S, Jonker D, Brzesowsky FA, Susarrey-Arce A, Gardeniers H, Wilde G, Weckhuysen BM, van den Berg A, van der Stam W, Odijk M. Alternative nano-lithographic tools for shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:7582-7593. [PMID: 38506088 PMCID: PMC11025715 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00428k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Chemically synthesized metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely used as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates for monitoring catalytic reactions. In some applications, however, the SERS MNPs, besides being plasmonically active, can also be catalytically active and result in Raman signals from undesired side products. The MNPs are typically insulated with a thin (∼3 nm), in principle pin-hole-free shell to prevent this. This approach, which is known as shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS), offers many advantages, such as better thermal and chemical stability of the plasmonic nanoparticle. However, having both a high enhancement factor and ensuring that the shell is pin-hole-free is challenging because there is a trade-off between the two when considering the shell thickness. So far in the literature, shell insulation has been successfully applied only to chemically synthesized MNPs. In this work, we alternatively study different combinations of chemical synthesis (bottom-up) and lithographic (top-down) routes to obtain shell-isolated plasmonic nanostructures that offer chemical sensing capabilities. The three approaches we study in this work include (1) chemically synthesized MNPs + chemical shell, (2) lithographic substrate + chemical shell, and (3) lithographic substrate + atomic layer deposition (ALD) shell. We find that ALD allows us to fabricate controllable and reproducible pin-hole-free shells. We showcase the ability to fabricate lithographic SHINER substrates which report an enhancement factor of 7.5 × 103 ± 17% for our gold nanodot substrates coated with a 2.8 nm aluminium oxide shell. Lastly, by introducing a gold etchant solution to our fabricated SHINER substrate, we verified that the shells fabricated with ALD are truly pin-hole-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Srivastava
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, Mesa+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Thimo S Jacobs
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Dirk Jonker
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, Mesa+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Floor A Brzesowsky
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Arturo Susarrey-Arce
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, Mesa+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, Mesa+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Wilde
- Institute of Materials Physics, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, Mesa+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Ward van der Stam
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, Mesa+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
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2
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Erbas B, Conde-Rubio A, Liu X, Pernollet J, Wang Z, Bertsch A, Penedo M, Fantner G, Banerjee M, Kis A, Boero G, Brugger J. Combining thermal scanning probe lithography and dry etching for grayscale nanopattern amplification. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:28. [PMID: 38405129 PMCID: PMC10891065 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Grayscale structured surfaces with nanometer-scale features are used in a growing number of applications in optics and fluidics. Thermal scanning probe lithography achieves a lateral resolution below 10 nm and a vertical resolution below 1 nm, but its maximum depth in polymers is limited. Here, we present an innovative combination of nanowriting in thermal resist and plasma dry etching with substrate cooling, which achieves up to 10-fold amplification of polymer nanopatterns into SiO2 without proportionally increasing surface roughness. Sinusoidal nanopatterns in SiO2 with 400 nm pitch and 150 nm depth are fabricated free of shape distortion after dry etching. To exemplify the possible applications of the proposed method, grayscale dielectric nanostructures are used for scalable manufacturing through nanoimprint lithography and for strain nanoengineering of 2D materials. Such a method for aspect ratio amplification and smooth grayscale nanopatterning has the potential to find application in the fabrication of photonic and nanoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berke Erbas
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Ana Conde-Rubio
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
- Present Address: Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
| | - Xia Liu
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
- Present Address: School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Joffrey Pernollet
- Center of MicroNanoTechnology (CMi), EPFL, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Bertsch
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Marcos Penedo
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano- Instrumentation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Georg Fantner
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano- Instrumentation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Mitali Banerjee
- Laboratory of Quantum Physics, Topology and Correlations, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Andras Kis
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Boero
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Juergen Brugger
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
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3
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Chang S, Yan Y, Geng Y. Local Nanostrain Engineering of Monolayer MoS 2 Using Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Thermomechanical Nanoindentation. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9219-9226. [PMID: 37824813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Strain engineering in two-dimensional materials (2DMs) has important application potential for electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, achieving precise spatial control, adjustable sizing, and permanent strain with nanoscale resolution remains challenging. Herein, a thermomechanical nanoindentation method is introduced, inspired by skin edema caused by mosquito bites, which can induce localized nanostrain and bandgap modulation in monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) transferred onto a poly(methyl methacrylate) film utilizing a heated atomic force microscopy nanotip. Via adjustment of the machining parameters, the strains of MoS2 are manipulated, achieving an average strain of ≤2.6% on the ring-shaped expansion structure. The local bandgap of MoS2 is spatially modulated using three types of nanostructures. Among them, the nanopit has the largest range of bandgap regulation, with a substantial change of 56 meV. These findings demonstrate the capability of the proposed method to create controllable and reproducible nanostrains in 2DMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyu Chang
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Robotics Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P. R. China
- Center for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yongda Yan
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Robotics Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P. R. China
- Center for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yanquan Geng
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Robotics Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P. R. China
- Center for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China
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4
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Pellegrino P, Farella I, Cascione M, De Matteis V, Bramanti AP, Della Torre A, Quaranta F, Rinaldi R. Investigation of the Effects of Pulse-Atomic Force Nanolithography Parameters on 2.5D Nanostructures' Morphology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4421. [PMID: 36558273 PMCID: PMC9781517 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)-based nanolithography techniques have emerged as a very powerful approach for the machining of countless types of nanostructures. However, the conventional AFM-based nanolithography methods suffer from low efficiency, low rate of patterning, and high complexity of execution. In this frame, we first developed an easy and effective nanopatterning technique, termed Pulse-Atomic Force Lithography (P-AFL), with which we were able to pattern 2.5D nanogrooves on a thin polymer layer. Indeed, for the first time, we patterned nanogrooves with either constant or varying depth profiles, with sub-nanometre resolution, high accuracy, and reproducibility. In this paper, we present the results on the investigation of the effects of P-AFL parameters on 2.5D nanostructures' morphology. We considered three main P-AFL parameters, i.e., the pulse's amplitude (setpoint), the pulses' width, and the distance between the following indentations (step), and we patterned arrays of grooves after a precise and well-established variation of the aforementioned parameters. Optimizing the nanolithography process, in terms of patterning time and nanostructures quality, we realized unconventional shape nanostructures with high accuracy and fidelity. Finally, a scanning electron microscope was used to confirm that P-AFL does not induce any damage on AFM tips used to pattern the nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pellegrino
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Isabella Farella
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Cascione
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Valeria De Matteis
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolo Bramanti
- STMicroelectronics S.r.l., System Research and Applications (SRA) Silicon Biotech, Lecce Labs, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Della Torre
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabio Quaranta
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosaria Rinaldi
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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5
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Guan G, Zhang A, Xie X, Meng Y, Zhang W, Zhou J, Liang H. Far-Field and Non-Intrusive Optical Mapping of Nanoscale Structures. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132274. [PMID: 35808109 PMCID: PMC9268055 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Far-field high-density optics storage and readout involve the interaction of a sub-100 nm beam profile laser to store and retrieve data with nanostructure media. Hence, understanding the light–matter interaction responding in the far-field in such a small scale is essential for effective optical information processing. We present a theoretical analysis and an experimental study for far-field and non-intrusive optical mapping of nanostructures. By a comprehensive analytical derivation for interaction between the modulated light and the target in a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) configuration, it is found that the CLSM probes the local density of states (LDOSs) in the far field rather than the sample geometric morphology. With a radially polarized (RP) light for illumination, the far-field mapping of LDOS at the optical resolution down to 74 nm is obtained. In addition, it is experimentally verified that the target morphology is mapped only when the far-field mapping of LDOS coincides with the geometric morphology, while light may be blocked from entering the nanostructures medium with weak or missing LDOS, hence invalidating high-density optical information storage and retrieval. In this scenario, nanosphere gaps as small as 33 nm are clearly observed. We further discuss the characterization for far-field and non-intrusive interaction with nanostructures of different geometric morphology and compare them with those obtainable with the projection of near-field LDOS and scanning electronic microscopic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (G.G.); (A.Z.)
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Aiqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (G.G.); (A.Z.)
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiangsheng Xie
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China;
| | - Yan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (Y.M.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (Y.M.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jianying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (G.G.); (A.Z.)
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Haowen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (G.G.); (A.Z.)
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (H.L.)
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6
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Wu H, Wang Y, Yu J, Pan JA, Cho H, Gupta A, Coropceanu I, Zhou C, Park J, Talapin DV. Direct Heat-Induced Patterning of Inorganic Nanomaterials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10495-10506. [PMID: 35679484 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patterning functional inorganic nanomaterials is an important process for advanced manufacturing of quantum dot (QD) electronic and optoelectronic devices. This is typically achieved by inkjet printing, microcontact printing, and photo- and e-beam lithography. Here, we investigate a different patterning approach that utilizes local heating, which can be generated by various sources, such as UV-, visible-, and IR-illumination, or by proximity heat transfer. This direct thermal lithography method, termed here heat-induced patterning of inorganic nanomaterials (HIPIN), uses colloidal nanomaterials with thermally unstable surface ligands. We designed several families of such ligands and investigated their chemical and physical transformations responsible for heat-induced changes of nanocrystal solubility. Compared to traditional photolithography using photochemical surface reactions, HIPIN extends the scope of direct optical lithography toward longer wavelengths of visible (532 nm) and infrared (10.6 μm) radiation, which is necessary for patterning optically thick layers (e.g., 1.2 μm) of light-absorbing nanomaterials. HIPIN enables patterning of features defined by the diffraction-limited beam size. Our approach can be used for direct patterning of metal, semiconductor, and dielectric nanomaterials. Patterned semiconductor QDs retain the majority of their as-synthesized photoluminescence quantum yield. This work demonstrates the generality of thermal patterning of nanomaterials and provides a new path for additive device manufacturing using diverse colloidal nanoscale building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Wu
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jaehyung Yu
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jia-Ahn Pan
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Himchan Cho
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Repulic of Korea
| | - Aritrajit Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Igor Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chenkun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jiwoong Park
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60517, United States
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7
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Sirianni QEA, Wang TD, Borecki A, Deng Z, Ronald J, Gillies ER. Self-immolative Polyplexes for DNA Delivery. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:2557-2567. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids have immense potential for the treatment and prevention of a wide range of diseases, but delivery vehicles are needed to assist with their entry into cells. Polycations can...
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8
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Blelloch ND, Yarbrough HJ, Mirica KA. Stimuli-responsive temporary adhesives: enabling debonding on demand through strategic molecular design. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15183-15205. [PMID: 34976340 PMCID: PMC8635214 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03426j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive temporary adhesives constitute a rapidly developing class of materials defined by the modulation of adhesion upon exposure to an external stimulus or stimuli. Engineering these materials to shift between two characteristic properties, strong adhesion and facile debonding, can be achieved through design strategies that target molecular functionalities. This perspective reviews the recent design and development of these materials, with a focus on the different stimuli that may initiate debonding. These stimuli include UV light, thermal energy, chemical triggers, and other potential triggers, such as mechanical force, sublimation, electromagnetism. The conclusion discusses the fundamental value of systematic investigations of the structure-property relationships within these materials and opportunities for unlocking novel functionalities in future versions of adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Blelloch
- Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA http://www.miricagroup.com
| | - Hana J Yarbrough
- Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA http://www.miricagroup.com
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA http://www.miricagroup.com
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9
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Sirianni QEA, Liang X, Such GK, Gillies ER. Polyglyoxylamides with a pH-Mediated Solubility and Depolymerization Switch. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinton E. A. Sirianni
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Xiaoli Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Georgina K. Such
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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10
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Chen H, Shi Z, Hsu TG, Wang J. Overcoming the Low Driving Force in Forming Depolymerizable Polymers through Monomer Isomerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25493-25498. [PMID: 34499390 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While depolymerizable polymers have been intensely pursued as a potential solution to address the challenges in polymer sustainability, most depolymerization systems are characterized by a low driving force in polymerization, which poses difficulties for accessing diverse functionalities and architectures of polymers. Here, we address this challenge by using a cyclooctene-based depolymerization system, in which the cis-to-trans alkene isomerization significantly increases the ring strain energy to enable living ring-opening metathesis polymerization at monomer concentrations ≥0.025 M. An additional trans-cyclobutane fused at the 5,6-position of the cyclooctene reduces the ring strain energy of cyclooctene, enabling the corresponding polymers to depolymerize into the cis-cyclooctene monomers. The use of excess triphenylphosphine was found to be essential to suppress secondary metathesis and depolymerization. The high-driving-force living polymerization of the trans-cyclobutane fused trans-cyclooctene system holds promise for developing chemically recyclable polymers of a wide variety of polymer architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Chen
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 170 University Ave., Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Zhen Shi
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 170 University Ave., Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Tze-Gang Hsu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 170 University Ave., Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Junpeng Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 170 University Ave., Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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11
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Chen H, Shi Z, Hsu T, Wang J. Overcoming the Low Driving Force in Forming Depolymerizable Polymers through Monomer Isomerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Chen
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering University of Akron 170 University Ave. Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Zhen Shi
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering University of Akron 170 University Ave. Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Tze‐Gang Hsu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering University of Akron 170 University Ave. Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Junpeng Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering University of Akron 170 University Ave. Akron OH 44325 USA
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12
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Gottlieb S, Pigard L, Ryu YK, Lorenzoni M, Evangelio L, Fernández-Regúlez M, Rawlings CD, Spieser M, Perez-Murano F, Müller M, Knoll AW. Thermal Imaging of Block Copolymers with Sub-10 nm Resolution. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9005-9016. [PMID: 33938722 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermal silicon probes have demonstrated their potential to investigate the thermal properties of various materials at high resolution. However, a thorough assessment of the achievable resolution is missing. Here, we present a probe-based thermal-imaging technique capable of providing sub-10 nm lateral resolution at a sub-10 ms pixel rate. We demonstrate the resolution by resolving microphase-separated PS-b-PMMA block copolymers that self-assemble in 11 to 19 nm half-period lamellar structures. We resolve an asymmetry in the heat flux signal at submolecular dimensions and assess the ratio of heat flux into both polymers in various geometries. These observations are quantitatively compared with coarse-grained molecular simulations of energy transport that reveal an enhancement of transport along the macromolecular backbone and a Kapitza resistance at the internal interfaces of the self-assembled structure. This comparison discloses a tip-sample contact radius of a ≈ 4 nm and identifies combinations of enhanced intramolecular transport and Kapitza resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Gottlieb
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Carrer dels Tillers s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Louis Pigard
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yu Kyoung Ryu
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Lorenzoni
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Carrer dels Tillers s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Evangelio
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Carrer dels Tillers s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Fernández-Regúlez
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Carrer dels Tillers s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Colin D Rawlings
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Martin Spieser
- SwissLitho AG, Technoparkstrasse 1, 8805 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francesc Perez-Murano
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Carrer dels Tillers s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcus Müller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin W Knoll
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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13
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Xu Y, Meng Y, Zhou S, Zhang W. Interferometric scattering of a single plasmonic nanoparticle cluster assembled in a nanostructured template. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:12976-12983. [PMID: 33985043 DOI: 10.1364/oe.420801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the light scattering of a single Au nanoparticle cluster assembled in a nanostructured substrate and study how the substrate geometry influences the scattering spectrum. An explicit model was built with the help of the Green's tensor theory, showing that there are two distinct types of substrate effects, namely, the interferometric scattering caused by the local corrugation and the spectral modulation caused by the global features (i.e., the layered substrate in this work). The result predicted by the model agrees with the experimental results well, providing a simple yet quantitative tool for the spectral interpretation of plasmonic nanostructures with complex substrates.
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14
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Meng Y, Cheng G, Man Z, Xu Y, Zhou S, Bian J, Lu Z, Zhang W. Deterministic Assembly of Single Sub-20 nm Functional Nanoparticles Using a Thermally Modified Template with a Scanning Nanoprobe. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2005979. [PMID: 33180357 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A deterministic assembly technique for single sub-20 nm functional nanoparticles is developed based on nanostructured templates fabricated by hot scanning nanoprobes. With this technique, single nanoparticles including quantum dots, polystyrene fluorescent nanobeads, and gold nanoparticles are successfully assembled into 2D arrays with high yields. Experimental and theoretical analyses show that the key for the high yields is the hot-probe-based template fabrication technique, which creates geometrical nanotraps and modifies their surface energy simultaneously. In addition to single nanoparticle patterning, further experiments demonstrate that this technique is also capable of building complex nanostructures, such as nanoparticle clusters with well-defined shapes and heterogeneously integrated nanostructures consisting of quantum dots and silver nanowires. It opens the door to many important applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Meng
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zaiqin Man
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ya Xu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jie Bian
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhenda Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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15
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Liu X, Sachan AK, Howell ST, Conde-Rubio A, Knoll AW, Boero G, Zenobi R, Brugger J. Thermomechanical Nanostraining of Two-Dimensional Materials. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8250-8257. [PMID: 33030906 PMCID: PMC7662931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Local bandgap tuning in two-dimensional (2D) materials is of significant importance for electronic and optoelectronic devices but achieving controllable and reproducible strain engineering at the nanoscale remains a challenge. Here, we report on thermomechanical nanoindentation with a scanning probe to create strain nanopatterns in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides and graphene, enabling arbitrary patterns with a modulated bandgap at a spatial resolution down to 20 nm. The 2D material is in contact via van der Waals interactions with a thin polymer layer underneath that deforms due to the heat and indentation force from the heated probe. Specifically, we demonstrate that the local bandgap of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is spatially modulated up to 10% and is tunable up to 180 meV in magnitude at a linear rate of about -70 meV per percent of strain. The technique provides a versatile tool for investigating the localized strain engineering of 2D materials with nanometer-scale resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Microsystems
Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amit Kumar Sachan
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Tobias Howell
- Microsystems
Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ana Conde-Rubio
- Microsystems
Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armin W. Knoll
- IBM
Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse
4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Boero
- Microsystems
Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Brugger
- Microsystems
Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Rabiee Kenaree A, Sirianni QEA, Classen K, Gillies ER. Thermoresponsive Self-Immolative Polyglyoxylamides. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3817-3825. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Rabiee Kenaree
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151, Richmond Street, London N6A 5B7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quinton E. A. Sirianni
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151, Richmond Street, London N6A 5B7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Classen
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151, Richmond Street, London N6A 5B7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151, Richmond Street, London N6A 5B7, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 5B9, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Warner M, Engler A, Kohl PA. Improvement in the transience and mechanical performance of flexible Poly(phthalaldehyde) substrates. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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19
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Liu X, Howell ST, Conde-Rubio A, Boero G, Brugger J. Thermomechanical Nanocutting of 2D Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001232. [PMID: 32529681 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin materials, such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, are promising candidates for future applications in micro/nanodevices and systems. For most applications, functional nanostructures have to be patterned by lithography. Developing lithography techniques for 2D materials is essential for system integration and wafer-scale manufacturing. Here, a thermomechanical indentation technique is demonstrated, which allows for the direct cutting of 2D materials using a heated scanning nanotip. Arbitrarily shaped cuts with a resolution of 20 nm are obtained in monolayer 2D materials, i.e., molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2 ), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ), and molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2 ), by thermomechanically cleaving the chemical bonds and by rapid sublimation of the polymer layer underneath the 2D material layer. Several micro/nanoribbon structures are fabricated and electrically characterized to demonstrate the process for device fabrication. The proposed direct nanocutting technique allows for precisely tailoring nanostructures of 2D materials with foreseen applications in the fabrication of electronic and photonic nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Tobias Howell
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Ana Conde-Rubio
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Boero
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Brugger
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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20
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Howell ST, Grushina A, Holzner F, Brugger J. Thermal scanning probe lithography-a review. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:21. [PMID: 34567636 PMCID: PMC8433166 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental aspects and state-of-the-art results of thermal scanning probe lithography (t-SPL) are reviewed here. t-SPL is an emerging direct-write nanolithography method with many unique properties which enable original or improved nano-patterning in application fields ranging from quantum technologies to material science. In particular, ultrafast and highly localized thermal processing of surfaces can be achieved through the sharp heated tip in t-SPL to generate high-resolution patterns. We investigate t-SPL as a means of generating three types of material interaction: removal, conversion, and addition. Each of these categories is illustrated with process parameters and application examples, as well as their respective opportunities and challenges. Our intention is to provide a knowledge base of t-SPL capabilities and current limitations and to guide nanoengineers to the best-fitting approach of t-SPL for their challenges in nanofabrication or material science. Many potential applications of nanoscale modifications with thermal probes still wait to be explored, in particular when one can utilize the inherently ultrahigh heating and cooling rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tobias Howell
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anya Grushina
- Heidelberg Instruments Nano - SwissLitho AG, Technoparkstrasse 1, 8005 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Holzner
- Heidelberg Instruments Nano - SwissLitho AG, Technoparkstrasse 1, 8005 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Brugger
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Bayda S, Adeel M, Tuccinardi T, Cordani M, Rizzolio F. The History of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: From Chemical-Physical Applications to Nanomedicine. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010112. [PMID: 31892180 PMCID: PMC6982820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoscience breakthroughs in almost every field of science and nanotechnologies make life easier in this era. Nanoscience and nanotechnology represent an expanding research area, which involves structures, devices, and systems with novel properties and functions due to the arrangement of their atoms on the 1–100 nm scale. The field was subject to a growing public awareness and controversy in the early 2000s, and in turn, the beginnings of commercial applications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnologies contribute to almost every field of science, including physics, materials science, chemistry, biology, computer science, and engineering. Notably, in recent years nanotechnologies have been applied to human health with promising results, especially in the field of cancer treatment. To understand the nature of nanotechnology, it is helpful to review the timeline of discoveries that brought us to the current understanding of this science. This review illustrates the progress and main principles of nanoscience and nanotechnology and represents the pre-modern as well as modern timeline era of discoveries and milestones in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Bayda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Jinan University, Tripoli 818, Lebanon
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (F.R.); Tel.: +961-06-447 907 (S.B.); +39-0434-659026 (F.R.)
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
- PhD School in Science and Technology of Bio and Nanomaterials, University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, 30170 Venice, Italy
| | | | - Marco Cordani
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
- Department of Molecular science and Nanosystems, University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, 30170 Venice, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (F.R.); Tel.: +961-06-447 907 (S.B.); +39-0434-659026 (F.R.)
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22
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Joo W, Wang W, Mesch R, Matsuzawa K, Liu D, Willson CG. Synthesis of Unzipping Polyester and a Study of its Photochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14736-14741. [PMID: 31460760 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of an unzipping polyester is reported. The monomer was prepared from benzoic acid in a four-step sequence. Step growth polymerization of the monomer provides the target polymer. Efficient depolymerization upon irradiation at 254 nm was confirmed with a quantum yield of >0.8. The photolysis mechanism was investigated, and the results of radical trapping experiments are consistent with an initial Norrish type I like homolysis followed by a radical mediated depropagation reaction driven by aromatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wontae Joo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Wade Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Ryan Mesch
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Kensuke Matsuzawa
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - C Grant Willson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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23
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Yardley RE, Kenaree AR, Gillies ER. Triggering Depolymerization: Progress and Opportunities for Self-Immolative Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Dong P, Rakesh K, Manukumar H, Mohammed YHE, Karthik C, Sumathi S, Mallu P, Qin HL. Innovative nano-carriers in anticancer drug delivery-a comprehensive review. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:325-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Li P, Dou X, Schönherr H. Micropatterning and nanopatterning with polymeric materials for advanced biointerface‐controlled systems. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cµ)University of Siegen Siegen Germany
| | - Xiaoqiu Dou
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cµ)University of Siegen Siegen Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cµ)University of Siegen Siegen Germany
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26
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Ryu YK, Knoll AW. Oxidation and Thermal Scanning Probe Lithography for High-Resolution Nanopatterning and Nanodevices. ELECTRICAL ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY FOR NANOELECTRONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15612-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Marneffe JFD, Chan BT, Spieser M, Vereecke G, Naumov S, Vanhaeren D, Wolf H, Knoll AW. Conversion of a Patterned Organic Resist into a High Performance Inorganic Hard Mask for High Resolution Pattern Transfer. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11152-11160. [PMID: 30481961 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyphthalaldehyde is a self-developing resist material for electron beam and thermal scanning probe lithography (t-SPL). Removing the resist in situ (during the lithography process itself) simplifies processing and enables direct pattern inspection, however, at the price of a low etch resistance of the resist. To convert the material into a etch resistant hard mask, we study the selective cyclic infiltration of trimethyl-aluminum (TMA)/water into polyphthalaldehyde. It is found that TMA diffuses homogeneously through the resist, leading to material expansion and formation of aluminum oxide concurrent to the exposure to water and the degradation of the polyphthalaldehyde polymer. The plasma etch resistance of the infiltrated resist is significantly improved, as well as its stability. Using a silicon substrate coated with 13 nm silicon nitride and 7 nm cross-linked polystyrene, high resolution polyphthalaldehyde patterning is performed using t-SPL. After TMA/H2O infiltration, it is demonstrated that pattern transfer into silicon can be achieved with good fidelity for structures as small as 10 nm, enabling >10× amplification and low surface roughness. The presented results demonstrate a simplified use of polyphthalaldehyde resist, targeting feature scales at nanometer range, and suggest that trimethyl-aluminum infiltration can be applied to other resist-based lithography techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sergej Naumov
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering - IOM , Leipzig 04318 , Germany
| | | | - Heiko Wolf
- IBM Research - Zurich , Rüschlikon CH-8803 , Switzerland
| | - Armin W Knoll
- IBM Research - Zurich , Rüschlikon CH-8803 , Switzerland
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28
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Liu G, Chen L, Liu J, Qiu M, Xie Z, Chang J, Zhang Y, Li P, Lei DY, Zheng Z. Scanning Nanowelding Lithography for Rewritable One-Step Patterning of Sub-50 nm High-Aspect-Ratio Metal Nanostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801772. [PMID: 30024062 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new nanolithographic strategy, named scanning nanowelding lithography (SNWL), for the one-step fabrication of arbitrary high-aspect-ratio nanostructures of metal is reported in this study. Different from conventional pattern transfer and additive printing strategies which require subtraction or addition of materials, SNWL makes use of a sharp scanning tip to reshape metal thin films or existing nanostructures into desirable high-aspect-ratio patterns, through a cold-welding effect of metal at the nanoscale. As a consequence, SNWL can easily fabricate, in one step and at ambient conditions, sub-50 nm metal nanowalls with remarkable aspect ratio >5, which are found to be strong waveguide of light. More importantly, SNWL outweighs the existing strategies in terms of the unique ability to erase the as-made nanostructures and rewrite them into other shapes and orientations on-demand. Taking advantages of the serial and rewriting capabilities of SNWL, the smart information storage-erasure of Morse codes is demonstrated. SNWL is a promising method to construct arbitrary high-aspect-ratio nanostructure arrays that are highly desirable for biological, medical, optical, electronic, and information applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lina Chen
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Meng Qiu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhuang Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Chang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dang Yuan Lei
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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29
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Rabiee Kenaree A, Gillies ER. Controlled Polymerization of Ethyl Glyoxylate Using Alkyllithium and Alkoxide Initiators. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Rabiee Kenaree
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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30
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Gambles M, Fan B, Borecki A, Gillies ER. Hybrid Polyester Self-Immolative Polymer Nanoparticles for Controlled Drug Release. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:5002-5011. [PMID: 31458713 PMCID: PMC6641706 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Delivery systems have been developed to address problematic properties of drugs, but the specific release of drugs at their targets is still a challenge. Polymers that depolymerize end-to-end in response to the cleavage of stimuli-responsive end-caps from their termini, commonly referred to as self-immolative polymers, offer high sensitivity to stimuli and have potential for the development of new high-performance delivery systems. In this work, we prepared hybrid particles composed of varying ratios of self-immolative poly(ethyl glyoxylate) (PEtG) and slowly degrading poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PLA). These systems were designed to provide a dual release mechanism consisting of a rapid burst release of drug from the PEtG domains and a slower release from the PLA domains. Using end-caps responsive to UV light and reducing thiols, it was found that triggered particles exhibited partial degradation, as indicated by a reduction in their dynamic light-scattering count rate that depended on the PEtG:PLA ratio. The particles were also shown to release the hydrophobic dye Nile red and the drug celecoxib in a manner that depended on triggering and the PEtG:PLA ratio. In vitro toxicity assays showed an effect of the stimuli on the toxicity of the celecoxib-loaded particles but also suggested it would be ideal to replace the sodium cholate surfactant that was used in the particle synthesis procedure in order to reduce the background toxicity of the delivery system. Overall, these hybrid systems show promise for tuning and controlling the release of drugs in response to stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
T. Gambles
- Department
of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials
Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3B7, Canada
| | - Bo Fan
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Aneta Borecki
- Department
of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials
Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department
of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials
Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3B7, Canada
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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31
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van Assenbergh P, Meinders E, Geraedts J, Dodou D. Nanostructure and Microstructure Fabrication: From Desired Properties to Suitable Processes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703401. [PMID: 29573546 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
When designing a new nanostructure or microstructure, one can follow a processing-based manufacturing pathway, in which the structure properties are defined based on the processing capabilities of the fabrication method at hand. Alternatively, a performance-based pathway can be followed, where the envisioned performance is first defined, and then suitable fabrication methods are sought. To support the latter pathway, fabrication methods are here reviewed based on the geometric and material complexity, resolution, total size, geometric and material diversity, and throughput they can achieve, independently from processing capabilities. Ten groups of fabrication methods are identified and compared in terms of these seven moderators. The highest resolution is obtained with electron beam lithography, with feature sizes below 5 nm. The highest geometric complexity is attained with vat photopolymerization. For high throughput, parallel methods, such as photolithography (≈101 m2 h-1 ), are needed. This review offers a decision-making tool for identifying which method to use for fabricating a structure with predefined properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Assenbergh
- Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Meinders
- AMSYSTEMS Center, De Lismortel 31, 5612, AR, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jo Geraedts
- Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Landbergstraat 15, 2628, CE, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Dodou
- Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
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32
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Lopez Hernandez H, Lee OP, Possanza Casey CM, Kaitz JA, Park CW, Plantz CL, Moore JS, White SR. Accelerated Thermal Depolymerization of Cyclic Polyphthalaldehyde with a Polymeric Thermoacid Generator. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800046. [PMID: 29709094 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hector Lopez Hernandez
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Olivia P. Lee
- Department of Chemistry Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Catherine M. Possanza Casey
- Department of Chemistry Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Joshua A. Kaitz
- Department of Chemistry Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Chan Woo Park
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Christopher L. Plantz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department of Chemistry Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Scott R. White
- Department of Aerospace Engineering Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
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33
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Carroll K, Knoll AW, Wolf H, Duerig U. Explaining the Transition from Diffusion Limited to Reaction Limited Surface Assembly of Molecular Species through Spatial Variations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:73-80. [PMID: 29237260 PMCID: PMC5763283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface assembly is often decomposed into two classes: diffusion and reaction limited processes. The transition between the two cases is complex because the dynamics are so different. In this article, we simulate, explain, and experimentally discuss the evolution of the spatial distribution for surface assemblies with diffusion limited and reaction limited processes. Explicitly, we demonstrate that diffusion limited and reaction limited processes show some temporal differences, but more importantly, we show that the spatial arrangements are different enough to discriminate between the two cases. Using fundamental properties, such as the diffusion constant, we calculate the evolution of the spatial profile and derive from physical, heuristic models the assembly rate for reaction and diffusion limited processes based on the individual particle's interactions with the surface. Finally, we confirm the spatial profile differences between diffusion and reaction limited cases by experimentally measuring the surface assembly between two molecules of similar size, but having different assembly routes. Unique to our description is that we have derived and simulated everything through the particle picture in place of ensemble descriptions such as the diffusion equation, and we show the equivalence between our heuristic formulas and those derived from the diffusion equation.
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34
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Ryu Cho YK, Rawlings CD, Wolf H, Spieser M, Bisig S, Reidt S, Sousa M, Khanal SR, Jacobs TDB, Knoll AW. Sub-10 Nanometer Feature Size in Silicon Using Thermal Scanning Probe Lithography. ACS NANO 2017; 11:11890-11897. [PMID: 29083870 PMCID: PMC5746844 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution lithography often involves thin resist layers which pose a challenge for pattern characterization. Direct evidence that the pattern was well-defined and can be used for device fabrication is provided if a successful pattern transfer is demonstrated. In the case of thermal scanning probe lithography (t-SPL), highest resolutions are achieved for shallow patterns. In this work, we study the transfer reliability and the achievable resolution as a function of applied temperature and force. Pattern transfer was reliable if a pattern depth of more than 3 nm was reached and the walls between the patterned lines were slightly elevated. Using this geometry as a benchmark, we studied the formation of 10-20 nm half-pitch dense lines as a function of the applied force and temperature. We found that the best pattern geometry is obtained at a heater temperature of ∼600 °C, which is below or close to the transition from mechanical indentation to thermal evaporation. At this temperature, there still is considerable plastic deformation of the resist, which leads to a reduction of the pattern depth at tight pitch and therefore limits the achievable resolution. By optimizing patterning conditions, we achieved 11 nm half-pitch dense lines in the HM8006 transfer layer and 14 nm half-pitch dense lines and L-lines in silicon. For the 14 nm half-pitch lines in silicon, we measured a line edge roughness of 2.6 nm (3σ) and a feature size of the patterned walls of 7 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin D. Rawlings
- IBM
Research Zurich, Säumerstrasse
4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- SwissLitho
AG, Technoparkstrasse
1, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Wolf
- IBM
Research Zurich, Säumerstrasse
4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Martin Spieser
- SwissLitho
AG, Technoparkstrasse
1, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Bisig
- SwissLitho
AG, Technoparkstrasse
1, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Reidt
- IBM
Research Zurich, Säumerstrasse
4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Marilyne Sousa
- IBM
Research Zurich, Säumerstrasse
4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Subarna R. Khanal
- University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | | | - Armin W. Knoll
- IBM
Research Zurich, Säumerstrasse
4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- E-mail:
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35
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Carroll KM, Rawlings C, Zhang Y, Knoll AW, Marder SR, Wolf H, Duerig U. Testing the Equivalence between Spatial Averaging and Temporal Averaging in Highly Dilute Solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:14539-14547. [PMID: 29206465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion relates the flux of particles to the local gradient of the particle density in a deterministic way. The question arises as to what happens when the particle density is so low that the local gradient becomes an ill-defined concept. The dilemma was resolved early last century by analyzing the average motion of particles subject to random forces whose magnitude is such that the particles are always in thermal equilibrium with their environment. The diffusion dynamics is now described in terms of the probability density of finding a particle at some position and time and the probabilistic flux density, which is proportional to the gradient of the probability density. In a time average sense, the system thus behaves exactly like the ensemble average. Here, we report on an experimental method and test this fundamental equivalence principle in statistical physics. In the experiment, we study the flux distribution of 20 nm radius polystyrene particles impinging on a circular sink of micrometer dimensions. The particle concentration in the water suspension is approximately 1 particle in a volume element of the dimension of the sink. We demonstrate that the measured flux density is exactly described by the solution of the diffusion equation of an infinite system, and the flux statistics obeys a Poissonian distribution as expected for a Markov process governing the random walk of noninteracting particles. We also rigorously show that a finite system behaves like an infinite system for very long times despite the fact that a finite system converges to a zero flux empty state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Carroll
- IBM Research-Zurich , Saumerstrasse 4, 8803 Ruschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Colin Rawlings
- IBM Research-Zurich , Saumerstrasse 4, 8803 Ruschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Armin W Knoll
- IBM Research-Zurich , Saumerstrasse 4, 8803 Ruschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Heiko Wolf
- IBM Research-Zurich , Saumerstrasse 4, 8803 Ruschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Urs Duerig
- IBM Research-Zurich , Saumerstrasse 4, 8803 Ruschlikon, Switzerland
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36
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Zimmermann ST, Balkenende DWR, Lavrenova A, Weder C, Brugger J. Nanopatterning of a Stimuli-Responsive Fluorescent Supramolecular Polymer by Thermal Scanning Probe Lithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:41454-41461. [PMID: 29077391 PMCID: PMC5709779 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The miniaturization of nanometer-sized multicolor fluorescent features is of continuous significance for counterfeit security features, data storage, and sensors. Recent advances in engineering of stimuli-responsive supramolecular polymeric materials that respond upon exposure to heat or mechanical force by changing their fluorescence characteristics open new opportunities as functional lithographic resists. Here, we demonstrate the patterning of a thermochromic supramolecular material by thermal scanning probe lithography (t-SPL), an emerging nanofabrication technique, which allows for ultrafast indentation with a heated probe, resulting in both fluorescent and topographic nanofeatures. t-SPL indentation reveals a linear relationship between the temperature at which material softening occurs and the indentation force in the range from 200 to 500 nN. The softening temperature decreases as the heating time increases from 4 μs to 1 ms, following time-temperature superposition behavior. Our results herein confirm that the fluorescence contrast, perceivable as a shift from red to green, was obtained by kinetic trapping of the dissociated state due to ultrarapid cooling when the probe is removed. We use t-SPL to create highly customized fluorescence patterns up to 40 × 40 μm2 in size with a spatial resolution of 86 nm and change the pitch size to modify the fluorescence intensity when observed by fluorescence microscopy. As an application, multifaceted security features with nanometer resolution are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tobias Zimmermann
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Lavrenova
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of
Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of
Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Brugger
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Control of the interaction strength of photonic molecules by nanometer precise 3D fabrication. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16502. [PMID: 29184150 PMCID: PMC5705769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Applications for high resolution 3D profiles, so-called grayscale lithography, exist in diverse fields such as optics, nanofluidics and tribology. All of them require the fabrication of patterns with reliable absolute patterning depth independent of the substrate location and target materials. Here we present a complete patterning and pattern-transfer solution based on thermal scanning probe lithography (t-SPL) and dry etching. We demonstrate the fabrication of 3D profiles in silicon and silicon oxide with nanometer scale accuracy of absolute depth levels. An accuracy of less than 1nm standard deviation in t-SPL is achieved by providing an accurate physical model of the writing process to a model-based implementation of a closed-loop lithography process. For transfering the pattern to a target substrate we optimized the etch process and demonstrate linear amplification of grayscale patterns into silicon and silicon oxide with amplification ratios of ∼6 and ∼1, respectively. The performance of the entire process is demonstrated by manufacturing photonic molecules of desired interaction strength. Excellent agreement of fabricated and simulated structures has been achieved.
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38
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Wang F, Diesendruck CE. Polyphthalaldehyde: Synthesis, Derivatives, and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
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39
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Liu J, Jiang Y, Grierson DS, Sridharan K, Shao Y, Jacobs TDB, Falk ML, Carpick RW, Turner KT. Tribochemical Wear of Diamond-Like Carbon-Coated Atomic Force Microscope Tips. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:35341-35348. [PMID: 28960949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale wear is a critical issue that limits the performance of tip-based nanomanufacturing and nanometrology processes based on atomic force microscopy (AFM). Yet, a full scientific understanding of nanoscale wear processes remains in its infancy. It is therefore important to quantitatively understand the wear behavior of AFM tips. Tip wear is complex to understand due to adhesive forces and contact stresses that change substantially as the contact geometry evolves due to wear. Here, we present systematic characterization of the wear of commercial Si AFM tips coated with thin diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. Wear of DLC was measured as a function of external loading and sliding distance. Transmission electron microscopy imaging, AFM-based adhesion measurements, and tip geometry estimation via inverse imaging were used to assess nanoscale wear and the contact conditions over the course of the wear tests. Gradual wear of DLC with sliding was observed in the experiments, and the tips evolved from initial paraboloidal shapes to flattened geometries. The wear rate is observed to increase with the average contact stress, but does not follow the classical wear law of Archard. A wear model based on the transition state theory, which gives an Arrhenius relationship between wear rate and normal stress, fits the experimental data well for low mean contact stresses (<0.3 GPa), yet it fails to describe the wear at higher stresses. The wear behavior over the full range of stresses is well described by a recently proposed multibond wear model that exhibits a change from Archard-like behavior at high stresses to a transition state theory description at lower stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yijie Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | | | | | | | - Tevis D B Jacobs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | | | - Robert W Carpick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kevin T Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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40
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Kutes Y, Luria J, Sun Y, Moore A, Aguirre BA, Cruz-Campa JL, Aindow M, Zubia D, Huey BD. Ion-damage-free planarization or shallow angle sectioning of solar cells for mapping grain orientation and nanoscale photovoltaic properties. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:185705. [PMID: 28397709 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa67c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ion beam milling is the most common modern method for preparing specific features for microscopic analysis, even though concomitant ion implantation and amorphization remain persistent challenges, particularly as they often modify materials properties of interest. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), on the other hand, can mechanically mill specific nanoscale regions in plan-view without chemical or high energy ion damage, due to its resolution, directionality, and fine load control. As an example, AFM-nanomilling (AFM-NM) is implemented for top-down planarization of polycrystalline CdTe thin film solar cells, with a resulting decrease in the root mean square (RMS) roughness by an order of magnitude, even better than for a low incidence FIB polished surface. Subsequent AFM-based property maps reveal a substantially stronger contrast, in this case of the short-circuit current or open circuit voltage during light exposure. Electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) imaging also becomes possible upon AFM-NM, enabling direct correlations between the local materials properties and the polycrystalline microstructure. Smooth shallow-angle cross-sections are demonstrated as well, based on targeted oblique milling. As expected, this reveals a gradual decrease in the average short-circuit current and maximum power as the underlying CdS and electrode layers are approached, but a relatively consistent open-circuit voltage through the diminishing thickness of the CdTe absorber. AFM-based nanomilling is therefore a powerful tool for material characterization, uniquely providing ion-damage free, selective area, planar smoothing or low-angle sectioning of specimens while preserving their functionality. This enables novel, co-located advanced AFM measurements, EBSD analysis, and investigations by related techniques that are otherwise hindered by surface morphology or surface damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Kutes
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
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41
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Gottlieb S, Lorenzoni M, Evangelio L, Fernández-Regúlez M, Ryu YK, Rawlings C, Spieser M, Knoll AW, Perez-Murano F. Thermal scanning probe lithography for the directed self-assembly of block copolymers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:175301. [PMID: 28374684 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa673c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Thermal scanning probe lithography (t-SPL) is applied to the fabrication of chemical guiding patterns for directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCP). The two key steps of the overall process are the accurate patterning of a poly(phthalaldehyde) resist layer of only 3.5 nm thickness, and the subsequent oxygen-plasma functionalization of an underlying neutral poly(styrene-random-methyl methacrylate) brush layer. We demonstrate that this method allows one to obtain aligned line/space patterns of poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) BCP of 18.5 and 11.7 nm half-pitch. Defect-free alignment has been demonstrated over areas of tens of square micrometres. The main advantages of t-SPL are the absence of proximity effects, which enables the realization of patterns with 10 nm resolution, and its compatibility with standard DSA methods. In the brush activation step by oxygen-plasma exposure, we observe swelling of the brush. This effect is discussed in terms of the chemical reactions occurring in the exposed areas. Our results show that t-SPL can be a suitable method for research activities in the field of DSA, in particular for low-pitch, high-χ BCP to achieve sub-10 nm line/space patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gottlieb
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona IMB-CNM, CSIC, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Fan B, Trant JF, Hemery G, Sandre O, Gillies ER. Thermo-responsive self-immolative nanoassemblies: direct and indirect triggering. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12068-12071. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new thermo-responsive end-cap was developed and applied to self-immolative vesicles and micelles with both direct and indirect thermal triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- N6A 5B9 Canada
| | - John F. Trant
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- N6A 5B9 Canada
| | - Gauvin Hemery
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO)
- Université de Bordeaux
- Bordeaux INP
- ENSCBP
- Pessac
| | - Olivier Sandre
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO)
- Université de Bordeaux
- Bordeaux INP
- ENSCBP
- Pessac
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- N6A 5B9 Canada
- Department of Chemistry
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43
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Carroll KM, Wolf H, Knoll A, Curtis JE, Zhang Y, Marder SR, Riedo E, Duerig U. Understanding How Charged Nanoparticles Electrostatically Assemble and Distribute in 1-D. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:13600-13610. [PMID: 27977208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of increasing the driving forces for a 1-D assembly of nanoparticles onto a surface are investigated with experimental results and models. Modifications, which take into account not only the particle-particle interactions but also particle-surface interactions, to previously established extended random sequential adsorption simulations are tested and verified. Both data and model are compared against the heterogeneous random sequential adsorption simulations, and finally, a connection between the two models is suggested. The experiments and models show that increasing the particle-surface interaction leads to narrower particle distribution; this narrowing is attributed to the surface interactions compensating against the particle-particle interactions. The long-term advantage of this work is that the assembly of nanoparticles in solution is now understood as controlled not only by particle-particle interactions but also by particle-surface interactions. Both particle-particle and particle-surface interactions can be used to tune how nanoparticles distribute themselves on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Carroll
- IBM Research - Zurich , Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Wolf
- IBM Research - Zurich , Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Armin Knoll
- IBM Research - Zurich , Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer E Curtis
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology , 837 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Elisa Riedo
- CUNY-Advanced Science Research Center , 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York , 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
- CUNY-The Graduate Center , 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Urs Duerig
- IBM Research - Zurich , Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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44
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Pessoni L, De Winter J, Surin M, Hergué N, Delbosc N, Lazzaroni R, Dubois P, Gerbaux P, Coulembier O. Synthesis of Polyphthalaldehyde-Based Block Copolymers: Utilization of a Thermo-Sacrificial Segment for an Easy Access to Fine-Tuned Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanostructured Films. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Pessoni
- Organic Synthesis
and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory of Polymeric
and Composite Materials, University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Center for Innovation
and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis
and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Center for Innovation
and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Surin
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Center for Innovation
and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Noémie Hergué
- Laboratory of Polymeric
and Composite Materials, University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Center for Innovation
and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Delbosc
- Laboratory of Polymeric
and Composite Materials, University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Center for Innovation
and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Center for Innovation
and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric
and Composite Materials, University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Center for Innovation
and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis
and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Center for Innovation
and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric
and Composite Materials, University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Center for Innovation
and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons−UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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45
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Thermal scanning probe lithography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100354-1.00016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Song J, Hempenius MA, Chung HJ, Vancso GJ. Writing nanopatterns with electrochemical oxidation on redox responsive organometallic multilayers by AFM. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:9970-9974. [PMID: 25939476 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01206f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectrochemical patterning of redox responsive organometallic poly(ferrocenylsilane) (PFS) multilayers is demonstrated by electrochemical dip pen lithography (EDPN). Local electrochemical oxidation and Joule heating of PFS multilayers from the tip are considered as relevant mechanisms related to structure generation. The influence of applied bias potential, tip velocity, and multilayer thickness on the pattern height and width were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Research Link 3, 117602, Singapore.
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Wang HC, Zhang Y, Possanza CM, Zimmerman SC, Cheng J, Moore JS, Harris K, Katz JS. Trigger chemistries for better industrial formulations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:6369-6382. [PMID: 25768973 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, innovations and consumer demands have led to increasingly complex liquid formulations. These growing complexities have provided industrial players and their customers access to new markets through product differentiation, improved performance, and compatibility/stability with other products. One strategy for enabling more complex formulations is the use of active encapsulation. When encapsulation is employed, strategies are required to effect the release of the active at the desired location and time of action. One particular route that has received significant academic research effort is the employment of triggers to induce active release upon a specific stimulus, though little has translated for industrial use to date. To address emerging industrial formulation needs, in this review, we discuss areas of trigger release chemistries and their applications specifically as relevant to industrial use. We focus the discussion on the use of heat, light, shear, and pH triggers as applied in several model polymeric systems for inducing active release. The goal is that through this review trends will emerge for how technologies can be better developed to maximize their value through industrial adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Chin Wang
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Catherine M Possanza
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Steven C Zimmerman
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- §Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Keith Harris
- ∥Formulation Science, Corporate Research and Development, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Joshua S Katz
- ⊥Formulation Science, Corporate Research and Development, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
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48
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DiLauro AM, Lewis GG, Phillips ST. Self-Immolative Poly(4,5-dichlorophthalaldehyde) and its Applications in Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Macroscopic Plastics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6200-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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DiLauro AM, Lewis GG, Phillips ST. Self-Immolative Poly(4,5-dichlorophthalaldehyde) and its Applications in Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Macroscopic Plastics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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DiLauro AM, Phillips ST. End-capped poly(4,5-dichlorophthalaldehyde): a stable self-immolative poly(aldehyde) for translating specific inputs into amplified outputs, both in solution and the solid state. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00190k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(4,5-dichlorophthalaldehyde) is a new self-immolative CDr polymer that is substantially more stable than poly(phthalaldehyde), yet retains its favorable attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott T. Phillips
- Department of Chemistry
- Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
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